Body composition, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes mellitus

Composição corporal, síndrome metabólica e resistência insulínica no diabetes melito tipo 1

Abstracts

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to determine the relationship between body fat composition, metabolic syndrome (MS), and insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes (DM1). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Forty-five DM1 women (36 ± 9 years; body mass index 24.6 ± 4.4 kg/m²) had body composition and insulin resistance determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and estimated glucose disposal ratio (eGDR), respectively. Twenty patients (45%) had MS according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. RESULTS: Women with DM1 and MS had increased central fat and lower eGDR than women without MS (41.9 ± 2.0 vs. 33.7 ± 1.8%; p = 0.004 and 4.99 ± 0.40 vs. 8.37 ± 0.39; p < 0.0001, respectively). Total body fat and peripheric fat were similar between the groups. Central fat negatively correlated with eGDR (r = -0.33; p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Central fat deposition in young non-obese DM1 women was related to MS and insulin resistance. Thus, body fat composition analysis might be important to identify DM1 patients with increased metabolic risk.

Type 1 diabetes; body composition; metabolic syndrome; insulin resistance

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a relação entre composição corporal, síndrome metabólica (SM) e resistência insulínica (RI) no diabetes tipo 1 (DM1). SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Quarenta e cinco mulheres com DM1 (36 ± 9 anos; índice de massa corporal 24,6 ± 4,4 kg/m²) foram submetidas à análise de composição corporal e RI por meio de densitometria por dupla emissão de raios-X e taxa de disponibilização de glicose estimada (eGDR), respectivamente. Vinte mulheres (45%) apresentavam SM, conforme critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). RESULTADOS: Mulheres com SM apresentaram maior gordura central e menor eGDR do que as sem SM (41,9 ± 2,0 vs. 33,7±1,8%; p = 0,004 e 4,99 ± 0,40 vs. 8,37 ± 0,39; p < 0,0001). A gordura corporal total e a gordura periférica não diferiram entre os grupos. A gordura central foi inversamente correlacionada com eGDR (r = -0,33; p = 0,03). CONCLUSÃO: Deposição de gordura central em mulheres jovens não obesas com DM1 esteve associada com SM e RI. Avaliação da composição corporal pode ser importante na identificação de pacientes com risco metabólico elevado.

Diabetes tipo 1; composição corporal; síndrome metabólica; resistência insulínica

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Body composition, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes mellitus

Composição corporal, síndrome metabólica e resistência insulínica no diabetes melito tipo 1

Denise Prado Momesso^I; Isabela Bussade^{I, II}; Giovanna A. Balarini Lima^I; Leniane Pereira Coelho Fonseca^I; Luis Augusto Tavares Russo^III; Rosane Kupfer^I

^IDepartment of Diabetes, State Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUCRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

^IIClinical and Experimental Research Laboratory on Vascular Biology - BioVasc, Biomedical Center, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

^IIICCBR Brasil, Center for Basic and Clinical Research, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

^{Correspondence to}

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to determine the relationship between body fat composition, metabolic syndrome (MS), and insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes (DM1).

SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Forty-five DM1 women (36 ± 9 years; body mass index 24.6 ± 4.4 kg/m²) had body composition and insulin resistance determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and estimated glucose disposal ratio (eGDR), respectively. Twenty patients (45%) had MS according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria.

RESULTS: Women with DM1 and MS had increased central fat and lower eGDR than women without MS (41.9 ± 2.0 vs. 33.7 ± 1.8%; p = 0.004 and 4.99 ± 0.40 vs. 8.37 ± 0.39; p < 0.0001, respectively). Total body fat and peripheric fat were similar between the groups. Central fat negatively correlated with eGDR (r = -0.33; p = 0.03).

CONCLUSION: Central fat deposition in young non-obese DM1 women was related to MS and insulin resistance. Thus, body fat composition analysis might be important to identify DM1 patients with increased metabolic risk.

Keywords: Type 1 diabetes; body composition; metabolic syndrome; insulin resistance

RESUMO

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a relação entre composição corporal, síndrome metabólica (SM) e resistência insulínica (RI) no diabetes tipo 1 (DM1).

SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Quarenta e cinco mulheres com DM1 (36 ± 9 anos; índice de massa corporal 24,6 ± 4,4 kg/m²) foram submetidas à análise de composição corporal e RI por meio de densitometria por dupla emissão de raios-X e taxa de disponibilização de glicose estimada (eGDR), respectivamente. Vinte mulheres (45%) apresentavam SM, conforme critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS).

RESULTADOS: Mulheres com SM apresentaram maior gordura central e menor eGDR do que as sem SM (41,9 ± 2,0 vs. 33,7±1,8%; p = 0,004 e 4,99 ± 0,40 vs. 8,37 ± 0,39; p < 0,0001). A gordura corporal total e a gordura periférica não diferiram entre os grupos. A gordura central foi inversamente correlacionada com eGDR (r = -0,33; p = 0,03).

CONCLUSÃO: Deposição de gordura central em mulheres jovens não obesas com DM1 esteve associada com SM e RI. Avaliação da composição corporal pode ser importante na identificação de pacientes com risco metabólico elevado.

Descritores: Diabetes tipo 1; composição corporal; síndrome metabólica; resistência insulínica

INTRODUCTION

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is characterized by the clustering of independent cardiovascular risk factors including insulin resistance, central obesity, impaired glucose metabolism, hypertension, and dyslipidemia (1-4). MS and its insulin resistance have been associated with unfavorable outcomes such as heart disease and kidney disease both in type 2 diabetic patients and in the general population (5,6). Likewise, the association of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) and MS, also called "double diabetes", might also confer an increased chance of major complications, including coronary artery disease, renal failure, and diabetes-related death (7-13).

Obesity and visceral fat deposition play a key role in MS development in the general population (14-16). It has been observed that increasing body weight in young adult Brazilians can also affect type 1 DM patients. Usually, patients with type 1 DM are normal-weighted, but central fat accumulation in this population might also be linked to insulin resistance and MS (8,9,11). Therefore, the evaluation of body fat distribution in type 1 DM patients may be important to identify patients at risk of MS. Anthropometric measures are the most used methods of assessment, however, imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and dual-energy X-ray absorptimetry (DEXA), are more precise. DEXA is an easy method for total body fat and regional fat evaluation. Regional fat distribution measured by DEXA as gynoid fat and android fat positively correlates with central and peripheral fat measured by MRI, respectively. This technique has been validated as a precise indirect method of visceral abdominal fat determination, with the advantage of having a cost lower than that of CT and MRI and no need of contrast media (17-22).

In the present study, non-obese women with type 1 DM were submitted to body fat analysis by DEXA and were evaluated for the presence of MS clinical parameters and insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between body fat composition, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance in type 1 women with DM.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Forty-five women with type 1 DM, treated at Instituto Estadual de Diabetes e Endocrinologia (State Institute for Diabetes and Endocrinology), enrolled in this study. We obtained informed consent from all the subjects, and the local Ethics Committee approved the protocol. Patients had a mean age of 36 ± 9 years, mean diabetes duration of 18 ± 9 years, and mean BMI of 24.6 ± 4.4 kg/m². All patients had been on continuous insulin therapy since diagnosis and had positive anti-GAD (glutamic acid descarboxylase) auto-antibodies.

Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the World Health Organization (WHO) consensus criteria modified by EGIR (2). The modified WHO definition requires the presence of glucose intolerance or diabetes and/or insulin resistance for diagnosis and two of the following: 1) hypertension, defined as antihypertensive treatment and/or elevated blood pressure (systolic > 160 mmHg or diastolic > 90 mmHg); 2) dyslipidemia, defined as elevated plasma triglycerides (> 150 mg/dL) and/or low HDL cholesterol (< 39 mg/dL in women); 3) obesity, defined as high waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (> 0.85 in women); 4) microalbuminuria (urine albumin excretion rate > 20 mcg/min).

After evaluation of MS clinical parameters, patients were divided in two groups according to the presence of MS: 1) Type 1 diabetes with MS; 2) Type 1 diabetes without MS. Using the WHO criteria, 20 type 1 diabetic patients had MS.

Weight (in kilograms - kg) and height (in meters - m) were measured with the subjects wearing only their undergarments. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as body weight divided by height squared (kg/m²). Waist (WC) and hip circumferences (in centimeters - cm) were measured in the midline between the lower rib margin and the iliac crest, and widest diameter over the greater trochanters, respectively, while the subjects were standing with their heels together. Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was obtained.

Fasting blood samples were collected and analyzed for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and lipids. HbA1c concentrations were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography with a reference range of 4%-6% (Variant II, Biorad). Serum total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were measured by a calorimetric enzymatic assay (Advia, Siemens). LDL cholesterol was calculated using the Friedewald formula (23). Microalbuminuria (urine albumin excretion rate) was analyzed in a 24-hour urine sample and was determined by nefelometric method (BNII, Siemens).

Insulin resistance was calculated using the estimated glucose disposal ratio (eGDR), previously validated by Williams and cols., according to the following equation: 24.31- (12.22 x WHR) - 3.29 x HT) - 0.57 x HbA1c, where the units are mg.kg^-1.min^-1, HT = hypertension (24). Daily insulin dosage was calculated in units per kilogram body weight at baseline.

Total body dual-energy X-ray -absorptiometry (DEXA) was performed using a GE Lunar Prodigy Advance scanner (software 11.2, GE, Healthcare, Belgium). Total body and regional body fat composition were analyzed. Regional fat distribution was measured by DEXA as android and gynoid fat regions. Total body fat (TBF), android and gynoid fat regions were expressed as a percentage of the total body weight. The android to gynoid fat ratio (A/G) was also determined. Android fat region is an estimate of central fat, while gynoid fat region correlates with peripheral fat. Android fat region has been shown to contain a relative high proportion of intra-abdominal fat and has been validated as a good indirect method of visceral fat prediction (17-22).

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was carried out using the program GraphPad Prism^® (version 4.00 for Windows, GraphPad Software, San Diego, California, USA). Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Patient baseline characteristics and body fat composition in the two groups (type 1 diabetes with and without MS) were compared using an independent student t- test. The correlation between the parameters was tested by Pearson correlation. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

RESULTS

Table 1 shows the clinical characteristics of type 1 DM women with and without MS. Prevalence of MS using WHO criteria was 45%. There were no age or race differences between the groups. Duration of type 1 DM was similar in subjects with and without MS, despite a non-statistic tendency (p = 0.06) of increased DM duration in subjects with MS. Mean BMI was 26.7 ± 0.9 kg/m² in patients with MS and 23.0 ± 0.8 kg/m² in patients without MS (p = 0.0004). None of the subjects in the study had obesity, defined by a BMI > 30 kg/m². Patients with MS had increased waist circumference (89.0 ± 2.7 cm vs. 79.8 ± 1.9 cm; p = 0.006) and waist-to-hip ratio (0.91 ± 0.02 cm vs. 0.82 ± 0.01 cm, p = 0.006). Metabolic syndrome was not associated with a worse glycemic control, since mean HbA1c were similar between the groups. Daily insulin dosage did not differ between the groups.

Body composition analysis by DEXA (Table 2) demonstrated an increased central fat distribution in the type 1 DM patients with MS group, with a higher android fat distribution and android-to-gynoid fat ratio (A/G) than patients without MS (41.9% ± 2.0% vs. 33.7% ± 1.8%, p = 0.004; and 0.9% ± 0.05% vs. 0.7% ± 0.03%, p = 0.0002). Total body fat and gynoid fat distribution were not different between the groups with and without MS (38.4% ± 1.8% vs. 35.4% ± 1.4%, p = 0.19; and 45.1% ± 1.8% vs. 45.9% ± 1.2%, p = 0.71; respectively).

Type 1 diabetic patients with MS had a significantly lower mean eGDR than patients without MS (4.99 ± 0.40 vs. 8.37 ± 0.39 mg.kg^-1.min^-1; p < 0.0001) (Figure 1). There was a negative correlation between eGDR and android fat distribution (r = - 0.33; p = 0.03) (Figure 2), A/G ratio (r = - 0.51; p = 0.0004), WC (r = - 0.50; p < 0.0001), and WHR (r = - 0.63; p < 0.0001). No correlation was found between eGDR and total body fat (r = - 0.12; p = 0.41), gynoid fat distribution (r = 0.13; p = 0.39) or microalbuminuria (r = - 0.21; p = 0.16).

Patients with type 1 DM and MS had significantly higher triglyceride levels (144.1 ± 19.3 mg/dL vs. 64.6 ± 4.8 mg/dL; p < 0.0001) and lower HDL levels (47.1 ± 2.9 mg/dL vs. 59.2 ± 2.3 mg/dL; p = 0.0019), with a tendency of higher LDL levels (109.8 ± 8.1 mg/dL vs. 91.7 ± 8.1 mg/dL; p = 0.07) (Table 1), when compared to those without MS. Android fat distribution was positively correlated with LDL cholesterol (r = 0.38; p = 0.01) and triglycerides (r = 0.35; p = 0.019). A negative correlation was found with android fat distribution and HDL cholesterol (r = -0.38; p = 0.01). No correlation was found between gynoid fat distribution and LDL, HDL cholesterol or triglyceride levels (Table 3).

DISCUSSION

The present study demonstrated that non-obese type 1 diabetic women with predominant central fat deposition exhibit MS clinical parameters and increased insulin resistance, what might confer an increased cardiometabolic risk.

We observed a high prevalence of MS (45%) in young adult women with type 1 DM using the WHO criteria. These criteria appear to have the highest sensitivity to discriminate negative outcomes in patients with type 1 diabetes (10,13). A previous study from our group critically analyzed different criteria for MS in type 1 DM. It was observed that the WHO criteria were the preferred method to identify MS in this population, in comparison to IDF and NCEP criteria, and MS was found in 30% of women and 34% of men with type 1 DM (13). Prior studies also observed that the prevalence of MS in type 1 DM is as high as 30%-45%, what can be linked with adverse outcomes (8,10-12,14).

Body composition evaluation was important to identify patients with clinical parameters of MS. We found that increased central fat deposition was a major determinant of MS in non-obese type 1 diabetic women. Type 1 DM with MS had increased WC and WHR (Table 1). Using DEXA, these patients also had a higher android (central) fat distribution and A/G ratio. Nonetheless, total body fat and gynoid (peripheric) fat distribution were not related to MS (Table 2). Some patients with MS were overweight, but none had obesity. Thus, our data gives further evidence that predominant central obesity is a risk factor for MS in type 1 DM.

Insulin resistance has been recognized as an important feature in type 1 DM (9,11,25-27). It has been demonstrated that insulin resistance is a predictor of coronary artery disease in type 1 diabetes (27). Clinically, it is often difficult to accurately identify insulin resistance in type 1 DM. Recently, eGDR has been developed and validated as an easy method of insulin resistance evaluation in type 1 diabetes (24). In the present study, type 1 DM patients with MS had decreased eGDR, which indicates diminished insulin sensitivity (Figure 1). Central obesity was also associated with insulin resistance since there was an inverse correlation between eGDR and WC, WHR and android fat distribution (Figure 2). No correlation was found between eGDR with peripheric fat distribution, represented by the gynoid fat region. Therefore, our data suggest that MS and body fat distribution, particularly central fat tissue, are significantly correlated with insulin resistance in type 1 DM. The Pittsburg Study also described a reduced eGDR in type 1 DM with MS (10). In that study, eGDR was the best predictor for renal failure and also predicted coronary artery disease and diabetes related mortality (10).

The presence of clinical parameters of MS in young adult women with type 1 diabetes was accompanied by increased microalbuminuria, hypertension and the worst lipid profile in this study (Table 1), which are well known cardiovascular risk factors. Central fat deposition, but not peripheric fat, was associated with higher LDL cholesterol and triglyceride content and lower HDL cholesterol (Table 3). Therefore, type 1 DM with MS and central obesity accumulates several atherogenic risk factors at young age, which will probably contribute for an adverse cardiovascular outcome (10-12,26,27).

In conclusion, central fat deposition in non-obese type 1 DM women was related to MS and insulin resistance. Furthermore, young adult women with MS and/or central obesity accumulate several cardiovascular risk factors, such as insulin resistance, microalbuminuria, hypertension and atherogenic lipid profile. Thus, body composition analysis with identification of central fat deposition might be important to identify non-obese type 1 DM patients with increased cardiometabolic risk. Further studies with a greater number of patients are necessary to corroborate these data.

Acknowledgements: Authors are grateful to Dr. Martha Cecilia Suárez-Mutis for the statistical analysis and to Andreia Maria do Amaral Bruni, Rosangela Adriano Barbosa and Patricia Cotilha de Andrade de Sena for their technical assistance.

Disclosure: no potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Received on Apr/21/2010

Accepted on Feb/22/2011

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  30 May 2011
• Date of issue
  Apr 2011

History

• Received
  21 Apr 2010
• Accepted
  22 Feb 2011