Pulmonary cement embolism

A 74-year-old woman, who had undergone spinal fusion with vertebroplasty (polymethylmethacrylate cement injection) for osteoporotic fractures three years prior, presented with a one-month history of dyspnea on exertion. Her blood pressure was 164/90 mmHg. Her electrocardiogram was normal, and arterial blood gas analysis showed no hypoxemia. Brain natriuretic peptide and troponin I were normal (65.5 pg/mL and < 0.01 ng/mL, respectively). Doppler ultrasound of the lower extremities showed no deep vein thrombosis, and echocardiography showed left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (grade 1) with no right-sided abnormalities. Chest CT showed embolized polymethylmethacrylate cement in the azygos system and pulmonary arteries (Figures 1 and 2, respectively). Anticoagulation therapy was started.

Figure 1
Axial CT image. White arrows indicate embolized polymethylmethacrylate in the azygos system and pulmonary arteries.

Figure 2
CT image reconstructed with three-dimensional maximum intensity projection in the sagittal oblique plane (A) and coronal plane (B). White arrows indicate high attenuation material corresponding to polymethylmethacrylate in the paravertebral venous plexus, extending into the hemiazygos vein and embolized to pulmonary vessels.

Although pulmonary cement embolism (PCE) is a known complication of vertebroplasty, its exact incidence remains controversial, reportedly ranging from 2.1%, in a retrospective study,¹ to 24.0%, in a prospective study.² In the former study,¹ all PCE patients remained asymptomatic for the first year of follow-up; in the latter,² most of the emboli were small and peripheral. However, symptoms can develop, and fatal events have been reported.²

In a systematic review, Krueger et al.³ identified no best management strategy but concluded that PCE patients with symptomatic peripheral embolisms should receive full anticoagulation for six months.

Recommended reading

• ¹
  Venmans A, Lohle PN, van Rooij WJ, Verhaar HJ, Mali WP. Frequency and outcome of pulmonary polymethylmethacrylate embolism during percutaneous vertebroplasty. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(10):1983-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A1269
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A1269
• ²
  Kim YJ, Lee JW, Park KW, Yeom JS, Jeong HS, Park JM, et al. Pulmonary cement embolism after percutaneous vertebroplasty in osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: incidence, characteristics, and risk factors. Radiology 2009;251(1):250-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2511080854
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2511080854
• ³
  Krueger A, Bliemel C, Zettl R, Ruchholtz S. Management of pulmonary cement embolism after percutaneous vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty: a systematic review of the literature. Eur Spine J. 2009;18(9):1257-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00586-009-1073-y
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00586-009-1073-y

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Jul-Aug 2015