Dalechampia burchellii (Euphorbiaceae): rediscovered, new synonyms, and update of geographical distribution

ABSTRACT

Dalechampia burchellii (Euphorbiaceae): rediscovery, new synonyms, and update of its geographic distribution area). Dalechampia comprises around 72 species, among them, 48 are endemic to Brazil, occurring in all regions and phytogeographic domains. After extensive analysis of herborized material and in situ collection, we discovered the identity of D. burchellii and updated the morphological description and geographic distribution area of the species. We also present photographic records in the field, data on the habitat, phenology, and preliminary conservation status. Additionally, we present comments about the type of D. burchellii and included D. anomala and D. bangii as new synonyms.

Keywords: Acre; Brazilian Amazon; new occurrences; neotropical region; taxonomy

RESUMO

(Dalechampia burchellii (Euphorbiaceae): redescorberta, novos sinônimos e atualização sobre a área de distribuição geográfica). Dalechampia apresenta cerca de 72 espécies, 48 delas endêmicas do Brasil, as quais ocorrem em todas as regiões e domínios fitogeográficos. Após extensa análise de material herborizado e coleta in situ, descobrimos a verdadeira identidade de D. burchellii e atualizamos a descrição morfológica e a área de distribuição geográfica da espécie. Também apresentamos registros fotográficos em campo, dados sobre o hábitat, fenologia e estado de conservação preliminar. Além disso, apresentamos comentários sobre o tipo de D. burchellii e incluímos D. anomala e D. bangii como novos sinônimos.

Palavras-chave: Acre; Amazônia brasileira; novas ocorrências; região neotropical; taxonomia

Introduction

Euphorbiaceae Juss. stands out among Angiosperms for its large number of taxa, approximately 6,300 species and 245 genera, making it a family with great morphological variability, which makes it complex from a taxonomic point of view (Wurdack & Davis 2009, Webster 2014). According to Webster (2014), Euphorbiaceae has a cosmopolitan distribution, mainly in the tropical and subtropical regions of the globe, and with greater diversity in the American and African continents. In Brazil, it is one of the most representative families among vascular plants, comprising more than 980 species (included in 67 genera), of which more than 60% are endemic (Silva et al. 2020).

Among the large genera belonging to the Euphorbiaceae, Dalechampia L. can be highlighted, with 72 species, 48 of which are endemic to Brazil, occurring in all regions and phytogeographic domains of the country (Pereira-Silva et al. 2020). In the Brazilian Amazon, the genus is represented by 23 species that occurs in different types of vegetation (Mendes et al. 2021). In Acre, the westernmost State of the country, the genus is represented by five species (Dalechampia cissifolia Poepp., D. cujabensis Müll. Arg., D. juruana Ule, D. tenuiramea Müll.Arg. and D. tiliifolia Lam.), which occur mainly in anthropic areas, margins of riparian or gallery forests, as well as igapó forest and dry land (Pereira-Silva etal. 2020, Mendes et al. 2021).

The State of Acre is in a region considered a geographical and biological frontier, and presents relief, soil and watersheds shaped by the Andean orogeny process (Silveira et al. 2008, Latrubesse et al. 2020). Therefore, it concentrates a high biological diversity resulting from the interaction of these biotic and abiotic factors (Souza et al. 2003). This State has a flora that presents cases of disjunction between Brazilian phytogeographical domains, presenting a floristic similarity as it shares some taxa with the Caatinga and the Cerrado (Daly & Silveira 2008).

Here we present the new record of Dalechampia burchelli Müll.Arg., found during the floristic survey carried out in the Area de Proteção Ambiental (APA) Lago do Amapá, in the State of Acre, whose description, new synonyms and update the geographic distribution area, clarified the type of material and update the Neotropical species (Pereira-Silva 2019).

Materials and methods

The information was obtained through analysis of some collections of herbaria, which were previously identified as D. convolvuloides Lam., in addition to expeditions carried out in several areas of the APA Lago do Amapá. Being complemented by analysis of specimens from collections of the following herbaria: C, G, K, M, MG, MO, NY, PH, UFACPZ, and US (acronyms according to Thiers 2023, constantly updated). Three to five duplicates were collected and herbarized per gathering. In the field, photographic records of the live plant were made, as well as information about the habitat. After herborization, the specimens were deposited in the collection of the Laboratory of Botany and Vegetal Ecology of the Federal University of Acre (UFAC), whose acronym is LABEV (not yet indexed). The identification of the collected material was carried out by the specialists of this work, who also compared it with the type specimen deposited in the herbarium BR, G and K, which has samples of the genus, as well as the consultation of protologues.

The distribution map was prepared in the QGIS software (QGIS Development Team 2021), using layers available free of charge on the DIVA-GIS website (2021), based on the geographic coordinates of the collected and herborized material. The Categories and Criteria (B) listed in the IUCN (2022) Red List of Threatened Species Version 15. were followed to assess the conservation status ofthe species. We use the Geospatial Conservation Assessment Tool - GEOCAT (Bachman et al. 2011) with a 2 km² cellular grid, to calculate the Area of Occupancy (AOO). Typification follows the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (hereafter ICN; Turland et al. 2018).

Results and Discussion

Based on approximately 5,450 exsiccates analyzed for the study of the Dalechampia genus in Brazilian Amazon (Mendes et al. 2021) and in the Neotropical region (Pereira-Silva 2019), as well as in situ collections in the State of Acre (Brazil), we discovered the real distribution and morphology of D. burchellii. Morphological data were expanded since it was a little-known species and there were tenuous boundaries among D. anomala Pax & K. Hoffm. and D. bangii Pax & K. Hoffm., here they were treated as synonymous with D. burchellii, thus expanding their geographical distribution.

Taxonomic treatment

1. Dalechampia burchellii Müll.Arg., Fl. Bras. 649. 1874. Type: BRAZIL. Goiás, WJ. Burchell 6661 (“as holotype” G, designated by Webster & Armbruster 1991: 168). Lectotype: G [barcode G00342388]!; isolectotypes: BR [barcode BR0000005105656]!, K [barcode K000600721]!).

= Dalechampia anomalaPax & K.Hoffm., Pflanzenr. 24. 1919. Type: PARAGUAY. Between Rio Apa and Rio Aquidaban, no date, K.A.G. Fiebrig 4673 (lectotype: G not seen, designated by Webster & Armbruster [1991: 168]; isolectotypes: BM [barcode BM000504552]!, K [barcode K000648314]!, M [barcode M0233653]!). Remaining syntypes. PARAGUAY. San Estanislao [E. Hassler 4269], am oberen Apaflusse [E. Hassler 7741], am Ypacaray-See [E. Hassler 12351] (not found). syn. nov.

= Dalechampia bangiiPax & K.Hoffm., Pflanzenr. 24. 1919. Type: BOLIVIA. M. Bang 2181 (lectotype: NY not seen, designated by Webster & Armbruster [1991: 168]; isolectotypes: C [barcode C10011207]!, GH [barcode GH00244239]!, K [barcode K000600709]!, K [barcode K000600710]!, M [barcode M0233654]!, MICH [barcode MICH1286421]!, MO [barcode MO260088]!, PH [barcode PH00009126]!, US [barcode US00997763]!, US [barcode US00096454]!).

syn. nov.

Figure 1 a-f

Figure 1a-f
Dalechampia burchellii Müll.Arg. a-b. Habit. c. Leaf blades showing variation. d. Pseudanthium with staminate pleiochasium and resiniferous glands (in detail). e. Pseudanthium with pistillate cymule in detail. f. Fruits with persistent involucral bracts. (Photos: Marcos Silveira).
Figura 1a-f
Dalechampia burchellii Müll.Arg. a-b. Hábito. c. Lâminas foliares apresentando a variação. d. Pseudanto com pleiocásio estaminado e glândulas resiníferas (em detalhe). e. Pseudanto com címula pistilada em detalhe. f. Frutos com brácteas involucrais persistentes. (Fotos: Marcos Silveira).

Description: Climbing with non-lignified stem, sparsely puberulent to glabrous. Leaves compound, 2-3-foliolate to unilobed [simple] mixed in the same individual; petiole 3-4 mm long, pubescent; petiolar stipule lanceolate-linear, entire; blade membranaceous to chartaceous, middle leaflet lanceolate 50-80 × 20-40 mm, base attenuate, lateral leaflets ovate, of similar size to middle leaflet, apex attenuate to acute, base attenuate to asymmetric, the blade unilobed, triangular-ovate, apex acute, adaxial sparsely pubescent on surface and abaxial velutinous, margins moderately dentate, with papilliform glands, venation eucamptodromous. Inflorescence axillary, 30-40 mm long; bracteal stipule 3-4 × ca. 1 mm, lanceolate, entire; involucral bracts triangular-ovate, greenish, apex acute to rarely 3-lobed, 15-20 × 1825 mm, glabrous, margins serrate, with papilliform glands, primary veins 4-6; resiniferous gland laminar. Staminate pleiochasium 5-8 flowers, subtended by 2 bracteoles, ca. 2 × 4-5 mm, yellow, transversely obovate, eglandular, entire margins. Staminate flowers articulated pedicel 2-5 mm long; calyx with 4 sepals, ca. 1.5 × 1.5 mm, deltoid; staminal tube 2-3 mm long., ca. 30 stamens. Pistillate cymule 3 flowers, subtended by 2 bracteoles, ca. 3.5 × 4-5 mm, olive, depressed ovate to transversely oblong, eglandular, undulate to entire margins. Pistillate flowers pedicel 1-1.5 mm long; calyx of 8-12 sepals, 2-2.5 × 0.5-1 mm, pinnatisect, with stipitate glandular sometimes sparsely, glabrescent; ovary ca. 2 × 2 mm, globoid, puberulous; stylar column 7-8 mm long, apex not dilated, terete to crateriform. Capsule ca. 11 mm diam, verruculose, hirsutous-hispid, with small persistent pistillate sepals and stylar column. Seeds ca. 5 mm diam, globoid, smooth, light brown with discreetly cream macules.

Materials examined: BOLÍVIA. Santa Cruz: Guarayos, 15°47’S, 62°55’W, 200 m.a.s.l., 22-VI-2003, fl., N. Raes & G. Iraipi 232 (MO, U). BRAZIL. Acre [new records]: Rio Branco: APA Lago do Amapá, Bacia do Rio Acre, margem direita, 10°3’7”S, 67°51’7”W, 147 m.a.s.l., 19-XII-2019, fl., fr., M. Oliveira et al. 82 (LABEV, RB). Bujari: Rio Purus, 9°39’S, 68°02’W, 26-III-1995, fl., fr., D.C. Daly et al. 8522 (MG, MO, NY, UFACPZ). PARAGUAY. Cθncepciòn: San Luiz, Serranía San Luis National Park, 22°37’08”S, 57°26’26”W, 274 m.a.s.l., 14-X-1994, fl., E.M. Zardini & A.R. Zardini 41425 (MO).

Distribution and habitat: Found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay (figure 2). In Bolivia and Paraguay, it grows in seasonal forests, mostly present on the banks of rivers or on top of hills. In Brazil, it occurs in the Center-West (Goiás), in the Cerrado vegetation, often in seasonal forests (cerradão), and in the North (Acre) in the Amazon Rainforest, and is present on riverbanks, in environments of Alluvial Open Ombrophylous Forest with palm trees, lianas, bamboo (Guadua weberbaueri Pilg. [Poaceae]) and in branches that give access to sand paths (see figure 1a-b).

Figure 2
Distribution of Dalechampia burchellii Müll.Arg. Red dots indicate the known and expanded distribution after synonymizations (Bolivia, Brazil [Goiás - GO] and Paraguay). The red stars indicate new records for the State of Acre [AC] in Brazil. Brazilian States: Acre: AC, Amapá: AP, Amazonas: AM, Bahia: BA, Goiás: GO, Maranhão: MA, Mato Grosso: MT, Mato Grosso do Sul: MS, Minas Gerais: MG, Pará: PA, Paraná: PR, Piauí: PI, Rio Grande do Sul: RS, Rondônia: RO, Roraima: RR, Santa Catarina: SC, São Paulo: SP, Tocantins: TO.
Figura 2
Distribuição de Dalechampia burchellii Müll.Arg. Os pontos vermelhos indicam a distribuição conhecida e ampliada após sinonimizações (Bolívia, Brasil [Goiás - GO] e Paraguai). As estrelas vermelhas indicam novas ocorrências para o Estado do Acre [AC] no Brasil. Estados brasileiros: Acre: AC, Amapá: AP, Amazonas: AM, Bahia: BA, Goiás: GO, Maranhão: MA, Mato Grosso: MT, Mato Grosso do Sul: MS, Minas Gerais: MG, Pará: PA, Paraná: PR, Piauí: PI, Rio Grande do Sul: RS, Rondônia: RO, Roraima: RR, Santa Catarina: SC, São Paulo: SP, Tocantins: TO.

Phenology: Found only in flower in the months of June, October and with flowers and fruits in March, December.

Preliminary conservation status: According to IUCN (2022) criteria, here we assessed D. burchellii as Endangered (EN) - EN B2ab(iii,iv), due to its estimated occupancy area (AOO) of 20 km², furthermore, it is found only in five localities. The fact that the species has few collections, the most recent of which is found in Acre in a protected natural area, can guarantee its preservation. Therefore, we emphasize the importance of the conservation unit as an extremely effective strategy for long-term maintenance of natural resources, but not in ex situ collections.

Comments: Dalechampia burchellii until then it was known only from the type specimen (G00342388!), which was established in 1874 in the Center-West region (Goiás). After 121 years, the species was found in the State of Acre (Daly et al. 8522), but was mistakenly identified as D. convolvuloides in herbaria collections, as mentioned by Mendes et al. (2021). This finding is due to the review carried out by these same authors, who analyzed in detail the material and type collections of D. convolvuloides and concluded that it was D. burchellii and not D. convolvuloides, which has distribution restricted to Northeast and Southeast of Brazil, according to Pereira-Silva et al. (2023).

After 24 years, the species was collected again in Acre (Oliveira et al. 82), confirming its occurrence in the region and attesting the disjunct distribution between the Amazon and the Cerrado. In addition, while conducting studies on the taxonomic revision of Dalechampia species for the Neotropical region, conducted by Pereira-Silva (2019) it was concluded that the names D. burchellii, D. anomala, and D. bangii they refer to the same taxonomic entity, as they share the shape of their leaves (unlobed to 2-3-foliolate mixed in the same individual), involucral bracts (ovate), shape and a variation in number of pistillate sepals 8-12 and apex of stylar column not dilated.

The descriptions of Dalechampia burchellii, D. anomala and D. bangii carried out by Müller Argoviensis (1874) and Pax & Hoffmann (1919), demonstrate that these characters mentioned above, although relevant within the genus for the distinction of species, overlap among them for these three taxa. In a taxonomic key, Pax & Hoffmann (1919) used only one morphological characteristic to separate D. burchellii from D. bangii, that was the presence and absence of stipitate glandular trichomes on margins of their pistillate sepals. This character used by Müller Argoviensis (1874) may vary in terms of quantity in some species of Dalechampia, for example, in D. weddelliana Baill., D. riedeliana Müll.Arg., and D. occidentalis Müll.Arg. (all occurring in the Center-West region of Brazil), and when compared to other species of the genus with pinnatifid pistillate sepals, they show a large reduction of stipitate glandular trichomes in the pistillate sepals.

Concluding that this taxonomic character is not very informative to keep these species as distinct, as well as the other morphological shares in both taxa, led to the proposal of synonymizing D. anomola and D. bangii in D. burchellii, thus expanding its distribution to Bolivia and Paraguay. Furthermore, we compared Dalechampia burchellii to D. heteromorpha Pax & K.Hoffm. occurring in Mexico and Costa Rica, which is a congener of the subsection Triphyllae (Pax & K.Hoffm.) Webster & Armbruster and presents dimorphism in the leaf blade (table 1).

Table 1
Comparison of morphological characters of Dalechampia burchellii Müll.Arg. and its congeneric specie.

Species	Branches	Leaf venation	Leaf blade (unlobed)	Number of pistillate bracts	Shape of pistillate sepals	Ovary	Apex of stylar column	Seeds
D. burchellii Müll.Arg.	non-lignified, puberulent to glabrous	membranaceous to chartaceous	triangular-ovate, apex acute	2	12 pinnatifid	globoid, puberulous	terete to crateriform	light brown with discreetly cream macules
D. heteromorpha Pax & K.Hoffm	lignified, pubescent	chartaceous to subcoriaceous	orbicular-ovate, apex round-obtuse	2-3	ca. 10, pinnatifid	subglobose, pubescent	lobed	dark brown with pale macules

Nomenclatural notes: Dalechampia burchellii was published by Müller Argoviensis (1874) based on the specimen that comes from ... Habitat prope Goyaz: Burchell n. 6661 ... without having an herbarium mentioned. Webster & Armbruster (1991) mention that the specimen deposited in the collection of herbarium G (barcode G00342388) is the “holotype” of the species. It is possible that this material is what Müller analyzed, as he served as curator and director of that herbarium for a long time, consequently, it is an inadvertent lectotypification (see McNeill 2014). Therefore, use of the term “holotype” is to be corrected to “lectotype” according to Art. 9.10 of the ICN (Turland et al. 2018). This correction is possible phrase “here designated” or an equivalent when lectotypifying names (ICN Art. 7.11), this is from this date onwards (ICN Art. 9.23), so we will keep the G (Figure 3) sample as the lectotype of D. burchellii. However, other specimens from the same collection as Burchell 6661 were found in K and BR, therefore, they are isolectotypes. To avoid doubt as to its identity, consult specimen K (barcode K000600721) as it is more complete, showing the variation of leaves, as well as flowers and fruits, which are necessary characters to distinguish D. burchellii from closely related species.

Figure 3
Lectotype of Dalechampia burchellii Müll.Arg. (W.J. Burchell 6661, G00342388!). Reproduced with the permission of the Curator of Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève.
Figura 3
Lectótipo de Dalechampia burchellii Müll.Arg. (W.J. Burchell 6661, G00342388!). Reproduzido com permissão do Curador do Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève.

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco, for granting to Jone Clebson Ribeiro Mendes, a scholarship to Support the Settlement ofYoung Doctors in Pernambuco (Process APQ-1512-2.03/22) and the Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity at Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. We are also thankful to Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, for the Postdoctoral scholarship giving to Marcos Silveira. We are grateful to Mirna Caniso, the former manager of the Area de Proteção Ambiental (APA) Lago do Amapá, for logistical support and to the Acre State Secretary of Environment, for the authorization granted to carry out the work in the protected area. To Tiago Oliveira, for his contribution to creating the map.

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Edited by

• Associate Editor:
  Josimar Küllkamp

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  15 Nov 2024
• Date of issue
  2024

History

• Received
  14 Sept 2023
• Accepted
  30 June 2024