Radionuclides as tracers of coastal processes in Brazil: review, synthesis, and perspectives

Santos, Isaac R.; Burnett, William C.; Godoy, José M.

Abstracts

We review the usefulness, limitations, significance, and coastal management implications of radionuclide measurements in Brazilian coastal environments. We focus on the use of radionuclides as tracers of sedimentary processes and submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). We also discuss artificial radionuclide contamination and high natural radioactivity areas. The interpretation of 14C-, 137Cs-, and 210Pb-derived sedimentation rates has provided evidence that inappropriate soil use by urban and agricultural activities has intensified erosion processes on land, which is reflected in depositional environments, such as coastal lagoons, estuaries and mangroves. Of the processes discussed in this paper, SGD is the one that requires the most scientific effort in the short-term. There have been only two case studies using 222Rn and radium isotopes as groundwater tracers in Brazil. These investigations showed that SGD can be a major source of nutrients and other dissolved species to the coastal ocean. Baseline 137Cs, 90Sr, 239+240Pu, and 238Pu concentrations in seawater from the whole Brazilian coastal zone are very low. Therefore, in spite of contamination problems in many ecosystems in the northern hemisphere, artificial radionuclide pollution appears to be negligible along the Brazilian coast. Phosphate fertilizer industries and petroleum processing facilities are the main economic activities producing Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM). Even though a few attempts have been made to assess the radiological effects of these activities, their potential threats indicate a need for the radiological control of their wastes. This review showed that the number of studies within the field of environmental radioactivity is still small in Brazil and much more research is needed to understand processes of high interest for environmental managers. In the near future, it is likely that such studies in Brazil will move from descriptive, environmental quality-based assessments to approaches that attempt to quantify chemical, physical, and biological processes in the environment.

Environmental radioactivity; coastal zone; radioisotopes; geochemical tracers

Este artigo revisa a utilidade, limitações, importância e implicações para o gerenciamento costeiro das medições de radionuclídeos em ambientes costeiros do Brasil. O artigo enfoca o uso de radioisótopos como traçadores de processos sedimentares e descarga de água subterrânea na zona costeira. Também, é apresentada uma discussão sobre contaminação por radionuclídeos e áreas de alta radioatividade natural. A interpretação de taxas de sedimentação baseadas em 14C, 137Cs e 210Pb demonstra que o uso inadequado do solo por atividades agrícolas e urbanas intensificou os processos de erosão no continente, o que é refletido em ambientes deposicionais, como lagoas costeiras, estuários e manguezais. Existem apenas dois estudos de caso sobre o uso de isótopos como traçadores de água subterrânea no Brasil demonstrando que águas subterrâneas podem ser uma importante fonte de nutrientes e outras substâncias dissolvidas para o oceano. Uma melhor avaliação dos fluxos de água subterrânea para o mar parece ser uma das maiores prioridades científicas atuais na área de radioatividade ambiental. Os níveis de base de 137Cs, 90Sr, 239+240Pu, e 238Pu na água do mar, peixes, e sedimentos brasileiros são, em geral, bastante baixos. Portanto, apesar dos problemas de contaminação no hemisfério norte, a poluição por radionuclídeos artificiais ainda é desprezível no Brasil. Indústrias de fertilizantes fosfatados e refinarias de petróleo parecem ser as principais atividades econômicas produzindo rejeitos contendo materiais radioativos. Embora algumas investigações tenham determinado o efeito radiológico dessas atividades, suas ameaças potenciais demonstram a necessidade do controle de emissões. Este artigo demonstra que o número de investigações na área de radioatividade ambiental ainda é muito reduzido no Brasil e que pesquisas adicionais são necessárias para um melhor entendimento de processos de alto interesse para o gerenciamento ambiental. Nos próximos anos, é provável que os estudos sobre radioatividade ambiental no Brasil sejam focados em processos ambientais, em detrimento à abordagens descritivas de qualidade ambiental.

Radioatividade ambiental; Zona costeira; Radioisótopos; Traçadores geoquímicos

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Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
19 June 2008
Date of issue
June 2008

History

Accepted
29 Nov 2007
Received
21 June 2007
Reviewed
13 Nov 2007

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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