Alcohol consumption in young people between 18 and 24 years according to sociodemographic characteristics

Abstracts

OBJECTIVE:

to identify alcohol consumption in young people between 18 and 24 years of age in the province of Córdoba who participated in the National Survey of Risk Factors, according to sociodemographic characteristics.

METHOD:

a quantitative, analytic and cross-sectional study was undertaken in a sample of 240 young people. The alcohol consumption and sociodemographic characteristics were analyzed using bivariate analysis, risk ratio and confidence intervals.

RESULTS:

the lifetime prevalence of alcohol consumption corresponded to 79.17%, the one-year prevalence to 72.91% and the one-month prevalence to 57.08%, while episodic abuse and regular hazardous consumption corresponded to 25.55% and 24.19%. Consumption levels in the last month were higher among males (p=0.0028), single people (p=0.0001), with a secondary education degree (p=0.0306).

CONCLUSION:

in the province of Córdoba, drugs use, including alcohol, has not been an area of research interest in recent years, although alcohol abuse is associated with other risk factors, like accidents and violence, and is a factor of comorbidity and early mortality. Therefore, alcohol consumption in young people represents an area of concern and, once characterized, preventive actions should be adopted.

Alcohol Drinking; Cross-Sectional Studies; Adolescent; Young Adult

OBJETIVO:

identificar o consumo de álcool, de acordo com as características sociodemográficas em jovens de 18 a 24 anos, provenientes da província de Córdoba, Argentina, e que participaram do Levantamento Nacional de Fatores de Risco.

MÉTODO:

foi realizado um estudo quantitativo, analítico e transversal com uma amostra de 240 jovens. O consumo de álcool e as características sociodemográficas foram analisados mediante a aplicação da análise bivariada, razão de risco e intervalos de confiança.

RESULTADOS:

a prevalência do consumo de álcool na vida foi de 79,17%, a prevalência-ano 72,91% e a prevalência-mês 57,08%, o consumo excessivo episódico e o consumo regular de risco correspondem a 25,55 e 24,19%, respectivamente. O consumo no último mês foi maior entre homens (p=0,0028), jovens solteiros (p=0,0001), com educação secundária completa (p=0,0306).

CONCLUSÃO:

na província de Córdoba, o uso de substâncias psicoativas, entre elas o álcool, não tem sido foco de interesse nas investigações em anos recentes, porém, o abuso do álcool está associado a outros fatores de risco, tais como acidentes e violência, e como fator de comorbidade e mortalidade precoce, portanto, o consumo de álcool entre os jovens é um tema preocupante que, quando caracterizado, deve ser tratado com ações preventivas.

Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas; Estudos Transversais; Adolescente; Adulto Jovem

OBJETIVO:

identificar el consumo de alcohol según características sociodemográficas en jóvenes de 18 a 24 años de la provincia de Córdoba, Argentina que participaron de la Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo.

MÉTODO:

se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, analítico y transversal con una muestra de 240 jóvenes. El consumo de alcohol y las características sociodemográficas se analizaron mediante análisis bivariado, razón de riesgo e intervalos de confianza.

RESULTADOS:

la prevalencia de consumo de alcohol en vida fue del 79,17%, la prevalencia año 72,91% y la prevalencia mes 57,08%; el consumo excesivo episódico y el consumo regular de riesgo presentan valores del 25,55% y 24,19%. El consumo en el último mes fue mayor en varones (p=0,0028), en jóvenes solteros (p=0,0001), con secundario completo (p=0,0306).

CONCLUSIÓN:

en la provincia de Córdoba, el uso de sustancias psicoactivas, entre ellas el alcohol, no ha sido un área de interés en las investigaciones de los últimos años. Sin embargo, el uso abusivo de alcohol se asocia a otros factores de riesgo, como ser accidentes, violencia y como factor de comorbilidad y mortalidad temprana. Por lo tanto, el consumo de alcohol en jóvenes es un tema preocupante que, al ser caracterizado, debe abordarse con acciones preventivas.

Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas; Estudios Transversales; Adolescente; Adulto Joven

Introduction

The history of drugs and especially alcohol consumption is a psychosocial phenomenon that has always accompanied humanity^{( 1 )}.

Alcohol intake is fundamentally linked to cultural patterns, many of which are related to social functions. Cultural patterns, in turn, intervene in the different ways in which people consume the available alcohol, with a possible chronic consumption related to addiction problems, or abuse, whether sporadic or not, and related to accidents and violence^{( 2 )}.

Nowadays, sufficient evidence exists about alcohol consumption patterns and their relation to health. Epidemiological data show that global alcohol consumption is responsible for 3.2% of deaths and 4% of the disease burden^{( 2 )}. In Argentina, it is estimated that 37% of traffic accidents in men and 47% of homicides and cases of aggression can be attributed to alcohol consumption^{( 3 )}.

Traditional studies on alcohol use tend to narrow the focus to users with addiction symptoms, hiding the complex and diverse phenomenon of alcohol consumption, as improper alcohol consumption problems are hidden by addiction problems. In recent decades, however, efforts have been made to determine the start of alcohol abuse and how this consumption continuously develops towards addiction^{( 4 )}.

In Argentina, drugs consumption among young people and adolescents is one of the most severe public health problems. The need to get to know the evolution of the problem in that country and specially address young people is very important, as the phase they are going through is one of the most risky periods to start consumption conducts. Certain distinctive characteristics of this evolution period may enhance this fact, such as the search for autonomy and personal identity, the need to experience new feelings and the importance granted by the peer group^{( 5 )}.

The alcohol consumption phenomenon demands an approach that permits a comprehensive assessment of the consequences and social impact in each community, granting information and fundamental inputs for decision-making in the fields of prevention and control. In that sense, this study provides data that could serve as information sources for the design and implementation of community strategies and for the proposal of alcohol consumption prevention programs among young people in the province of Córdoba. Therefore, in this research, the aim is to identify alcohol consumption according to sociodemographic characteristics in young people between 18 and 24 years of age from the province of Córdoba who participated in the 2009 National Survey of Risk Factors.

Method

This quantitative, analytic and cross-sectional study was developed based on the secondary database of the Argentinean Ministry of Health, based on data obtained from the first National Survey of Risk Factors, held in 2009.

The household survey was representative of the nation and province and included people aged 18 years and older, selected through a probabilistic sample of residences. Based on each selected residence, households were identified and, in each household, one random person within the age range was interviewed.

Before the interview, consent was requested in compliance with the Helsinki declaration. The confidentiality of the collected data is guaranteed by the law on the confidentiality of statistics (Nº 17.622). A database was elaborated with identification codes for each interviewee, whose confidentiality was protected throughout the research process. For the present study, approval was sought from the Ethics Committee at Hospital Nacional de Clínicas of the Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (protocol 091/11).

The questionnaire for Surveillance of Non-Communicable Diseases was proposed by PAHO and was validated and adapted for use as the standard tool in risk factor surveys in Argentina. In this study, only survey participants from the province of Córdoba were considered.

The sample included all young people between 18 and 24 years of age who were surveyed in the province of Córdoba, totaling 240.

The analytic variables are grouped in the dimensions alcohol consumption and sociodemographic characteristics. The former includes the following variables: lifetime prevalence of alcohol consumption (consumption at least once in life), one-year prevalence of alcohol consumption (consumption at least once in the last twelve months), one-month prevalence of alcohol consumption (consumption at least once in the last 30 days), binge drinking (consumption of five shots or more on one occasion in the last 30 days), regular hazardous alcohol consumption (mean consumption of one shot per day in women and two shots per day in men in the last 30 days). The variables grouped in the sociodemographic dimension are gender, education level, marital status and occupational situation.

The variables were subject to descriptive analysis, using summary measures, absolute and relative frequencies. The data were statistically processed by applying bivariate analysis, through categorical data (Chi-square test or Fisher's test), calculating the risk ratio and confidence intervals (CI) for each research variable. In all cases, significance was set at p<0.05.

Results

The study sample consists of 240 young people between 18 and 24 years of age from the province of Córdoba, with a mean age of 21.13±1.9 years.

In the analysis of the sociodemographic characteristics, it is observed that the sample includes 58.33% girls and 41.67% boys. Seventy-five percent of the population is single and 24.17% married or living with a fixed partner, while 0.83% is separated or widowed. As regards the formal instruction level, 55.83% held a secondary or higher education degree, 34.17% did not finish secondary education and 10.00% did not finish primary education. Concerning the professional situation, 56.25% is not professionally active (unemployed or inactive), while 43.75% is professionally active.

High levels of alcohol consumption are observed in the sample. The data show that more than three out of every four young people have consumed alcohol at least once in life (lifetime prevalence 79.17%). As to the one-year prevalence, almost three out of four young people consumed alcohol in the past year (72.91%), against one out of two in the last month (57.08%). Binge drinking and regular hazardous consumption are present with 25.55% and 24.19%, respectively. Table 1 displays all items addressed in the consumption profile.

Table 1
Alcohol Consumption in young people between 18 and 24 years in the province of Córdoba, Argentina, 2009

Variable	FA	%
Lifetime prevalence (N=240)	190	79.17
One-year prevalence (N=240)	175	72.92
One-month prevalence (N=240)	137	57.08
Binge drinking (N=137)	35	25.55
Regular hazardous consumption (N=124)	30	24.19

• Source: National Survey of Risk Factors

In terms of gender, the lifetime and one-year prevalence is higher among female participants, while the one-month prevalence, binge drinking and regular hazardous consumption show higher percentages among males (Table 2).

Table 2
Alcohol consumption according to sociodemographic characteristics in young people between 18 and 24 years of age in the province of Córdoba, Argentina, 2009. (N=240)

Variable	Category	Lifetime prevalence			One-year prevalence			One-month prevalence			Binge drinking			Regular hazardous consumption
		n	%		n	%		n	%		n	%		n	%
Gender
	Male	84	35		83	34.58		70	29.17		23	9.58		17	7.08
	Female	106	44.17		92	38.33		67	27.92		12	5		13	5.42
Education level
	Finished secondary and higher	105	43.75		103	42.92		84	35		24	10		23	9.58
	Unfinished secondary	67	27.92		56	23.33		43	17.92		8	3.33		6	2.5
	Unfinished primary	18	7.5		16	6.67		10	4.17		3	1.25		1	0.42
Marital status
	Single	142	59.17		136	56.67		113	47.08		29	12.08		27	11.25
	Married or fixed partner	46	19.17		37	15.42		22	9.16		6	2.5		3	1.25
	Separated, divorced, widowed	2	0.84		2	0.84		2	0.84		0	0		0	0
Occupational situation
	No activity	110	45.83		98	40.83		70	29.17		16	6.67		14	5.83
	Professionally active	80	33.33		77	32.08		67	27.92		19	7.92		16	6.67
Total		190	79.17		175	72.92		137	57.08		35	14.58		30	12.5

• Source: National Survey of Risk Factors

When considering all alcohol consumption variables, the highest percentage was for young people who had finished secondary education or held a higher education degree. With regard to the marital status, the highest percentages were found for single participants, exceeding 74% (Table 2).

The occupational situation shows differences according to the consumption variables. The absence of a professional activity (unemployed or inactive) reveals higher percentages of lifetime, one-year and one-month prevalence, whereas the percentages of binge drinking and regular hazardous consumption were higher among professionally occupied participants (Table 2).

The analysis of recent alcohol use, related to the consumption in the last 30 days or one-month prevalence, is displayed in Table 3. The data show the predominance of male participants, with two male consumers for every female (p=0.0028). As regards the formal education level, young people with a secondary or higher education degree show higher one-month prevalence degrees (p=0.0306), and single participants reveal higher prevalence percentages than people who live in pairs (married or fixed partner) (p=0.0001). The analysis of the employment situation indicates a higher one-month prevalence for participants who are not professionally active (p=0.003).

Table 3
Prevalence of one-month alcohol consumption according to sociodemographic characteristics in young people between 18 and 24 years in the province of Córdoba, Argentina, 2009. (n=137)

Variable	Category	N	%	Sig.	OR	CI
Gender				0.0028	2.84	1.42	5.65
	Male	70	51.09
	Female	67	48.91
Education level				0.0306	2.14	1.07	4.27
	Finished secondary and higher	84	61.31
	Unfinished primary and unfinished secondary	53	38.69
Marital status				0.0001	10.37	6.19	17.37
	Single	113	82.48
	Married or fixed partner	24	17.56
Occupational situation				0.0028	2.84	1.42	5.65
	No activity	70	51.09
	Professionally active	67	48.91

• Source: National Survey of Risk Factors

Alcohol consumption associated with abuse in the last 30 days takes the form of binge drinking and regular hazardous consumption, for which data are displayed in Table 4. As observed, both are more frequent in male, single and professionally active young people with a secondary or higher education degree.

Table 4
Binge drinking and regular hazardous consumption of alcohol according to sociodemographic characteristics in young people between 18 and 24 years in the province of Córdoba. ENFR 2009

Variable	Category	Binge drinking(N=35)			Regular hazardous consumption (N=30)
		n	%		n	%
Gender
	Male	23	65.71		17	56.67
	Female	12	34.29		13	43.33
Education Level
	Finished secondary and higher	24	68.57		23	76.67
	Unfinished primary and Unfinished secondary	11	31.43		7	23.33
Marital status
	Single	29	82.86		27	90
	Married or fixed partner	6	17.14		3	10
Occupational situation
	No activity	16	45.71		14	46.67
	Professionally active	19	54.29		16	53.33

• Source: National Survey of Risk Factors

Discussion

The sociodemographic characteristics of the young people between 18 and 24 years in the province of Córdoba show that the population contains more women, that three out of four young people are single, and that more than half hold a secondary or higher education degree. Concerning the occupational situation, no large percentage differences are found between professionally active (56.25%) and inactive (43.75%) people.

The data show a sociodemographic profile characteristic of the evolutionary period of adolescence-youth, which in Latin societies is related to the search for autonomy and personal identity, to the need to experience new feelings. In that sense, the bibliography indicates this period as one of the most risky in terms of consumption conducts^{( 6 - 8 )}. Alcohol is one of the most used drugs in different American regions and around the world and, according to WHO, America ranks second in alcohol consumption levels^{( 9 - 10 )}.

The results related to alcohol consumption in the province of Córdoba show that the lifetime prevalence of alcohol consumption is similar to the results found for young people in Argentina and Latin American countries^{( 11 - 12 )}. As regards the one-year prevalence, scores are higher than in studies involving young people from American countries^{( 6 , 13 )}. The consumption on at least one occasion in the last 30 days expresses the current alcohol consumption level, with higher levels in this study than in studies of young people in Argentina^{( 13 )}. Its relation with the sociodemographic characteristics can reveal important implications for public health.

The analysis of the consumption levels and characteristics in different regions, countries and cultures reveals that consumption rates are higher among male than female participants^{( 10 )}. The results found in this study are in accordance with the bibliographic findings, showing a higher prevalence of alcohol consumption in the last 30 days among men. It has been defended over the years that the cause of this phenomenon should be sought in the double morals, which censors male abuse less strictly than female abuse, as well as in the traditional role of alcohol as a symbol of masculinity^{( 14 )}.

Nevertheless, quite many women consume alcohol frequently. This situation among women was also found in other Latin American countries^{( 15 - 16 )}. The increasing consumption of alcoholic beverages can be associated with growing female independence and greater participation in professional spheres. As a result, the condition of female emancipation may influence the development of habits that used to be predominant among men^{( 17 )}.

The group holding a secondary or higher education degree showed a higher one-month prevalence than young people with lower education levels. Based on the bibliography, however, no relation has been defined between education and alcohol consumption^{( 18 - 19 )}. Other social, professional, cultural and religious factors probably combine with education, influencing the populations' alcohol consumption profile.

In the present study sample, most participants who consumed drugs in the past 30 days are single, in line with the results from a study among college students^{( 11 - 20 )}. In Argentina, data about young college students show greater addiction problems in this phase of life and in single people^{( 10 )}. This is in accordance with the results for binge drinking and regular hazardous consumption, equal to 82.86% and 90%, respectively, in single young people.

Little attention has been paid in research to the relation between alcohol and the professional situation. Data for adolescents in Argentina and Brazil show a higher prevalence of recent alcohol consumption among students who worked^{( 5 , 21 - 22 )}. In the present study, the prevalence levels of consumption in terms of occupation vary according to the consumption pattern. The higher prevalence of alcohol consumption in young people who are not professionally active is found for lifetime, one-year and one-month consumption. On the other hand, a higher prevalence of binge drinking and regular hazardous consumption is observed among young people who are professionally active, which may mean that abuse and risk patterns are associated with the availability of money.

The consumption of at least four/five standard shots on one occasion in female and male participants is called binge drinking internationally and episodic excessive use in Argentina. It is important to identify binge drinking in the population, as this behavior comes with physical and emotional health problems and is associated with violence, accidents, fights and homicides^{( 23 )}. Acknowledging binge drinking levels in the population should serve as an alert to the different social consequences it can provoke.

Binge drinking, especially among young people, is particularly high in many Latin American countries^{( 13 , 24 )}. The prevalence of binge drinking (related to the population that consumed drugs in the last month) shows that one out of every four young people indicated at least one occasion of binge drinking, similar to data in Brazil^{( 24 )}. Like for regular hazardous consumption, men revealed higher consumption levels.

The rate of regular hazardous consumption in young people from Córdoba is 12.50%. When considering the population that consumed drugs in the past 30 days, however, the prevalence of regular hazardous consumption reaches 24.19%.

Conclusion

The present study results show that the prevalence of alcohol consumption is high among young people between 18 and 24 years of age in the province of Córdoba, who participated in the ENFR. The prevalence of alcohol consumption in the last 30 days was high, including binge drinking and regular hazardous consumption.

Regarding gender, among the young people who participated in this study, the prevalence of lifetime alcohol consumption and one-year consumption was higher among females, while that of one-month consumption, binge drinking and regular hazardous consumption was higher among males.

Among the young people from Córdoba who participated in the ENFR, the highest consumption levels were found among participants with a secondary or higher degree and among single people. As regards the occupational situation, differences were found, with higher prevalence levels of lifetime, one-year and one-month consumption among participants who were not professionally active, and higher levels of binge drinking and regular hazardous consumption among professionally active young people.

In the province of Córdoba, drugs use, including alcohol, has not been an area of research interest in recent years, although alcohol abuse is associated with other risk factors, like accidents and violence, and is a factor of comorbidity and early mortality. Therefore, alcohol consumption in young people represents an area of concern and, once characterized, preventive actions should be adopted.

This study comes with different limitations, which could be solved in future longitudinal studies and trend analyses. It would also be interesting to complement the research, considering other important variables in the description of alcohol consumption.

To the National Secretary of Drugs Policies (SENAD) of the Institutional Safety Cabinet/Brazil, to the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing and the WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, to the members of the Research Center at the School of Public Health of the Faculty of Medical Sciences at Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, to the population represented in the research and to the management, faculty, staff and colleagues of the On-Line Specialization Program on Research about the consumption of Alcohol and Other Psychoactive Drugs 2011-2012.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Sept-Oct 2013

History

• Received
  09 Sept 2012
• Accepted
  25 June 2013