Diagnose da nutrição nitrogenada do milho, pela análise química das fôlhas

Gallo, J. Romano; Coelho, Fernando A. Soares

doi:10.1590/S0006-87051963000100051

Resumos

Estuda-se a sensibilidade das partes da fôlha (base, meio e ponta) e do tecido (porção clorofilada da lâmina e nervura), para análise das formas de nitrogênio solúvel em água (nitrato) e nitrogênio-total, como índices de nutrição de milho. As amostras de fôlhas provieram de ensaio de adubação NPK onde era visível a reação das plantas à adubação nitrogenada. A análise foliar efetuada cêrca de 9 semanas depois do plantio, fornece indicação do estado nutricional da planta, a tempo de possibilitar a correção da deficiência. Os resultados obtidos mostraram ser a base da fôlha a parte mais adequada para o estudo da nutrição nitrogenada de milho. Aí é maior a sensibilidade dos tecidos às formas de nitrogênio-total e nitrato.

A study is reported about sensitivity to total nitrogen and nitrate changes taking place in corn leaf parts (basal, median and top parts) and tissue (blades or midribs). Also a sampling procedure is described. Samples were collected from one NPK fertilizer experiment of the 3³ factorial design, the plants showing a definite response to nitrogen fertilizer. Fertilizers were supplied at the rates of 0,60 and 120 kg per hectare of each N, P2O5, and K2O. Nitrogen was supplied as ammonium sulphate; one fourth was given at planting time, the remaining topdressed when the plants were 40-50 days old. It is suggested that leaves should be sampled about 9 weeks after planting, when tassel is just emerging or a little earlier. The position of the leaf on the plant is indicated by Kuijper system, as leaf of position +4. Figure 1 shows the right position and the proper part of the leaf to be selected for analysis. Sufficient information is available to utilize the procedure outlined as a method to, diagnose nitrogen needs: A) at 60 to 70 days after planting the nitrogen absorption rate becomes more pronounced for corn plants; B) the data of chemical analysis, as obtained, gave a good indication of nitrogen status of the crop; and C) at that age it should still be possible to correct nitrogen deficiency, by adding fertilizers. The results indicated the basal, third of the leaf as the best part for diagnosing the nitrogen status, the midribs being analysed for nitrate-nitrogen and the remaining portion of the sample analysed for total nitrogen. Plants deficient in nitrogen gave low yields of grain. Mean values for NO3-N concentrations of midribs were 341 ppm for deficient plants or untreated plants, as compared with 1410 and 2119 ppm tor those receiving 60 and 120 kg N per hectare, respectively. Analysis for total N in the leaves showed mean values of 2.12, 2.79 and 3.11 per cent, respectively for the three levels of fertilizer. Thus the data indicate that nitrate-nitrogen values provide a more sensitive index of the nitrogen status of the corn plant than total N values. Phosphate fertilization had a marked influence on the levels of nitrogen in the leaves, mainly on nitrate-nitrogen content. These effects were negative, as can be seen in table 4. The greater coefficient of variation for nitrate contents also appearing in table 4 is probably due to a greater dependence of this form of nitrogen on external growth factors, such as temperature, humidity, sunlight, etc. In order to keep sampling errors to a minimum it is suggested to control closely the time of day at which samples are taken.

Diagnose da nutrição nitrogenada do milho, pela análise química das fôlhas¹ 1 Trabalho apresentado ao IX Congresso Brasileiro de Ciência do Solo, realizado em fortaleza. Ceará, de 15 a 23 de julho de 1963. Executado com auxílio da Fundação Rockefeller (E.U.A.) e Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo. 2 Os autores agradecem aos engenheiros-agrônomos Glauco Pinto Viégas e Luiz Tôrres de Miranda, o fornecimento dos dados de produção e facilidades oferecidas à execução dêste trabalho.

The diagnosis of nitrogen nutrition of corn, according to chemical composition of leaves

J. Romano Gallo² 1 Trabalho apresentado ao IX Congresso Brasileiro de Ciência do Solo, realizado em fortaleza. Ceará, de 15 a 23 de julho de 1963. Executado com auxílio da Fundação Rockefeller (E.U.A.) e Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo. 2 Os autores agradecem aos engenheiros-agrônomos Glauco Pinto Viégas e Luiz Tôrres de Miranda, o fornecimento dos dados de produção e facilidades oferecidas à execução dêste trabalho. ; Fernando A. Soares Coelho² 1 Trabalho apresentado ao IX Congresso Brasileiro de Ciência do Solo, realizado em fortaleza. Ceará, de 15 a 23 de julho de 1963. Executado com auxílio da Fundação Rockefeller (E.U.A.) e Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo. 2 Os autores agradecem aos engenheiros-agrônomos Glauco Pinto Viégas e Luiz Tôrres de Miranda, o fornecimento dos dados de produção e facilidades oferecidas à execução dêste trabalho.

Engenheiros-agrônomos, Laboratório de Análise Foliar, Instituto Agronômico

RESUMO

Estuda-se a sensibilidade das partes da fôlha (base, meio e ponta) e do tecido (porção clorofilada da lâmina e nervura), para análise das formas de nitrogênio solúvel em água (nitrato) e nitrogênio-total, como índices de nutrição de milho. As amostras de fôlhas provieram de ensaio de adubação NPK onde era visível a reação das plantas à adubação nitrogenada. A análise foliar efetuada cêrca de 9 semanas depois do plantio, fornece indicação do estado nutricional da planta, a tempo de possibilitar a correção da deficiência. Os resultados obtidos mostraram ser a base da fôlha a parte mais adequada para o estudo da nutrição nitrogenada de milho. Aí é maior a sensibilidade dos tecidos às formas de nitrogênio-total e nitrato.

SUMMARY

A study is reported about sensitivity to total nitrogen and nitrate changes taking place in corn leaf parts (basal, median and top parts) and tissue (blades or midribs). Also a sampling procedure is described.

Samples were collected from one NPK fertilizer experiment of the 3³ factorial design, the plants showing a definite response to nitrogen fertilizer. Fertilizers were supplied at the rates of 0,60 and 120 kg per hectare of each N, P₂O₅, and K₂O. Nitrogen was supplied as ammonium sulphate; one fourth was given at planting time, the remaining topdressed when the plants were 40-50 days old.

It is suggested that leaves should be sampled about 9 weeks after planting, when tassel is just emerging or a little earlier. The position of the leaf on the plant is indicated by Kuijper system, as leaf of position +4. Figure 1 shows the right position and the proper part of the leaf to be selected for analysis. Sufficient information is available to utilize the procedure outlined as a method to, diagnose nitrogen needs: A) at 60 to 70 days after planting the nitrogen absorption rate becomes more pronounced for corn plants; B) the data of chemical analysis, as obtained, gave a good indication of nitrogen status of the crop; and C) at that age it should still be possible to correct nitrogen deficiency, by adding fertilizers.

The results indicated the basal, third of the leaf as the best part for diagnosing the nitrogen status, the midribs being analysed for nitrate-nitrogen and the remaining portion of the sample analysed for total nitrogen. Plants deficient in nitrogen gave low yields of grain. Mean values for NO₃-N concentrations of midribs were 341 ppm for deficient plants or untreated plants, as compared with 1410 and 2119 ppm tor those receiving 60 and 120 kg N per hectare, respectively. Analysis for total N in the leaves showed mean values of 2.12, 2.79 and 3.11 per cent, respectively for the three levels of fertilizer. Thus the data indicate that nitrate-nitrogen values provide a more sensitive index of the nitrogen status of the corn plant than total N values.

Phosphate fertilization had a marked influence on the levels of nitrogen in the leaves, mainly on nitrate-nitrogen content. These effects were negative, as can be seen in table 4. The greater coefficient of variation for nitrate contents also appearing in table 4 is probably due to a greater dependence of this form of nitrogen on external growth factors, such as temperature, humidity, sunlight, etc. In order to keep sampling errors to a minimum it is suggested to control closely the time of day at which samples are taken.

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LITERATURA CITADA

Recebido para publicação em 26 de agôsto de 1963.

1. BOYNTON, D., YATSU, L. & KWONG, S. S. Some factors influencing the intermediary nitrogenous compounds in leaves of the strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis var, ananassa). In Walter Reuther, ed. Plant analysis and fertilizer problems. Washington D. C., American Institute of Biological Sciences, 1961. p. 301-313.
2. GALLO, J. R, ALVAREZ, R. & ABRAMIDES, E. Amostragem em cana-de-açúcar, para fins de análise foliar. Bragantia, 1962. Bragantia 21:[899-922]. 1962.
3. JOHNSON, C. M. & ULRICH, A. II. Analytical methods for use in plant analysis. Berkeley, California Agric. Exp. Sta., 1959. p. 25-78. (Bull. 766).
4. KRANTZ, B. A., NELSON, W. L. & BURKHART, L. F. Plant-tissue tests as a tool in agronomic research. In Herminie Broedel Kitchen, ed. Diagnostic Techniques for soils and crops. Washington D. C, The American Potash Institute, 1948. p. 137-155.
5. LOTT, W. L.. NERY, J. P., GALLO, J. R. & MEDCALF, J. C. A técnica de análise foliar aplicada ao cafeeiro. Campinas, Instituto Agronômico, 1956. 29 p. (Boletim n.° 79)
6. SMITH, P. F., REUTHER, W. & SPECHT, A. W. Mineral composition of chlorotic orange leaves and some observations on the relation of sample preparation technique to the interpretation of results. Plant Physiology 25:496-506. 1950.
7. ULRICH, A. Plant analysis - Methods and interpretation of results. In Herminie Broedel Kitchen, ed. Diagnostic Techniques for soils and crops, Washington D. C, The American Potash Institute, 1948. p. 157-198.
8. VIÉGAS, G. P., CATANI R. A. & FREIRE, E, S. Adubação do milho. IV - Adubação azotada em cobertura. Bragantia 14: [179]-192. 1955.

1

Trabalho apresentado ao IX Congresso Brasileiro de Ciência do Solo, realizado em fortaleza. Ceará, de 15 a 23 de julho de 1963. Executado com auxílio da Fundação Rockefeller (E.U.A.) e Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo.

2

Os autores agradecem aos engenheiros-agrônomos Glauco Pinto Viégas e Luiz Tôrres de Miranda, o fornecimento dos dados de produção e facilidades oferecidas à execução dêste trabalho.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
23 Fev 2010
Data do Fascículo
1963

Histórico

Recebido
26 Ago 1963

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] 1. BOYNTON, D., YATSU, L. & KWONG, S. S. Some factors influencing the intermediary nitrogenous compounds in leaves of the strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis var, ananassa). In Walter Reuther, ed. Plant analysis and fertilizer problems. Washington D. C., American Institute of Biological Sciences, 1961. p. 301-313.

[2] 2. GALLO, J. R, ALVAREZ, R. & ABRAMIDES, E. Amostragem em cana-de-açúcar, para fins de análise foliar. Bragantia, 1962. Bragantia 21:[899-922]. 1962.

[3] 3. JOHNSON, C. M. & ULRICH, A. II. Analytical methods for use in plant analysis. Berkeley, California Agric. Exp. Sta., 1959. p. 25-78. (Bull. 766).

[4] 4. KRANTZ, B. A., NELSON, W. L. & BURKHART, L. F. Plant-tissue tests as a tool in agronomic research. In Herminie Broedel Kitchen, ed. Diagnostic Techniques for soils and crops. Washington D. C, The American Potash Institute, 1948. p. 137-155.

[5] 5. LOTT, W. L.. NERY, J. P., GALLO, J. R. & MEDCALF, J. C. A técnica de análise foliar aplicada ao cafeeiro. Campinas, Instituto Agronômico, 1956. 29 p. (Boletim n.° 79)

[6] 6. SMITH, P. F., REUTHER, W. & SPECHT, A. W. Mineral composition of chlorotic orange leaves and some observations on the relation of sample preparation technique to the interpretation of results. Plant Physiology 25:496-506. 1950.

[7] 7. ULRICH, A. Plant analysis - Methods and interpretation of results. In Herminie Broedel Kitchen, ed. Diagnostic Techniques for soils and crops, Washington D. C, The American Potash Institute, 1948. p. 157-198.

[8] 8. VIÉGAS, G. P., CATANI R. A. & FREIRE, E, S. Adubação do milho. IV - Adubação azotada em cobertura. Bragantia 14: [179]-192. 1955.