Molecular detection of Mycoplasma suis in extensive pig production systems in the State of Maranhão, northeast Brazil

Detecção molecular de Mycoplasma suis em suínos de criações extensivas no estado do Maranhão, nordeste do Brasil

Abstract

Mycoplasma suis is a bacterium that causes hemoplasmosis in pigs. This agent is capable of adhering to the surface of porcine erythrocytes, inducing structural changes on these cells. In Brazil, there are few reports about the disease, its causal agent, and the economic impact of this pathogen on pig production systems and farm sanitation. The present study aimed to investigate the occurrence of M. suis in extensive swine farms located in the counties of Itapecuru Mirim, Santa Rita and Rosario, State of Maranhão, northeast Brazil. For such purpose, 64 blood samples of pigs from these facilities were tested for M. suis using a 16S rRNA gene-based quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR); 82.3%, 65.2% and 25% of blood samples of swine from farms in the cities of Itapecuru Mirim, Santa Rita and Rosario were positive for M. suis by qPCR, respectively. This study shows, for the first time, that M. suis circulates in pig populations from the state of Maranhão, Northeast Brazil.

Keywords:
Swine; Mycoplasma suis; qPCR; hemoplasmosis

Resumo

Mycoplasma suis é uma bactéria que causa a hemoplasmose em suínos. Este agente é capaz de se aderir à superfície dos eritrócitos de suínos, ocasionando deformações estruturais nestas células. No Brasil, poucos são os relatos acerca do parasita, da infecção e de seus impactos econômicos nas esferas produtiva e sanitária. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar, por meio da PCR em tempo real quantitativa (qPCR) baseada no gene 16S rRNA, a ocorrência de M. suis em 64 amostras de sangue de suínos de criações extensivas dos municípios de Itapecuru Mirim, Santa Rita e Rosário, localizados no estado do Maranhão. Foram obtidos um percentual de 82,3%, 65,2% e 25% de amostras positivas na qPCR para M. suis nos municípios de Itapecuru Mirim, Santa Rita e Rosário, respectivamente. Este estudo mostra que M. suis circula entre os suínos de criações extensivas no estado do Maranhão.

Palavras-chave:
Suínos; Mycoplasma suis; qPCR; hemoplasmose

Introduction

Mycoplasma suis, the etiologic agent of porcine hemoplasmosis, is a pathogen showing a worldwide distribution ( MESSICK, 2004 ) and causing significant economic losses in the pig industry ( GUIMARÃES et al., 2007 ). Considering that Brazil occupies the fourth place in the pork export in the world ( BRASIL, 2016 ), knowledge about the occurrence of this pathogen in the pig production systems in our country and its impacts in the sanitary and economic sphere are of paramount importance. This agent belongs to the group of hemotrophic mycoplasmas, or hemoplasmas, that comprises non-cultivable bacteria that lack a cell wall. They are capable of binding to the surface of erythrocytes from a number of mammals causing structural changes on these cells ( HOELZLE, 2008 ).

Regarding the epidemiology of swine hemoplasmosis, mechanical transmission of this bacterial organism occurs through syringes, needles or contaminated surgical instruments ( HENRY, 1979 ). Additionally, other routes of transmission have been speculated, since the agent has been detected in urine samples, water used for drinking, vaginal and nasal secretions, and environmental dust samples ( DIETZ et al., 2014 ). Moreover, congenital infection has been reported in newborn piglets (vertical transplacental transmission) ( HENDERSON et al., 1997 ).

Under natural conditions, the incubation period of the disease may vary greatly, and is dependent on individual susceptibility, severity of infection, and physiological stress response of each animal. Infected animals may be asymptomatic for months until the disease becomes clinically apparent. Hemolytic anemia is one of the clinical signs in affected pigs, and may ultimately result in death. Suckling piglets and finishing swine are preferentially affected, but the disease can also occur in growing pigs and sows, even though many infected animals often do not show any clinical signs ( HOELZLE, 2008 ).

Direct blood smear examination under the light microscope is routinely used for the diagnosis of M. suis infection. Due to the low sensitivity and specificity of this method associated with the fact that blood samples are infrequently submitted to diagnostic laboratories for disease surveillance and monitoring, porcine hemoplasmosis is frequently underdiagnosed in many swine populations ( STRAIT et al., 2012 ). On the other hand, molecular techniques, such as quantitative real time PCR assays (qPCR), show high sensitivity and specificity, allowing accurate detection of hemotrophic mycoplasmas in blood samples. Considering the low risk of contamination, high levels of standardization, specificity, sensitivity, reproducibility, and reliability presented by qPCR, this technique should be used in the diagnosis of M. suis infection (GUIMARÃES et al., 2011).

Considering that M. suis has only been detected in pigs from the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Norte so far, additional studies assessing the prevalence of this agent in swine herds in Brazil are needed in order to estimate how spread is this pathogen in swine production systems in the country. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the occurrence of M. suis in extensive swine farms located in the State of Maranhão, northeast Brazil, using molecular techniques.

Material and Methods

Study population

Between August 2016 and August 2017, blood samples were collected, by convenience, from 64 pigs during the dry season. The sampled animals (16 males and 48 females) age ranged from 1 to 3 years. The sampling was performed in extensive swine farms located in the counties of Itapecuru Mirim (17 samples) (Latitude: -3.39501, Longitude: -44.3601 3°23'42” South, 44°21'36” West), Santa Rita (23 samples) (Latitude: 3°23'42” South, Longitude: 44°21'36” W), and Rosario (25 samples) (Latitude: 2°56'24” South, Longitude: 44°14'27” West), state of Maranhão, northeast Brazil. Blood samples collected by venipuncture in vaccutainer tubes containing EDTA-anticoagulant were stored in sterile 1.5 mL microtubes and kept at -20 °C until molecular analysis.

The research proposal was approved by the Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee (AEEC) from the Maranhão State University (UEMA) program in Brazil, Protocol N^o 004/2015 AEEC/UEMA).

DNA extraction and conventional PCR assay (cPCR) for the endogenous glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (gapdh)

DNA extraction from whole blood was performed using the QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, California, USA), according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Extracted DNA samples were then stored at -20 °C until PCR analysis.

An endogenous (internal) control was used in order to rule out any false negative results due to the presence of PCR inhibitors. For such purpose, DNA samples were submitted to a previously described conventional PCR assay aiming to amplify the mammalian gapdh (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) gene (endogenous control of the reaction) ( BIRKENHEUER et al., 2003 ). The amplified products were subjected to horizontal electrophoresis in ethidium bromide-stained agarose gel and visualized under an ultraviolet light (UV) transilluminator. Images were analyzed using the software Chemi Doc Imaging System (BioRad^®).

16S rRNA gene-based quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) for the detection of M. suis

DNA samples showing positive results in gapdh-PCR assay were submitted to a previously described TaqMan quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) based on 16S rRNA for the detection of M. suis (GUIMARÃES et al., 2011). Serial dilutions with different concentrations of plasmid DNA containing the 16S rRNA target sequence were performed in order to construct the standard curve (2.0 x 10⁷ copies/μL at 2.0 x 10⁰ copies/μL). The number of plasmid copies was calculated using the formula (Xg/μL DNA/[plasmid (pb) size x 660]) x 6.022 x 10²³ x plasmid copies/μL. The amplification efficiency (E) was calculated from the slope of the standard curve in each run using the following formula: E = 10^–1/slope . To determine the limit of detection and quantification of the TaqMan assay, standard curves were generated by serial dilutions from 10⁷ to 10⁰ copy numbers of plasmids.

Results

All swine blood samples were positive in cPCR assays based on gapdh gene, ruling out the occurrence of false negative results. Out of 64 sampled animals, 35 (54.7%) were positive for M. suis by qPCR: 14 (82.3%) from the city of Itapecuru Mirim, 15 (65.2%) from Santa Rita, and 6 (24%) from the city of Rosario. The Table 1 shows the mean of quantification cycles (Cq) and number of 16SrRNA-M. suis copies/μL of DNA from blood samples of pigs raised in farms located in the aforementioned counties.

Table 1
Mean Cqs, number of copies/μL, and reaction parameters (efficiency, correction coefficient, R², and y-intercept) for DNA extracted from blood samples of swine raised in farms located in the counties of Itapecuru Mirim, Santa Rita, and Rosário, State of Maranhão, Brazil.

Sample	Mean Cqs	Quantification mean	Efficacy	R2	Slope	Y-interceptor
	25.59	5.89 x 104
	22.59	4.36 x 105
	27.15	2.07 x 104
	20.50	1.77 x 106
	24.29	1.43 x 105
	26.39	3.48 x 104
	26.50	3.23 x 104
Itapecuru Mirim	25.83	5.22 x 104	91.1%	0.992	-3.555	42.050
	32.54	6.07 x 102
	26.77	2.67 x 104
	28.52	8.31 x 103
	26.34	3.72 x 104
	22.17	5.78 x 105
	28.86	6.65 x 103
	26.08	1.66 x 104
	28.32	7.15 x 103
	27.95	9.05 x 103
	25.82	1.71 x 104
Santa Rita	27.44	1.27 x 104	91.1%	0.992	-3.555	42.016
	31.20	1.11 x 103
	33.10	3.22 x 102
	26.28	2.67 x 104
	28.65	5.74 x 103
	30.50	8.36 x 102
	29.13	4.21 x 103
	34.35	1.44 x 102
	24.79	7.05 x 104
	31.36	1.01 x 103
	33.02	3.41 x 102
	32.10	3.01 x 102
	37.03	1.26 x 102
	32.76	4.01 x 102
Rosário	30.54	8.12 x102	90.6%	0.989	-3.570	40.935
	23.48	7.76 x 104
	33.90	9.37 x102

The samples were processed in two different plates with reaction efficiency (E), slope and R ² of 90.4% and 91.1%; -3.577 and -3.555; 0.989 and 0.992, respectively. The range of Cq and quantification values were 20.50-37.03 and 1.26 x 10¹ – 1.77 x 10 ⁶, respectively.

Discussion

In recent years, M. suis has been detected in pig farms in China ( YUAN et al., 2009 ), Germany ( RITZMANN et al., 2009 ; HOELZLE et al., 2010 ) and Brazil ( GUIMARÃES et al., 2007 ; TOLEDO et al., 2016 ). In this sense, Yuan et al. (2009) reported the occurrence of M. suis of 86% in pigs and 49% in veterinarians and contact individuals with these animals in China, emphasizing the high occurrence of the agent in question and suggesting a possible zoonotic potential of this hemoplasma species. Interestingly, the high percentage of positivity for M. suis in pigs sampled in the present study (54.7%) was similar to that found in extensive pig farms in the state of Rio Grande do Norte (76.19%), northeastern Brazil ( TOLEDO et al., 2016 ), where climatic and management conditions were similar to those of the present study.

The reuse of needles was incriminated as an important risk factor for the occurrence of M. suis in pig farms in China ( YUAN et al., 2009 ). In the present study, although risk factors associated with M. suis infection were not investigated, syringe reuse and needle sharing were routine practices on farms where animals were sampled (data not shown) and may have contributed to transmission routes of M. suis. Further studies should be conducted to evaluate the risk factors associated with the high transmission of M. suis in swine in northeastern Brazil, in order to develop prophylaxis measures for swine hemoplasmosis.

According to Song et al. (2014) , M. suis seroprevalence in sows in the Chinese province of Hubei was higher during the summer and fall than during the spring and winter seasons. These findings may be related to the period of greatest density and activity of arthropod vectors in the environment, which favor the transmission of the pathogen. This fact indicates that the transmission of M. suis seems to be more common in warmer weather, since mosquitoes thrive in higher temperatures. This may explain the high percentages of positivity for M. suis found in our survey, since high temperatures are found in the state of Maranhão all over the year.

The different rates of occurrence of M. suis in pigs reported in several studies may be related to the sensitivity of the molecular techniques used. In the present work, the qPCR technique was used, which demonstrates higher specificity and sensitivity when compared to the conventional PCR assays (GUIMARÃES et al., 2011). Guimarães et al. (2007) carried out a study in the State of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil, where 18.2% and 33.1% of swine blood samples were positive by conventional PCR and Southern blotting, respectively, emphasizing the low sensitivity of the former technique. Ritzmann et al. (2009) demonstrated in their study that of the 160 samples analyzed, 17 (10.6%) animals reacted as PCR-positive for M. suis, with a mean in-house prevalence of 41.5% and a mean bacterial load of 5.31 × 10⁴ copies/µL_.

In the present study, the absolute quantification of 16S rRNA-M. suis ranged from 1.26 x 10¹ – 1.77 x 10⁶ copies/μL, showing values lower than 10³ in 20% of positive samples. These results show that low bacteremia may occur in quite a few animals, precluding accurate diagnosis using stained-blood smears and conventional PCR based methods. Therefore, the qPCR assay could be considered the gold standard for detection of hemoplasmas in swine herds. Despite the low bacteremia found in 20% of sampled pigs, estimated by qPCR absolute quantification, these animals may act as chronic carriers and play a role as important source of infection for other animals in a herd.

Finally, additional studies to verify the occurrence and risk factors associated with M. suis infection in herds in other regions of the country are of great importance, given the prominent position occupied by Brazilian swine production in the world. Additionally, the zoonotic potential of the M. suis genotypes found in Brazil should be further investigated.

Conclusion

This study reports the occurrence of M. suis in non-technical pig farms in the state of Maranhão, precisely in the municipalities of Itapecuru Mirim, Santa Rita and Rosario.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to UNESP Jaboticabal for technical support. This work was supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Tecnológico do Maranhão - FAPEMA (UNIVERSAL-00594/15 FAPEMA).

References

• Brasil. Ministério da Agricultura. Estatisticas de Comércio Exterior do Agronegócio Brasileiro. Indicadores Gerais Agrostat. Epi Info [online]. 2016. [cited 2017 Jul 26]. Available from: http://indicadores.agricultura.gov.br/agrostat/index.htm.
  » http://indicadores.agricultura.gov.br/agrostat/index.htm
• Birkenheuer AJ, Levy MG, Breitschwerdt EB. Development and evaluation of a seminested PCR for detection and differentiation of Babesia gibsoni (Asian genotype) and B. canis DNA in canine blood samples. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41(9): 4172-4177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.41.9.4172-4177.2003. PMid:12958243.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.41.9.4172-4177.2003
• Dietz S, Mack SL, Hoelzle K, Becker K, Jannasch C, Stadler J, et al. Quantitative PCR analysis of Mycoplasma suis shedding patterns during experimental infection. Vet Microbiol 2014; 172(3-4): 581-585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.06.019. PMid:25037994.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.06.019
• Guimaraes AM, Vieira RF, Poletto R, Vemulapalli R, Santos AP, de Moraes W, et al. A quantitative TaqMan PCR assay for the detection of Mycoplasma suis J Appl Microbiol 2011; 111(2): 417-425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05053.x. PMid:21575112.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05053.x
• Guimarães AMS, Biondo AW, Lara AC, Messick JB. Exploratory study of Mycoplasma suis (Eperythrozoon suis) on four commercial pig farms in southern Brazil. Vet Rec 2007; 160(2): 50-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.160.2.50. PMid:17220522.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.160.2.50
• Henderson JP, O’Hagan J, Hawe SM, Pratt MC. Anemia and low viability in piglets infected with Eperythrozoon suis. Vet Rec 1997; 140(6): 144-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.140.6.144. PMid:9050175.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.140.6.144
• Henry SC. Clinical observations on Eperythrozoonosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1979; 174(6): 601-603. PMid:422463.
• Hoelzle K, Engels M, Kramer MM, Wittenbrink MM, Dieckmann SM, Hoelzle LE. Occurrence of Mycoplasma suis in wild boars (Sus scrofa L.). Vet Microbiol 2010; 143(2-4): 405-409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.11.015. PMid:20006452.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.11.015
• Messick JB. Hemotrophic mycoplasmas (hemoplasmas): a review and new insights into pathogenic potential. Vet Clin Pathol 2004; 33(1): 2-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2004.tb00342.x. PMid:15048620.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2004.tb00342.x
• Hoelzle LE. Haemotrophic mycoplasmas: recent advances in Mycoplasma suis. Vet Microbiol 2008; 130(3-4): 215-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.12.023. PMid:18358641.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.12.023
• Ritzmann M, Grimm J, Heinritzi K, Hoelzle K, Hoelzle LE. Prevalence of Mycoplasma suis in slaughter pigs, with correlation of PCR results to hematological findings. Vet Microbiol 2009; 133(1-2): 84-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.06.015. PMid:18687536.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.06.015
• Strait EL, Hawkins PA, Wilson WD. Dysgalactia associated with Mycoplasma suis infection in a sow herd. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 241(12): 1666-1667. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.241.12.1666. PMid:23216044.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.241.12.1666
• Song Q, Zhang W, Song W, Liu Z, Khan MK, He L, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Mycoplasma suis infection in pig farms in central China. Prev Vet Med 2014; 117(1): 215-221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.07.006. PMid:25081945.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.07.006
• Toledo MA, Leite AI, Gonçalves LR, Sousa KCM, Amaral RB, Silva GCP, et al. Alta ocorrência de infecção por Mycoplasma suis em suínos de criações não tecnificadas de Mossoró, estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Nordeste brasileiro. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2016; 25(4): 414-417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016084. PMid:27982298.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016084
• Yuan CL, Liang AB, Yao CB, Yang ZB, Zhu JG, Cui LI, et al. Prevalence of Mycoplasma suis (Eperythrozoon suis) infection in swine and swine-farm workers in Shangai, China. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70(7): 890-894. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.70.7.890. PMid:19566474.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.70.7.890

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  14 Feb 2019
• Date of issue
  Apr-Jun 2019

History

• Received
  31 Aug 2018
• Accepted
  10 Dec 2018