Flora of Ceará, Brazil: tribe Hibisceae (Malvaceae)

Tavares, Aline Belém; Souza, Francisca Graciele Leite Sampaio de; Silva, Maria Arlene Pessoa da; Loiola, Maria Iracema Bezerra

doi:10.1590/2175-7860202374060

Abstract

The present study is an integral part of the project Flora of Ceará: knowing to conserve. The goal of this work was to conduct a floristic-taxonomic survey and update the geographic distribution of the tribe Hibisceae (Malvaceae) in the state of Ceará, Brazil. The study is based on an analysis of specimens in national and international herbaria, collections made during fieldwork from January 2020 to May 2021, and literature. Eight genera and 20 species were recorded for Ceará, which mostly occur in areas of Stepic Savanna and Dense Ombrophylous Forest. Pavonia varians and P. vinosa are restricted to a single municipality. Malachra fasciata and Peltaea lasiantha are new records for the state of Ceará. Eleven species occur within 14 conservation units.

Key words: distribution; floristics; Malvales; Malvoideae; taxonomy

Resumo

O presente estudo é parte integrante do projeto Flora do Ceará: conhecer para conservar. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um levantamento florístico-taxonômico e atualizar a distribuição geográfica da tribo Hibisceae (Malvaceae) no estado do Ceará, Brasil. O estudo é baseado na análise de espécimes depositados em herbários nacionais e internacionais, coletas feitas durante trabalho de campo de janeiro de 2020 a maio de 2021 e literatura. Oito gêneros e 20 espécies foram registrados para o Ceará, distribuídas principalmente em áreas de Cerrado Estépico e Floresta Ombrófila Densa. Pavonia varians e P. vinosa estão restritas a um único município. Malachra fasciata e Peltaea lasiantha são novos registros para o estado do Ceará. Onze espécies ocorrem em 14 unidades de conservação.

Palavras-chave: distribuição; florística; Malvales; Malvoideae; taxonomia

Introduction

The largest family in the order Malvales is Malvaceae it comprises approximately 243 genera and 4,225 species (Bayer et al. 1999; APG IV 2016; Gomez et al. 2019) that are in nine subfamilies and twenty tribes (Baum et al. 2004; Pfeil & Crisp 2005; Tate et al. 2005; APG IV 2016). The subfamily Malvoideae is the most representative and has about 110 genera and 1,800 species (Lima & Conceição 2016). This subfamily comprises the tribes Malveae, Gossypieae and Hibisceae that compose the Eumalvoideae clade, which is supported by morphological and molecular data (Baum et al. 2004; APG IV 2016).

The second largest tribe within Eumalvoideae is Hibisceae, which has 630 species distributed in 32 genera (Areces-Berazain & Ackerman 2017). Representatives of Hibisceae are primarily characterized by the presence of a style divided into five or 10 stigmas, capsular or schizocarpic fruits, and the absence of gossypol glands (structures that produce the phenolic pigment gossypol) (Bayer & Kubitzki 2003).

Hibiscus L. (300 spp.) and Pavonia Cav. (200 spp.) are the most representative genera within the tribe Hibisceae (Gomez et al. 2019). Abelmoschus and Hibiscus have species of nutritional, medicinal, pharmacological, and economic interest (Kumar et al. 2012; Mohite & Gurav 2019). Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (1794: 617) is widely cultivated for food and exhibits antidiabetic, antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial properties (Elkhalifa et al. 2021). Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (1753: 694) is recognized for its ornamental potential and for exhibiting antioxidant and antimicrobial activities (Al-Snafi 2018).

In Brazil, there are nine genera and 214 species that belong to the tribe Hibisceae (Flora e Funga do Brasil 2020, continuously updated). The species of this tribe are cited in floristic and taxonomic studies that have been conducted in different states of the country (Krapovickas 2006, 2013; Esteves et al. 2014; Coelho & Amorim 2019; Rigueiral et al. 2019). For the Northeast Region, species are cited in floristic surveys (Alves et al. 2015; Costa et al. 2018; Tavares et al. 2021) and in a description of a new species in the state of Bahia (Gonçalez et al. 2017).

For Ceará, species of Hibisceae have only been cited in floristic studies (Costa & Araújo 2007; Loiola et al. 2015, 2020; Silveira et al. 2020a,b). However, the representatives of Hibisceae are important to the composition of the flora of Ceará and there is a lack of floristic-taxonomic studies of this group in the state. Therefore, a data survey of the species of this tribe will expand the knowledge of this group and provide a list of species that occur in Ceará.

Thus, the aim of this study was to conduct a floristic-taxonomic survey and update the geographic distribution of the tribe Hibisceae (Malvaceae) in the state of Ceará, Brazil, with the goals of determining the richness, area of occurrence, phenology, and major morphological characteristics of the members of this group.

Material and Methods

The study is based on specimens collected and observed during field expeditions made between January 2020 and May 2021 and a comparative analysis of collections in national (ALCB, CEN, EAC, ESA, HCDAL, HUEFS, IPA, MAC, MBM, R, and RB) and international (NY and US) herbaria (acronyms according to Thiers, continuously updated).

The species were identified by observing morphological characteristics under a stereomicroscope and consulting type specimens, protologues, and other literature (Fryxell 1997; Bayer 1999; Bovini et al. 2001; Bayer & Kubitzki 2003; Grings et al. 2011). The morphological characteristics (trichomes, stipules, leaves, and flowers) were described using the terminology in Harris & Harris (2001) and Gonçalves & Lorenzi (2011), as well as Spjut (1994) for the fruits. The species descriptions are based on samples collected in Ceará and material from other states when there was a lack of information.

The dichotomous key is based on vegetative and reproductive characteristics of specimens collected in Ceará. Freehand illustrations of the diagnostic characters were made and covered with India ink. They are based on an analysis of fresh and herbarium material. The common names were obtained from the records of the specimens.

The georeferenced data of the area of occurrence of the species were obtained from the labels of exsiccatae. The program QGIS was used to make the distribution maps, according to the model in Rebouças et al. (2019), where species were plotted in 0.5º longitude by 0.5º latitude squares. According to Valente & Porto (2006), the species were organized into three distribution categories: restricted, comprising one to four municipalities; moderate, five to ten municipalities; and wide, more than ten municipalities. To georeference the species with no or incorrect coordinates, the municipality coordinates were obtained with the "geoLoc" tool and used (CRIA 2020).

The types of vegetation were defined according to Figueiredo (1997) and the Manual Técnico da Vegetação Brasileira (IBGE 2012).

Results and Discussion

The tribe Hibisceae is represented in Ceará by 20 species belonging to eight genera: Abelmoschus (1 sp.), Hibiscus (3 spp.), Malachra L. (2 spp.), Malvaviscus Cav. (1 sp.), Pavonia (9 spp.), Peltaea (C.Presl) Standi. (2 spp.), Talipariti Fryxell (1 sp.), and Urena L. (1 spp.). Malachra fasciata Jacq. (1788: 352) and Peltaea lasiantha Krapov. & Cristóbal (1965: 188) are new records for the state.

Malachra helodes Mart. (1839: 61), Pavonia castaneifolia A.St.-Hil. & Naudin (1842: 44), and Peltaea obsita (Mart. ex Colla) Krapov. & Cristóbal (1996: 148) were cited on speciesLink for Ceará, but they were actually M. fasciata, Peltaea trinervis (C.Presl) Krapov. & Cristóbal (1965: 168) and Pavonia peruviana Gürke (1892:487), respectively. Despite being cited on the Flora e Funga do Brasil 2020 (continuously updated) website for the state of Ceará, Pavonia hexaphylla (S.Moore) Krapov. (1983: 269) and Pavonia intermedia A.St.-Hil. (1825: 223) were not treated in this study because no records of collections were found in the national and international herbaria.

In Ceará, the species mostly occur in Stepic Savanna vegetation (9 spp.), Dense Ombrophylous Forest (8 spp.), and the Vegetation Complex of the Coastal Zone (Floresta Estacionai Semidecídua de Terras Baixas = Mata de Tabuleiro) (6 spp.). Malachra fasciata exhibits wide ecological diversity and was recorded in different vegetation types (Floresta Estacionai Semidecídua de Terras Baixas = Mata de Tabuleiro, Dense Ombrophylous Forest, Stepic Savanna, and Vegetation under Fluvial and/or Lacustrine Vegetation).

Regarding the range of occurrence, most species (13) have restricted distributions, of which Pavonia varians Moric. (1844: 122) and Pavonia vinosa G.L.Esteves (1998: 176) are restricted to a single municipality. Four species have moderate distributions (M fasciata, Malvaviscus penduliflorus DC. [1824: 445], Talipariti tiliaceum (L.) Fryxell [2001: 258], Urena lobata L. [1753: 692]). In turn, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (1753: 694), Pavonia cancellata (L.) Cav. (1787:135), and Pavonia malacophylla (Link & Otto) Garcke (1881: 221) have wide distributions in Ceará (Tab. 1).

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Table 1
Species of the tribe Hibisceae registered in the state of Ceará. * = cultivated; ** = new record; UC = occurrence in Conservation Units; VE = type of vegetation; AC = range of occurrence.

Eleven species (55%) were recorded in conservation units in Ceará (Tab. 1): in the Área de Proteção Ambiental da Chapada do Araripe, 45% of the Hibisceae representatives were found (Pavonia cancellata, P. malacophylla, Pavonia sidifolia Kunth [1821: 283], P. vinosa, and U. lobata); in Parque Nacional de Ubajara, 36% were found (P. cancellata, P. malacophylla, P. trinervis, and U. lobata); and in the Estação Ecológica de Aiuaba, 27% were found (Malachra radiata L. [1767:459], P. cancellata, and Pavonia glazioviana Gürke [1892: 524]).

The occurrence of 11 species of Hibisceae in conservation units in Ceará indicates that the representatives of this tribe are less susceptible to threats because they are within protected areas. Nevertheless, this fact does not nullify collection efforts in other areas of Ceará, as well as the development of studies related to the conservation of this group, considering that 13 species have restricted distributions. Additionally, the distribution of cultivated species, A. esculentus, H. rosa-sinensis, Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (1753: 695), Hibiscus schizopetalus (Mast.) Hook.f. (1880: 6524), M penduliflorus and T. tiliaceum, may be underestimated for the state of Ceará.

Hibisceae Rchb. Sp. pl. 2: 770, 774. 1832.

Subshrub to shrub, rarely herbs, erect or prostrate, or trees. Branches glabrous, pubescent, or velutinous, less frequently hispid, or tomentose, rarely pilose; simple and stellate trichomes, rarely glandular; greenish or brown branches, rarely grayish-green or vinaceous. Stipules axillary, persistent, filiform, greenish, rarely caducous, ovate-lanceolate, falciform or vinaceous. Petiole glabrous, pubescent, velutinous, less frequently hispid, or tomentose, rarely pilose. Leaf blades entire or with 3-5 lobes, ovate, elliptic, rarely palmatifid, pinnatifid, orbicular or lanceolate; ovate or cordate base, rarely obtuse; acute apex, rarely obtuse; serrate, rarely crenate, or entire margin; membranaceous, rarely cartaceous; abaxial and adaxial surface glabrous, pubescent, or velutinous, less frequently hispid, or tomentose, rarely pilose, simple and stellate trichomes, rarely glandular; extrafloral nectary absent, rarely present. Foliaceous bracts absent, rarely present; ovate-lanceolate, with or without filamentous projections, greenish. Flowers axillary, solitary, rarely in pairs, aggregated into inflorescences glomerular, panicles, or pauciflorous; erect, rarely pendulous. Epicalyx with 5-22 bracteoles, rarely absent or connate in the basal portion; lanceolate, filiform, rarely peltate, smaller or greater than calyx in length; greenish, rarely vinaceous or red. Calyx cupuliform or rarely tubular, with five acute lobes, or free sepals, rarely connate in the base or deltoid; greenish, rarely vinaceous. Corolla, ovate petals, entire margin, rarely slightly or deeply lacerated, yellow, pink, red, less frequently white, rarely lilac, vinaceous basal spot present or absent. Staminal tube cylindrical, rarely conic; style divided into 10 stigmas, less frequently five. Fruit five mericarps or capsules; mericarps obovoid, mucronate or rostrate at the apex, 3-spined, rarely winged or glochidiate, glabrous, dark brown or light brown, rarely black, rarely covered by mucilage; capsules ellipsoid, obovoid, oval-oblong or cylindrical; greenish or rarely vinaceous. Seeds reniform or obovoid, rarely deltoid, dark brown, rarely blackish, or vinaceous, or covered by mucilage.

Key to species of the tribe Hibisceae (Malvaceae) from Ceará

1. Prostrate herbs......................................................................................................8. Pavonia cancellata
1’. Subshrub or shrub, rarely erect herbs, or trees.
- 2. Hispid branches; epicalyx absent...................................................................5. Malachra fasciata
- 2’. Glabrous, pubescent, or velutinous branches, less frequently hispid or tomentose, rarely pilose; epicalyx present.
  - 3. Mericarps with mucilage...............................................................11. Pavonia malacophylla
  - 3’. Mericarps or capsules without mucilage.
    - 4. Falciform stipules.......................................................................12. Pavonia paniculata
    - 4’. Filiform stipules; rarely ovate-lanceolate.
      - 5. Ellipsoid capsules.........................................................1. Abelmoschus esculentus
      - 5’. Obovoid mericarps and capsules.
        
        6. Leaf blades with crenate margin.....................................15. Pavonia varians
        
        6.’ Leaf blades with serrate or entire margin.
        
        7. Caducous stipules...........................19. Talipariti tiliaceum (Cultivated)
        
        7’. Persistent stipules.
        
        8. Leaf blades vinaceous......................................16. Pavonia vinosa
        
        8’. Leaf blades greenish.
        
        9. Flowers aggregated into terminal inflorescence (glomerular). .................................................................6. Malachra radiata
        
        9’. Solitary flowers, aggregated into pairs, panicles, or pauciflorous.
        
        10. Petals deeply lacerated at the margin..........................................................4. Hibiscus schizopetalus (Cultivated)
        
        10’. Petals entire at the margin.
        
        11. Pendulous flowers...................................................................7. Malvaviscus penduliflorus (Cultivated)
        
        11’. Erect flowers.
        
        12. Epicalyx and calyx vinaceous; vinaceous capsules.... 3. Hibiscus sabdariffa (Cultivated)
        
        12’. Epicalyx and calyx greenish; brown capsules or mericarps.
        
        13. Epicalyx with eight lanceolate bracteoles.....2. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Cultivated)
        
        13’. Epicalyx with (5, 7, 9, 11)12-17 filiform or lanceolate bracteoles.
        
        14. Epicalyx with nine bracteoles approximately twice the size (0.8-1.3 cm long) of the calyx length (0.4-0.6 cm long).............................................................................................................9. Pavonia geminiflora
        
        14’. Epicalyx with (7, 9, 8, 11)12-17 bracteoles with a length greater or less than the calyx, rarely five bracteoles with a size equivalent to twice the calyx length.
        
        15. Epicalyx with seven bracteoles......................................................................14. Pavonia sidifolia
        
        15’. Epicalyx with (5, 9, 11)12-17 bracteoles.
        
        16. Greenish bracteoles at the base and red near at the apex.................10. Pavonia glazioviana
        
        16’. Greenish bracteoles.
        
        17. Peltate bracteoles.........................................................................................................18
        
        17’. Lanceolate bracteoles..................................................................................................19
        
        18. Pink corolla with vinaceous basal spot.................................17. Peltaea lasiantha
        
        18’. Yellow corolla without basal spot..........................................18. Peltaea trinervis
        
        19. Mericarps 3-costate at the dorsal surface....................13. Pavonia peruviana
        
        19’. Glochidiate mericarps..........................................................20. Urena lobata

Taxonomic treatment

1. Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, Methodus (Moench) 2: 617 (1794). Figs. 1; 2a

Figure 1
a-l. Distribution of Abelmoschus esculentus, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Hibiscus schizopetalus, Malachra fasciata, Malachra radiata and Malvaviscus penduliflorus in Ceará.

Figure 2
a-l. Hibisceae (Malvaceae) in the state of Ceará, Northeast, Brazil - a. capsule of A. esculentus; b. flower of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis; c. abaxial surface of the leaf blades of//, sabdariffa, highlighting the extrafloral nectary located in the central vein; d. flower of H. schizopetalus; e. branch with inflorescences of M. fasciata; f-g. M. radiata - f. epicalyx, calyx and corolla; g. leaf blade; h. flower of M. penduliflorus; i. epicalyx and calyx of P. cancellata; j. epicalyx and calyx of P. geminiflora; k. epicalyx, calyx, corolla and staminal tube of P. glazioviana; 1. epicalyx, calyx and mericarps of P. malacophylla. (a. Cavalcanti (EAC 25155); b. Tavares 4; c. Drouet 2325; d. Tavares 6; e. Souza (EAC 26542); f-g. Matias et al. (EAC 47738); h. Tavares 10; i. Tavares 11; j. Krapovickas (EAC 10490); k. Fernandes (EAC 17502); 1. Lima-Verde 2094).

Subshrub to shrub 1.4-2.9 m tall; pilose and greenish branch, simple and stellate trichomes. Stipules 1.2-1.5 cm long, persistent, filiform, and greenish. Petiole 1.5-6.5 cm long, pilose. Leaf blades with 5 lobes, palmatifid, central lobe 3.2-12.5 x 1.2-4 cm, lateral lobes 3-9.3 x 2.7-4 cm, ovate to cordate base, acute to obtuse apex, serrate margin, membranaceous; abaxial and adaxial surface pilose, simple and stellate trichomes; extrafloral nectary absent. Foliaceous bracts absent. Flowers axillary, erect. Epicalyx with 12 lanceolate bracteoles ca. 1.4 x 0.5 cm long, smaller than calyx in length, greenish. Calyx tubular 2.5-4 cm long with five acute lobes, greenish. Corolla with ovate petals 2.5-4.8 x 1-1.8 cm, entire margin, yellow with vinaceous basal spot. Staminal tube 1.2-2 cm long, conic; style divided into five stigmas. Fruit 2.7-10.5 x 0.7-2 cm, capsule, ellipsoid, pubescent, greenish, mucilage present. Seeds ca. 0.5 x 0.4 cm, obovoid, blackened, with mucilage.

Examined material: Farias Brito, 06º50’24"S, 39º36’00"W, 26.V2014, fl. and fr., J.M.D. Silveira 254 (EAC). Granjeiro, entrada do município, 06º53’12"S, 39º13’18"W, 18.V.2021, fr., A.B. Tavares & F.G.L.S Souza 30 (HCDAL). Mucambo, 7. VII. 1997, fl. and fr., ES. Cavalcanti (EAC 25155). Redenção, Fazenda Piroás, 04º09’16"S, 38º47’41"W, 24.III.2018, fl. and fr., J.C.M.S.M. Sobczak 771 (EAC).

The most relevant characteristic is the palmatifid leaf blades, ellipsoid capsules, and seeds with mucilage.

The species is originated in Africa and widely cultivated in all Regions of the world (GBIF 2020). In Brazil occurs in all regions in the phytogeographic domains of Amazônia, Caatinga, Cerrado and Mata Atlântica (Flora e Funga do Brasil 2020, continuously updated). In Northeast it has been recorded in states of Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Paraíba, Pernambuco and Piauí (Flora e Funga do Brasil 2020, continuously updated). In Ceará it was registered in four municipalities in areas of the Arboreous Stepic Savanna and Semideciduous Seasonal Forest. However, A. esculentus is cultivated for food and this distribution may cover other areas.

The species is used as food and in medicine (Kew 2020).

The species was collected with flowers and fruits in March, May, July and September. The popular name is quiabo.

2. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L., Sp. Pl. 2: 694 (1753). Figs. 1; 2b

Shrub 2.5-3 m tall; glabrous and brown to grayish branch. Stipules 0.4-1 cm long, persistent, filiform and greenish. Petiole 0.5-5.2 cm long, glabrous. Leaf blades entire, ovate, 2-9.6 x 1-5.3 cm, ovate base, acute to obtuse apex, serrate margin, membranaceous; abaxial and adaxial surface glabrous; extrafloral nectary absent. Foliaceous bracts absent. Flowers axillary, solitary, erect. Epicalyx with eight lanceolate bracteoles 0.1-1.8 cm long, smaller than calyx in length, greenish. Calyx tubular 1-2.5 cm long with five acute lobes, greenish. Corolla, ovate petals 4-8.5 x 3.5-4.5 cm, entire to slightly lacerated margin, white, yellow, pink to red with vinaceous basal spot. Staminal tube 4.5-10 cm long, cylindrical; style divided into five stigmas. Fruit 1.2-2 cm long, capsule, oval-oblong, light brown, mucilage absent. Seeds 0.5 cm long, reniform, blackish, mucilage absent.

Selected material: Abaiara, vila São José, 07º21’2"S, 39º2’7"W, 8.II.2020, fl., A.B. Tavares 2 (HCDAL). Barbalha, balneário Caldas, 07º22’32"S, 39º20’46"W, fl., A.B. Tavares & F.G.L.S. Souza 9 (HCDAL). Crato, Baixa do Maracujá, 07º12’49"S, 39º31’32"W, 13.11.2020, fl., A.B. Tavares & F.G.L.S. Souza 7 (HCDAL). Fortaleza, campus do Itaperi, 03º47’09"S, 38º33’09"W, 11.VII.2015, fl., C.J.E. Vasconcelos 14 (EAC). Juazeiro do Norte, Sítio Touro, 19.11.1999, fl., Z. Oliveira (HCDAL 2427). Missão Velha, Jamacaru, 07º25’18"S, 39º7’42"W, 20.V2021, fl. and fr., A.B. Tavares & F.G.L.S Souza 30 (HCDAL). Pacoti, Sítio Munguba de Baixo, 29.IV2017, fl, J.C.M.S.M. Sobczak 568 (EAC). Ubajara, escritório do ICMbio, 03º50’31"S, 40º56’35"W, 25.IV2012, fl., M.I.B. Loiola 1513 (EAC). Várzea Alegre, 16.XII.2002, fl., M.A.S Lima (HCDAL 2599).

Additional material: BRASIL. BAHIA: Ilhéus, 28.IX.1998, fr., J. G. Jardim & F.S. Juchum 1847 (MBM). MINAS GERAIS: Uberlândia, distrito de Tapuirama, 19.XI.2007, fr., J.F.Q. Pereira (HUFU 49433).

Share with H. schizopetalus the habit (shrub) and the morphology of leaf blades (ovate). However, H. rosa-sinensis has erect flowers and petals with entire margins to slightly lacerated (vs. pendulous flowers and deeply lacerated petals).

The species is originated in China and exhibit a cosmopolitan distribution (Esteves et al. 2014; GBIF 2020). In Ceará is registered in 22 municipalities in areas of the Stepic Savanna and Dense Ombrophylous Forest and mainly in urban areas.

The species has ornamental and medicinal uses (Esteves et al. 2014).

This species was collected with flowers in all months but has not been found with fruits. The popular names are brinco-de-princesa, papola, and papoula.

3. Hibiscus sabdariffa L., Sp. PL 2: 695 (1753).

Figs. 1; 2c

Subshrub 1-2 m tall; vinaceous and glabrous branch. Stipules 0.5-0.7 cm long, persistent, filiform, greenish. Petiole 0.6-7.4 cm long, glabrous. Leaf blades entire to 3-4 lobes, lanceolate 4.8-6.6 x 0.6-3.5 cm, palmately, central lobe 8-10.5 x 1.6-2.3 cm, lateral lobes 2.6-3.6 x 0.6-0.8 cm, ovate base, acute to obtuse apex, serrate margin, membranaceous; abaxial and adaxial surface glabrous; extrafloral nectary located at the base of the vein of the abaxial surface of the leaf blade. Foliaceous bracts absent. Flowers axillary, solitary, erect. Epicalyx with 11 lanceolate bracteoles 1-1.4 cm long, smaller than the calyx in length, vinaceous. Calyx lanceolate 1.5-3 x 0.6-1 cm, sepals connate in the base, vinaceous. Corolla, ovate petals ca. 4.5 x 2.5 cm, entire to slightly lacerated margin, white with vinaceous basal spot. Staminal tube ca. 0.8 cm long, cylindrical; style divided into five stigmas. Fruit 2.2 x 2.4 cm, capsule, obovoid, glabrous, vinaceous, mucilage absent. Seeds ca. 0.3 x 0.3 cm, reniform, dark brown, mucilage absent.

Examined material: Crato, 25.III.1936, P. Luetzelburg 25837 (EAC, IPA). Fortaleza, Floresta, 22.VIII.1935, fr., F.E. Drouet 2325 (US). Milagres, Sítio Limoeiro, 27.VII.1997, fr., A.S.E Castro 441 (EAC).

Additional material: BRAZIL. AMAZONAS: Borba, Rio Madeira, 04º22’59"S, 59º34’48"W, 23.VI.1983, fl., S.R. Hill 12811 (NY). BAHIA: Feira de Santana, campus da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 12º11’46"S, 38º58’05"W, 10.X.2017, fl, G.B. Silva 6 (HUEFS).

Differs from other species for presenting branches, epicalyx, sepals, and capsules vinaceous and extrafloral nectary (at the base of the central vein of the abaxial surface of the leaf blade).

The species is originated in Sudan and occurs in all continents, except for Antarctica (Coelho & Amorim 2019). In Brazil it was recorded in all Regions in the phytogeographic domains of Amazônia, Caatinga, Cerrado and Mata Atlântica (Coelho & Amorim 2019; GBIF 2020). In Ceará is registered in two municipalities in areas of the Stepic Savanna and Vegetation Complex of the Coastal Zone.

The species has uses as food, ornamental and medicinal (Coelho & Amorim 2019).

This species was collected with fruit in the months of July and August. The popular name is vinagreira.

4. Hibiscus schizopetalus (Dyer) Hook.f., Bot. Mag. 106: t. 6524 (1880). Figs. 1; 2d

Shrub 2.5-3 m tall; glabrous and brown branch. Stipules 0.2-0.4 cm long, persistent, filiform, greenish. Petiole 0.5-3 cm long, glabrous. Leaf blades entire, ovate, 1.8-11 x 0.6-5.4 cm, base ovate, apex acute, serrate margin, membranaceous; abaxial and adaxial surface glabrous; extrafloral nectary absent. Foliaceous bracts absent. Flowers axillary, solitary, erect. Epicalyx with seven filiform bracteoles ca. 0.2 cm long, smaller than calyx in length, greenish. Calyx tubular 1.2-1.5 cm long with five acute lobes, greenish. Corolla, ovate petals 4.3-6.5 x 1.4-2 cm, deeply lacerated, red without vinaceous basal spot. Staminal tube 7.2-9 cm long, cylindrical; style divided into five stigmas. Fruit ca. 3 cm long, capsule, cylindrical, brown, mucilage absent. Seeds ca. 0.3 cm long, deltoid, dark brown, mucilage absent.

Examined material: Crato, Chapada do Araripe, 07º12’49"S, 39º27’18"W, 13.11.2020, fl., A.B. Tavares 6 (HCDAL). Pacoti, sítio Loca, 20.VIII.2016, fl., J.C.M.S.M. Sobczak 275 (EAC).

Additional material: ÁFRICA. IX. 1973, fl. and fr., unknown (K 000240491, Lectotype).

The differential characteristic of H. schizopetalus is the pendulous flowers with petals deeply lacerated at the margin.

This is a native species of East Tropical Africa and exhibits a cosmopolitan distribution. In Brazil occurs in the Regions of South, Southeast and Northeast in the phytogeographic domains of Caatinga, Cerrado and Mata Atlântica (GBIF 2020). In Ceará is registered in two municipalities in transition areas of the Stepic Savanna/Dense Ombrophylous Forest.

The species has ornamental uses (Esteves et al. 2014).

This species was collected with flowers in February and August.

5. Malachra fasciata Jacq., Collectanea [Jacquin] 2: 352; Ic. PL Rar. iii. 11., t. 548 (1788). Figs. 1; 2e Herb, subshrub to shrub 40-80 cm tall; hispid and greenish branch, simple and stellate trichomes. Stipules 0.8-2.5 cm long, persistent, filiform, greenish. Petiole 0.6-6 cm long, hispid. Leaf blades entire, ovate, or orbicular 2.2-9.2 x 1-5 cm, with 3-4 lobes, pinnatifid, central lobe 2.3-7.4 x 0.9-2.2 cm, lateral lobes 1.5-4.7 x 0.3-1 cm, base ovate, apex acute, serrate margin, membranaceous; abaxial and adaxial surface hispid, simple and stellate trichomes; extrafloral nectary absent. Foliaceous bracts 1.2-3 x 0.5-1 cm, ovate-lanceolate, greenish, with filamentous projections. Flowers aggregated into axillary inflorescences (pauciflorous). Epicalyx absent. Calyx cupuliform ca. 0.3 x 0.2 cm, sepals connate in the base, greenish. Corolla, ovate petals 0.7-0.8 x 0.3 cm, entire margin, white without vinaceous basal spot. Staminal tube ca. 1.5 cm long, cylindrical; style divided into 10 stigmas. Fruit ca. 0.3 x 0.2 cm long, 5-mericarps, obovoid, glabrous, light brown, mucilage absent. Seeds ca. 0.2 x 0.1 cm, reniform, dark brown, mucilage absent.

Selected material: Caridade, Fazenda Desterro, 5.VII.1996, fl. and fr., A. Fernandes & E. Nunes (EAC 24205). Caucaia, Parque Botânico do Ceará, 27. V. 1998, fl., E.B. Souza (EAC 26542). Fortaleza, Lagoa do Tauápe, 03º43’02"S, 38º32’35"W, 13.VIII.1935, fl., F.E. Drouet 2253 (NY). Iguatu, G27-Cajás, 06º22’03"S, 39º12’31"W, 18.V.2010, fl., L.R.O. Normando et al. 558 (EAC). Irauçuba, Mimosa, 8.V.2004, fl., E. Frigueiro (EAC 33895). Limoeiro do Norte, Área de Pivô Central, 19.VII.2005, fl., A. V. Vieira (EAC 37727). Pentecoste, fazenda experimental Vale do Cum, 03º48’04"S, 39º18’ 11"W, 19.V2016, fl., F.Y.E.C. Dias (EAC 60146). Quixadá, 1.VI. 1941, fl., P. Bezerra 246 (EAC). Sobral, Estrada das Marrecas, 03º41’22"S, 40º18’ 31"W, 27.VI.2017, fl., E.B. Souza 4661 (HUEFS).

Is characterized for the hispid indument, axillary inflorescences and epicalyx absent. Malachra fasciata share with M radiata the hispid indument. However, this last species has terminal inflorescences and epicalyx.

This is a native species from Mexico and Tropical America (GBIF 2020). In Brazil occurs in the Regions of Northeast (Bahia, Maranhão, and Pernambuco) and Southeast. In the phytogeographic domains of the Amazônia, Cerrado, and Mata Atlântica (BFG 2018; Flora e Funga do Brasil 2020, continuously updated). In Ceará is registered in nine municipalities in areas of the Vegetation Complex of the Coastal Zone, Dense Ombrophylous Forest, Stepic Savanna and Vegetation under Fluvial and/or Lacustrine Influence. This species was recorded in the conservation unit Parque Estadual Botânico do Ceará.

This species was collected with flowers in April, May, June, July, August, and November and with fruits in June and July.

6. Malachra radiata L., Syst. Nat., ed. 12. 2: 458 (1767). Figs. l; 2f-g

Subshrub to shrub 2 m tall; hispid and greenish branch with simple and stellate trichomes. Stipules 0.3-1 cm long, persistent, filiform, greenish. Petiole 0.3-3.7 cm long, hispid. Leaf blades with 3-5 lobes, palmatipartite, central lobe 1.5-5.2 x 0.5-1.6 cm, lateral lobes 0.9-3.7 x 0.2-1.2 cm, ovate base, acute to obtuse apex, serrate margin, membranaceous, abaxial and adaxial surface hispid with simple and stellate trichomes; extrafloral nectary absent. Foliaceus bracts 1.4-1.8 x 0.8-1.3 cm, ovate-lanceolate, with filamentous projections, greenish. Flowers aggregated into glomerular inflorescences, terminal, erect. Epicalyx with 10 filiform bracteoles 0.5-1 cm de long, length equal to calyx, greenish. Calyx cupuliform ca. 0.6 x 0.4 cm, sepals free, greenish. Corolla, ovate petals ca. 0.7 x 0.4 cm, entire margin, lilac without vinaceus basal spot. Staminal tube 0.6 cm, cylindrical; style divided into 10 stigmas. Fruit ca. 0.4 x 0.2 cm, mericarps, obovoid, light brown, mucilage absent. Seeds ca. 0.1 x 0.1 cm, obovoid, dark brown, mucilage absent.

Selected material: Aiuaba, Lagoa do Rosio, 31 .V. 1984, fl., E. Nunes. (EAC 12644). Fortaleza, Campo do EAC, 17.V.1958, FZ. Almeida (EAC 1807). Iguatu, Lagoa do Baú, 06º23’44"S, 39º24’24"W, 11.V.2015, fl., L. Ibiapina-Santo et al. 34 (EAC). Várzea Alegre, Lagoa Azul, 06º47’27"S, 39º19’59"W, 10.VI.2015, fl., A.C. Albuquerque et al. 12 (EAC).

Is characterized for the branches hispid, dense terminal inflorescences and an epicalyx with 10 filiform bracteoles.

This is a native species from Tropical and Subtropical America, Tropical Africa, and Southern Sudan (GBIF 2020). In Brazil occurs in the Regions of Northeast (Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte and Sergipe) and Southeast (Flora e Funga do Brasil 2020, continuously updated). In the phytogeographic domains of Caatinga and Mata Atlântica (BFG 2018; Flora e Funga do Brasil 2020, continuously updated). In Ceará is registered in four municipalities in areas of the Stepic Savanna and the Vegetation Complex of the Coastal Zone. This species is recorded in the Estação Ecológica de Aiuaba.

This species was collected with flower in May and June.

7. Malvaviscus penduliflorus DC., Prodr. [A. P. De Candolle] 1: 445 (1824). Figs. 1; 2h

Subshrub to shrub 1.5 m tall; glabrous and brown branch. Stipules ca. 0.4 cm long, persistent, lanceolate, greenish. Petiole 1-1.5 cm long, glabrous. Leaf blades entire, ovate, 5.2-11 x 2.3-4.6 cm, ovate base, acute apex, serrate margin, membranaceous; abaxial and adaxial surface glabrous; extrafloral nectary absent. Foliaceus bracts absent. Flowers axillary, solitary, pendulous. Epicalyx with seven lanceolate bracteoles 0.4-1.5 cm, smaller than calyx in length, greenish. Calyx tubular ca. 2 x 1 cm with five acute lobes, greenish. Corolla, ovate petals ca. 6.5 x 2.2 cm, entire margin, red, without vinaceous basal spot. Staminal tube ca. 7.5 cm long, cylindrical; style divided into 10 stigmas. Fruit (mericarps) not observed. Seeds not observed.

Examined material: Barbalha, Caldas, 07º22’31"S, 39º20’41"W, 11.III.2020, fl., A.B. Tavares & F.G.L.S. Souza 10 (HCDAL). Brejo Santo, passagem de pedra, 07º31’41"S, 38º50’53"W, 20.V.2021, fl., A.B. Tavares & F.G.L.S. Souza (HCDAL). Crato, Parque Grangeiro, 07º16’46"S, 39º26’18"W, 10.11.2020, fl., A.B. Tavares & F.G.L.S. Souza 3 (HCDAL). Guaramiranga, Pico Alto, 04º12’30"S, 38º58’28"W, 30.IV.2017, fl., J.C.M.S.M. Sobczak 602 (EAC). Pacoti, conglomerado 100-B, 04º13’48"S, 38º52’48"W, 13.VIII.2014, fl., M. Mayer 365 (EAC).

Malvaviscus penduliflorus share with H. schizopetalus the pendulous flowers. However, are differentiated by the morphology of the corolla. In the first species the petals are entire at the margin vs. deeply lacerated in H. schizopetalus.

This species is registered in Texas, Venezuela, Peru and Brazil (GBIF 2020). In Brazilian territory occurs in all the Regions in phytogeographic domains of Amazônia, Caatinga, Cerrado and Mata Atlântica (GBIF 2020; Flora e Funga do Brasil 2020, continuously updated). In Ceará is recorded in five municipalities in areas of the Stepic Savanna and Dense Ombrophylous Forest.

The specie has ornamental uses (GBIF 2020).

This species was collected with flowers in February, March, April, May, and August.

8. Pavonia cancellata (L.) Cav., Diss. 3, Tertia Diss. Bot. 135 (1787). Figs. 3; 2i

Figure 3
Distribution of Pavonia cancellata, Pavonia geminiflora and Pavonia glazioviana in Ceará.

Herb prostrates 10-30 cm tall; velutinous and greenish branch with simple and stellate trichomes. Stipules 0.1-0.7 cm long, persistent, filiform, greenish. Petiole 0.4-4 cm long, velutinous. Leaf blades entire, ovate to deltoid, 0.4-6.8 x 0.5-7.5 cm, cordate base, acute apex, serrate margin, membranaceous; abaxial and adaxial surface velutinous with simple and stellate trichomes; extrafloral nectary absent. Foliaceus bracts absent. Flowers axillary, solitary, erect. Epicalyx with 13-16 filiform bracteoles 0.2-1.5 cm long, greater than the calyx in length, greenish. Calyx cupuliform 0.8-1.4 x 0.2-0.3 cm, acute lobes, greenish. Corolla, ovate petals 1.2-3.5 x 1.2-1.5 cm, entire margin, yellow, with vinaceous basal spot. Staminal tube ca. 0.8 cm, cylindrical; style divided into 10 stigmas. Fruit ca. 0.4 x 0.3 cm, mericarps, obovoid, mucronate in the apex, dark brown, mucilage absent. Seeds ca. 0.1 x 0.2 cm, reniform, dark brown, mucilage absent.

Selected material: Aiuaba, Estação Ecológica de Aiuaba, 06º34’25"S, 40º07’25"W, 24.III.2006, fr., P.G.A. Mendes 33 (HCDAL). Aracati, Fazenda Belém, 04º44’44"S, 37º32’16"W, 2.VL2014, fl., M.I.B. Loiola 2287 (EAC). Brejo Santo, passagem dos porcos, 07º34’19"S, 38º50’38"W, 20.V.2021, fl. and fr., A.B. Tavares & F.G.L.S. Souza 39 (HCDAL). Capistrano, Fazenda Araçanga, 30.V.1994, fl., J.B.L.P. Medeiros 72 (EAC). Crateús, Serra das Almas, 7.VI.2001, M.S. Sobrinho & M.M.A. Bruno 168 (EAC). Milagres, Sítio Boa Vista, 07º21’30"S, 38º56’30"W, 5.IX.2020, fl. and fr., A.B. Tavares 12 (HCDAL). Missão Velha, Sítio Olho D’água Comprido, 07º15’41"S, 39º5’39"W, 1.IX.2020, fl. and fr., A.B. Tavares 11 (HCDAL). São Gonçalo do Amarante, Estação Ecológica do Pecém, 03º34’00"S, 38º49’00"W, 22.XI.2000, fl., H. Magalhães 225 (EAC).

The differential characteristic is the prostrate habit. Occasionally confused with P. sidifolia for the similarity of the corolla (yellow with vinaceous basal spot). However, this second species is an erect herb and has lanceolate bracteoles (vs. filiform bracteoles in P. cancellatd).

This is a native species from Mexico to Tropical South America (GBIF 2020). In Brazil occurs in the Regions of North, Northeast (Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Sergipe), Midwest and Southeast (Flora e Funga do Brasil 2020, continuously updated). In the phytogeographic domains of Amazônia, Caatinga, Cerrado and Mata Atlântica (BFG 2018; Flora e Funga do Brasil 2020, continuously updated). In Ceará is registered in 45 municipalities in areas of the Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Vegetation Complex of the Coastal Zone, and Arboreous Stepic Savanna. This species is recorded in two conservation units: Estação Ecológica de Aiuaba and Estação Ecológica do Pecém.

This species was collected with flowers in all months and with fruits in March, May, and September.

9. Pavonia geminiflora Moric, PL Nouv. Amer. 120 (t. 73) (1844). Figs. 3;2j

Subshrub 1.2 cm tall; pubescent and vinaceous branch with glandular and simple trichomes. Stipules 0.2-0.5 cm long, persistent, filiform, greenish. Petiole 0.2-7.1 cm long, pubescent. Leaf blades entire, ovate, 1.5-11.4 x 0.7-6.2 cm, cordate base, acute apex, serrate margin, membranaceous; abaxial and adaxial surface pubescent with glandular and simple trichomes; extrafloral nectary absent. Foliaceous bracts absent. Flowers axillary, two per axil, erect. Calyx cupuliform 0.4-0.6 x 0.4-0.8 cm, sepals connate in the base, greenish. Epicalyx with nine filiform bracteoles 0.8-1.3 cm long, doubles the length of the calyx, greenish. Corolla, ovate petals 1.2 x 0.6 cm, entire margin, yellow with vinaceous basal spot. Staminal tube ca. 1 cm long, cylindrical; style divided into 10 stigmas. Fruit ca. 0.2 x 0.1 cm, mericarps, obovoid, mucronate in the apex, winged, mucilage absent. Seeds ca. 0.1 cm, obovoid, vinaceous, mucilage absent.

Selected material: Caucaia, Soledade, 11.VI. 1974, fl., A. Fernandes (EAC 2428). Fortaleza, caminho da Barra do Ceará, 24.VI.1955, A. Fernandes & G.A. Black (EAC 1280). Maranguape, Serra de Maranguape, 26.VI.1981, fl., E. Nunes 10490 (EAC, HUEFS).

Is characterized for two flowers per leaf axil and for the epicalyx with nine bracteoles. The epicalyx with approximately double (0.8-1.3 cm) the length of the calyx (0.4-0.6 cm).

This is a native species from Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela (GBIF 2020). In Brazil occurs in the Regions of North, Northeast (Bahia, Ceará, Paraíba) and Southeast (Flora e Funga do Brasil 2020). In the phytogeographic domains of the Amazônia, Caatinga, Cerrado and Floresta Atlântica (BFG 2018; Flora e Funga do Brasil 2020). In Ceará is registered in three municipalities in areas of the Dense Ombrophylous Forest and Vegetation Complexo of the Coastal Zone.

This species was collected with flowers in June.

10. Pavonia glaziovianaGürke, Fl. bras. (Martius) 12(3): 524 (1892). Figs. 3; 2k

Subshrub to shrub 1,6 m tall; tomentose and greyish-green branch with stellate trichomes. Stipules 0.2-0.5 cm long, persistent, filiform, greenish. Petiole 0.4-3.5 cm long, tomentose. Leaf blades entire, ovate, 0.7-8.8 x 0.6-7 cm, cordate base, acute apex, serrate margin, membranaceous; abaxial and adaxial surface tomentose with stellate trichomes; extrafloral nectary absent. Foliaceus bracts absent. Flowers axillary, solitary, erect. Epicalyx with 12-17 lanceolate bracteoles 0.5-2.9 x 0.1-0.2 cm, greater than calyx in length, greenish at the base and red in the apex. Calyx tubular 1.2-1.5 x 0.6 cm, with five acute lobes, greenish. Corolla, ovate petals 1.6-2.4 x 0.5-0.6 cm, entire margin, red without vinaceous basal spot. Staminal tube ca. 2 cm long, cylindrical; style divided into 10 stigmas. Fruits ca. 0.5 x 0.2 cm, mericarps, obovoid, rostrate in the apex, light brown, mucilage absent. Seeds ca. 0.4 cm, reniform, dark brown, mucilage absent.

Selected material: Aiuaba, Serra do Zabelê, 06º38’44"S, 40º30’45"W, 2.1.1998, fl., L.W. Lima-Verde et al. 833 (EAC). Novo Oriente, baixa fria, 28.III.1990, fl., F.S. Araújo 46 (EAC). Parambu, Serra da Esperança, 12.VI.2000, fl., A.S.F. Castro 864 (EAC).

This species is characterized for tomentose branches and 12-17 lanceolate bracteoles. The bracteoles are green in the basal portion and red in the apex.

This is an endemic species from Northeast of Brazil. Occurs in the states of Bahia, Ceará, Pernambuco and Piauí in the phytogeographic domain of Caatinga (BFG 2018; Flora e Funga do Brasil 2020, continuously updated). In Ceará is registered in three municipalities in areas of Stepic Savanna and Arboreous Stepic Savanna.

This species was collected with flowers in January, February, March, April, May, June, July, and September.

11. Pavonia malacophylla (Link & Otto) Garcke, Jahrb. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 1: 221 (1881).

Figs. 4a; 2l; 5

Figure 4
a-m. Hibisceae (Malvaceae) in the state of Ceará, Northeast, Brazil - a. branch of P. malacophylla; b. panicles inflorescences of P. paniculata; c. adaxial surface of the leaf blade of P. peruviana; d. epicalyx and calyx of P. sidifolia; e. epicalyx and calyx of P. varians; f. epicalyx and calyx of P. vinosa; g-h. P. lasiantha - g. bracteole; h. leaf blade; i. leaf blade of P. trinervis; j-l. T. tiliaceum - j. adaxial surface of leaf blade; k. capsule; 1. flower; m. glochidiate mericarp of Urena lobata. (a. Lima-Verde 2094; b. Krapovickas (EAC 2788); c. Loiola et al. 2473; d. Tavares 13; e. Fernandes & Matos (EAC 12008); f. Krapovickas (EAC 8070); g-h. Allemão & Cysneiros 104; i. Mata (EAC 15608); j-1. Tavares 8; m. Sampaio & Mendes 543).

Figure 5
Distribution of P. malacophylla, P. paniculata, P. peruviana, P. sidifolia, P. varians, P. vinosa, P. lasiantha, P. trinervis, T. tiliaceum and U. lobata in Ceará.

Subshrub to shrub 1.7-3 m tall; velutinous and greenish branch with simple and stellate trichomes. Stipules 0.3-1.2 cm long, persistent, filiform, greenish. Petiole 0.4-15.6 cm long, velutinous. Leaf blades entire, ovate, 0.5-16.5 x 0.3-16 cm, cordate base, acute apex, serrate margin, membranaceous; abaxial and adaxial surface velutinous with simple and stellate trichomes; extrafloral nectary absent. Foliaceous bracts absent. Flowers aggregated into pauciflorus inflorescences. Epicalyx with 16-22 filiform bracteoles 0.5-1.8 x 0.1 cm, greater than the calyx in length, greenish. Calyx cupuliform ca. 0.4 x 0.2 cm, sepals connate in the base, greenish. Corolla, ovate petals 1.6-3.4 x 1 cm, margin entire, pink without vinaceous basal spot. Staminal tube 2.7-3.8 cm long, cylindrical; style divided into 10 stigmas. Fruit ca. 0.5 x 0.2 cm, mericarps, obovoid, blackened, mucilage present. Seeds ca. 0.4 x 0.2 cm, reniform, blackened, mucilage absent.

Selected material: Araripe, Floresta Nacional do Araripe, 17.VII. 1994, fl., F.S. Pinto 256 (EAC). Barbalha, Chapada do Araripe, 07º22’ 13"S, 39º20’07"W, 23.V.2011, fl., KM. Marreira 171 (EAC). Crato, Casa Sede - IBAMA, 07º14’55"S, 39º29’49"W, fl., A.L. Jorge (HCDAL 3116). Granja, 13.XI.1988, fl., M. Andrade Neto (EAC 15842). Guaraciaba do Norte, Serra da Ibiapaba, 25.VIII. 1980, fl, A. Fernandes et al. (EAC 6553). Ipueiras, Serra da Ibiapaba, 23.VII.2009, fl., A.S.F. Castro 2206 (EAC). Pacoti, Sítio São Luís, 04º13’29"S, 38º53’27"W, 17.VII.2016, fl., J.CM.S.M. Sobczak 244 (EAC). São Benedito, 8.I.1942, P. Bezerra 408 (EAC). Ubajara, Parque Nacional de Ubajara, 03º50’27"S, 40º54’28"W, fl. M.I.B. Loiola 1929 (EAC). Viçosa do Ceará, 2.X.1991, fl., M. Andrade Neto (EAC 17842).

Is differentiated for the mericarps with mucilage, branches and leaf blades velutinous and epicalyx with 16-22 bracteoles.

This species is registered in southern Mexico extending to Central America, Cuba, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil (Esteves 2001). In Brazil occurs in the Regions of North, Northeast (Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Pernambuco and Sergipe), Midwest and Southeast (Flora e Funga do Brasil 2020, continuously updated). In the phytogeographic domains of Amazônia, Caatinga, Cerrado and Mata Atlântica (BFG 2018; Flora e Funga do Brasil 2020, continuously updated). In Ceará is registered in 11 municipalities in areas of the Dense Ombrophylous Forest, Savanna and Florested Savanna. Pavonia malacophylla is recorded in the Floresta Nacional do Araripe and Parque Nacional de Ubajara.

This species was collected with flowers in March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, and December and with fruits in January, June, July, August, October and September. The species popular names are malvado-agreste, malva-branca, papola, malva-da-mata, malva-branca-da-mata, and malva-da-flor-rosa.

12. Pavonia paniculata Cav., Diss. 3, Tertia Diss. Bot. 135, t. 46, fig. 2 (1787). Figs. 4b; 5

Subshrub 1.5 m de tall; pubescent and brown branch with stellate trichomes. Stipules ca. 0.4 cm long, persistent, falciform, greenish. Petiole 0.6-3.6 cm long, pubescent. Leaf blades entire, ovate, 6.8 x 5.8 cm, cordate base, acute apex, serrate margin, membranaceous, abaxial and adaxial surface pubescent with stellate trichomes; extrafloral nectary absent. Foliaceous bracts absent. Flowers axillary, aggregated into panicles, erect. Epicalyx with eight filiform bracteoles 0.4-0.8 cm, greater than calyx in length, greenish. Calyx cupuliform 0.4-0.8 cm, sepals connate in the base, greenish. Corolla, ovate petals ca. 2 x 1.2 cm, entire margin, yellow without vinaceous basal spot. Staminal tube 0.8 cm long, cylindrical; style divided into 10 stigmas. Fruit ca. 0.5 x 0.2 cm, mericarps, obovoid, light brown, mucilage absent. Seeds ca. 0.2 cm, reniform, dark brown, mucilage absent.

Selected material: Baturité, 12.VI. 1976, fl., A. Fernandes (EAC 2788).

Additional material: BRAZIL. BAHIA. Santo Amaro, próximo à Usina Aliança, 10.XI.1983, fl. and fr., H.P. Bautista 1312 (INPA).

The outstanding features are the flowers aggregated into panicles and the falciform stipules.

This is a native species from Mexico and Tropical America (GBIF 2020). In Brazil occurs in the Regions of North, Northeast (Alagoas, Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco), Midwest and Southeast. In the phytogeographic domain of Cerrado (Flora e Funga do Brasil 2020, continuously updated). In Ceará is registered in the municipality of Baturité (Maciço de Baturité) in areas of the Semideciduous Seasonal Forest.

This species was collected with flowers in June.

13. Pavonia peruvianaGürke, Fl. bras. (Martius) 12(3): 487, t. 88,fig. 1 (1892). Figs. 4c; 5

Subshrub 0.3-0.5 m tall; pubescent and brown branch with stellate trichomes. Stipules ca. 0.6 cm long, persistent, filiform, greenish. Petiole 0.5-1.6 cm long, pubescent. Leaf blades entire, lanceolate, 4.8-10.5 x 1.5-4.4 cm, acute base, acute apex, crenated or serrate margin, membranaceous; abaxial and adaxial surface pubescent with stellate trichomes; extrafloral nectary absent. Bracts foliaceous absent. Flowers aggregated into pauciflorus inflorescence. Epicalyx with 11-13 lanceolate or filiform bracteoles 0.6 cm long, connate in the base, greater than calyx in length, greenish. Calyx cupuliform ca. 0.4 cm long, sepals connate in the base, lanceolate, greenish. Corolla, ovate petals ca. 0.6 x 0.3 cm, entire margin, yellow without vinaceous basal spot. Staminal tube 0.5 cm long, cylindrical; style divided into 10 stigmas. Fruit ca. 0.5 x 0.2 cm, mericarps, obovoid, 3-spined, dark brown, mucilage absent. Seeds ca. 0.4 x 0.1 cm, reniform, dark brown, mucilage absent.

Selected material: Maranguape, trilha da Pirapora, 27.IX.2014, fl., M.I.B. Loiola, R.S. Fonseca, V.S. Sampaio & J. Kilder 2473 (EAC). Maranguape, trilha da Pedra Rajada, 13.VII.1997, A.S.F. Castro 422 (EAC). Pacatuba, Serra da Aratanha, 26.XII.1999, A.S.F. Castro 773 (EAC).

Additional material: BRAZIL. GOIAS: Colinas do Sul, próxima à linha de transmissão Niquelândia, Serra da Mesa, 13º51’00"S, 48º18’00"W, 21.IX.1991, fr., B.M.T. Walter 814 (CEN).

Is characterized for the pubescent leaf blades with stellate trichomes and mericarps 3-spined at the dorsal face.

This is a native species from South America (GBIF 2020). In Brazil occurs in the Regions of North, Northeast (Ceará), Midwest and Southeast in areas of Cerrado and Mata Atlântica (Flora e Funga do Brasil 2020, continuously updated). In Ceará is registered in two municipalities in areas of the Dense Ombrophylous Forest.

This species was collected with flowers in July.

14. Pavonia sidifoliaKunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 5: 283 (1822). Figs. 4d; 5

Herb erects to subshrub 45-50 cm tall; pubescent and greenish branch with simple, glandular, and stellate trichomes. Stipules 0.2-0.6 cm long, persistent, filiform, greenish. Petiole 0.2-2.5 cm long, pubescent. Leaf blades entire, ovate, 0.9-8 cm x 0.6-3.8 cm, cordate base, acute apex, serrate margin, membranaceous; abaxial and adaxial surface pubescent with simple and stellate trichomes; extrafloral nectary absent. Foliaceous bracts absent. Flowers axillary, solitary, erect. Epicalyx with seven lanceolate bracteoles 0.7-1.3 x 0.2-0.3 cm, greater than calyx in length, greenish. Calyx cupuliform 0.5-0.8 x 0.2-0.4 cm, lanceolate, greenish. Corolla, ovate petals 1.7-2.5 x 1-1.8 cm, entire margin, yellow with vinaceous basal spot. Staminal tube ca. 1 cm long, cylindrical; style divided into 10 stigmas. Fruit ca. 0.3 x 0.2 cm long, mericarps, obovoid, mucronate in the apex, dark brown, mucilage absent. Seeds ca. 0.2 x o.l cm, obovoid, light brown, mucilage absent.

Selected material: Barbalha, Ladeira do S, A.C.B. Santos (HCDAL). Caririaçu, 07º2’57"S, 39º16’51"W, 18.V.2021, fl. and fr., A.B. Tavares & F.G.L.S. Souza 27 (HCDAL). Crato, Granjeiro, 07º14’04"S, 39º24’33"W, 10.11.2020, fl. and fr., A.B. Tavares & F.G.L.S. Souza 5 (HCDAL). Granjeiro, 26.V.1936, fl., P. Luetzelburg 26002 (EAC). Missão Velha, Jamacam, 07º26’5"S, 39º7’59"W, 20.V.2021, fl. and fr., A.B. Tavares & F.G.L.S. Souza 34 (HCDAL).

This species share with P. cancellata the yellow corolla with a vinaceous basal spot. However, are differentiated by their number and morphology of the bracteoles. Pavonia sidifolia has seven lanceolate bracteoles vs. 13-16 filiform bracteoles in P. cancellata.

This is a neotropical species from Mexico to South America (Esteves 2001). In Brazil occurs in the regions of Northeast (Bahia, Ceará, Pernambuco, Piauí and Sergipe), Midwest and Southeast (Flora e Funga do Brasil 2020, continuously updated). In the phytogeographic domains of Caatinga, Cerrado and Mata Atlântica (BFG 2018; Flora e Funga do Brasil 2020, continuously updated). In Ceará is registered in five municipalities in areas of the Savanna and Florested Savanna. This species is recorded in the Chapada do Araripe.

This species was collected with flowers in January, February, March, May, June, November and December and fruits in February and June. The popular names are relógio and malva-amarela.

15. Pavonia varians Moric, PL Nouv. Amer. 122, t. 74(1844). Figs.4e;5

Subshrub 1.2-2 m tall; velutinous and greyish-green branch with simple and stellate trichomes. Stipules 0.4-0.5 cm long, persistent, filiform, greenish. Petiole 0.8-2.3 cm long, velutinous. Leaf blades with 5-6 lobes, palmatipartite, central lobe ca. 3.7 cm x 1.6 cm, lateral lobes ca. 2.3 cm x 1.5 cm, cordate base, acute apex, crenate margin, abaxial and adaxial surface pubescent with simple and stellate trichomes; extrafloral nectary absent. Foliaceous bracts absent. Flowers axillary, solitary, erect. Epicalyx with 6-10 filiform bracteoles 0.3-0.7 x 0.1 cm, smaller than the calyx in length, greenish. Calyx cupuliform, 0.5-1.3 x 0.2-0.6 cm, deltoid sepals connate in the base, greenish. Corolla, ovate petals ca. 1.8 x 1.2 cm ovate, entire margin, yellow with vinaceous basal spot. Staminal tube ca. 1.6 cm long, cylindrical; style divided into 10 stigmas. Fruit ca. 0.5 x 0.2 cm, mericarps, obovoid, 3-rostrate, light brown, mucilage absent. Seeds ca. 0.4 x 0.1 cm, obovoid, dark brown, mucilage absent.

Selected material: Aracati, 17.VI.1976, fl., A. Fernandes (EAC 2799); Icapuí, 14.V. 1983, fl. and fr., A. Fernandes & Matos (EAC 12008).

Additional material: BRAZIL. BAHIA: Juazeiro, Baixo Médio São Francisco, 13.VI.2009, fr., M.L. Guedes (ALCB 92385). BRASIL. PERNAMBUCO: Petrolina, Beira da estrada, 09º39’17"S, 40º49’59"W, 4.IV.1983, fl., G. Fotius 3394 (MAC).

The relevant characteristics are the velutinous branches, leaf blades with 5-6 lobes, crenate margins, and the epicalyx smaller than the calyx in length.

This is an endemic species from Northeast Region of Brazil (Bahia, Ceará, Pernambuco and Piauí) in the phytogeographic domain of Caatinga (BFG 2018; Flora e Funga do Brasil 2020, continuously updated). In Ceará is registered in Aracati and Icapuí municipalities in areas of the Vegetation Complex of the Coastal Zone with occurrence in the Vegetation Complex of the Coastal Zone. It is important to emphasize that this species is represented by only five collections.

This species was collected with flowers in May, June and September.

16. Pavonia vinosa G.L.Esteves, Bol. Inst. Bot. (São Paulo) 11: 176, fig. 3J,K,L (1998). Fig. 5

Subshrub to shrub 1-2.5 m tall; pubescent and vinaceous branch with simple and glandular trichomes. Stipules ca. 0.2 cm long, persistent, filiform, vinaceous. Petiole 2.2-3 cm long, pubescent. Leaf blades entire, ovate 0.9-4.6 x 0.5-3.0 cm, cordate base, acute apex, serrate margin, membranaceous; abaxial and adaxial surface simple with stellate and glandular trichomes; extrafloral nectary absent. Foliaceous bracts absent. Flowers axillary, solitary, erect. Epicalyx with seven lanceolate bracteoles ca. 0.8 x 0.2 cm, greater than calyx in length, vinaceous. Calyx cupuliform ca. 0.7 x 0.3 cm, sepals lanceolate, vinaceous. Corolla, ovate petals ca. 1.6 x 0.6 cm, ovate, entire margin, pinkish to white without vinaceous basal spot. Staminal tube 1.2 cm long, cylindrical; style divided into 10 stigmas. Fruit ca. 0.3 x 0.3 cm, mericarps, obovoid, mucronate in the apex, winged, dark brown, mucilage absent. Seeds ca. 0.2 x 0.1 cm, obovoid, vinaceous, mucilage absent.

Selected material: Crato, Mata dos Cavalos, 3.IV.1942, fl., P. Bezerra 446 (EAC); Chapada do Araripe, 27.11.1980, fl., P. Martins (EAC 8070). Crato, Chapada do Araripe, 07º16’00"S, 39º39’00"W, 15.II.1985, H. Alwyn, E. Gentry, M. Zardini & A.F. Gentry 50162 (MO).

The outstanding characteristics are the branches, leaf blades, petiole, and epicalyx vinaceous with glandular trichomes.

This is an endemic species from Northeast Brazil. In Brazilian territory occurs in the states of Ceará and Maranhão (BFG 2018; Flora e Funga do Brasil 2020, continuously updated). In Ceará is registered in the municipality of Crato in areas of Dense Ombrophylous Forest. This species is recorded in the Chapada do Araripe. Pavonia vinosa is represented by only three collections.

This species was collected with flowers in February and April. The popular name is malva roxa.

17. Peltaea lasiantha Krapov. & Cristóbal, Kurtziana ii. 188 (1965). Figs. 4g,h; 5

Subshrub to shrub; pubescent and greenish branch with simple and stellate trichomes. Stipules 0.4-0.5 cm long, persistent, filiform, greenish. Petiole 1-1.6 cm long, pubescent. Leaf blades entire, ovate 3.4-5.5 x 2.5-4.2 cm, cordate base, acute to obtuse apex, serrate margin, abaxial and adaxial surface pubescent with simple and stellate trichomes; extrafloral nectary absent. Foliaceous bracts ovate-lanceolate. Flowers axillary, solitary, erect. Epicalyx with 10 peltate bracteoles (differentiated in stem and blade), stem ca. 0.2 cm long, blade ca. 0.3 cm long, smaller than calyx in length, greenish. Calyx cupuliform ca. 0.8 x 0.6 cm, sepals connate in the base, greenish. Corolla, ovate petals ca. 2.3 x 1.2 cm, entire margin, pinkish with vinaceous basal spot. Staminal tube ca. 1 cm long, cylindrical; style divided into 10 stigmas. Fruit ca. 0.3 x 0.2 cm, mericarps, obovoid, light brown, mucilage absent. Seeds ca. 0.2 x 0.1 cm, reniform, dark brown, mucilage absent.

Examined material: Araripe, fl., F. Allemão & M. Cysneiros 104 (R 85874).

Additional material: BRAZIL. GOIÁS: Goiânia, Rodovia Goiânia, 10.11.1988, fl. and fr., J.R. Pirani 2091 (NY).

Peltaea lasiantha share with P. trinervis the peltate bracteoles. However, are differentiated by the morphology of the petals. In the first species the petals are pink with a vinaceous basal spot and yellow without a basal spot in the second.

This is a native species from Brazil and Paraguay (Kew 2020). In Brazil occurs in the Regions of Midwest (Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso) and Southeast (Minas Gerais, São Paulo) (Flora e Funga do Brasil 2020, continuously updated). In the phytogeographic domain of Cerrado and Mata Atlântica (Flora e Funga do Brasil 2020, continuously updated). Peltaea lasiantha is a new record for the Northeast of Brazil and the state of Ceará. This species is registered in the municipality of Araripe in areas of Savanna.

This species was collected with flowers in February.

18. Peltaea trinervis (C.Presl) Krapov. & Cristóbal, Kurtziana 2: 168 (1965). Figs. 4i; 5

Herb, subshrub to shrub 0.5-1 m tall; tomentose and greenish branch with simple and stellate trichomes. Stipules 0.3-0.5 cm long, persistent, filiform, greenish. Petiole 0.3-2.6 cm long, tomentose. Leaf blades entire, ovate, 0.9-4.4 x 0.8-4 cm, base cordate, apex acute, margin serrate, membranaceous; abaxial and adaxial surface tomentose with simple and stellate trichomes; extrafloral nectary absent. Foliaceous bracts ovate-lanceolate. Flowers axillary, solitary or pauciflorous, erect. Epicalyx with nine peltate bracteoles (differentiated in stem and blade), stem 0.1-0.2 cm long, blade 0.2-0.3 cm long, smaller than the calyx in length, greenish. Calyx cupuliform ca. 0.6 x 0.2 cm, sepals connate in the base, lanceolate, greenish. Corolla, ovate petals 1.6-1.4 x 0.6-1.2 cm, entire margin, yellow without vinaceous basal spot. Staminal tube ca. 1 cm long, cylindrical; style divided into 10 stigmas. Fruit ca. 0.2 x 0.2 cm, mericarps, obovoid, light brown, mucilage absent. Seeds ca. 0.2 x 0.1 cm, reniform, dark brown, mucilage absent.

Selected material: Caucaia, Lagoa do Barro, 5.XI.2006, fr., A.S.E Castro 1860 (EAC). Fortaleza, 03º47’55"S, 38º29’10"W, 17.IV.2008, fl., M.F Moro 531 (EAC); Campus do Pici, 10.IV.2001, A.V. Vieira (EAC30613). São Benedito, 6.I.1942, P. Bezerra 381 (EAC). Ubajara, 2.VII.1978, fl., A. Fernandes & A. Matos (EAC 4194).

The differential characteristics are the nine peltate bracteoles and yellow petals without vinaceous basal spot.

This is a native species from Mexico to South America (GBIF 2020). In Brazil occurs in the Regions of North and Northeast (Bahia, Ceará and Pernambuco). In the phytogeographic domains of Amazônia, Caatinga, Cerrado and Mata Atlântica (BFG 2018; Flora e Funga do Brasil 2020, continuously updated). In Ceará is registered in four municipalities in areas of the Vegetation Complex of the Coastal Zone and Dense Ombrophylous Forest.

This species was collected with flowers in April, May, July, October, November and with fruits in April, May, October, and November.

19. Talipariti tiliaceum (L.) Fryxell, Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 23: 258 (2001). Figs. 4j,k,l; 5

Tree 6 m tall; glabrous and grayish branch. Stipules 1.5-2.7 x 0.5-0.9 cm, caducous, ovatelanceolate, greenish. Petiole 1,5-8 cm long, velutinous. Leaf blades entire, ovate, 4.5-14 x 4.8-13.5 cm, cordate base, acute to obtuse apex, entire margin, cartaceous, abaxial and adaxial surface velutinous with simple trichomes; extrafloral nectary located at the base of the vein of the abaxial surface of the leaf blade. Foliaceous bracts absent. Flowers axillary, solitary, erect. Epicalyx with nine lanceolate bracteoles ca. 0.6 x 0.5 cm, connate in the base, smaller than calyx in length, greenish. Calyx tubular ca. 2 x 1.5 cm with five acute lobes, greenish. Corolla, ovate petals ca. 7.5 x 5 cm, entire margin, yellow with vinaceous basal spot. Staminal tube ca. 4.5 cm long, cylindrical; style divided into five stigmas. Fruit ca. 1.8 x 2.5 cm, capsule, obovoid, greenish, mucilage absent. Seeds ca. 0.3 x 0.3 cm long, reniform, dark brown, mucilage absent.

Selected material: Cascavel, 04º08’24"S, 38º20’24"W, 20.XI.2013, I. Lucena 42 (EAC). Crato, estrada para o Barreiro Grande, 07º16’01"S, 39º27’20"W, fl. and fr., A.B. Tavares, F.G.L.S. Souza 8 (HCDAL). Fortaleza, Campus do Pici, 03º43’02"S, 38º32’35"W, 16.IX.1990, R. Tavares (EAC 16705). Jaguaruana, 04º51’36"S, 37º47’59"W, 22.XI.2013, fr., A.E.S. Ferreira 77 (EAC). Paraipaba, estrada para a Lagoa das Almécegas, 03º20’38"S, 39º10’45"W, 9.1.2019, fr., M.C. Camelo et al. 64 (ALCB). Salitre, Praça Mãe Rainha, 22.VI.2017, fr., C.L.S. Alencar (HCDAL 13219).

The distinctive characteristics is the habit (tree), cordate and cartaceous leaf blades and the calyx with five acute lobes.

This species is registered in tropical and subtropical Regions (GBIF 2020). In Brazil occurs in all Regions in the phytogeographic domains of Amazônia e Mata Atlântica (GBIF 2020; Flora e Funga do Brasil 2020, continuously updated). In Ceará is recorded in six municipalities in areas of Dense Ombrophylous Forest and Vegetation Complex of the Coastal Zone.

This species was collected with flowers and fruits in January, March, April, September, and November. The popular name is algodão-da-praia.

20. Urena lobata L., Sp. PL 2: 692 (1753). Figs. 4m; 5

Herb to shrub 1.5 m tall; velutinous and greenish branch with simple and stellate trichomes. Stipules ca. 0.3 cm long, persistent, filiform, greenish. Petiole 0.6-3.8 cm long, velutinous. Leaf blades with 3-7 lobes, pinnatifid, central lobe 1.4-8 x 0.6-2.5 cm, lateral lobes 1-6.5 x 0.2-3 cm, ovate base, acute to obtuse, margin serrate apex, membranaceous; abaxial and adaxial surface velutinous with simple and stellate trichomes; extrafloral nectary located at the base of the vein of the abaxial surface of the leaf blade. Foliaceous bracts absent. Flowers axillary, solitary, erect. Epicalyx with five lanceolate bracteoles 0.6-0.8 x 0.1-0.2 cm, connate at the base, greater than calyx in length, greenish. Calyx cupuliform 0.4-0.5 x 0.1 cm, sepals connate in the base, greenish. Corolla, ovate petals 1-1.5 x 0.4-0.6 cm, entire margin, pinkish with vinaceous basal spot. Staminal tube ca. 0.9 cm long, cylindrical; style divided into 10 stigmas. Fruit ca. 0.6 x 0.3 cm, mericarps, obovoid, glochidiate, dark brown, mucilage absent. Seeds ca. 0.3 x 0.2 cm, obovoid, dark brown, mucilage absent.

Selected material: Barbalha, Arajara, 23.V.1996, M.A.P. Silva (EAC 24092). Carnaubal, Parque das Águas, 19.VI.1992, fr., M.A. Figueiredo (EAC 19752). Crato, Garibés, 19.XI.1996, fr, F.A.S. Clemente (EAC 25099). Fortaleza, Lagoa da Maraponga, 03º47’28"S, 38º34’15"W, 11.VII.2018, fl. and fr., V.S Sampaio & G.F. Mendes 543 (EAC). Guaraciaba do Norte, 04º07’55"S, 40º50’46"W, 2.V2013, fr, F.C.L. Pinto & E.R. Silveira 46 (EAC). Maracanaú, 1.I.1935, B.E. Dahlgren (P0660721 1). Maranguape, trilha da Pirapora, 03º53’18"S, 38º42’49"W, 27.IX.2014, fl. and fr, M.I.B. Loiola et al. 2445 (EAC). Pacoti, Sítio Pirajá, 20.XII.1940, fr., B. Landim (EAC 195). São Gonçalo do Amarante, Pecém, 28.VII.2010, A.S.F Castro & M.F Moro 2332 (EAC). Ubajara, Parque Nacional de Ubajara, 22.I.1999, fl. and fr., A. Fernandes et al. (EAC 27821).

Is distinguished for the leaf blades with 3-7 lobes, extraforal nectary at the central vein in the leaf blades (abaxial surface) and glochidiate mericarps.

This is a native species from tropical and subtropical Regions (GBIF 2020). In Brazil occurs in all Regions in the phytogeographic domains of the Amazônia, Caatinga, Cerrado, Mata Atlântica, Pampa and Pantanal (Flora e Funga do Brasil 2020, continuously updated). In Northeast is registered in the states of Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Paraíba and Sergipe (BFG 2018; Flora e Funga do Brasil 2020, continuously updated). In Ceará is recorded in 10 municipalities in areas of the Vegetation Complex of the Coastal Zone, Dense Ombrophylous Forest and Vegetation under Fluvial and/or Lacustrine Vegetation.

This species was collected with flowers and fruits in January, April, May, June, August, September, and December.

Data availability statement

In accordance with Open Science communication practices, the authors inform that all data are available within the manuscript.

Acknowledgements

The first author thanks the FUNCAP (Fundação Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico), for the Master’s scholarship granted. MIBL thanks the CNPq, for the productivity grant (Process Nº 308685/2020-2). Thanks to the curators and the team of herbaria visited.

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» https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346787616_-Diversidade_de_Angiospermas_do_Ceara
Martius CFP von (1839) Flora oder Botanische Zeitung. Vol. 22. Die Gesellschaft, Regensburg. Pp. 61-62.
Moench C (1794) Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici et Agri Marburgensis, a staminum situ describendi. Vol 2. Marburgi Cattorum, in officina nova libraria academiae. 780p.
Mohite AV & Gurav RV (2019) Nutraceutical and antioxidant evaluation of Abelmoschus taxa. International Journal of Vegetable Science 25: 610-618.
Moricand ME (1844) Plantes nouvelles d’Amérique. Vol. 1. Imprimerie de Jules-Gme Fich, Genève. 176p.
Pfeil BE & Crisp MD (2005) What to do with Hibiscus? A proposed nomenclatural resolution for a large and well known genus of Malvaceae and comments on paraphyly. Australian Systematic Botany 18:49-60.
Rebouças NC, Carneiro JAA, Ribeiro RTM, Queiroz RT & Loiola MIB (2019) Zornia (Leguminosae) no estado do Ceará, nordeste do Brasil. Rodriguésia 70: 1-15.
Reichenbach HGL (1832) Flora Germanica Excursoria. Vol. 2. Lipsiae, Carolum Cnobloch, 478p.
Rigueiral LHG, Gonçalez VM & Duarte MC (2019) Espécies nativas de Hibiscus (Malvoideae, Malvaceae) da Região Sudeste do Brasil. Rodriguésia 70: 1-19.
Saint-Hilaire AFCP (1825) Flora Brasiliae Meridionalis. Vol. 1. Apud A. Belin, Parisiis. 223p.
Saint-Hilaire AFCP & Naudin CV (1842) Annales des sciences naturelles. Vol. 18. Fortin, Paris. 44p.
Silveira AP, Menezes BS, Loiola MIB, Lima-Verde LW, Zanina DN, Carvalho ECD, Souza BC, Costa RC, Mantovani W, Menezes MOT, Flores LMA, Nogueira FCB, Matias LQ, Barbosa LS, Gomes FM, Cordeiro LS, Sampaio VS, Batista MEP, Soares Neto RL, Silva MAP, Campos NB, Oliveira AA & Araújo FS (2020a) Flora and annual distribution of flowers and fruits in the Ubajara National Park, Ceará, Brazil. Floresta e Ambiente 27: 1-19.
Silveira AP, Loiola MIB, Gomes VS, Lima-Verde LW, Oliveira TS, Silva EF, Otutumi AT, Ribeiro K, Xavier FAS, Bruno MMA, Souza, SSG & Araújo FS (2020b) Flora of Baturité, Ceará: a west island in the Brazilian semiarid. Flora e Ambiente 27: 1-22.
Spjut RW (1994) A systematic treatment of fruit types. Vol. 70. The New York Botanical Garden Press, New York. 182p.
Tate JA, Aguilar JF, Wagstaff SJ, Duke JC, Slotta TAB & Simpson BB (2005) Phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Malveae (Malvaceae, subfamily Malvoideae) as inferred from ITS sequence data. American Journal of Botany 92: 584-602.
Tavares AB, Bezerra JWA, Souza FGLS, Silva MAP & LinharesKV (2021) Síndromes de dispersão de espécies vegetais do cerrado sensu lato da Chapada do Araripe, nordeste, Brasil. Pesquisas, Botânica 75: 155-195.
Thiers B, (continuously updated) Index Herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available at <http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/>. Access on 20 April 2021.
» http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/
Valente EB & Porto KC (2006) Hepáticas (Marchantiophyta) de um fragmento de mata atlântica na Serra da Jibóia, município de Santa Teresinha, BA, Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 20: 433-441.

Edited by

Area Editor: Dr. Luiz Menini Neto

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
30 Oct 2023
Date of issue
2023

History

Received
03 Feb 2023
Accepted
29 Aug 2023

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Species	UC	VE	AC
* Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench		Stepic Savanna	Restricted
* Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.		Stepic Savanna, Dense Ombrophylous Forest	Wide
* Hibiscus sabdariffa L.		Stepic Savanna and Floresta Estacionai Semidecídua de Terras Baixas (Mata de Tabuleiro)	Restricted
* Hibiscus schizopetalus (Dyer) Hook.f.		Stepic Savanna/ Dense Ombrophylous Forest	Restricted
** Malachra fasciata Jacq.	Parque Estadual Botânico do Ceará, APA da Serra de Aratanha	Floresta Estacionai Semidecídua de Terras Baixas (Mata de Tabuleiro), Dense Ombrophylous Forest, Stepic Savanna Estépica, Vegetation under Fluvial and/or Lacustrine Influence	Moderate
Malachra radiata (L.) L.	Estação Ecológica de Aiuaba	Stepic Savanna and Estacionai Semidecídua de Terras Baixas (Mata de Tabuleiro)	Restricted
* Malvaviscus penduliflorus DC.		Stepic Savanna; Dense Ombrophylous Forest	Moderate
Pavonia cancellata (L.) Cav.	Estação Ecológica de Aiuaba, RPPN Serra das Almas, APA Chapada do Araripe, APA do Rio Pacoti, APA da Serra de Baturité, Floresta Nacional do Araripe-Apodi, APA da Lagoa da Jijoca, APA da Lagoa de Uruaú, Estação Ecológica do Pecém, APA de Praia de Ponta Grossa, RPPN Elias Andrade, APA Serra da Ibiapaba, RPPN Ambientalista Francy Nunes, Parque Nacional de Ubajara	Arboreous Stepic Savanna, Floresta Estacionai Semidecídua de Terras Baixas (Mata de Tabuleiro)	Wide
Pavonia geminiflora Moric.	APA da Serra da Aratanha	Dense Ombrophylous Forest	Restricted
Pavonia glazioviana Gürke	Estação Ecológica de Aiuaba	Stepic Savanna, Arboreous Stepic Savanna, Florested Savanna	Restricted
Pavonia malacophylla (Link & Otto) Garcke	Floresta Nacional do Araripe-Apodi, Parque Nacional de Ubajara, APA Chapada do Araripe, APA da Serra de Baturité	Dense Ombrophylous Forest, Savanna, Florested Savanna	Wide
Pavonia paniculata Cav.			Restricted
Pavonia peruviana Gürke	APA Serra da Aratanha	Dense Ombrophylous Forest	Restricted
Pavonia sidifolia Kunth	APA Chapada do Araripe, Floresta Nacional do Araripe-Apodi	Savanna, Florested Savanna	Restricted
Pavonia varians Moric.		Floresta Estacionai Decídua de Terras Baixas (Mata de Tabuleiro)	Restricted
Pavonia vinosa G.L.Esteves	APA Chapada do Araripe	Dense Ombrophylous Forest	Restricted
** Peltaea lasiantha Krapov. & Cristóbal			Restricted
Peltaea trinervis (C.Presl) Krapov. & Cristóbal	Parque Estadual Botânico do Ceará, Parque Nacional de Ubajara	Floresta Estacionai Decídua de Terras Baixas (Mata de Tabuleiro)	Restricted
* Talipariti tiliaceum (L.) Fryxell		Floresta Estacionai Decídua de Terras Baixas (Mata de Tabuleiro)	Moderate
Urena lobata L.	APA Chapada do Araripe, Parque Nacional de Ubajara	Dense Ombrophylous Forest, Vegetation under Fluvial and/or Lacustrine Influence, Vegetation Complexo f the Coastal Zone	Moderate