Abstracts
The infrared thermography is a diagnostic imaging tool, which measures the surface temperature of an object through its heat emission. It is a non-invasive method, painless, with no involvement of radiation. Horses have elevated incidence of back injuries which causes decrease in their performance. A rapid and accurate diagnostic is essential to start the treatment. The aim of this paper was to establish the ideal time to the animal stay e inside a controlled room to balance their temperature and in the second time verify the thermographic temperature of specific back regions. It was studied fifteen healthy horses, being performed thermography of thoracic, lumbar and pelvic regions in four different times. There was a significant difference between the thermography performed outside and inside of the controlled temperature room. It was concluded that the ideal time to the horse stay into the controlled temperature room was thirty minutes and the mean thermographic temperatures of back regions, were obtained and can be used as parameters to identify injuries in other horses.
diagnostic exam; thermographic temperatures; equine
A termografia infravermelha é uma ferramenta de diagnóstico por imagem que afere a temperatura da superfície de um objeto por meio da emissão de calor por ele mesmo. É um método não invasivo, indolor, sem envolvimento de radiação. Cavalos têm alta incidência de lesões na região de coluna, causando diminuição em seu desempenho. Um diagnóstico rápido e preciso é essencial para iniciar o tratamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer o tempo de permanência ideal dos animais dentro de uma sala com temperatura controlada para o equilíbrio de sua temperatura e, num segundo momento, verificar a temperatura termográfica de regiões específicas. Foram estudados quinze cavalos saudáveis, sendo realizada a termografia torácica, lombar e pélvica em quatro tempos diferentes. Houve uma diferença significativa entre a termografia realizada fora e dentro da sala de temperatura controlada. Concluiu-se que o tempo ideal de permanência do cavalo na sala de temperatura controlada foi de trinta minutos e foram obtidas as temperaturas termográficas médias de cada região, que podem ser utilizados como parâmetros para identificar lesões em outros cavalos.
exame diagnóstico; temperaturas termográficas; equinos
INTRODUCTION
Surface temperature of the body can be measured through electromagnetic waves with
infrared frequency and are captured by thermographic cameras. The variation of the
colors indicates the temperatures obtained and are transformed into graphic images to be
analyzed by software (TURNER, 2001TURNER, T.A. Diagnostic thermography. Veterinary Clinics North American
Equine Practice, v.17, p.95-113, 2001. Available from:
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11488048>. Accessed: Jan. 10,
2014.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11488...
). Thermography
is a fast realization exam, non-invasive, painless, with no involvement of radiation or
contrast substances (NUNES etal., 2007NUNES, L.A.O.et al. Câmera termográfica nacional. Prática Hospitalar,
Ano IX, n.49, p.18-21, 2007. Available from:
<http://www.praticahospitalar.com.br/>. Accessed: Dec. 10,
2013.
;http://www.praticahospitalar.com.br/...
; Y-K, 2009Y-K, N.G.E.A review of thermography as promising non-invasive detection
modality for breast tumor. International Journal of thermal Sciences, v.48,
p.849-859, 2009. Available from:
<http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S129007290800149X>. Accessed:
dec. 12, 2013.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
; MOURA,
2011MOURA, D.J.; MAIA, A.P. Use of infrared thermography analysis of
thermoregulation in the horse in training. Agricultural Engineering, v.31, n.1,
p.23-32, 2011. Available from: <http://www.scielo.br/pdf/eagri/v31n1/v31n1a03>.
Accessed: Jan. 12, 2014.
;http://www.scielo.br/pdf/eagri/v31n1/v3...
).
Thermal imaging was introduced to the equine industry in the 1960s, primarily as a
screening tool for racetracks and performance horses. In 1965 DELAHANTYDELAHANTY, D.D; GEORGI, Jr. Thermography in equine medicine. Journal of
American Veterinary Medicine Association, v.147, p.235-238,1965. Available from:
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14325456>. Accessed: Dec. 10,
2013.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14325...
& GEORGI described the use of thermography as a
diagnostic tool in the clinical veterinary routine. Nowadays there are many types of
termographic cameras with high sensibility to detect minimal changes in the body surface
temperatures which it has been used in several medical specialties (angiology,
rheumatology, plastic surgery, oncology) and also in equine veterinary medicine (PROKOSKI, 2000PROKOSKI, F. History, current status, and future of infrared
identification. Institute of eletrical and eletronicsengenieers, 2000. Available
from:
<http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=855245&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D855245>.
Accessed: Dec. 10, 2013.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp...
; MIKULSKA, 2006MIKULSKA, D.Contemporary applications of infrared imaging in medical
diagnostics, Annales Academiae Medicae Stetinensis, v.52, p.35-39, 2006. Available
from: <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17131845>. Accessed: Jan. 12,
2014.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17131...
).
Thermography has been used and well accepted as a diagnostic tool in horses to detect
lesions that are often not perceived by physical examination, injuries cause increased
blood flow, increased metabolic activity and alterations in the local circulation due to
the inflammation process (PUROHIT & MCCOY,
1980PUROHIT, R.C.; MCCOY, M.D.Thermography in the diagnosis of inflammatory
processes in the horse. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v.41, p.1167-1174,
1980.Available from: <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7447110>. Accessed:
Jan. 12, 2014.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/74471...
; VON SCHWEINITZ, 1999VON SCHWEINITZ, D.G. Thermographic diagnostics in equine back pain.
Veterinary Clinics North America: Equine Practice, v.15, n.1, p.161-177, 1999.
Available from:
<http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Cf0KFRZA0pkJ:www.researchgate.net/profile/Dietrich_Graf_von_Schweinitz/publication/13080649_Thermographic_diagnostics_in_equine_back_pain/file/f2faf4f5d15ef0da3c.pdf+&cd=1&hl=pt-BR&ct=clnk>.
Accessed: Jan. 12, 2014.
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/se...
; TURNER, 2001TURNER, T.A. Diagnostic thermography. Veterinary Clinics North American
Equine Practice, v.17, p.95-113, 2001. Available from:
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11488048>. Accessed: Jan. 10,
2014.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11488...
). The higher local temperatures are
associated with these processes and registered by thermographic camera through increased
emission of infrared waves (MERLA, 2009MERLA, A.et al. Thermal imaging of cutaneous temperature modifications
in runners during graded exercise. Annals of Biomedical Engeneering, v. 38,
p.158-163, 2009. Available from: <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19798579>.
Accessed: Nov. 20, 2013.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19798...
; MOURA, 2011MOURA, D.J.; MAIA, A.P. Use of infrared thermography analysis of
thermoregulation in the horse in training. Agricultural Engineering, v.31, n.1,
p.23-32, 2011. Available from: <http://www.scielo.br/pdf/eagri/v31n1/v31n1a03>.
Accessed: Jan. 12, 2014.
;http://www.scielo.br/pdf/eagri/v31n1/v3...
).
There is a high incidence of thoracolumbar injuries in training horses, due to excessive
physical effort in this region. Back pain is considered a major cause of decrease in
performance and changes in gait of the horses (TURNER,
2003TURNER, T.A.Back problems in horses. In: ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF EQUINE PRACTIONERS - AAEP, 49., 2003a, New Orleans, Lousiana.
Proceedings... Available from: <http://www.ivis.org>. Accessed: Nov. 12,
2013.
http://www.ivis.org...
). Rapid and accurate diagnose of the lesion site are essential to
treatment and a better prognosis for the patient (JEFFCOTT, 1975JEFFCOTT, L.B. The diagnosis of diseases of the horse back. Equine
Veterinary Journal, v.7, n.2, p.69-78, 1975. Available from:
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/124654>. Accessed: Nov. 20,
2013.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12465...
; LECLAIRE et al. 1996LECLAIRE, R.et al. Diagnostic accuracy of technologies used in low back
pain assessment: thermography, triaxial dynamometry, spinoscopy, and clinical
examination. Spine, v.21, p.1325-1331, 1996. Available from:
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8725924>. Accessed: Nov. 20,
2013.
;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8725...
;
FONSECA, 2005FONSECA, B.P.A.et al. Thermography and ultrasonography in back pain
diagnosis of equine athletes. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, v.26, n.11,
p.507-516, 2006. Available from:
<http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0737080606004989>.
Accessed:Dec. 12, 2013.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
).
Many factors can affect the results of the thermographic examination as scars or skin
cuts, trichotomy, dressings, wet hair, exercises prior to the exam and one of the most
import factors is the environment temperature, so it is recommended to perform the exam
inside controlled room temperatures (TURNER,
2007TURNER, T.A. Use of thermography in equine lameness evaluation.In: NORTH
AMERICAN VETERINARY CONFERENCE - NAVC, 2007, Orlando, Florida. Proceedings...
Available from: <http://www.ivis.org>. Accessed: Nov. 12,
2013.
http://www.ivis.org...
).
The aim of this paper was to establish the ideal time to the animal stay inside a controlled room to balance their temperature and in the second time verify the thermographic temperature of the specific back regions of healthy horses.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Infrared thermography was performed in fifteen healthy horses of different races (short-hair), sex and ages. All of them underwent physical examination, rectal temperature was measured, inspection and palpation before being included in the study. The rectal temperature off all animals was measured using a digital thermometer before the thermographic exam and the environmental temperature was measured with a thermohigrometer, these data were recorded.The controlled temperature room was totally closed without interference of sunlight or other environmental external factors. The walls and ceiling were concrete and the floor was covered with rubber. The total size of the room was 105 cubic meters and the power of the air conditioner used was 30.000BTUs-1 (Carrier(r)-Brazil). The horses were kept in stables separately and had not gone through any physical effort or brushing, 24 hours before termographic exam. The temperature of the room was prepared with air conditioner before starting the thermographic examinations and maintained in 21ºC, controlled with a thermohigrometer. The study consisted in two phases. In the first phase the horses were bring from the stables to perform the termographic exam, in 4 different times: first outside of the controlled temperature room (T0) and the other three times with the animal inside the controlled room, at 30 minutes (T30) , 60 minutes (T60) and 90 minutes after coming into the room (T90). The examiner was careful, trying not to touch the areas that should be photographed; meanwhile another helper kept holding the horse by the bridle.The regions evaluated were thoracic (Figure 1 - Ar2), lumbar (Figure 1 - Ar2) and pelvic regions (Figure 2) of these animals from both sides left and right. During the thermographic exam two people remained in the room, no temperature changes were observed when occurred the entrance of the examiners with the horse and movement of persons was not allowed until de end of the exam.The termographic temperatures obtained of the animals inside the climate room were compared with the temperature when the animal was outside of the room.
Termographic image from the thoracic (Ar2) and the lumbar (Ar1) of the horse. The quadrates are the selected area of 20X20 pixels analyzed by the software, indicating the average of the region temperature.
Termographic image from the pelvic region of a horse. The quadrates are the selected area of 20X20 pixels analyzed by the software, indicating the average of the region temperature.
Once the optimal stay time for the heat balance of the animal´s skin was determined it was initiated the second phase of the study. In this phase the horse was kept inside the controlled temperature room during the ideal time and thermography was performed in the same regions as cited in the first phase to determine the standard temperature of these parts of the body in healthy horses.
The termographic camera utilized was Flir E-40, image resolution of 160X120 pixels, thermal sensitivity of 0.07°C, kept at 1 meter distance of the horse to obtain the image. To analyze the temperatures of each region it was evaluated all the images one by one in the Flir Systems(r) v.1.2 software using selected stand area of 20x20 pixels.
Statistically it was compared the difference of the temperatures between left and right side from the three regions and then compared the changes of temperature in the four different times (outside and inside the controlled temperature room), using One-way ANOVA with Tukey (P<0, 05) as a posttest. Finally the thermographic temperatures got the ideal stay time and calculate the mean temperature of each measured region. All data were statistically analyzed using the GraphPadPrism software v.5.
RESULTS
None of the horses had history of back injuries, in inspection and physical exam any scars, cuts, pain at palpation or other type of injury were found, and the rectal temperature of all horses were normal (37 to 38,5ºC). The environment temperature when the experiment was conducted ranged between 14 and 23°C.
Comparing the thermographic temperatures between right and left side of the thoracic, lumbar and pelvic regions there were no statistical difference. When compared the thermographic temperature changes associated with the different stay times (T30, T60, T90) inside the controlled temperature room there were no statistical difference. Moreover when compared the thermographic temperature outside between inside the room there was a significant statistical difference (P<0.05) (Table 1).
Mean and standard error of the mean thermographic temperatures measured in the three regions at different times. Different letters indicate statistical difference (P<0.05).
Thirty minutes inside the prepared room with a temperature of 21°C was enough time to balance the skin temperature of the horses and measure the temperature of the thoracic, lumbar and pelvic regions. The mean thermographic temperatures of healthy horses in controlled 21ºC room was 29, 5±0,2ºC for thoracic, 29,8±0,2ºC for lumbar and 28,2±0,2 for the pelvic regions (Table 1).
DISCUSSION
The temperature of 21 degrees to the thermographic room was instituted based on previous
human studies cited by NUNES et al. (2007NUNES, L.A.O.et al. Câmera termográfica nacional. Prática Hospitalar,
Ano IX, n.49, p.18-21, 2007. Available from:
<http://www.praticahospitalar.com.br/>. Accessed: Dec. 10,
2013.
;http://www.praticahospitalar.com.br/...
) who
suggest temperature between 21 to 25 Celsius degrees, BRIOSCHI et al. (2003 BRIOSCHI, M. et al. Dermal thermometry: new concepts. Brazilian
Vascular Journal, v.2, n.2, p.151-160, 2003. Available from:
<http://jornalvascularbrasileiro.com.br/03-02-02/03-02-02-151/03-02-02-151.pdf>.
Accessed: Jan. 10, 2014.
http://jornalvascularbrasileiro.com.br/0...
) suggest 22ºC and KENNEDY et al. (2009KENNEDY, D.et al. A comparative review of thermography as a breast
screening technique. Integrative Cancer Terapies, v.8, n.1, p.9-16, 2009. Available
from:
<http://northfloridathermography.com/wp-content/uploads/review-of-thermography-as-breast-screening-technique.pdf>.
Accessed: Nov. 20, 2013.
http://northfloridathermography.com/wp-c...
) suggested 18 to 25ºC. Also, TURNERTURNER, T.A. Use of thermography in equine lameness evaluation.In: NORTH
AMERICAN VETERINARY CONFERENCE - NAVC, 2007, Orlando, Florida. Proceedings...
Available from: <http://www.ivis.org>. Accessed: Nov. 12,
2013.
http://www.ivis.org...
(2007) when studied thermography in horses cited that the
climate of the environment is essential and the room temperature should be under
30ºC.
It was observed a variation of the thermographic temperatures obtained when the animal
is outside the controlled temperature room and this variation is almost absent inside
the room, emphasizing the importance of the room with controlled temperature, the same
result obtained WESTERMANN et al. (2013WESTERMANN, S.et al.The effect of airflow on thermographically
determined temperature of the distal forelimb of the horse. Equine Veterinary
Journal, v.45, p.637-641, 2013.Available from:
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23294196>. Accessed:Jan. 10,
2014.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23294...
), which
used could wind on and cold wind of in thermography of distal forelimbs of horses and
concluded, that is essential the controlled temperature room to perform thermography,
avoiding false positive or negative diagnoses. As well as it was observed in this study,
MACHADO et al. (2013MACHADO, LFS. et al. Standardization of thermographic examination in
metacarpophalangeal and carpal joints of horses in training. Archives of Veterinary
Science, v.18, n.4,p.40-45, 2013. Available from:
<http://ojs.c3sl.ufpr.br/ojs-2.2.4/index.php/veterinary/article/view/30181>.
Accessed: Jan. 10, 2014.
http://ojs.c3sl.ufpr.br/ojs-2.2.4/index....
) when studied joints of
horses, observed a positive correlation of increase or decrease in temperature of the
joints according to the variation of surrounding temperature, that is, the hotter
ambient temperature, the higher thermographic temperature of the measured joints.
Few studies about thermography were done with horses in controlled temperature rooms,
therefore the stay time to a horse acclimatize could be questionable. This study found
thirty minutes as the ideal stay time.TURNERTURNER, T.A. Thermography as an aid to the clinical lameness evaluation.
Veterinary Clinics North America: Equine Practice, v.7, p.311-338, 1991. Available
from: <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1933566>. Accessed:Nov. 12,
2014.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19335...
(1991), when studied lameness quoted 10 to 20 minutes. TUNLEY & HENDSON (2004TUNLEY, B.V.;HENSON, M.D.Reliability and repeatability of thermographic
examination and the normal thermographic image of the thoracolumbar region in the
horse. Equine Veterinary Journal, v.36,n.4, p.306-312, 2004. Available from:
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15163036>. Accessed: Jan. 10,
2014.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15163...
) recommended 39 to 60 minutes to have back fully
equilibrated. The point is that different of the last cited study this research prepared
the 21ºC temperature of the room before initiating the thermography exams. It allows the
conclusion that the time of horse´s to stay into the room depends on how the study is
conducted.
Healthy horses in a controlled environment keep the temperature balanced, symmetrically.
Any change in the thermal symmetry may be indicative of inflammatory processes that
characterize any type of tissue injury (TURNER,
2001TURNER, T.A. Diagnostic thermography. Veterinary Clinics North American
Equine Practice, v.17, p.95-113, 2001. Available from:
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11488048>. Accessed: Jan. 10,
2014.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11488...
).
In a study conducted by FONSECA et al. (2006FONSECA, B.P.A.et al. Thermography and ultrasonography in back pain
diagnosis of equine athletes. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, v.26, n.11,
p.507-516, 2006. Available from:
<http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0737080606004989>.
Accessed:Dec. 12, 2013.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
)
about diagnostic tools for back injuries in horses showed a good relation between
thermography to detect lesions and ultrasound identifying the same lesions. They
concluded that thermography is a good and rapid device to be used for back diagnosis in
these animals. Also TUNLEY & HENDSON (2004TUNLEY, B.V.;HENSON, M.D.Reliability and repeatability of thermographic
examination and the normal thermographic image of the thoracolumbar region in the
horse. Equine Veterinary Journal, v.36,n.4, p.306-312, 2004. Available from:
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15163036>. Accessed: Jan. 10,
2014.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15163...
)
also demonstrated that thermal patter generated by horses is reproducible over intervals
of up to 1 week with a confidence limit of 90%.
This study presented the mean temperatures from the back, loin and croup of healthy horses; which can be very useful for equine clinicians, since horses with suspect lesions in back regions are in the same environment circumstances presented in this study.
CONCLUSION
The horse´s stay time of thirty minutes inside a controlled 21ºC room is enough to balance the skin temperature of the back regions as conduced in this study. Left and right sides of thoracic, lumbar and pelvic regions have no difference temperatures in healthy horses.
The mean thermographic temperatures obtained under the conditions of this study are 29, 5±0,2ºC for thoracic, 29,8±0,2ºC for lumbar and 28,2±0,2 for the pelvic regions in healthy horses.
ETHICS AND BIOSAFETY COMMITTEE
Reference n.051/2010.
- BRIOSCHI, M. et al. Dermal thermometry: new concepts. Brazilian Vascular Journal, v.2, n.2, p.151-160, 2003. Available from: <http://jornalvascularbrasileiro.com.br/03-02-02/03-02-02-151/03-02-02-151.pdf>. Accessed: Jan. 10, 2014.
» http://jornalvascularbrasileiro.com.br/03-02-02/03-02-02-151/03-02-02-151.pdf - DELAHANTY, D.D; GEORGI, Jr. Thermography in equine medicine. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Association, v.147, p.235-238,1965. Available from: <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14325456>. Accessed: Dec. 10, 2013.
» http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14325456 - FONSECA, B.P.A.et al. Thermography and ultrasonography in back pain diagnosis of equine athletes. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, v.26, n.11, p.507-516, 2006. Available from: <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0737080606004989>. Accessed:Dec. 12, 2013.
» http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0737080606004989 - JEFFCOTT, L.B. The diagnosis of diseases of the horse back. Equine Veterinary Journal, v.7, n.2, p.69-78, 1975. Available from: <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/124654>. Accessed: Nov. 20, 2013.
» http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/124654 - KENNEDY, D.et al. A comparative review of thermography as a breast screening technique. Integrative Cancer Terapies, v.8, n.1, p.9-16, 2009. Available from: <http://northfloridathermography.com/wp-content/uploads/review-of-thermography-as-breast-screening-technique.pdf>. Accessed: Nov. 20, 2013.
» http://northfloridathermography.com/wp-content/uploads/review-of-thermography-as-breast-screening-technique.pdf - LECLAIRE, R.et al. Diagnostic accuracy of technologies used in low back pain assessment: thermography, triaxial dynamometry, spinoscopy, and clinical examination. Spine, v.21, p.1325-1331, 1996. Available from: <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8725924>. Accessed: Nov. 20, 2013.
» ;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8725924 - MACHADO, LFS. et al. Standardization of thermographic examination in metacarpophalangeal and carpal joints of horses in training. Archives of Veterinary Science, v.18, n.4,p.40-45, 2013. Available from: <http://ojs.c3sl.ufpr.br/ojs-2.2.4/index.php/veterinary/article/view/30181>. Accessed: Jan. 10, 2014.
» http://ojs.c3sl.ufpr.br/ojs-2.2.4/index.php/veterinary/article/view/30181 - MERLA, A.et al. Thermal imaging of cutaneous temperature modifications in runners during graded exercise. Annals of Biomedical Engeneering, v. 38, p.158-163, 2009. Available from: <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19798579>. Accessed: Nov. 20, 2013.
» http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19798579 - MIKULSKA, D.Contemporary applications of infrared imaging in medical diagnostics, Annales Academiae Medicae Stetinensis, v.52, p.35-39, 2006. Available from: <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17131845>. Accessed: Jan. 12, 2014.
» http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17131845 - MOURA, D.J.; MAIA, A.P. Use of infrared thermography analysis of thermoregulation in the horse in training. Agricultural Engineering, v.31, n.1, p.23-32, 2011. Available from: <http://www.scielo.br/pdf/eagri/v31n1/v31n1a03>. Accessed: Jan. 12, 2014.
» ;http://www.scielo.br/pdf/eagri/v31n1/v31n1a03 - NUNES, L.A.O.et al. Câmera termográfica nacional. Prática Hospitalar, Ano IX, n.49, p.18-21, 2007. Available from: <http://www.praticahospitalar.com.br/>. Accessed: Dec. 10, 2013.
» ;http://www.praticahospitalar.com.br/ - PROKOSKI, F. History, current status, and future of infrared identification. Institute of eletrical and eletronicsengenieers, 2000. Available from: <http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=855245&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D855245>. Accessed: Dec. 10, 2013.
» http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=855245&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D855245 - PUROHIT, R.C.; MCCOY, M.D.Thermography in the diagnosis of inflammatory processes in the horse. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v.41, p.1167-1174, 1980.Available from: <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7447110>. Accessed: Jan. 12, 2014.
» http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7447110 - TUNLEY, B.V.;HENSON, M.D.Reliability and repeatability of thermographic examination and the normal thermographic image of the thoracolumbar region in the horse. Equine Veterinary Journal, v.36,n.4, p.306-312, 2004. Available from: <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15163036>. Accessed: Jan. 10, 2014.
» http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15163036 - TURNER, T.A.Back problems in horses. In: ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF EQUINE PRACTIONERS - AAEP, 49., 2003a, New Orleans, Lousiana. Proceedings... Available from: <http://www.ivis.org>. Accessed: Nov. 12, 2013.
» http://www.ivis.org - TURNER, T.A. Use of thermography in equine lameness evaluation.In: NORTH AMERICAN VETERINARY CONFERENCE - NAVC, 2007, Orlando, Florida. Proceedings... Available from: <http://www.ivis.org>. Accessed: Nov. 12, 2013.
» http://www.ivis.org - TURNER, T.A. Diagnostic thermography. Veterinary Clinics North American Equine Practice, v.17, p.95-113, 2001. Available from: <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11488048>. Accessed: Jan. 10, 2014.
» http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11488048 - TURNER, T.A. Thermography as an aid to the clinical lameness evaluation. Veterinary Clinics North America: Equine Practice, v.7, p.311-338, 1991. Available from: <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1933566>. Accessed:Nov. 12, 2014.
» http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1933566 - VON SCHWEINITZ, D.G. Thermographic diagnostics in equine back pain. Veterinary Clinics North America: Equine Practice, v.15, n.1, p.161-177, 1999. Available from: <http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Cf0KFRZA0pkJ:www.researchgate.net/profile/Dietrich_Graf_von_Schweinitz/publication/13080649_Thermographic_diagnostics_in_equine_back_pain/file/f2faf4f5d15ef0da3c.pdf+&cd=1&hl=pt-BR&ct=clnk>. Accessed: Jan. 12, 2014.
» http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Cf0KFRZA0pkJ:www.researchgate.net/profile/Dietrich_Graf_von_Schweinitz/publication/13080649_Thermographic_diagnostics_in_equine_back_pain/file/f2faf4f5d15ef0da3c.pdf+&cd=1&hl=pt-BR&ct=clnk - WESTERMANN, S.et al.The effect of airflow on thermographically determined temperature of the distal forelimb of the horse. Equine Veterinary Journal, v.45, p.637-641, 2013.Available from: <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23294196>. Accessed:Jan. 10, 2014.
» http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23294196 - Y-K, N.G.E.A review of thermography as promising non-invasive detection modality for breast tumor. International Journal of thermal Sciences, v.48, p.849-859, 2009. Available from: <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S129007290800149X>. Accessed: dec. 12, 2013.
» http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S129007290800149X
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
22 May 2015 -
Date of issue
July 2015
History
-
Received
02 May 2014 -
Accepted
29 Nov 2014