Relation of hyperacusis and peripheral facial paralysis - Bell's palsy

Abstracts

A paralisia de Bell é uma paralisia facial unilateral de início súbito e de causa desconhecida. Pode afetar a salivação, o paladar e o lacrimejamento dependendo do topografia do acometimento do nervo facial, e os pacientes podem referir hipersensibilidade auditiva. Nos pacientes com paralisia de Bell, o reflexo estapediano está ausente. OBJETIVO: O objetivo desta investigação foi o de verificar se os pacientes com paralisia de Bell apresentam hiperacusia. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Clínico prospectivo. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foram examinados 18 pacientes aleatórios apresentando paralisia facial periférica de Bell. Foi realizada avaliação otorrinolaringológica completa, teste de Hilger, teste de Schirmer, gustometria, audiometria tonal e vocal, imitanciometria e teste de desconforto auditivo. A faixa etária entre 31 e 40 anos foi a mais afetada pela PFP nesta amostra. RESULTADO: Os pacientes do sexo feminino foram os mais afetados estando acometidos em 61% dos casos. A hemi-face direita foi acometida em 56% dos casos. O grau de acometimento local mais encontrado foi o grau IV em 44% dos casos e os graus III e V em 28% dos casos cada. A queixa de hiperacusia esteve presente em apenas um paciente, o que representa 5,5% dos casos. Todos os pacientes estudados apresentaram diminuição nos gráficos audiométricos do limiar de tolerância auditiva, sendo que o reflexo estapediano protege, em média 16 dB, nestes pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: Portanto, concluímos que pacientes com paralisia de Bell apresentam clinicamente queixas de hiperacusia semelhantes da população geral, porém, audiometricamente, o limiar de tolerância auditivo no lado paralisado é menor do que em relação ao do lado normal.

paralisia de Bell; hiperacusia

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Relation of hyperacusis and peripheral facial paralysis - Bell's palsy

Raquel Ysabel Guzmán Liriano^I; Sandra Lira Bastos de Magalhães^II; Flávia Barros^III; José Ricardo Gurgel Testa^IV; Yotaka Fukuda^V

^IPhysician, Post-graduation studies under course, Discipline of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of Sao Paulo – Escola Paulista de Medicina

^IIResident Physician, Service of Otorhinolaryngology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo – PUC-SP; Member of Temporal Bone Club, Federal University of Sao Paulo- Escola Paulista de Medicina – UNIFESP-EPM/SP

^IIISpeech and Hearing Therapist, Discipline of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of Sao Paulo- Escola Paulista de Medicina – UNIFESP-EPM/SP

^IVPh.D., Affiliated Professor, Discipline of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of Sao Paulo- Escola Paulista de Medicina – UNIFESP-EPM/SP

^VFull Professor, Associate Professor, Discipline of Otorhinolaryngology, and Member of Temporal Bone Club, Federal University of Sao Paulo- Escola Paulista de Medicina – UNIFESP-EPM/SP

^{Correspondence}

SUMMARY

Bell's palsy is a unilateral facial paralysis of sudden onset and unknown cause. It may affect salivation, taste and lachrymation depending on the site of facial nerve involvement. Patients can report supersensitive hearing. The stapedius reflex is absent in patients with Bell's palsy.

AIM: The objective of the present study was to check if patients with Bell's palsy present hyperacusis.

STUDY DESIGN: Clinical prospective.

MATERIAL AND METHOD: Eighteen patients with peripheral facial paralysis were randomly selected and examined. Complete ENT evaluation was performed, including Hilger facial nerve stimulator, Schirmer's test, electrogustometry, pure tone testing, speech audiometry, immittance testing and discomfort loudness levels. The group aged 31-40 years was the most affected by peripheral facial paralysis in this sample.

RESULTS: The incidence was higher in females (61%). The right side of the face was involved in 56% of patients. As to local involvement, grade IV was observed in 44% of cases and grades III and V in 28% of patients each. Only one patient (5.5%) complained of hyperacusis. All studied patients presented reduced tolerance threshold in the audiometric graphs, and stapedius reflex protects these patients by 16dB on average.

CONCLUSION: Therefore, we could conclude that the frequency of complaints of hyperacusis in patients with Bell's palsy was similar to that of the general population; however, in audiometric terms, the tolerance threshold in the paralyzed side was lower when compared with the normal side.

Key words: facial paralysis (Bell's palsy), hyperacusis.

INTRODUCTION

Bell's palsy is unilateral facial palsy of sudden onset and unknown cause. This pathology is quite frequent in ENT emergency exactly because it has sudden onset and make patients become very anxious and concerned about the progression of the clinical picture and its cause.

It may be preceded by pain in the pinna region or a situation of stress, anxiety and later distress and depression.

The face has no facial expression on the affected site and facial musculature is deviated to the contralateral side. It may affect salivation, taste and lachrymation, depending on the topography of the facial nerve affection. Patients may refer auditory hypersensitivity ¹, the symptom which was studied in the present report.

In patients with Bell's palsy, stapedial reflex may be absent. Perlman (1938)² & Tschiassny (1994)³ reported cases of patients with Bell's palsy who reported hearing loss and they agreed that the cause of hearing loss in these patients could have been the absence of stapedial reflex. The reflex is derived from bilateral contraction of stapedial muscle in the middle ear, in response to loud sounds, which occurs at about 85dB HL.

Hyperacusis is defined as hypersensitivity to common everyday sounds, perceived as unbearable, strong or painful (Schwade, 1985)⁴, (Sammeth, Preves & Branby, 1997)⁵.

Marriage & Barnes (1995)⁶ classified hyperacusis as peripheral or central. Peripheral hyperacusis occurs when stapedial reflex is absent and sound is perceived as louder. Central hyperacusis is specific sound hypersensitivity, not necessarily of loud sounds, resulting from serotonin dysfunction.

Sahley, Nodar & Musick (1997)⁷ reinforced that suppression and reduction of amplitude of nervous action potential is the best way to document activation of medial efferent fibers.

Efferent pathway could be involved in the explanation of hyperacusis, given that the auditory protection mechanism against loud sounds, for this reason, would be deactivated and sound waves that reached the inner ear would be somewhat amplified towards the brain.

The purpose of the present study was to check whether patients with Bell's palsy had hyperacusis or not.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

We examined 18 random patients who presented peripheral Bell's palsy and came to the ambulatory of Facial Palsy, Service of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Sao Paulo – Escola Paulista de Medicina.

In order to classify the patients, we followed the criteria below:

1. Exclusion of possible factors that could cause palsy

2. Duration of palsy equal or less than one week

3. Absence of middle ear disorders

4. Patient had not been clinically treated yet

We conducted complete ENT examination, Hilger's test, Schirmer's test, electrogustometry, pure tone audiometry and speech discrimination, immittanciometry, and hearing discomfort thresholds with audiometer Maico MA-41, classifying palsy's grade according to House (1993) and applying the protocol to study research data. All patients were assessed by the same physician and the same audiologist.

All patients were treated with regressive doses of prednisone.

We considered hyperacusis as hypersensitivity to everyday common sounds perceived by patients as unbearable, strong and painful.

RESULTS

Findings in the present study evidenced that:

• Age of patients ranged from 18 to 60 years; the most affected age range was 31 to 40 years (Graph 1).

• Female subjects were more affected by peripheral facial palsy, reaching 61% of the cases (Graph 2).

• Right hemiface was affected in 56% of the cases, with no relevance for prognosis (Graph 3).

• The most frequent grade of palsy, according to House classification, was grade IV in 44% of the cases and grades III and V in 28% of the cases each.

• Hyperacusis was present in only one patient, which amounted to 5.5% of the cases.

• All patients presented reduction of loudness tolerance thresholds measured by the audiometer, and the stapedial reflex protected them by 16dB on average (Table 1).

DISCUSSION

Peripheral Bell's palsy is one of the most frequent causes and, according to publications, its incidence ranges from 11 to 12.8 new cases per 100,000 inhabitants⁸.

It may be attributed to a vascular cause, but clinical, experimental and epidemiological arguments suggest that it is polyneuritis caused by herpes virus simplex that affects the facial nerve⁹.

Clinically, it has sudden onset with progression within few hours with the following signals: facial or pharyngeal pain, retroauricular pain and changes to the taste sensation in the affected hemitongue.

As to hyperacusis complaint, only one patient (5.5%) referred complaint of auditory discomfort, which did not differ from the complaints referred by the general population. Therefore, stapedial muscle palsy did not influence in the onset of these manifestations.

Comparing the hearing discomfort threshold on the paralyzed side in relation to the normal side, we noticed that there was reduction of discomfort thresholds in the paralyzed side. Therefore, there was contradiction between patients' complaint and the audiometric finding. Possibly it was due to the fact that reduction of discomfort level is not enough to cause clinical manifestations of hyperacusis.

CONCLUSION

Patients with Bell's palsy clinically presented complaints of hyperacusis similar to those of the general population, but audiologically, loudness tolerance threshold on the paralyzed side was lower than on the normal side.

REFERENCES

Article submited on September 14, 2004.

Article accepted on November 10, 2004.

Affiliation: Federal University of Sao Paulo- Escola Paulista de Medicina – UNIFESP-EPM/SP

• ¹
  Northern JL & Gabbard SA. The Acoustic Reflex. In: Katz J. (ed). Handbook of Clinicial Audiology. 4^th ed. Baltimore: Willian & Wilkins; 1994.
• ²
  Perlman HB. Hyperacusis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1938; 47:947-53.
• ³
  Tschiassny K. Stapedioparalytic Phonophobia ("hyperacusis"). In: A Deaf Ear. Laryngoscope 1949; 59: 886-903.
• ⁴
  Schwade S. Shedding Light on Supersensive Hearing. Prevention 1995; 96: 91-9.
• ⁵
  Sammeth CA, Preves DA, Branby WF. Hyperacusis: causes symptoms and treatment. Ft. Lauderdale: Instrutional Short Course at the AAA Convention; 1997. 4p.
• ⁶
  Marriage J & Barnes NM. Is Central Hyperacusis a Symptom of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) Dysfuntion. J Laryngol Otol 1995; 109:(10) 915-21.
• ⁷
  Sahley TL, Nodar RH, Musiek FE. Clinical Relevance. In: Eferent Auditory System. San Diego: Singular Publishing Group; 1997. p. 7-24
• ⁸
  Adour K. Medical Management of Idiopathic (Bell's) Palsy. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1991; 24: 663-73.
• ⁹
  Yanaquinara N. Incidency of Bell's palsy. Ann otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 1988; 137: 3-4.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  19 Apr 2005
• Date of issue
  Dec 2004

History

• Received
  14 Sept 2004
• Accepted
  10 Nov 2004