Growth and metabolic activity of the extramatrical mycelium of endomycorrhizal maize plants

Cardoso Filho, J. A.; Pacovsky, R. S.; Cardoso, E. J. B. N.

doi:10.1590/S0100-06831999000400007

Abstracts

The objective of this experiment was to quantify the extramatrical mycelium of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerdemann) grown on maize (Zea mays L. var. Piranão) provided with various levels of phosphate fertilizer and harvested at 30, 60 and 90 days after planting (DAP). Total extramatrical mycelium (TEM) was extracted from soil using a modified membrane filtration method, followed by quantification using a grid intersection technique. Active extramatrical mycelium (AEM) proportion was determined using an enzymatic method which measured dehydrogenase activity by following iodonitrotetrazolium reduction. At low levels of added P, there was relatively less TEM than at high levels of added P, but the AEM proportion at low soil P availability was significantly greater than at high soil P.

arbuscular mycorrhizae; Glomus etunicatum; extramatrical hyphae; metabolically active mycelium

O objetivo do trabalho foi quantificar o micélio extramatricial do fungo micorrízico arbuscular (AM) Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerdemann) e medir sua atividade 30, 60 e 90 dias após o plantio (DAP), utilizando-se a cultura do milho (Zea mays L. var. Piranão) com quatro doses de adubação fosfática. O micélio extramatricial total (TEM) foi extraído do solo pelo método da membrana de filtração modificado e foi quantificado pela técnica da grade de interseção. A proporção de micélio extramatricial ativo (AEM) foi determinada pelo método que mede a atividade das enzimas desidrogenases com coloração de iodonitrotetrazolio. Em baixas doses de P,o TEM foi menor do que a quantidade em altas doses de P, mas a proporção de AEM foi maior nas baixas doses de P.

Glomus entunicatum; hifas externas; micélio ativo; micorriza arbuscular

SEÇÃO III - BIOLOGIA DO SOLO

Growth and metabolic activity of the extramatrical mycelium of endomycorrhizal maize plants(¹ (1 ) Parte da Tese de Mestrado do primeiro autor, apresentada à Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz - ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba (SP). )

Desenvolvimento e atividade do micélio extramatricial em plantas de milho colonizadas com fungo micorrízico

J. A. Cardoso Filho^I; R. S. Pacovsky^II; E. J. B. N. Cardoso^III

^IProfessor Assistente, Departamento de Agronomia, CECA/UFAL. CEP 57072-970 Maceió (AL)

^IIPesquisador Colaborador, Departamento de Solos e Nutrição de Plantas, ESALQ/USP. Caixa Postal 9. CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba (SP)

^IIIProfessora Titular do Departamento de Solos e Nutrição de Plantas. ESALQ/USP

SUMMARY

The objective of this experiment was to quantify the extramatrical mycelium of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerdemann) grown on maize (Zea mays L. var. Piranão) provided with various levels of phosphate fertilizer and harvested at 30, 60 and 90 days after planting (DAP). Total extramatrical mycelium (TEM) was extracted from soil using a modified membrane filtration method, followed by quantification using a grid intersection technique. Active extramatrical mycelium (AEM) proportion was determined using an enzymatic method which measured dehydrogenase activity by following iodonitrotetrazolium reduction. At low levels of added P, there was relatively less TEM than at high levels of added P, but the AEM proportion at low soil P availability was significantly greater than at high soil P.

Index terms: arbuscular mycorrhizae, Glomus etunicatum, extramatrical hyphae, metabolically active mycelium.

RESUMO

O objetivo do trabalho foi quantificar o micélio extramatricial do fungo micorrízico arbuscular (AM) Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerdemann) e medir sua atividade 30, 60 e 90 dias após o plantio (DAP), utilizando-se a cultura do milho (Zea mays L. var. Piranão) com quatro doses de adubação fosfática. O micélio extramatricial total (TEM) foi extraído do solo pelo método da membrana de filtração modificado e foi quantificado pela técnica da grade de interseção. A proporção de micélio extramatricial ativo (AEM) foi determinada pelo método que mede a atividade das enzimas desidrogenases com coloração de iodonitrotetrazolio. Em baixas doses de P,o TEM foi menor do que a quantidade em altas doses de P, mas a proporção de AEM foi maior nas baixas doses de P.

Termos de indexação: Glomus entunicatum, hifas externas, micélio ativo, micorriza arbuscular.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text available only in PDF format.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to thank CAPES (PIDCT), CNPq, and FAPESP (Proc. Nu. 1996/11504-2 ) for their support of J.A.C.F., E.J.B.N.C., and R.S.P, respectively. We would also like to thank Denise L.C. Mescolotti and Luis F. Baldesin for their technical support.

LITERATURE CITED

Recebido para publicação em março de 1995

Aprovado em setembro de 1999

ABBOTT, L.K.; ROBSON, A.D. & DE BOER,G. The effect of phosphorus on the formation of hyphae in soil by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus fasciculatum New Phytol., 97:437-446, 1984.
AHMADSAD, I. A method for the quantitative determination of the extramatrical mycelium of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza. Angew. Bot., 58:359-364, 1984.
AMES, R.N.; MIHARA, K.L. & BETHLENFALVAY, G.J. The establishment of microorganisms in VA mycorrhizal and control treatments. Biol. Fertil. Soils, 6:41-46, 1984.
ANTUNES, V. & CARDOSO, E.J.B.N. Growth and nutrient status of citrus plants as influenced by mycorrhiza and phosphorus application. Plant Soil, 131:1-9, 1991.
BETHLENFALVAY, G.J. & AMES, R.N. Comparison of two methods for quantifying extramatrical mycelium of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 51:834-837, 1987.
BETHLENFALVAY, G.J.; BROWN, M.S. & PACOVSKY, R.S. Relationships between host and endophyte development in mycorrhizal soybean. New Phytol., 90:537-542, 1982.
CARDOSO, E.J.B.N.; ANTUNES, V.; SILVEIRA, A.P.D. & OLIVEIRA, M.H.A. Eficiência de fungos micorrizícos vesículo-arbusculares em porta-enxertos de citros. R. Bras. Ci. Solo, 10:25-30, 1986.
CRUSH, J.R. Endomycorrhizas and legume growth in some soils of the Mackenzie Basin, Canterbury, New Zeland. N. Z. Agric. Res., 19:473-576, 1976.
DOUDS, D.D.; JOHNSON, C.R. & KOCH, K.E. Carbon cost of the fungal symbiont relative to net leaf P accumulation in a split-root VA mycorrhizal symbiosis. Plant Physiol., 86:491-496, 1988.
FREIRE, J.C.; RIBEIRO, M.A.V.; BAHIA, V.G.; LOPES, A.S. & AQUINO, L.H. Resposta do milho cultivado em casa de vegetação a níveis de água em solos da região de Lavras (MG). R. Bras. Ci. Solo, 4:5-8, 1980.
GIOVANETTI, M. & MOSSE, B. An evaluation of techniques for measuring vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in roots. New Phytol., 84:489-500, 1980.
GRAHAM, J.H.; LEONARD, R.T. & MENGE, J.A. Membrane-mediated decrease in root exudation responsible for phosphorus inhibition of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza formation. Plant Physiol., 63:548-552, 1981.
GRAHAM, J.H.; LINDERMAN, R.G. & MENGE, J.A. Development of external hyphae by different isolates of mycorrhizal Glomus spp in relation to root colonization and growth of troyer citrange. New Phytol., 91:183-189, 1982.
HAMEL, H.; FYLES, H. & SMITH, D.L. Measurement of development of endomycorrhizal mycelium using three different vital stains. New Phytol., 115:297-302, 1990.
HARLEY, J.L. & SMITH, S.E. Mycorrhizal symbiosis. London, Academic Press, 1983. 483p.
JAKOBSEN, I. & ROSENDAHL, L. Carbon flow into soil and external hyphae from roots of mycorrhizal cucumber plants. . New Phytol., 115:77-83, 1990.
KABIR, Z.; O'HALLORAN, I.P. & HAMEL, C. The proliferation of fungal hyphae in soil supporting mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhiza, 6:477-480, 1996.
LAMBAIS, M.R. & CARDOSO, E.J.B.N. Avaliação da germinação de esporos de fungos micorrízicos vesículo-arbusculares e da colonizição micorrízica de Stylosanthes guianensis em solo ácido e distrófico. R. Bras. Ci. Solo, 12:249-255, 1988.
LAMBERT, D.H.; BAKER, D.E. & COLE Jr., H. The role of mycorrhizae in the interactions of phosphorus with zinc, copper and other elements. Soil Sci. Soc. Am., J., 43:976-980, 1979.
MALAVOLTA, E. Elementos de nutrição mineral de plantas. São Paulo, Agronômica Ceres, 1980. 487p.
MELLONI, R. & CARDOSO, E.J.B.N. Quantificação de micélio extrarradical de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares em plantas cítricas e endófitos. I. Método empregado. R. Bras. Ci. Solo, 23:53-58, 1999.
MIRANDA, J.C.C.; HARRIS, P.J. & WILD, A. Effects of soil and plant phosphorus concentrations on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza in sorghum plants. New Phytol., 112:405-410, 1989.
MIRANDA, J.C.C. & HARRIS, P.J. Effect of soil phosphorus on spore germination and hyphal growth of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol., 128:103-108, 1994.
NAGAHASHI, G.; DOUDS, D.D. & ABNEY Jr., G.D. Phosphorus amendment inhibits hyphal branching of the VAM fungus Gigaspora margarita directly and indirectly through its effect on root exudation. Mycorrhiza, 6:403-408, 1996.
PACOVSKY, R.S. Metabolic differences in Zea-Glomus-Azospirillum symbioses. Soil Biol. Biochem., 21:953-960, 1989.
PACOVSKY, R.S. & BETHLENFALVAY, G.J. Measurement of the extramatrical mycelium of a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in soil by a chitin determination. Plant Soil, 68:143-147, 1982.
PHILLIPS, J.M. & HAYMAN, A.S. Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for assessment of infection. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 55:158-161, 1970.
RAIJ, B. van. Fertilidade do solo e adubação. Piracicaba, Ceres, Potafos, 1991. 343p.
SANDERS, F.E. & SHEIK, N.A. Development of mycorrhizal infection in plant root systems. Plant Soil, 71:233-246, 1983.
SARRUGE, J.R. & HAAG, H.P. Análises químicas em plantas. Piracicaba, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, 1974. 56p.
SCHUBERT, A.; MARZACHI, M.; MAZZITELLI, M.C. & BONFANTE-FASOLO, P. Development of total and viable extraradical mycelium in the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus clarum Nicol. & Schenck. New Phytol., 107:183-190, 1987.
SILVEIRA, A.P.D. & CARDOSO, E.J.B.N. Efeito do fósforo e da micorriza vesículo-arbuscular na simbiose Rhizobium-feijoeiro. R. Bras. Ci. Solo, 11:31-36, 1987.
SMITH, S.E. & WALKER, N.A. A quantitative study of mycorrhizal infection in Trifolium: separate determination of the rates of infection and mycelial growth. New Phytol., 89:225-240, 1981.
SYLVIA, D.M. Activity of external hyphae of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Soil Biol. Biochem., 20:39-43, 1988.
SYLVIA, D.M. Distribution, structure, and function of external hyphae of vesicular-arbuscular fungi. In: BOX Jr., J.E. & HAMMOND, L.C., eds. Rhizosphere dynamics. Gainesville, American Association Advances Sciences, 1992. p.144-167.

(1

) Parte da Tese de Mestrado do primeiro autor, apresentada à Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz - ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba (SP).

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
06 Oct 2014
Date of issue
Dec 1999

History

Accepted
Sept 1999
Received
Mar 1995

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] ABBOTT, L.K.; ROBSON, A.D. & DE BOER,G. The effect of phosphorus on the formation of hyphae in soil by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus fasciculatum New Phytol., 97:437-446, 1984.

[2] AHMADSAD, I. A method for the quantitative determination of the extramatrical mycelium of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza. Angew. Bot., 58:359-364, 1984.

[3] AMES, R.N.; MIHARA, K.L. & BETHLENFALVAY, G.J. The establishment of microorganisms in VA mycorrhizal and control treatments. Biol. Fertil. Soils, 6:41-46, 1984.

[4] ANTUNES, V. & CARDOSO, E.J.B.N. Growth and nutrient status of citrus plants as influenced by mycorrhiza and phosphorus application. Plant Soil, 131:1-9, 1991.

[5] BETHLENFALVAY, G.J. & AMES, R.N. Comparison of two methods for quantifying extramatrical mycelium of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 51:834-837, 1987.

[6] BETHLENFALVAY, G.J.; BROWN, M.S. & PACOVSKY, R.S. Relationships between host and endophyte development in mycorrhizal soybean. New Phytol., 90:537-542, 1982.

[7] CARDOSO, E.J.B.N.; ANTUNES, V.; SILVEIRA, A.P.D. & OLIVEIRA, M.H.A. Eficiência de fungos micorrizícos vesículo-arbusculares em porta-enxertos de citros. R. Bras. Ci. Solo, 10:25-30, 1986.

[8] CRUSH, J.R. Endomycorrhizas and legume growth in some soils of the Mackenzie Basin, Canterbury, New Zeland. N. Z. Agric. Res., 19:473-576, 1976.

[9] DOUDS, D.D.; JOHNSON, C.R. & KOCH, K.E. Carbon cost of the fungal symbiont relative to net leaf P accumulation in a split-root VA mycorrhizal symbiosis. Plant Physiol., 86:491-496, 1988.

[10] FREIRE, J.C.; RIBEIRO, M.A.V.; BAHIA, V.G.; LOPES, A.S. & AQUINO, L.H. Resposta do milho cultivado em casa de vegetação a níveis de água em solos da região de Lavras (MG). R. Bras. Ci. Solo, 4:5-8, 1980.

[11] GIOVANETTI, M. & MOSSE, B. An evaluation of techniques for measuring vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in roots. New Phytol., 84:489-500, 1980.

[12] GRAHAM, J.H.; LEONARD, R.T. & MENGE, J.A. Membrane-mediated decrease in root exudation responsible for phosphorus inhibition of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza formation. Plant Physiol., 63:548-552, 1981.

[13] GRAHAM, J.H.; LINDERMAN, R.G. & MENGE, J.A. Development of external hyphae by different isolates of mycorrhizal Glomus spp in relation to root colonization and growth of troyer citrange. New Phytol., 91:183-189, 1982.

[14] HAMEL, H.; FYLES, H. & SMITH, D.L. Measurement of development of endomycorrhizal mycelium using three different vital stains. New Phytol., 115:297-302, 1990.

[15] HARLEY, J.L. & SMITH, S.E. Mycorrhizal symbiosis. London, Academic Press, 1983. 483p.

[16] JAKOBSEN, I. & ROSENDAHL, L. Carbon flow into soil and external hyphae from roots of mycorrhizal cucumber plants. . New Phytol., 115:77-83, 1990.

[17] KABIR, Z.; O'HALLORAN, I.P. & HAMEL, C. The proliferation of fungal hyphae in soil supporting mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhiza, 6:477-480, 1996.

[18] LAMBAIS, M.R. & CARDOSO, E.J.B.N. Avaliação da germinação de esporos de fungos micorrízicos vesículo-arbusculares e da colonizição micorrízica de Stylosanthes guianensis em solo ácido e distrófico. R. Bras. Ci. Solo, 12:249-255, 1988.

[19] LAMBERT, D.H.; BAKER, D.E. & COLE Jr., H. The role of mycorrhizae in the interactions of phosphorus with zinc, copper and other elements. Soil Sci. Soc. Am., J., 43:976-980, 1979.

[20] MALAVOLTA, E. Elementos de nutrição mineral de plantas. São Paulo, Agronômica Ceres, 1980. 487p.

[21] MELLONI, R. & CARDOSO, E.J.B.N. Quantificação de micélio extrarradical de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares em plantas cítricas e endófitos. I. Método empregado. R. Bras. Ci. Solo, 23:53-58, 1999.

[22] MIRANDA, J.C.C.; HARRIS, P.J. & WILD, A. Effects of soil and plant phosphorus concentrations on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza in sorghum plants. New Phytol., 112:405-410, 1989.

[23] MIRANDA, J.C.C. & HARRIS, P.J. Effect of soil phosphorus on spore germination and hyphal growth of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol., 128:103-108, 1994.

[24] NAGAHASHI, G.; DOUDS, D.D. & ABNEY Jr., G.D. Phosphorus amendment inhibits hyphal branching of the VAM fungus Gigaspora margarita directly and indirectly through its effect on root exudation. Mycorrhiza, 6:403-408, 1996.

[25] PACOVSKY, R.S. Metabolic differences in Zea-Glomus-Azospirillum symbioses. Soil Biol. Biochem., 21:953-960, 1989.

[26] PACOVSKY, R.S. & BETHLENFALVAY, G.J. Measurement of the extramatrical mycelium of a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in soil by a chitin determination. Plant Soil, 68:143-147, 1982.

[27] PHILLIPS, J.M. & HAYMAN, A.S. Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for assessment of infection. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 55:158-161, 1970.

[28] RAIJ, B. van. Fertilidade do solo e adubação. Piracicaba, Ceres, Potafos, 1991. 343p.

[29] SANDERS, F.E. & SHEIK, N.A. Development of mycorrhizal infection in plant root systems. Plant Soil, 71:233-246, 1983.

[30] SARRUGE, J.R. & HAAG, H.P. Análises químicas em plantas. Piracicaba, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, 1974. 56p.

[31] SCHUBERT, A.; MARZACHI, M.; MAZZITELLI, M.C. & BONFANTE-FASOLO, P. Development of total and viable extraradical mycelium in the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus clarum Nicol. & Schenck. New Phytol., 107:183-190, 1987.

[32] SILVEIRA, A.P.D. & CARDOSO, E.J.B.N. Efeito do fósforo e da micorriza vesículo-arbuscular na simbiose Rhizobium-feijoeiro. R. Bras. Ci. Solo, 11:31-36, 1987.

[33] SMITH, S.E. & WALKER, N.A. A quantitative study of mycorrhizal infection in Trifolium: separate determination of the rates of infection and mycelial growth. New Phytol., 89:225-240, 1981.

[34] SYLVIA, D.M. Activity of external hyphae of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Soil Biol. Biochem., 20:39-43, 1988.

[35] SYLVIA, D.M. Distribution, structure, and function of external hyphae of vesicular-arbuscular fungi. In: BOX Jr., J.E. & HAMMOND, L.C., eds. Rhizosphere dynamics. Gainesville, American Association Advances Sciences, 1992. p.144-167.

Brasil

Brasil

Growth and metabolic activity of the extramatrical mycelium of endomycorrhizal maize plants

Desenvolvimento e atividade do micélio extramatricial em plantas de milho colonizadas com fungo micorrízico

Abstracts

Publication Dates

History