Seed germination in Tephrosia egregia Sandwith (Fabaceae), a species native to the brazilian Caatinga ecoregion with potential for recovery of degraded areas

ABSTRACT

Tephrosia egregia Sandwith is a species that develops in some States of the Northeast region of Brazil. It is propagated by seeds and has considerable potential for restoration. Thus, studies related to seed germination are important for the species. The aims were to characterize the post-seminal development and evaluate the germination response of the seeds under different temperatures and water stress and salt stress. Germination tests were performed at 20, 25, 30 and 20-30 °C and under PEG 6000 and NaCl concentrations (-0.2, -0.4, -0.6 and -0.8 MPa). The germination test should be conducted in a paper roll at 25 ºC for 14 days. Seed germination declines from the water potential of -0.2 MPa on; the species is sensitive to water stress. Under salt stress, there is more accentuated decline in germination as from -0.4 MPa, and this is an indication have a certain tolerance to salinity.

Keywords: anil-bravo; effect of salinity on germination; germination test; water stress

RESUMO

Tephrosia egrégia Sandwith é uma espécie que se desenvolve em alguns Estados do Nordeste. Sua propagação é realizada por meio de sementes, sendo uma espécie potencial para restauração. Os objetivos foram caracterizar o desenvolvimento pós-seminal e avaliar a germinação das sementes sob diferentes temperaturas e sob estresse hídrico e salino. Testes de germinação foram conduzidos a 20, 25, 30 e 20-30 °C e sob concentrações de PEG6000 e NaCl (-0.2, -0.4, -0.6 e -0.8 MPa). O teste de germinação deve ser conduzido em rolo de papel sob temperatura constante de 25 ºC durante 14 dias. A germinação das sementes é reduzida a partir do potencial hídrico de -0.2 MPa, sendo a espécie sensível ao estresse hídrico. Sob estresse salino, a redução mais acentuada na germinação, a partir de -0.4 MPa, sendo isso um indicativo de uma certa tolerância à salinidade.

Palavras-chave: anil-bravo; efeito da salinidade na germinação; estresse hídrico; teste de germinação

Introduction

The Caatinga is a biome endemic to Brazil in the semi-arid region of the country, a region with extensive periods of little rainfall (Silva et al. 2017). Its flora is abundant and diverse, with many endemic species (Queiroz et al. 2019). However, it has sustained intense human activities that have required the removal of natural vegetation (principally by the establishment of crops) and soil displacement (principally by the construction industry) (Carvalho et al. 2012, Schulz et al. 2016, Queiroz et al. 2020).

In addition, the seasonal climate is another factor that affects the native vegetation of these regions (Ferreira et al. 2016). The low rainfall and high temperatures in the region result in low fertility soils with high salinity (Santos et al. 2018), which can hurt or inhibit the establishment and development of species sensitive to these conditions.

The native species found in degraded and anthropized areas are potential sources for recovery of these areas (Carvalho et al. 2020). In addition, another important element for success in a rehabilitation plan is the use of soil recovery species, such as leguminous plants (Fabaceae). These species promote soil cover, have considerable biomass production, and assist in nutrient cycling and incorporation of atmospheric nitrogen, which contributes to soil recovery (Pereira et al. 2013).

Tephrosia egregia Sandwith (Fabaceae) is a species endemic to Brazil, popularly known as anil-bravo, which occurs in the Caatinga and Atlantic Forest phytogeographic domains (BFG 2018). It is mainly in regions where the soils are considered sub-saline (Bolland 1947). Seeds are the means of its propagation (Moreira & Bragança 2011), and it is therefore a species of considerable potential for recovery of degraded areas of the Caatinga.

In this context, the use of good quality seeds is fundamental, and germination capacity is a determining characteristic for the seed to be valuable for sowing. Thus, studies regarding seed germination are fundamental for sustainable production of seeds and seedlings of species native to the Caatinga, both for preventing loss of biodiversity (Dantas et al. 2014, Silva et al. 2014) and for successful propagation.

The seed germination process is directly affected by environmental factors, such as humidity, temperature, and light (Oliveira et al. 2015). Temperature acts on the speed at which water is absorbed by seeds and also on biochemical reactions that act in the process, and this is directly reflected in the percentage, speed, and uniformity of germination (Carvalho & Nakagawa 2012, Marcos Filho 2015). Seeds have variable responses to this factor, depending on the species. Cardinal temperatures for germination of a given species are defined as base, optimum, and maximum (Carvalho & Nakagawa 2012). The maximum germination percentage and germination speed occur under optimum temperature, whereas the maximum and base temperatures are defined as the temperature limits at which germination still occurs, that is, the temperature is not considered lethal for the seed (Dürr et al. 2015). The range from 20 to 30 °C proves to be adequate for the germination of a large number of subtropical and tropical species (Piña-Rodrigues et al. 2015).

Seed germination capacity is evaluated by the germination test, conducted in a laboratory under ideal conditions for the species, so as to indicate the maximum germination potential of a seed lot (Brasil 2009) to know its value for sowing.

For T. egregia, which is a species of the herbaceous stratum of the native flora of the Caatinga biome, with potential for plant cover in degraded areas, there is no information regarding the most suitable conditions for germination. Thus, the aims of this study were to characterize the post-seminal development of T. egregia and evaluate the germination response of the seeds under different temperatures to define the most suitable conditions for germination and the effects of water and salt stress on germination of T. egregia.

Materials and methods

The study was conducted in the Seed Analysis Laboratory of the Department of Agronomy of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa in Viçosa, MG, Brazil.

We used Tephrosia egregia Sandwith seeds obtained from pods collected from the municipalities of Mata Grande, AL, more specifically at the following coordinates and on the corresponding date: 9°06'07.2"S and 37°39'32.7"W, 9°03'15.1"S and 37°45'44.9"W, and 9°04'04.6"S and 37°44'58.0"W in November 2018. The pods were collected when they were straw-colored and beginning to open. The experiments were installed after the harvest.

This material was taken to the Seed Analysis Laboratory of the Department of Agronomy of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa. The seeds were manually removed from the pods.

Effect of temperature on germination of T. egregia seeds

Trial 1 - The seeds were distributed on two sheets of germitest (germination testing) paper moistened with water in the amount of 2.5 times the weight of the dry paper and covered with one more sheet, creating rolls that were kept in seed germinators regulated to temperatures of 20 ºC, 25 ºC, 30 ºC, and 20-30 ºC (16 hours at the temperature of 20 ºC and 8 hours at the temperature of 30 ºC).

Daily counts were made of the number of normal seedlings up to stabilization of the counts so as to obtain the cumulative germination curve of the seeds under different temperatures. For that purpose, the mean of the germination percentage (% of normal seedlings) was calculated daily, based on these data.

Trial 2 - Four replications of 50 seeds were used in this trial, under two forms of sowing: 1. on paper - the seeds were distributed on two sheets of germitest paper moistened with water in the amount of 2.5 times the weight of the dry paper in gerboxes (plastic germination boxes) and 2. in rolls - the seeds were distributed on two sheets of germitest paper moistened as described above and covered with one more sheet, creating rolls of paper. After that, the two forms of sown seeds were placed in seed germinators regulated to the following temperatures: 20 ºC, 25 ºC, 30 ºC, and 20-30 ºC (16 h at 20 ºC and 8 h at 30 ºC every 24 h), with 8 h (light) photoperiod.

Daily counts were made up to stabilization of the count so as to define the period necessary for seed germination. The number of normal seedlings were calculated, determining the germination percentage (% of normal seedlings), the germination speed index (GSI), and the germination speed (GS).

Effect of water stress and salt stress on germination of T. egregia seeds

Trial 3 - in this third trial, the osmotic agents polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) and sodium chloride (NaCl) were used to simulate water stress and salt stress, respectively, at the potentials of 0.0 (distilled water), -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, and -0.8 MPa.

The PEG solutions were prepared according to Villela et al. (1991). The salt concentration to prepare the saline solution was calculated through the van Hoff equation (Hillel 1971):

$${\mathrm{\Psi }}_{\mathrm{S}}=-\mathrm{}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{}\mathrm{i}$$ (1)

where Ψ_s = osmotic potential, R = ideal gas constant: 8.314 J/mol, C = salt concentration in mol/L, and i = isotonic constant of NaCl: 2.

The seeds were distributed on two sheets of germitest paper moistened with the PEG 6000 and NaCl solutions at the respective osmotic potentials that were established, and distilled water for the control, in the amount of 2.5 times the weight of the dry paper. The seeds, covered with one more sheet of paper, were formed into rolls. They were then placed in seed germinators at the constant temperature of 25 ºC.

Daily counts were made for 15 days of number of normal seedlings, calculating the germination percentage (% of normal seedlings), the germination speed index (GSI), and the seed germination speed (GS).

The germination speed index (GSI) was calculated according to the following formula (Maguire 1962).

$$GSI=\frac{G_1}{N_1}+\frac{G_2}{N_2}+\dots +\frac{G_n}{N_n}$$ (2)

where G₁, G₂, and G_n are the number of germinated seeds on the day of observation; and N₁, N₂, and N_n are the number of days after sowing.

The germination speed (GS) in days was calculated according to the following formula (Souza & Varela 1989);

$$GS=\frac{\left(N_{1}x{G}_1\right)+\left(N_{2}x{G}_2\right)+\dots +\left(N_{n}x{G}_n\right)}{G_1+G_2+\dots +G_n}$$ (3)

where GS is germination speed (days); G₁, G₂, and G_n are number of normal seedlings counted in the first, second, and last count; and N₁, N₂, and N_n are the number of days from sowing to the first, second, and last count.

Post-seminal development was monitored daily during the seed germination process, characterizing the different seedling phases. The criteria for classification of seedlings as normal and abnormal was according to Brasil (2009).

The experiments were installed in a completely randomized design, with four replications of 50 seeds. Analysis of variance was performed on the data on germination percentages, GSI, and GS under different temperatures; and the mean values were compared by Tukey’s test at 5% probability (Zar 1996). The data of the different stresses (water and salt) were interpreted by regression analysis, the model for which was chosen based on the significance of the regression coefficients through use of the “t” test at 1% probability, on the coefficients of determination, and on the biological phenomenon using the SYSTAT 8.0 program for Windows®.

Results and discussion

The Tephrosia egregia Sandwith seeds (figure 1 a ) rapidly soak up water from the substrate (figure 1 b); thus, radicle emergence begins from three to six days after sowing (figure 1 c). The hypocotyl-radicle axis is sinuous, and at this stage, the root collar and root are not clearly defined (figure 1 d). The greenish cotyledons emerge from the seminal remains, exhibiting the cotyledonary auricular sinus (figure 1 f, g). In the normal seedling, the primary root is observed, with or without secondary roots; the hypocotyl is cylindrical, green, slender, and has hirsute-pilose indumentum from the middle third up to the point of connection with the cotyledons. When the cotyledons are fully expanded, the convex surface is exposed or they undergo rapid abscission from the hypocotyl, which clearly shows phanero-epigeal germination. The epicotyl raises the eophyll, which comprises a pair of leaves, with multiple leaflets, paripinnation, and well-defined central venation (figure 1 h).

Figure 1.
Initial phases of the post-seminal development of Tephrosia egregia Sandwith. a. Dry seed. b. Soaked seed. c-h. Beginning of germination up to formation of a normal seedling. i-k. Abnormal seedlings.

The normal seedling should have all its essential structures present and healthy, according to Brasil (2009). When this does not occur, we have abnormal seedlings, which exhibit some deformity or anomaly that impedes their complete development until giving rise to plants. The most frequent types of abnormalities found during the T. egregia germination process are necroses in the hypocotyl and/or primary root (figure 1 i, j, k), as well as absence or atrophy of the primary root, and poorly developed hypocotyl, which is short and thick.

Trial 1 and 2 - Effect of temperature on germination of Tephrosia egregia seeds

Detailed study on the germination of Tephrosia egregia seeds under different temperatures is shown in Figure 2. At the temperature of 20 ºC, the germination of the seeds began at approximately 11 days after sowing, with an increase in germination from that point, reaching the maximum value of 4% at 13 days after sowing, and stabilizing from then on.

At 25 ºC, germination began on the sixth day after sowing and increased progressively over time, reaching the value of 80% at 12 days after sowing, stabilizing by the thirteenth day of evaluation, with an increase of 8%, thus achieving 88% germination on the fourteenth day after sowing (figure 2). In the same Figure, we noted that at the temperature of 30 ºC, the seeds began the germination process on the third day after sowing, that is, the process was faster than at 20 ºC and at 25 ºC, reaching the value of 65% at 7 days and 69% at 14 days.

At the alternating temperature of 20-30 ºC, the seeds began their germination on the sixth day after sowing (figure 2), similar to that observed at the temperature of 25 ºC, and achieved maximum value at 13 days with 89%, with stabilization of the process on the fourteenth day of evaluation (figure 2).

There was stabilization in the germination process as of the thirteenth day after sowing for the temperatures of 20 ºC, 30 ºC, and 20-30 ºC, with a small increase for 25 ºC, which stabilized as of the fourteenth day of observation. This shows that the germination test of T. egregia seeds can be ended at 14 days after sowing without compromising the results (figure 2).

In summary, the germination process was slower at the temperature of 20 ºC, whereas at the temperature of 30 °C, the germination speed was greater. The best response at this temperature may be related to the adaptation of T. egregia to the environmental conditions of Caatinga and Atlantic Forest (BFG 2018), indicating tolerance to high temperature. In many Caatinga species, seed germination occurs under high temperatures (30 to 35 °C) (Dantas et al. 2020).

Temperature directly affects the speed and percentage of seed germination, because it alters the speed of water absorption and of the biochemical and enzymatic system reactions, which require specific thermal conditions to occur (Bewley et al. 2013). At lower temperatures, imbibition, enzymatic activity, and metabolism of the seeds are reduced, leading to decreases in the speed and percentage of seed germination (Marcos-Filho 2015). At higher temperatures, the biochemical/physiological processes occur at greater speed, contributing to greater germination speed. However, the high temperatures result in denaturation of enzymes that are important for the metabolic process and that of the antioxidant systems, adding to the number of abnormal seedlings (Flores et al. 2014, Matos et al. 2014, Ataíde et al. 2016).

Maximum germination of the seeds was obtained at 14 days after sowing at the temperature of 25 ºC and of 20-30 ºC (figure 2). The alternating temperature of 20-30 ºC was also recommended for seed germination of Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul. (Lima et al. 2011), Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake (Souza et al. 2012), and Senna uniflora (Mill.) HSIrwin & Barneby (Carvalho et al. 2020).

Figure 2.
Cumulative germination percentages of Tephrosia egregia Sandwith under different temperatures.

Figure 3.
Germination of Tephrosia egregia Sandwith under different temperatures.

As sowing on paper led to considerable tangling of the roots, creating difficulties for evaluation, the choice was made to present the data only from the experiment conducted in rolls of germitest paper, and this manner of sowing was defined as most adequate for conducting germination tests with T. egregia seeds.

Evaluation of the effect of temperature on seed germination shows that the highest germination values were obtained at the constant temperature of 25 ºC and alternating temperature of 20-30 ºC, which did not differ from each other and were superior to the values obtained at 30ºC and 20 ºC (figure 3). At the temperature of 20 ºC, germination was very low (3%), which indicates great sensitivity of the T. egregia seeds to temperatures below 25 ºC, since at that temperature (25 ºC), the seeds achieved 86% germination. At 30 ºC, germination was significantly superior to that observed at 20 ºC. Comparing the absolute values, the seeds of this species are much more tolerant to higher temperature (above 25 ºC) than to lower temperature (below 25 ºC, that is, 20 ºC).

Figure 4.
Germination speed index (GSI) of Tephrosia egregia Sandwith under different temperatures.

For Brazilian native species, the optimum germination temperature is between 15 °C and 30 °C, which is normally related to the temperatures of the region of origin of the species in the season favorable for germination (Andrade et al. 2000). Thus, there are species whose germination process is favored by constant temperature (Guedes et al. 2010, Socolowski et al. 2010, Benedito et al. 2017, Guo et al. 2020), by alternating temperature (Souza et al. 2012, Carvalho et al. 2020), and by a wide interval of temperature (Ferraz et al. 2012, Lemes & Lopes 2012). In the case of T. egregia seeds, the temperatures of 25 ºC or 20-30 ºC were suitable for germination.

In the Rules for Seed Analysis (Brasil 2009) for T. candida, the use of alternating temperature of 20-30 ºC or constant temperature of 30 ºC is recommended, partially corroborating that observed in our study for T. egregia. Whereas the constant temperature recommended for T. candida is 30 ºC, the ideal observed for T. egregia is 25 ºC.

Nevertheless, it should be emphasized that for the germination test conducted in the laboratory, when possible, the use of constant temperatures is preferrable to alternating temperatures, to more easily carry out the test. Alternating temperatures should be used when the species shows problems for germination under constant temperature, especially due to dormancy. Alternating temperatures are an important factor for breaking dormancy in various species (Bewley et al. 2013). The high germination values observed for T. egregia seeds in the germination test indicate that the species does not have post-harvest dormancy. In addition, hard seeds due to impermeability to water were not observed during evaluations. This dormancy mechanism is common in Fabaceae (Marcos-Filho 2015).

Unlike this study on T. egregia, studies performed on seeds of T. bracteolata Guill. & Perr., T. candida DC., and T. linearis (Willd.) Pers (Babayemi et al. 2003), and on seeds of T. apollinea (Delile) DC. (Al-Ansari & Ksiksi 2016), showed varied levels of dormancy, requiring the use of treatments such as immersion of seeds in hot water for 30 seconds (Babayemi et al. 2003) and/or use of sulfuric acid for 40-60 minutes (Al-Ansari & Ksiksi 2016) to break dormancy.

The Germination Speed Index (GSI) presented in figure 4 showed better seed performance at the temperature of 30 ºC, with a mean value of 6.7. This value was significantly higher than that observed for the other temperatures tested, which were alternating temperature of 20-30 ºC, with a mean of 5.09; constant temperature of 25ºC with a mean of 4.35; and constant temperature of 20 ºC, with a mean of 0.14. The alternating temperature of 20-30 ºC and the constant temperature of 25 ºC showed no significant difference for GSI, indicating that the germination speed was similar at the two temperatures, just as occurred for germination percentage (figure 3).

Figure 5.
Germination speed (days) of Tephrosia egregia Sandwith under different temperatures.

The greatest number of seedlings that germinated per day was found at the constant temperature of 30ºC, with approximately seven seedlings germinated per day. Under higher temperatures, germination speed is greater, due to more rapid absorption of water by seeds and an increase in metabolic activity. However, the final germination percentage is generally lower, due to inactivation of proteins and enzymes, which does not occur under optimum temperature (Marcos Filho 2015).

According to Baskin & Baskin (2014), temperatures lower or higher than the optimum tend to reduce the speed of the germination process, exposing seeds to adverse factors for a longer period, leading to reduction in total germination, which occurred at the temperature of 35 °C, inadequate for the species under the conditions tested. Marcos Filho (2015) explains this lower germination due to the fact that high temperatures cause damage to the seeds of determined species, leading, for example, to enzymatic alterations, reducing the amount of free amino acids, and modifying the speed of metabolic reactions. In a study on enzymatic activity in braúna (Melanoxylon brauna Schott.) seeds at 40 °C, a temperature considered to be above the optimal range for germination of the species, there was reduction in activities of the enzymes α-amylase, β-amylase, and G6PdH; and lower germination values were observed compared to those obtained at 25 °C and 30 °C (Ataíde et al. 2016).

Regarding the number of days necessary for germination (GS) (figure 5), the results are in agreement with those of the GSI (figure 4), showing slower germination speed at the temperature of 20 ºC and faster at 30 ºC (figure 5). The germination speed at 25 ºC and at 20-30 ºC was similar, but significantly different from the other treatments (figure 5), as also observed for GSI (figure 4).

Figure 6.
Germination percentage of Tephrosia egregia Sandwith seeds under different osmotic potentials of PEG 6000 and NaCl.

Trial 3 - Effect of water stress and salt stress on germination of Tephrosia egregia seeds

The Tephrosia egregia seeds under water stress and salt stress at more negative osmotic potentials, from -0.2 MPa on, affected all the variables studied.

The regression for the germination variable of T. egregia seeds under water deficit using PEG 6000 and under salt stress from NaCl (figure 6) shows a quadratic curve response. For water stress (figure 6), the highest germination percentage occurred in the control treatment (0 MPa), whereas for salt stress (figure 6), the highest germination percentages occurred at the potentials of 0 and -0.2 MPa, with a slight increase in the potential of -0.2 MPa in relation to the control (0 MPa).

Figure 7.
Germination speed index of Tephrosia egregia Sandwith seeds under different osmotic potentials of PEG 6000 and NaCl.

Furthermore, for water stress (figure 6), a sharp reduction in germination is observed from the potential -0.2 MPa to -0.4 MPa, in which germination is considered nearly null; and at the potentials -0.6 and -0.8 MPa, germination is null (figure 6). A similar response was observed for the germination speed index (figure 7). For salt stress (figure 6), a gradual reduction in germination percentage is observed from the potential -0.4 MPa on, coming to obtain a germination percentage of 19% at the potential of -0.8 MPa (figure 6).

The reductions observed can be explained by reduction in enzymatic activity, which hurts seed metabolism. This occurs because of the low availability of water present to carry out digestion and transport of seed reserve substances (Bewley et al. 2013). In addition, salinity can cause ionic toxicity, which results in inhibition of growth and cell division (Morais et al. 2012).

Santos et al. (2016) studied the germination of two forest species from the Caatinga, Poincianela pyramidalis (Tul.) L. P. Queiroz and Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan, under water deficit and salinity and observed that when PEG 6000 was used, the lowest germination percentages occurred at the potentials of -0.8 and -1.2 MPa, while under NaCl, lower germination occurred only at the potential of -1.2 MPa.

Almeida et al. (2014) studied cumaru [Amburana cearensis (Allemão) A.C. Smith] seeds under water stress imposed by PEG 6000 and observed higher germination percentages at the potentials of 0 and -0.2 MPa, with reduction from the potential of -0.6 MPa on, and null germination at the potentials of -0.8 and -1.0 MPa. Pelegrini et al. (2013) found that the germination of Brazilian coral tree (Erythrina falcata Benth) seeds was affected from -0.5 MPa on, while Fanti & Perez (2004), evaluating the effect of the potentials from 0 to -0.7 MPa on silk floss tree (Chorisia speciosa St. Hil.) seeds, observed reduction in germination percentage from the potential of -0.5 MPa on, and null germination at the potential of -0.7 MPa.

As observed in our study, in a study on Erythrina falcata seeds, Pelegrini et al. (2013) observed a slight increase in p.p. in germination at the potential of -0.2 MPa compared to the control (0 MPa) for both osmotic solutions studied (PEG, Mannitol, and NaCl).

In salt stress (figure 7), a linear fit of the GSI was observed, with reduction in speed associated with decline in osmotic potential of the NaCl solution, showing the effect of salinity on delay in germination of T. egregia (figure 7). Reduction in speed of seed germination is cited as one of the main effects caused by salinity (Andréo-Souza et al. 2010, Gordin et al. 2012, Pelegrini et al. 2013, Santos et al. 2016).

Germination speed (GS) also shows a linear fit for both stresses (figure 8), however, in a manner opposite to that observed for the germination speed index (figure 7); that is, the greater the number of days to germination, the slower the process. Thus, as osmotic potential becomes more negative, the lower the speed of seed germination of T. egregia, that is, the seeds require a longer time to germinate. Lower GS (in number of days) is observed for the control (0 MPa), and an increase in GS (number of days) is observed as osmotic potential becomes more negative (figure 8). The potential of -0.8 MPa required the longest time for germination - normal seedlings were obtained only on the tenth day after sowing for water stress and on the fourteenth day after sowing for salt stress (figure 8).

In niger (Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.) seeds, there was reduction in germination percentage and in germination speed index of the seeds as of the potential of -0.3 MPa in NaCl solution (Gordin et al. 2012). In physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) seeds, germination speed is directly affected by reduction in water availability, due to salinity, because a longer time is required to conclude the germination process (Andréo-Souza et al. 2010).

In angico (Anadenanthera colubrina) seeds, Santos et al. (2016) found that the lowest values of GSI were found at the most negative osmotic potentials (-1.2 MPa of NaCl and -0.8 MPa of PEG 6000).

Comparison of the data from the germination variables (figure 6) and the germination speed index (figure 7) shows that the T. egregia seeds are more susceptible to water stress with the use of PEG 6000 than to salt stress with NaCl. With the use of PEG 6000, from the potential of 0.4 MPa on, germination and the GSI were practically null. This response was not found under salt stress with NaCl, because even at the most negative osmotic potentials, the germination values obtained were not null.

Figure 8.
Germination speed (days) of Tephrosia egregia Sandwith seeds under different osmotic potentials of PEG 6000 and NaCl.

Greater sensitivity to water stress (PEG 6000) than salt stress (NaCl) is also observed in Senna uniflora (Mill.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby (Carvalho et al. 2020). According to these authors, germination and the germination speed index of S. uniflora seeds were significantly less when placed under PEG 6000 at the potentials of -0.2 and -0.4 MPa.

Santos et al. (2016) observed that Poncianella pyramidalis was more tolerant to salt stress, whereas Anadenanthera colubrina to water stress.

Rego et al. (2011) evaluated water stress and salt stress in germination of Anadenathera colubrina (Veloso) Brenan seeds and found reduction in germination and in the germination speed index as of the potential of -0.6 MPa when PEG 6000 was used for simulation of water stress. For salt stress, these authors used KCl and observed that reduction in germination occurred only as of the potential of -1.0 MPa; nevertheless, for GSI, a decrease was observed as of the potential of -0.6 MPa.

Studying the effect of salt stress and water stress on germination of juazeiro (Zizyphus joazeiro Mart.), Lima & Torres (2009) found a significant reduction in germination percentage as of the potential of -0.3 MPa in NaCl solutions.

Conclusions

The most suitable temperatures for germination of Tephrosia egregia are 25 ºC and 20-30 ºC, at which greater values of germination were obtained.

For this species, the germination test should be conducted in a roll of paper under constant temperature of 25 ºC or alternating temperature of 20-30 ºC for 14 days.

Seed germination in T. egregia is reduced as of the water potential of -0.2 MPa; we can therefore classify the species studied as sensitive to water stress.

Under salt stress with NaCl solution, the sharpest reduction in germination was as of -0.4 MPa, and this indicates that T. egregia may have a certain tolerance to salinity. This behavior combined with tolerance to high temperatures during germination indicate that it is the species of considerable potential for recovery of degraded areas.

Literature cited

• Al-Ansari, F. & Ksiksi, T. 2016. A quantitative assessment of germination parameters: The case of Crotalaria persica and Tephrosia apollinea. The Open Ecology Journal 9: 13-21.
• Almeida, J.P.N.D., Pinheiro C.L., Lessa B.F.D.T., Gomes F.M. & Medeiros Filho S. 2014. Estresse hídrico e massa de sementes na germinação e crescimento de plântulas de Amburana cearensis (Allemão) AC Smith. Revista Ciência Agronômica 45: 777-787.
• Andrade, A.C.S., Souza, A.F., Ramos, F.N., Pereira, T.S. & Cruz, A.P.M. 2000. Germinação de sementes de jenipapo: temperatura, substrato e morfologia do desenvolvimento pós-seminal. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 35: 609-615.
• Andréo-Souza Y., Ferreira A.L., Silva F.F.S., Riebeiro-Reis, R.C., Evangelista, M.R.V., Castro, R.D.D. & Dantas, B.F. 2010. Efeito da salinidade na germinação de sementes e no crescimento inicial de mudas de pinhão manso. Revista Brasileira de Sementes 32: 83-92.
• Ataíde, G.D.M., Borges, E.D.L. & Leite Filho, A.T. 2016. Physiological and biometric changes in Melanoxylon brauna Schott seeds during germination at different temperatures. Revista Árvore 40: 61-70.
• Ataíde, G.D.M., Borges E.E.L. & Flores A.V. 2016. Enzymatic activity in braúna seeds subjected to thermal stress. Ciência Rural46: 1044-1049.
• Babayemi, O.J., Daniel, I.O., Bamikole, M.A., Ogungbesan, A. & Oduguwa, B.O. 2003. Preliminary studies on Tephrosia species: Effect of seed treatments on germination. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 30: 209-216.
• Baskin, C.C. & Baskin, J.M. 2014. Seeds: Ecology, biogeography, and evolution of dormancy and germination. 2^nd ed. Academic Press, San Diego.
• Benedito, C.P., Ribeiro, M.C.C., Torres, S.B., Guimarães, I.P., Oliveira, K.J.B. 2017. Overcome dormancy, temperatures and substrates on germination of Mimosa tenuiflora Willd seed. Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38: 125-134.
• Bewley, J.D., Bradford, K. & Hilhorst, H. 2013. Seeds: Physiology of Development, Germination and Dormancy. 3^rd ed. Springer, New York.
• BFG - The Brazil Flora Group. 2018. Brazilian Flora 2020: Innovation and collaboration to meet Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC). Rodriguésia 69: 1513-1527.
• Bolland, G. 1947. Tephrosia egregia Sandw. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information/Royal Botanic Garden. Periodicals Botany, London.
• Piña-Rodrigues, F.C.M., Figliolia, M.B. & Silva, A. da (eds.). 2015. Sementes Florestais Tropicais: da ecologia a produção. ABRATES, Brasília.
• BRASIL. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. 2009. Regras para análise de sementes. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Secretaria de Defesa Agropecuária. Brasília: MAPA/ACS.
• Carvalho, N.M. & Nakagawa, J. 2012. Sementes: ciência, tecnologia e produção. 5ª ed. FUNEP, Jaboticabal.
• Carvalho, J.N.D., Cavalcante, M.Z.B., Carvalho, P.A.D., Pifano, D.S. & Rodrigues, R.G. 2020. Ecophysiology germination of Senna uniflora seeds: Species for recovery degraded areas. Journal of Seed Science 42: e202042033.
• Dantas, B.F., Moura, M.S.B., Pelacani, C.R., Angelotti, F., Taura, T.A., Oliveira, G.M., Bispo, J.S., Matias, J.R., Silva, F.S.S., Pritchard, H.W. & Seal, C.E. 2020. Rainfall, not soil temperature, will limit the seed germination of dry forest species with climate change. Oecologia 192: 529-541.
• Dantas, B.F., Ribeiro, R.C., Matias, J.R. & Araújo G.G.L.2014. Germinative metabolism of Caatinga forest species in biosaline agriculture. Journal of Seed Science 36: 194-203.
• Dürr, C., Dickie, J.B., Yang, X.Y. & Pritchard H.W. 2015. Ranges of critical temperature and water potential values for the germination of species worldwide: contribution to a seed trait database. Agricultural and forest meteorology 200: 222-232.
• Fanti, S.C. & Perez, S.C.J.G.A. 2004. Processo germinativo de sementes de paineira sob estresses hídrico e salino. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 39: 903-909.
• Ferreira, P.S.M., Lopes, S.F. & Trovão, D.M.B.M. 2016. Patterns of species richness and abundance among cactus communities receiving different rainfall levels in the semiarid region of Brazil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 30: 569-576.
• Ferraz, I.D.K., Albuquerque, M.C.D.F., Calvi G.P. & Farias, D.D.L. 2012. Morphological criteria and temperature for evaluation of cupuassu seed germination. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 34: 905-914.
• Flores, A.V., Borges, E.E.L., Guimarães, V.M., Gonçalves, J.F.C., Ataíde, G.M. & Barros, D.P. 2014. Atividade enzimática durante a germinação de sementes de Melanoxylon brauna Schott sob diferentes temperaturas. Revista Cerne 20: 401-408.
• Gordin, C.R.B., Marques, R.F., Masetto, T.E. & Souza, L.C.F.D. 2012. Estresse salino na germinação de sementes e desenvolvimento de plântulas de niger (Guizotia abyssinica (Lf) Cass.). Acta Botanica Brasilica 26: 966-972.
• Guedes, R.S., Alves, E.U., Gonçalves, E.P., Braga Júnior, J.M., Viana, J.S. & Colares, P.N.Q. 2010. Substratos e temperaturas para testes de germinação e vigor de sementes de Amburana cearensis (Allemão) A.C. Smith. Revista Árvore 34: 57-64.
• Guedes, R.S., Alves, E.U., Viana, J.S., Gonçalves, E.P., Lima, C.R.D. & Santos, S.D.R.N.D.2013. Germinação e vigor de sementes de Apeiba tibourbou submetidas ao estresse hídrico e diferentes temperaturas. Ciência Florestal 23: 45-53.
• Guo, C., Shen, Y. & Shi, F. 2020. Effect of Temperature, Light, and Storage Time on the Seed Germination of Pinus bungeana Zucc. ex Endl.: The role of seed-covering layers and abscisic acid changes. Forests 11: 300.
• Hillel, D. 1971. Soil and water: Physical principles and process. Academic Press, New York.
• Lemes, E.D.Q. & Lopes, J.C. 2012. Cardinal temperatures for seed germination and seedling development of Paineira. Scientia Forestalis 40: 179-186.
• Lima, B.G. & Torres, S.B. 2009. Estresses hídrico e salino na germinação de sementes de Zizyphus joazeiro Mart. (Rhamnaceae). Revista Caatinga 22: 93-99.
• Lima, C.R.D., Pacheco, M.V., Bruno, R.D.L.A., Ferrari, C.D.S., Braga Júnior, J.M. & Bezerra A.K.D. 2011. Temperaturas e substratos na germinação de sementes de Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul. Revista Brasileira de Sementes 33: 216-222.
• Maguire, J.D. 1962. Speed of germination-aid in selection and evaluation for seedling emergence and vigor. Crop Science 2: 176-177.
• Marcos Filho, J. 2015. Fisiologia de sementes de plantas cultivadas. 2^nd ed. ABRATES, Londrina.
• Matos, A.C.B., Borges, E.E.L. & Sekita, M.C. 2014. Production of reactive oxygen species in Dalbergia nigra seeds under thermal stress. Journal Seed Science 36: 282-289.
• Morais, M.C., Panuccio, M.R., Muscolo, A. & Freitas, H. 2012. Salt tolerance traits increase the invasive success of Acacia longifolia in Portuguese coastal dunes. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 55: 60-65.
• Moreira, H.J.C. & Bragança, H.B.N. 2011. Manual de identificação de plantas infestantes: hortifrúti. FMC Agricultural Products, São Paulo.
• Oliveira, A.K.M., Souza, S.A., Souza, J.S. & Carvalho, J.M.B. 2015. Temperature and substrate influences on seed germination and seedling formation in Callisthene fasciculata Mart. (Vochysiaceae) in the laboratory. Revista Árvore 39: 487-495.
• Pelegrini, L.L., Borcioni, E., Nogueira, A.C., Koehler, H.S. & Quoirin, M.G.G. 2013. Efeito do estresse hídrico simulado com NaCl, manitol e PEG (6000) na germinação de sementes de Erythrina falcata Benth. Ciência Florestal 23: 511-519.
• Pereira, S.R., Laura, S.A. & Souza, A.L.T. 2013. Superação de dormência de sementes como estratégia para restauração florestal de pastagem tropical. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 48: 148-156.
• Queiroz, M.G., Silva, T.G.F., Zolnier, S., de Souza, C.A.A., de Souza, L.S.B., Neto, A.J.S., Araújo, G.G.L. & Ferreira, W.P.M. 2019. Seasonal patterns of deposition litterfall in a seasonal dry tropical forest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 279: 107712.
• Queiroz, M.G.D., Silva, T.G.F.D., Souza, C.A.A.D., Jardim, A.M.D.R.F., Araújo Júnior, G.D.N., Souza, L.S.B.D. & Moura, M.S.B.D. 2021. Composition of Caatinga species under anthropic disturbance and its correlation with rainfall partitioning. Floresta e Ambiente 28: e20190044.
• Rego, S.S., Ferreira, M.M., Nogueira, A.C., Grossi, F., de Sousa, R.K., Brondani, G.E., Araujo, A.A. & da Silva, A.L.P. 2011. Estresse hídrico e salino na germinação de sementes de Anadenanthera colubrina (Veloso) Brenan. Journal of Biotechnology and Biodiversity 2: 37-42.
• Santos, A.D.A., Silveira, J.A.G.D., Bonifacio, A., Rodrigues, A.C. & Figueiredo, M.D.V.B. 2018. Antioxidant response of cowpea co-inoculated with plant growth-promoting bacteria under salt stress. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 49: 513-521.
• Santos, C.A., da Silva, N.V., Walter, L.S., Silva, E.C.A. & Nogueira, R.J.M.C. 2016. Germinação de duas espécies da caatinga sob déficit hídrico e salinidade. Pesquisa Florestal Brasileira 36: 219-224.
• Schulz, K., Voigt, K., Beusch, C., Almeida-Cortez, J.S., Kowarik, I., Walz, A. & Cierjacks, A. 2016. Grazing deteriorates the soil carbon stocks of Caatinga forest ecosystems in Brazil. Forest Ecology and Management 367: 62-70.
• Silva, J.M.C., Leal, I.R. & Tabarelli, M. (eds.). 2017. Caatinga: The largest tropical dry forest region in South America. Springer Cham.
• Silva, M.W., Barbosa, L.G., Silva, J.E.S.B., Guirra, K. S., Gama, D.R.D.S., Oliveira, G.M.D. & Dantas, B.F. 2014. Caracterization of seed germination of Zephyranthes sylvatica (Mart.) Baker (Amarilidacea). Journal of Seed Science 36: 178-185.
• Socolowski, F., Vieira, D.C.M., Simão, E. & Takaki, M. 2010. Influence of light and temperature on seed germination of Cereus pernambucensis Lemaire (Cactaceae). Biota Neotropica 10: 53-56.
• Souza, S.G.A. & Varela, V.P. 1989. Tratamentos pré-germinativos em aquênios de Faveira-orelha-de-macaco (Enterolobium schomburgkii Benth.). Acta Amazonica 19: 19-26.
• Souza, T.V., Voltolini, C.H., Santos, M. & Paulilo, M.T.S. 2012. Water absorption and dormancy-breaking requirements of physically dormant seeds of Schizolobium parahyba (Fabaceae-Caesalpinioideae). Seed Science Research 22: 169-176.
• Villela, F.A., Filho, L.D. & Sequeira, E.L. 1991. Tabela de potencial osmótico em função da concentração de polietilenoglicol 6000 e da temperatura. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 26: 1957-1968.
• Zar, J.H. 1996. Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.

• Author contributions
  Paulo José de Moraes: conceptualization, collect seeds, carried out the experiments, writing original draft. João Paulo Oliveira Ribeiro: writing, prepare the manuscript and illutrations, editing. Mariana Miranda Silva: carried out the experiments in laboratory. Denise Cunha Fernandes dos Santos Dias: resources, supervision the study and the experiments in laboratory, review the manuscript and editing. Paulo Roberto Cecon: statistical analysis of data. Jéssica Vieira dos Santos: carried out the experiments in laboratory.

Edited by

• Editor Associado:
  Nelson Augusto dos Santos Junior

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  04 Dec 2023
• Date of issue
  2023

History

• Received
  29 June 2022
• Accepted
  23 June 2023