History, citoarchitecture and neurophysiology of human and non human primates' parietal lobe: A review

Aversi-Ferreira, Tales Alexandre; Araújo, Mariana Ferreira Pereira de; Lopes, Danielly Bandeira; Nishijo, Hisao

doi:10.1590/S1980-57642010DN40300005

Abstract

This strict localizationism had and still has its importance for the development of Neurosciences, since the analysis of changes in mental processes resulting from brain damage became the basis for understanding the brain organization. The human parietal cortex is a highly differentiated structure, consisting of citoarchitectonically defined subareas that are connected to other cortical and subcortical areas. Patients with lesions in the parietal cortex develop various types of neuropsychological manifestations, depending on the specific location of the lesion and the corresponding hemisphere and these lesions in this lobe do not cause modal specific disturbances. The establishment of homologies between the parietal region in humans and primates can be of great contribution in trying to unravel the various functions and complexity of this area.

Key words:
neuropsychology; parietal lobe; gnosia; praxia

Resumo

O localizacionismo estrito teve e ainda tem a sua importância para o desenvolvimento da Neurociência, uma vez que a análise de mudanças nos processos mentais resultantes de danos cerebrais se tornou a base para a compreensão da organização cerebral. O córtex parietal humano é uma estrutura altamente diferenciada, composta por subáreas histologicamente definidas que estão ligadas a outras áreas corticais e subcorticais. Pacientes com lesões no córtex parietal desenvolvem vários tipos de manifestações neuropsicológicas, dependendo do local específico da lesão e do hemisfério correspondente, mas estas lesões não causam perturbações modais específicas. O estabelecimento de homologias entre a região parietal em seres humanos e os primatas podem ser de grande contribuição na tentativa de desvendar as diversas funções e complexidade desta área.

Palavras-chave:
neuropsicologia; lobo parietal; gnosias; praxias

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Full text available only in PDF format.

References

Luria AR (editor). The working brain: An introduction to neuropsychology. Londres: Ed. Basic Books; 1973.
Broca PP. Loss of speech, chronic softening and partial destruction of the anterior left lobe of the brain. Bulletin de la Société Anthropologique 1861;2:235-238.
Brodmann K (editor). Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Großhirnrinde. Barth, Leipzig; 1909.
Pereira-de-Paula J, Tomaz CAB, Aversi-Ferreira TA. Anatomical study of the main sulci and gyri of the Cebus libidinosus brain (Rylands, 2000). Neurobiologia 2010;73:65-78.
Zilles K, Amunt K. Centenary of Brodmann's map: conception and fate. Nat Rev Neurosci 2010;11:139-145.
Damásio AR. O erro de Descartes: emoção, razão e o cérebro humano. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras; 2005.
Nickel J, Seitz RJ. Functional clusters in the human parietal cortex as revealed by an observer-independent meta-analysis of functional activation studies. Anat Embryol 2005;210:463-472.
Caspers S, Geyer S, Schleiche RA, Mohlberg H, Amunts K, Zilles K. The human inferior parietal cortex: cytoarchitectonic parcellation and interindividual variability. NeuroImage 2006;33:430-448.
Culham JC, Kanwisher NG. Neuroimaging of cognitive functions in human parietal cortex. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2001;11: 157-163.
Raffi M, Siegel RM. Functional architecture of spatial attention in the parietal cortex of the behaving monkey. J Neurosci 2005;25:5171-5186.
Phinney RE, Siegel RM. Speed selectivity for optic flow in area 7a of the behaving macaque. Cereb Córtex 2000;10:413-421.
Essen DCV, Lewis JW, Drury HA, et al. Mapping visual cortex in monkeys and humans using surface-based atlases. Vision Res 2001;41:1359-1378.
Breveglieri R, Galletti C, Gamberini M, Passarelli L, Fattori P. Somatosensory cells in area PEc of macaque posterior parietal córtex. J Neurosci 2006;14:3679-3684.
Simon O, Mangin JF, Cohen L, Bihan DL, Dehaene S. Topographical layout of hand, eye, calculation, and language-related areas in the human parietal lobe. Neuron 2002;33:475-487.
Linden JF, Grunewald A, Andersen RA. Responses to auditory stimuli in macaque lateral intraparietal área II. Behavioral modulation. J Neurophysiol 1999;82:343-358.
Cappe C, Morel A, Rouiller EM. Thalamocortical and the dual pattern of corticothalamic projections of the posterior parietal cortex in macaque monkeys. Neuroscience 2007;146: 1371-1387.
Quraishi S, Heider B, Siegel RM. Attentional modulation of receptive field structure in area 7a of the behaving monkey. Cereb Córtex 2007;7:1841-1857.
Battaglia-Mayer A, Mascaro M, Caminiti R. Temporal evolution and strength of neural activity in parietal cortex during eye and hand movements. Cereb Córtex 2007;17:1350-1363.
Chafee MV, Crowe DA, Averbeck BB, Georgopoulos AP. Neural correlates of spatial judgement during object construction in parietal córtex. Cereb Córtex 2005;15:1393-1413.
Friedman HR, Goldman-Rakic PS. Coactivation of prefrontal cortex and inferior parietal cortex in working memory tasks revealed by 2DG functional mapping in the rhesus monkey. J Neurosci 1994;74:2775-2788.
Mehta MA, Owen AM, Sahakian BJ, Mavaddat N, Pickard JD, Robbins TW. Methylphenidate Enhances working memory by modulating discrete frontal and parietal lobe regions in the human brain. J Neurosci 2000;20:1-6.
Baizer JS, Ungerleider LG, Desimone R. Organization of visual inputs to the inferior temporal and posterior parietal cortex in macaques. J Neurosci 1991;17:166-190.
Gottlieb JP, Kusunoki M, Goldberg ME. The representation of visual salience in monkey parietal cortex. Nature 1998; 391:481-484.
Rylands AB, Schneider H, Langguth A, Mittermeier RA. Groves C.P. & Rodriguez-Luna, E. 2000. An assessment of the diversity of new word primates. Neotrop Primates 2000:8:61-93.
Lopes RJ. Gênio da selva. Scientific American Brasil 2004; 3:24-32.
Breseida DR, Ottoni EB. Observational learning in the manipulation of a problem-box by tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Rev Etol 2001;3:3-13.
Resende BD, Ottoni EB. Brincadeira e aprendizagem do uso de ferramentas em macacos-prego (Cebus apella). Est Psicol 2002;7:173-180.
Aversi-Ferreira TA, Lima-e-Silva MS, Pereira-de-Paula J, Gouvêa-e-Silva LF, Penha-Silva N. Comparative anatomy of the nerves of the arm of the Cebus apella. Description of dorsoepitroclear muscle. Acta Sci Biol Sci 2005a;7:291-296.
Aversi-Ferreira TA, Aversi-Ferreira RAGMF, Silva Z, Gouvêa-e-Silva LF, Penha-Silva N. Anatomical study of the deep muscles of the forearm of the Cebus apella (Linnaeus, 1766). Acta Sci Biol Sci 2005b;27:297-301.
Aversi-Ferreira TA, Vieira LG, Pires RM, Silva Z, Penha-Silva N. Comparative study of the superficial muscles of the forearm of the Cebus and Homo. Biosci J 2006;22:139-144.
Aversi-Ferreira TA, Pereira-de-Paula J, Lima-e-Silva MS, Prado YCL, Silva Z. Anatomical study of the shoulder arteries of the Cebus libidinosus (Rylands, 2000; Primates - Cebidae). Cien Anim Bras 2007a;8:272-284.
Aversi-Ferreira TA, Pereira-de-Paula J, Prado YCL, Lima-e-Silva MS, Mata JR. Anatomy of the shoulder and arm muscles of Cebus libidinosus. Braz J Morph Sci 2007b;24:03-14.
Aversi-Ferreira TA, Pereira-de-Paula J, Lima-e-Silva MS, Silva Z. Anatomy of the arteries of the arm of Cebus libidinosus (Rylands et al., 2000) monkeys. Acta Sci Biol Sci 2007c;29:247-254.
Aversi-Ferreira TA. Comparative anatomical description of forearm and hand arteries of Cebus libidinosus. Int J Morph 2009;27:219-226.
Marin KA, Carneiro e Silva FO, Carvalho AAV, Nascimento GNL, Prado YCL, Aversi-Ferreira TA. Anatomy of the nervous of forearm and hand of Cebus Libidinosus (Rylands, 2000). Int J Morphol 2009;27:635-642.
Leichnetz GR, Gonzalo-Ruiz A. Prearcuate cortex in the cebus monkey has cortical and subcortical connections like the macaque frontal eye field and projects to fastigiai-recipient oculomotor-related brainstem nuclei. Brain Res Bull 1996; 41:1-29.
Leichnetz GR. Connections of the medial posterior parietal cortex (area 7m) in the monkey. Anatomical Record 2001: 263:215-236.
Lima B, Fiorani M, Gattass R. Modulation by context of a scene in monkey anterior inferotemporal cortex during a saccadic eye movement task. An Acad Bras Cienc 2003:75:71-76.
Antinucci F, Visalberghi E. Tool use in Cebus apella: a case study. Int J Primatol 1986:7:351-363.
Costello MB, Fragaszy DM. Prehension in Cebus and Saimiri: Grip type and hand preference. Am J Primat 1988:15:235-245.
Waga IC, Dacier AK, Pinha PS, Tavares MCH. Spontaneous Tool Use by Wild Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus libidinosus) in the Cerrado. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2006:77:337-344.
Paiva MJAFD. Causas e conseqüências da encefalização nos hominídeos. Departamento de Antropologia da Universidade de Coimbra; 1998. Available from: <http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/wwwantr/areas/paleontologia/encefal/textos/html/causas%20e%20consequencias.htm>.
» http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/wwwantr/areas/paleontologia/encefal/textos/html/causas%20e%20consequencias.htm
Tavares MCH, Tomaz CAB. Working memory in capuchin monkeys (cebus apella). Behav Brain Res 2002:131:131-137.
Chevalier-Skolnikoff S. Spontaneous tool use and sensorimotor intelligence in cebus compared with other monkeys and apes. Behav Brain Sci 1989:12:561-627.
Mendes FDC, Martins LBR, Pereira JA, Marquezan RF. fishing with a bait: a note on behavioral flexibility in cebus apella. Folia Primatol 2000:71:350-52.
Ottoni EB, Resende BD, Mannu M, Aquino CMC, Sestini AE, Izar P. Tool use, social structure, and information transfer in capuchin monkeys. Adv Ethol 2001:36:234-34.
Resende MC, Tavares MCH, Tomaz C. Ontogenetic dissociation between habit learning and recognition memory in capuchin monkeys (cebus apella). Neurobiol. Learn Mem 2003:79:19-24.
Carrilho PEM, Caramelli P, Cardoso F, Barbosa ER, Buchpiguel CA, Nitrini R. Involuntary hand levitation associated with parietal damage. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2001:59:521-525.
Vecera SP, Flevaris AV. Attentional control parameters following parietal-lobe damage: evidence from normal subjects. Neuropsychologia 2005:43:1189-1203.
Behrmann M, Geng JJ, Shomstein S. Parietal cortex and attention. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2004;14:212-217.
Hilgetag CC, Théoret H, Pascual-Leone A. Enhanced visual spatial attention ipsilateral to rTMS-induced 'virtual lesions' of human parietal cortex. Nat Neurosci 2001;4:953-957.
Posner MI, Walker JA, Friedrich FJ, Rafal RD. Effects of parietal injury on covert orienting of attention. J Neurosci 1984;4:1863-1874.
Mesulam MM. Spatial attention and neglect: parietal, frontal and cingulate contributions to the mental representation and attentional targeting of salient extrapersonal events. PhilTrans. R Soc London B 1999;354:1325-1346.
Wojciulik E, Kanwisher N. The generality of parietal involvement in visual attention. Neuron 1999;23:747-764.
Driver J, Mattingley JB. Parietal neglect and visual awareness. Nat Neurosci 1998;1:17-22.
Rees G, Wojciulik E, Clarke K, Husain M, Frith C, Driver J. Unconscious activation of visual cortex in the damaged right hemisphere of a parietal patient with extinction. Brain 2000; 123:1624-1633.
Karnath HO, Himmelbach M, Rorden C. The subcortical anatomy of human spatial neglect: putamen, caudate nucleus and pulvinar. Brain 2002;125:350-360.
Mort DJ, Malhotra P, Mannan SK, Rorden C, Pambakian A, Kennard C, Husain M. The anatomy of visual neglect. Brain 2003;126:1986-1997.
Harris IM, Egan GF, Sonkkila C, Tonchon-Danguy HJ, Paxinos G, Watson JDG. Selective right parietal activation during mental rotation: a parametric PET study. Brain 2000;123:65-73.
Cohen MS, Kosslyn SM, Breiter HC, et al. Changes in cortical activity during mental rotation: a mapping study using functional MRI. Brain 1996;119:89-100.
Wolbers T, Weiller C, Büchel C. Contralateral coding of imagined body parts in the superior parietal lobe. Cereb Córtex 2003;3:392-399.
Cohen L, Dehaene S, Chochona F, Lehericyc S, Naccache L. Language and calculation within the parietal lobe: a combined cognitive, anatomical and fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 2000;38:1426-1440.
Rivera SM, Reiss AL, Eckert MA, Menon V. Developmental changes in mental arithmetic: evidence for increased functional specialization in the left inferior parietal córtex. Cerebral Córtex 2005;15:1779-1790.
Dehaene S, Piazza M, Pinel P, Cohen L. Three parietal circuits for number processing. Cog Neuropsychol 2003;20:487-506.
Jonides J, Schumacher EH, Smith EE, Koeppe RA, Awh E, Reuter-Lorenz PA, Marshuetz C, Willis CR. The role of parietal cortex in verbal working memory. J Neurosci 1998;18:5026-5034.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
Jul-Sep 2010

History

Received
16 June 2010
Accepted
20 Aug 2010

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

[1] Luria AR (editor). The working brain: An introduction to neuropsychology. Londres: Ed. Basic Books; 1973.

[2] Broca PP. Loss of speech, chronic softening and partial destruction of the anterior left lobe of the brain. Bulletin de la Société Anthropologique 1861;2:235-238.

[3] Brodmann K (editor). Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Großhirnrinde. Barth, Leipzig; 1909.

[4] Pereira-de-Paula J, Tomaz CAB, Aversi-Ferreira TA. Anatomical study of the main sulci and gyri of the Cebus libidinosus brain (Rylands, 2000). Neurobiologia 2010;73:65-78.

[5] Zilles K, Amunt K. Centenary of Brodmann's map: conception and fate. Nat Rev Neurosci 2010;11:139-145.

[6] Damásio AR. O erro de Descartes: emoção, razão e o cérebro humano. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras; 2005.

[7] Nickel J, Seitz RJ. Functional clusters in the human parietal cortex as revealed by an observer-independent meta-analysis of functional activation studies. Anat Embryol 2005;210:463-472.

[8] Caspers S, Geyer S, Schleiche RA, Mohlberg H, Amunts K, Zilles K. The human inferior parietal cortex: cytoarchitectonic parcellation and interindividual variability. NeuroImage 2006;33:430-448.

[9] Culham JC, Kanwisher NG. Neuroimaging of cognitive functions in human parietal cortex. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2001;11: 157-163.

[10] Raffi M, Siegel RM. Functional architecture of spatial attention in the parietal cortex of the behaving monkey. J Neurosci 2005;25:5171-5186.

[11] Phinney RE, Siegel RM. Speed selectivity for optic flow in area 7a of the behaving macaque. Cereb Córtex 2000;10:413-421.

[12] Essen DCV, Lewis JW, Drury HA, et al. Mapping visual cortex in monkeys and humans using surface-based atlases. Vision Res 2001;41:1359-1378.

[13] Breveglieri R, Galletti C, Gamberini M, Passarelli L, Fattori P. Somatosensory cells in area PEc of macaque posterior parietal córtex. J Neurosci 2006;14:3679-3684.

[14] Simon O, Mangin JF, Cohen L, Bihan DL, Dehaene S. Topographical layout of hand, eye, calculation, and language-related areas in the human parietal lobe. Neuron 2002;33:475-487.

[15] Linden JF, Grunewald A, Andersen RA. Responses to auditory stimuli in macaque lateral intraparietal área II. Behavioral modulation. J Neurophysiol 1999;82:343-358.

[16] Cappe C, Morel A, Rouiller EM. Thalamocortical and the dual pattern of corticothalamic projections of the posterior parietal cortex in macaque monkeys. Neuroscience 2007;146: 1371-1387.

[17] Quraishi S, Heider B, Siegel RM. Attentional modulation of receptive field structure in area 7a of the behaving monkey. Cereb Córtex 2007;7:1841-1857.

[18] Battaglia-Mayer A, Mascaro M, Caminiti R. Temporal evolution and strength of neural activity in parietal cortex during eye and hand movements. Cereb Córtex 2007;17:1350-1363.

[19] Chafee MV, Crowe DA, Averbeck BB, Georgopoulos AP. Neural correlates of spatial judgement during object construction in parietal córtex. Cereb Córtex 2005;15:1393-1413.

[20] Friedman HR, Goldman-Rakic PS. Coactivation of prefrontal cortex and inferior parietal cortex in working memory tasks revealed by 2DG functional mapping in the rhesus monkey. J Neurosci 1994;74:2775-2788.

[21] Mehta MA, Owen AM, Sahakian BJ, Mavaddat N, Pickard JD, Robbins TW. Methylphenidate Enhances working memory by modulating discrete frontal and parietal lobe regions in the human brain. J Neurosci 2000;20:1-6.

[22] Baizer JS, Ungerleider LG, Desimone R. Organization of visual inputs to the inferior temporal and posterior parietal cortex in macaques. J Neurosci 1991;17:166-190.

[23] Gottlieb JP, Kusunoki M, Goldberg ME. The representation of visual salience in monkey parietal cortex. Nature 1998; 391:481-484.

[24] Rylands AB, Schneider H, Langguth A, Mittermeier RA. Groves C.P. & Rodriguez-Luna, E. 2000. An assessment of the diversity of new word primates. Neotrop Primates 2000:8:61-93.

[25] Lopes RJ. Gênio da selva. Scientific American Brasil 2004; 3:24-32.

[26] Breseida DR, Ottoni EB. Observational learning in the manipulation of a problem-box by tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Rev Etol 2001;3:3-13.

[27] Resende BD, Ottoni EB. Brincadeira e aprendizagem do uso de ferramentas em macacos-prego (Cebus apella). Est Psicol 2002;7:173-180.

[28] Aversi-Ferreira TA, Lima-e-Silva MS, Pereira-de-Paula J, Gouvêa-e-Silva LF, Penha-Silva N. Comparative anatomy of the nerves of the arm of the Cebus apella. Description of dorsoepitroclear muscle. Acta Sci Biol Sci 2005a;7:291-296.

[29] Aversi-Ferreira TA, Aversi-Ferreira RAGMF, Silva Z, Gouvêa-e-Silva LF, Penha-Silva N. Anatomical study of the deep muscles of the forearm of the Cebus apella (Linnaeus, 1766). Acta Sci Biol Sci 2005b;27:297-301.

[30] Aversi-Ferreira TA, Vieira LG, Pires RM, Silva Z, Penha-Silva N. Comparative study of the superficial muscles of the forearm of the Cebus and Homo. Biosci J 2006;22:139-144.

[31] Aversi-Ferreira TA, Pereira-de-Paula J, Lima-e-Silva MS, Prado YCL, Silva Z. Anatomical study of the shoulder arteries of the Cebus libidinosus (Rylands, 2000; Primates - Cebidae). Cien Anim Bras 2007a;8:272-284.

[32] Aversi-Ferreira TA, Pereira-de-Paula J, Prado YCL, Lima-e-Silva MS, Mata JR. Anatomy of the shoulder and arm muscles of Cebus libidinosus. Braz J Morph Sci 2007b;24:03-14.

[33] Aversi-Ferreira TA, Pereira-de-Paula J, Lima-e-Silva MS, Silva Z. Anatomy of the arteries of the arm of Cebus libidinosus (Rylands et al., 2000) monkeys. Acta Sci Biol Sci 2007c;29:247-254.

[34] Aversi-Ferreira TA. Comparative anatomical description of forearm and hand arteries of Cebus libidinosus. Int J Morph 2009;27:219-226.

[35] Marin KA, Carneiro e Silva FO, Carvalho AAV, Nascimento GNL, Prado YCL, Aversi-Ferreira TA. Anatomy of the nervous of forearm and hand of Cebus Libidinosus (Rylands, 2000). Int J Morphol 2009;27:635-642.

[36] Leichnetz GR, Gonzalo-Ruiz A. Prearcuate cortex in the cebus monkey has cortical and subcortical connections like the macaque frontal eye field and projects to fastigiai-recipient oculomotor-related brainstem nuclei. Brain Res Bull 1996; 41:1-29.

[37] Leichnetz GR. Connections of the medial posterior parietal cortex (area 7m) in the monkey. Anatomical Record 2001: 263:215-236.

[38] Lima B, Fiorani M, Gattass R. Modulation by context of a scene in monkey anterior inferotemporal cortex during a saccadic eye movement task. An Acad Bras Cienc 2003:75:71-76.

[39] Antinucci F, Visalberghi E. Tool use in Cebus apella: a case study. Int J Primatol 1986:7:351-363.

[40] Costello MB, Fragaszy DM. Prehension in Cebus and Saimiri: Grip type and hand preference. Am J Primat 1988:15:235-245.

[41] Waga IC, Dacier AK, Pinha PS, Tavares MCH. Spontaneous Tool Use by Wild Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus libidinosus) in the Cerrado. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2006:77:337-344.

[42] Paiva MJAFD. Causas e conseqüências da encefalização nos hominídeos. Departamento de Antropologia da Universidade de Coimbra; 1998. Available from: <http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/wwwantr/areas/paleontologia/encefal/textos/html/causas%20e%20consequencias.htm>.
» http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/wwwantr/areas/paleontologia/encefal/textos/html/causas%20e%20consequencias.htm

[43] Tavares MCH, Tomaz CAB. Working memory in capuchin monkeys (cebus apella). Behav Brain Res 2002:131:131-137.

[44] Chevalier-Skolnikoff S. Spontaneous tool use and sensorimotor intelligence in cebus compared with other monkeys and apes. Behav Brain Sci 1989:12:561-627.

[45] Mendes FDC, Martins LBR, Pereira JA, Marquezan RF. fishing with a bait: a note on behavioral flexibility in cebus apella. Folia Primatol 2000:71:350-52.

[46] Ottoni EB, Resende BD, Mannu M, Aquino CMC, Sestini AE, Izar P. Tool use, social structure, and information transfer in capuchin monkeys. Adv Ethol 2001:36:234-34.

[47] Resende MC, Tavares MCH, Tomaz C. Ontogenetic dissociation between habit learning and recognition memory in capuchin monkeys (cebus apella). Neurobiol. Learn Mem 2003:79:19-24.

[48] Carrilho PEM, Caramelli P, Cardoso F, Barbosa ER, Buchpiguel CA, Nitrini R. Involuntary hand levitation associated with parietal damage. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2001:59:521-525.

[49] Vecera SP, Flevaris AV. Attentional control parameters following parietal-lobe damage: evidence from normal subjects. Neuropsychologia 2005:43:1189-1203.

[50] Behrmann M, Geng JJ, Shomstein S. Parietal cortex and attention. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2004;14:212-217.

[51] Hilgetag CC, Théoret H, Pascual-Leone A. Enhanced visual spatial attention ipsilateral to rTMS-induced 'virtual lesions' of human parietal cortex. Nat Neurosci 2001;4:953-957.

[52] Posner MI, Walker JA, Friedrich FJ, Rafal RD. Effects of parietal injury on covert orienting of attention. J Neurosci 1984;4:1863-1874.

[53] Mesulam MM. Spatial attention and neglect: parietal, frontal and cingulate contributions to the mental representation and attentional targeting of salient extrapersonal events. PhilTrans. R Soc London B 1999;354:1325-1346.

[54] Wojciulik E, Kanwisher N. The generality of parietal involvement in visual attention. Neuron 1999;23:747-764.

[55] Driver J, Mattingley JB. Parietal neglect and visual awareness. Nat Neurosci 1998;1:17-22.

[56] Rees G, Wojciulik E, Clarke K, Husain M, Frith C, Driver J. Unconscious activation of visual cortex in the damaged right hemisphere of a parietal patient with extinction. Brain 2000; 123:1624-1633.

[57] Karnath HO, Himmelbach M, Rorden C. The subcortical anatomy of human spatial neglect: putamen, caudate nucleus and pulvinar. Brain 2002;125:350-360.

[58] Mort DJ, Malhotra P, Mannan SK, Rorden C, Pambakian A, Kennard C, Husain M. The anatomy of visual neglect. Brain 2003;126:1986-1997.

[59] Harris IM, Egan GF, Sonkkila C, Tonchon-Danguy HJ, Paxinos G, Watson JDG. Selective right parietal activation during mental rotation: a parametric PET study. Brain 2000;123:65-73.

[60] Cohen MS, Kosslyn SM, Breiter HC, et al. Changes in cortical activity during mental rotation: a mapping study using functional MRI. Brain 1996;119:89-100.

[61] Wolbers T, Weiller C, Büchel C. Contralateral coding of imagined body parts in the superior parietal lobe. Cereb Córtex 2003;3:392-399.

[62] Cohen L, Dehaene S, Chochona F, Lehericyc S, Naccache L. Language and calculation within the parietal lobe: a combined cognitive, anatomical and fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 2000;38:1426-1440.

[63] Rivera SM, Reiss AL, Eckert MA, Menon V. Developmental changes in mental arithmetic: evidence for increased functional specialization in the left inferior parietal córtex. Cerebral Córtex 2005;15:1779-1790.

[64] Dehaene S, Piazza M, Pinel P, Cohen L. Three parietal circuits for number processing. Cog Neuropsychol 2003;20:487-506.

[65] Jonides J, Schumacher EH, Smith EE, Koeppe RA, Awh E, Reuter-Lorenz PA, Marshuetz C, Willis CR. The role of parietal cortex in verbal working memory. J Neurosci 1998;18:5026-5034.

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