Traceability of animal meals in quail eggs using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes

Rastreabilidade de farinhas de origem animal em ovos de codornas por meio de isótopos estáveis de carbono e nitrogênio

Abstract:

The objective of this work was to detect the inclusion of animal meal in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) diets, by analyzing eggs and their fractions (albumen and yolk) through the technique of carbon (¹³C/¹²C) and nitrogen (¹⁵N/¹⁴N) stable isotopes. Four hundred and thirty-two Japanese quails, 45-day-old females, were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design, in eight treatments: T1, strictly vegetable diet (VEG), with corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) meal; T2, bovine meat and bone meal (BM); T3, poultry viscera meal (OM); T4, feather meal (FM); T5, BM+OM; T6, BM+FM; T7, OM+FM; and T8, BM+OM+FM. Sixteen eggs were randomly collected from each treatment - eight for whole egg analysis and eight for separate yolk and albumen analyses. To determine the turnover rate, the exponential isotope dilution model was used. The application of C and N stable isotopes allows identifying the use of animal meal in coded diets through the analysis of whole eggs and their fractions, which suggests that this technique is a promising tool for the traceability and certification of products of animal origin.

Index terms:
Coturnix coturnix japonica; bovine meal; certification; feather meal; poultry viscera meal

Resumo:

O objetivo deste trabalho foi detectar a inclusão de farinha de origem animal em dietas de codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica), ao analisar os ovos e suas frações (albúmen e gema) por meio da técnica de isótopos estáveis de carbono (¹³C/ ¹²C) e nitrogênio (¹⁵N/¹⁴N). Quatrocentas e trinta e duas codornas japonesas, fêmeas com 45 dias de idade, foram distribuídas em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em oito tratamentos: T1, dieta estritamente vegetal, com farinha de milho (Zea mays) e soja (Glycine max) (VEG); T2, farinha de carne e ossos bovinos (BM); T3, farinha de vísceras de aves (OM); T4, farinha de penas (FM); T5, BM+OM; T6, BM+FM; T7, OM+FM; e T8, BM+OM+FM. Foram colhidos aleatoriamente 16 ovos de cada tratamento - oito para análise de ovo inteiro e oito para análise separada de gema e albúmen. Para determinar a taxa de “turnover”, utilizou-se o modelo exponencial de diluição isotópica. A aplicação de isótopos estáveis de C e N permite identificar o uso de farinha de origem animal em dietas codificadas, por meio da análise dos ovos inteiros e de suas frações, o que sugere que esta técnica é uma ferramenta promissora para a rastreabilidade e a certificação de produtos de origem animal.

Termos para indexação:
Coturnix coturnix japonica; farinha bovina; certificação; farinha de penas; farinha de vísceras de aves

Introduction

In Brazil, the quail herd grew in 2018, reaching the mark of 16.8 million heads, an increase of 3.90%, compared with 2017, while egg production decreased 2.1% (IBGE, 2019). In the country, most quail are farmed for egg production. Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) are exclusively used to produce eggs, while common quail (Cortunix coturnix coturnix) are used for egg and meat production. It appears that, in general, quail produce more eggs up to 60 weeks of age, due to their sexual precocity in the early stages of rearing (Bertechini, 2010).

In some countries, because of the greater availability and lower cost of ingredients of animal origin, a common practice, in poultry farming, is replacing expensive ingredients, such as soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] meal and dicalcium phosphate, with animal meals, an alternative source of calcium, phosphorus, and protein (Wang & Parsons 1998; Hendriks et al., 2002). This adds to the current concerns regarding food safety, related to transgenic foods, food adulteration and mislabeling, and worldwide incidents such as mad cow disease, avian influenza, swine influenza, and dioxin contamination (Gottmann, 2008; Bottero & Dalmasso, 2011).

In this scenario, traceability systems have been implemented to try to ensure the safety of animal products to the consumers, in response to the requirements imposed by the European Union in regulation 1069/2009 of the European Parliament and Council (European Union, 2009), which banned the import of products derived from animals fed by-products from animals of the same species.

Several analytical methods have been used to test food safety, among which is isotope ratio mass spectrometry. This method has been successfully used to authenticate feeding diets because the stable isotope signatures in the products derived from animals reflect the stable isotope composition of their feed (Prache et al., 2005). Stable isotopes have been used in different studies for the traceability of animal products (Vinci et al., 2013), including egg traceability and authenticity (Rock, 2012; Rock et al., 2013), bird diet inference by the egg fraction analysis (Herzka et al., 2013), and differentiation among egg production systems (Rogers, 2009).

Previous studies have shown that stable isotopes can detect, via eggs, the inclusion of bovine meat and bone meal in the diets of Japanese quail and in broiler feed (Mori et al., 2007, 2008, 2013; Oliveira et al., 2010). However, there are no known traceability studies on other animal meals, such as poultry offal meal and feather meal, added to quail diets and assessed through egg analyses.

The objective of this work was to detect the inclusion of animal meal in Japanese quail diets, by analyzing eggs and their fractions (albumen and yolk) through the technique of carbon (¹³C/¹²C) and nitrogen (¹⁵N/¹⁴N) stable isotopes.

Materials and Methods

The experiment was conducted in the bioclimatic chamber at the Lageado experimental farm of Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia of Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp), located in the municipality of Botucatu, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The study was approved by the ethics committee of animal use of Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia of Unesp (protocol number 143/2013).

A total of 432 45-day-old female Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) were obtained from a commercial incubator and housed in 0.40x0.50-m experimental galvanized wire cages, with a frontal feeder and nipple drinkers; all animals were previously vaccinated against infectious bursal disease, Marek’s disease, and Bouba’s disease. Temperature and ventilation were controlled to maintain the thermal comfort zone (thermoneutral temperature) throughout the farming period. A 17-hour daylight program, using artificial illumination, was adopted.

The experimental design was completely randomized with eight treatments and eight replicates. The treatments were: T1, a strictly vegetable control diet, with corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean meal; T2, bovine meat and bone meal (BM); T3, poultry offal meal (OM); T4, feather meal (FM); T5, BM+OM; T6, BM+FM; T7, OM+FM; and T8, BM+OM+FM (Table 1). Nutritional requirements were established according to Rostagno (2011). The diets were formulated to provide similar levels of energy, protein, phosphorus, and amino acids (methionine, cystine, and lysine) (Table 2).

Table 1
Composition of the experimental diets fed to the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica).

Ingredient(1) (%)	Experimental diet(2)
	VEG	BM	OM	FM	BM+OM	BM+FM	OM+FM	BM+OM+FM
Corn grain	57.99	60.92	61.43	62.61	61.77	62.15	62.24	62.01
Soybean meal	31.16	26.98	25.50	23.52	25.67	24.72	24.46	25.17
BM	-	4.00	-	-	2.50	2.50	-	2.50
OM	-	-	4.00	-	2.00	-	2.00	1.00
Feather meal	-	-	-	4.00	-	2.00	2.00	1.00
Soybean oil	1.33	0.38	-	0.27	-	0.20	0.06	0.08
Limestone	7.20	6.62	7.10	7.24	6.80	6.87	7.18	6.83
Dicalcium phosphate	1.20	-	0.70	1.14	0.18	0.40	0.92	0.29
DL-methionine	0.23	0.23	0.21	0.24	0.22	0.24	0.23	0.23
L-lysine	0.24	0.27	0.23	0.34	0.26	0.31	0.29	0.29
Salt	0.35	0.30	0.31	0.34	0.30	0.31	0.32	0.30
Vitamin premix(3)	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15
Mineral premix(4)	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15
Kaolin	-	-	0.22	-	-	-	-	-
Total	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00

• ⁽¹⁾
  BM, bovine meat and bone meal; and OM, poultry offal meal. ⁽²⁾VEG, strictly vegetable control treatment, with corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) meal; FM, feather meal; BM+OM, bovine meat and bone meal and poultry offal meal; BM+FM, bovine meat and bone meal plus feather meal; OM+FM, poultry offal meal plus feather meal; and BM+OM+FM, bovine meat and bone meal plus poultry offal meal plus feather meal. ⁽³⁾Vitamin premix assurance levels per kilogram of product: 100 mg folic acid, 6 g pantothenic acid, 1 g butylated hydroxytoluene, 5 mg biotin, 20 g niacin, 7.000.000 IU vitamin A, 250 mg vitamin B1, 6 g vitamin B12, 3 g vitamin B2, 150 mg vitamin B6, 2.500.000 IU vitamin D3, 8 g vitamin E, and 1.2 mg vitamin K3. ⁽⁴⁾Mineral premix assurance levels per kilogram of product: 50 g manganese, 40 g zinc, 30 g iron, 6 g copper, 400 mg iodine, and 180 mg selenium.

Table 2.
Nutritional levels calculated for the experimental diets fed to the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).

Nutritional level(1)	Experimental diet(2)
	VEG	BM	OM	FM	BM+OM	BM+FM	OM+FM	BM+OM+FM
ME (kcal kg-1)	2,800	2,800	2,800	2,800	2,800	2,800	2,800	2,800
Crude protein (%)	19.00	19.00	19.00	19.00	19.00	19.00	19.00	19.00
Calcium (%)	3.10	3.10	3.10	3.10	3.10	3.10	3.10	3.10
Available phosphorus (%)	0.33	0.33	0.32	0.33	0.33	0.33	0.33	0.33
Crude fiber (%)	2.66	2.53	2.41	2.33	2.46	2.42	2.37	2.44
Methionine (%)	0.49	0.49	0.49	0.49	0.49	0.49	0.49	0.49
SAA (%)	0.75	0.74	0.75	0.84	0.74	0.79	0.80	0.77
Lysine (%)	1.10	1.09	1.09	1.08	1.09	1.08	1.09	1.09

• ⁽¹⁾
  ME, metabolizable energy; and SAA, sulfur amino acids. ⁽²⁾VEG, strictly vegetable control treatment, with corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) meal; BM, bovine meat and bone meal; OM, poultry offal meal; FM, feather meal; BM+OM, bovine meat and bone meal plus poultry offal meal; BM+FM, bovine meat and bone meal plus feather meal; OM+FM, poultry offal meal plus feather meal; BM+OM+FM, bovine meat and bone meal plus poultry offal meal plus feather meal. Nutritional levels were calculated according to Rostagno (2011).

The experiment started when the quail were 45 days old; from then on, they were fed for another 45 days. At the end of experimental period, 16 eggs were randomly collected from each treatment group, eight for sampling of the whole egg (yolk + albumen) and eight for individual sampling of the yolk and albumen. The eggs were frozen at -18°C. For the isotopic analyses, performed at Centro de Isótopos Estáveis Ambientais em Ciências of Unesp, the samples were freeze-dried in the L108 equipment (Liobras, São Carlos, SP, Brazil) for 48 hours. Eight samples of whole eggs and eight of yolk and albumen were packed individually in paper filters, soaked in diethyl ether, and defatted using the MA491 Soxhlet apparatus (Marconi Equipamentos para Laboratórios Ltda, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil) for 4 hours at 55°C. The samples were placed in the MA035 forced-air oven (Marconi Equipamentos para Laboratórios Ltda, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil), at 50°C for 1 hour, in order to allow the volatilization of the residual ether.

Next, all samples and the diets of each treatment were placed in individual polycarbonate flasks with three stainless steel balls. The flasks were sealed and frozen in liquid nitrogen, at -196°C, and milled in the 2010 Geno/Grinder cryogenic mill (Spex SamplePrep, Metuchen, NJ, USA) at a frequency of 900 rpm for 3 min. Afterwards, the diets were milled at a frequency of 900 rpm for 10 min. The ground egg samples were placed into tin capsules for the analysis of carbon and nitrogen (50-70 and 500-600 μg, respectively), and the diets were weighed and put into tin capsules for the analysis of carbon and nitrogen (50-70 and 2,100-2,200 μg, respectively).

For isotopic ratio determination, the tin capsules were placed and burned in the Flash 2000 Elemental Analyzer (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Bremen, Germany) to obtain CO₂ and N₂. The gases were separated in a gas chromatography column and analyzed in the Delta V Advantage isotope ratio mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Bremen, Germany). For ¹³C, the values of the isotopic ratios were expressed in delta (δ) per mil (‰) relative to the PeeDee Belemnite international standard, and, for ¹⁵N, in atmospheric air nitrogen, according to the following general equation (Craig, 1953):

$$\left[\left(\delta X\right)\right]\_\left(\left({{}_{\text{sample}\text{,}}}_{}{}_{\text{standard}}\right)\right)=\left(\left({\text{R\_}}_{\text{sample}}-{\text{R\_}}_{\text{standard}}\right)\right)/{\text{R\_}}_{\text{standard}}\text{,}$$

where δX is the enrichment of the heaviest isotope of chemical element X (C or N) of the sample relative to the respective international standard; and R is the isotope ratio between the least and the most abundant isotope, for example ¹³C/¹²C and ¹⁵N/¹⁴N.

The data were analyzed using the Minitab 16 statistical software (Minitab, Inc., State College, PA, USA). Isotopic data were subjected to the analysis of variance and to Tukey’s test, at 5% probability. Scatter plots were used to better visualize the obtained results.

Results and Discussion

The δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N isotopic ratios of the animal meal treatments were similar (p>0.05) to those of the strictly vegetable control (Table 3). However, differences were observed in the δ¹³C isotopic ratio of the egg, albumen, and yolk when animal meals were included in the diets.

Table 3.
Means and coefficient of variation (CV) of the carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) isotopes in the diets (n=24), eggs (n=64), yolk (n=64), and albumen (n=64) of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) subjected to different treatments⁽¹⁾.

Variable		Treatment(2)								CV (%)
		VEG	BM	OM	FM	BM+OM	BM+FM	OM+FM	BM+OM+FM
Diet
	δ13C	-17.6a	-17.6a	-17.2a	-17.0a	-17.4a	-16.9a	-16.8a	-17.6a	2.3
	δ15N	1.1a	1.4a	1.4a	1.6a	1.5a	1.6a	1.6a	1.3a	13.7
Egg
	δ13C	-20.2a	-19.3b	-19.1b	-19.1b	-19.1b	-19.1b	-19.4b	-19.4b	2.9
	δ15N	3.7a	4.3b	4.2b	4.3b	4.3b	4.3b	4.6b	4.7b	9.2
Albumen
	δ13C	-19.9a	-19.2b	-19.1b	-18.5c	-18.9bc	-19.0bc	-19.0bc	-19.0bc	2.5
	δ15N	2.9a	3.4b	3.8bc	3.6b	3.6b	3.7bc	3.8bc	4.1c	11.7
Yolk
	δ13C	-20.3a	-19.0b	-19.0b	-18.6b	-18.9b	-18.9b	-18.9b	-19.0b	3.0
	δ15N	4.5a	4.6ab	4.8ab	4.9ab	4.7ab	4.7ab	4.9ab	5.1b	7.5

• ⁽¹⁾
  Means followed by equal letters, in the columns, do not differ by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability. ⁽²⁾VEG, strictly vegetable control treatment, with corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) meal; BM, bovine meat and bone meal; OM, poultry offal meal; FM, feather meal; BM+OM, bovine meat and bone meal plus poultry offal meal; BM+FM, bovine meat and bone meal plus feather meal; OM+FM, poultry offal meal plus feather meal; and BM+OM+FM, bovine meat and bone meal plus poultry offal meal plus feather meal.

In all treatments, the δ¹³C of the egg, albumen, and yolk depleted in comparison with that of the diet, whereas there was an enrichment in the δ¹⁵N of the egg, albumen, and yolk when compared with that of the diet.

The nitrogen-15 analyses of the egg and albumen samples showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between the control (Table 3 and Figures 1 and 2) and the treatments with animal meals. This can be explained by the enrichment in nitrogen-15 that occurs for each rise in the trophic level (DeNiro & Epstein, 1978). In yolk, enrichments in δ¹⁵N were observed, with no differences between the vegetable treatment and those with animal meal (Table 3).

Figure 1.
Scatterplot of the delta values of carbon-13 versus nitrogen-15 of the animal meal and vegetable treatments in 90-day-old eggs of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) fed experimental diets for 45 days. BM+FM, bovine meat and bone meal plus feather meal; BM+OM+FM, bovine meat and bone meal plus poultry offal meal plus feather meal; BM+OM, bovine meat and bone meal plus poultry offal meal; BM, bovine meat and bone meal; FM, feather meal; OM+FM, poultry offal meal plus feather meal; OM, poultry offal meal; and VEG, strictly vegetal control treatment, with corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) meal.

Figure 2.
Scatterplot of the delta values of carbon-13 versus nitrogen-15 of the animal meal and vegetable treatments in the albumen of 90-day-old eggs of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) fed experimental diets for 45 days. BM+FM, bovine meat and bone meal plus feather meal; BM+OM+FM, bovine meat and bone meal plus poultry offal meal plus feather meal; BM+OM, bovine meat and bone meal plus poultry offal meal; BM, bovine meat and bone meal; FM, feather meal; OM+FM, poultry offal meal plus feather meal; OM, poultry offal meal; and VEG, strictly vegetal control treatment, with corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) meal.

Because there was a similar isotopic enrichment across animal meal treatments, no significant differences were found in the egg isotopic analyses (p>0.05). These results differ from those of Denadai et al. (2008), who reported no enrichment in eggs subjected to the OM treatment and no difference in relation to the control, despite verifying that the eggs from animals that received the BM, FM, OM+FM, and BM+OM+FM treatments were isotopically enriched.

Yolk allowed discriminating (p<0.01) between all the treatments with animal meal and the vegetable control (Figura 3). However, according to Denadai et al. (2008), the δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N enrichment, responsible for this differentiation, prevented distinguishing among the treatments with the different animal meals (p>0.05). In the yolk samples, the first component caused a greater separation between treatments (77.60%) and was more affected by carbon (0.950) than the second component (22.40%).

Figure 3.
Scatterplot of the delta values of carbon-13 versus nitrogen-15 of the animal meal and vegetable treatments in the yolk of 90-day-old eggs of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) fed experimental diets for 45 days. BM+FM, bovine meat and bone meal plus feather meal; BM+OM+FM, bovine meat and bone meal plus poultry offal meal plus feather meal; BM+OM, bovine meat and bone meal plus poultry offal meal; BM, bovine meat and bone meal; FM, feather meal; OM+FM, poultry offal meal plus feather meal; OM, poultry offal meal; and VEG, strictly vegetal control treatment, with corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) meal.

Albumen analysis also allowed differentiating (p<0.01) between the vegetable control and the animal meal treatments (Figure 2). The albumen samples showed the best grouping of principal components and the greatest separation between treatments. In the albumen samples, the first component caused a greater treatment separation (78.10%) and was more influenced by carbon (0.782) than the second component (21.90%). This ¹³C and ¹⁵N isotope enrichment is consistent with the findings of Carrijo et al. (2006), Mori et al. (2007, 2008, 2013), Denadai et al. (2008), Gottmann (2008), Oliveira et al. (2010), and Cruz et al. (2012), who used animal meal in the diets of broilers and Japanese quail.

The isotopic analysis of the egg and its fractions (yolk and albumen) allowed detecting when animal meals were used in the diets of Japanese quail. According to Hobson (1995), for this evaluation, it is advisable to remove yolk lipids and then the whole egg lipids because their content in several tissues can vary among individuals. However, this step of the process was eliminated in the present study, reducing the cost and time of the analysis. The reason for this was the use of albumen, which, due to its low lipid content, does not need to be defatted and is more suitable for this type of analysis. The obtained results are indicative that the δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N stable isotope technique is a promising tool for animal product traceability and certification.

Conclusion

The stable carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) isotope technique is an effective tool for the traceability and certification of products of animal origin, allowing to detect the use of animal meal in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) diets by the analysis of whole eggs and their fractions (yolk and albumen).

Acknowledgments

To Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (Fapesp), for financial support (project numbers 2008/57411-4 and 2017/04994-1).

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  06 July 2020
• Date of issue
  2020

History

• Received
  04 Apr 2019
• Accepted
  16 Mar 2020