Influence of microwave processing on the bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity and sensory acceptance of blackberry jelly

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of microwave and microwave combined with vacuum on the nutritional and sensory characteristics of blackberry jelly, in order to verify if they are actually more viable methods of processing when compared to the traditional process in open pan. It was verified that the processing methods studied did not influence the sensory characteristics of the obtained jelly, however, it was observed that the microwave processing, in particular low power microwave without vacuum, promotes smaller nutritional losses in the blackberry jelly. The jellies processed in low-power microwave without vacuum stood out from the others presenting the highest antioxidant activity by DPPH (2095.19 g f.w./g of DPPH) and ABTS method (21.81 μM trolox/g), the highest total phenolic content (504.58 mg GAE/100 g) and one of the highest ascorbic acid content (33.72 mg ascorbic acid/100 g). The jelly processed in high-power microwave without vacuum, stood out to have the highest antioxidant activity by the beta-carotene method (84.20% protection). In relation to the anthocyanins content, the jellies processed by vacuum microwave (low and high power) were highlighted because they presented the highest levels (16.25 and 15.03 mg of cyanidin equivalent 3 glucoside/100g, respectively).

Keywords:
jelly; processing; nutritional; microwave

1 Introduction

The consumption of berries has increased in recent years due to their pleasant sensorial characteristcs and nutritional quality, presenting beneficial health properties due to the their nutritional richiness (Seeram, 2008; Souza et al., 2014a; Guedes et al., 2017). Due to the fragility and high postharvest respiration rate, these fruits are generally converted into frozen, dried and canned products or processed into jellies and juices for longer storage (Souza et al., 2014b, 2015). Heat is highly utilized in the food industry in a number of operations, both processing and conservation, however it may have a negative effect on food characteristics causing undesirable sensorial and nutritional changes (Souza et al., 2015). There are several studies demonstrating that during the berry fruit jelly processing the heat can cause losses up to 70% of phenolic compounds, 90% of anthocyanin, 80% of vitamin C and up to 73% of the antioxidant activity (Kovačević et al., 2009; Wu et al., 2010; Souza et al., 2015).

To counteract those undesirable changes, over a course of centuries, various food processing technologies, known as novel or emerging technologies, have been explored and implemented to provide safe, fresher-tasting and nutritive food products (Misra et al., 2017). There are a substantial number of studies in the literature comparing the effect of emerging technologies such as dielectric microwave heating (Gonçalves et al., 2013), ohmic heating (Cappato et al., 2018), ultrasound (Ribeiro et al., 2017; Monteiro et al., 2018), high hydrostratic pressure (Spira et al., 2018) among others with the traditional thermal treatment on nutritional and sensory charcateristics in a variety of foods.

The jelly microwave processing can be an interesting processing option because, due to the faster heating, the product will be less exposed time to heat (Leonelli et al., 2013). The microwaves are absorbed by the water molecules, sugars and fats contained in the food and so the heat is generated inside the product causing less sensorial and nutritional losses (Espinosa et al., 2017; Martins et al., 2019). The vacuum is another technique that can contribute to minimizing the oxidation reactions during the processing, since the process occurs in the absence of oxygen (Araújo, 2004). Studies showed that the microwave and vacuum were effective in the processing of some products demonstrating that these technologies effectively minimized nutritional changes (Espinosa et al., 2017; Horuz et al., 2017).

Based on that, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of microwave and microwave combined with vacuum on the nutritional and sensory characteristics of blackberry jelly, in order to verify if they are actually more viable methods of processing when compared to the traditional process in open pan.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Samples

It was used blackberry of Brazos cultivar, 2016/2017 crop, obtained from the Federal University of Lavras – UFLA, Temperate Rainy Weather (Lavras/MG - Brazil). At their physiological maturity, based on colour and size, the fruits were harvested in the morning and were immediately processed. Besides the fruits, sucrose and high methoxyl pectin (Danisco, SP, Brazil) were also used in the jelly processing.

2.2 Preparation of jellies

The preparation of the jelly was performed at the Laboratory of Vegetable Products Processing - DCA/UFLA. After thawing at room temperature and discarding the fruits with physical and microbiological damages, the blackberry fruits were ground with 1:1 water in a Walita RI2094/01750W blender at full speed. Thereafter the obtained pulp was finely sieved to give the clarified juice. The percentages of the ingredients used to prepare the jellies were: 60% clarified blackberry juice, 38.5% sucrose and 1.5% high methoxylation pectin.

For the preparation of the conventional jelly, 200 grams of juice containing the sugar was heated by a gas flame in an open pan. After boiling, the high methoxylation pectin was added. At the end of the process, when the soluble solids reached 65 °Brix, the heating was stopped. A portable refractometer model RT-82 was used to measure the soluble solids The hot jellies were poured into 250 mL capacity sterilized glass vials and stored at a temperature of 7 °C until analysis. The processing time was 35 minutos.

For the preparation of the jellies in microwave, a mixture of 200 grams of juice containing the sugar and the pectin was taken to the microwave. Four microwave formulations were processed, varying potency and presence/absence of vacuum:

• microwave low power - 0.53 Watts/gram [W/g] without vacuum;

• microwave low power - 0.53 Watts/gram [W/g] under vacuum at 300 mmHg;

• high power microwave - 2.80 Watts/gram [W/g] without vacuum;

• high power microwave - 2.80 Watts/gram [W/g] under vacuum at 300 mmHg.

The low power jelly was processed for a period of 25 minutes and the high potency for a period of 4.5 minutes, these were the required times for the jellies reach 65 °Brix - determined in pre-tests. This processing was done in microwave conventional Eletrolux model Blue Touch MEC 41 adapted vacuum.

The antioxidante activity (DPPH, ABTS, Beta carotene), total phenolics, anthocyanin and ascorbic acid in the fruit and in all jelly formulations (a traditional sample and the 4 samples processed in microwaves) were analyzed.

2.3 Analysis

Extraction procedure

The sample extraction was performed first with methanol/water (50:50, v/v) and then with acetone/water (70:30, v/v) following the method described by Larrauri et al. (1997). Five grams of sample were used to the total volume of 50 mL of solvents and distilled water.

Antioxidant activity - DPPH

According to the described method by Brand-Williams et al. (1995), the sample extracts in methanol were mixed with the DPPH (2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical solution. The reduction of this radical by the antioxidant constituents present in the sample was measured trough the absorbance decrease at 517 nm, using a spectrophotometer (Ultrospec 2000 Pharmacia Bioteche, Cambridge, England). The result was showed as EC₅₀ (f.w./g of DPPH).

Antioxidant activity - ABTS

The antioxidant activity was measured following the method described by Re et al. (1999). Briefly, the absorbance decrease at 734 nm, using a spectrophotometer (Ultrospec 2000 Pharmacia Bioteche, Cambridge, England), was measured after sample reaction with the ABTS radical cation. For calibration, Trolox ethanolic solutions were used. The results were presented as micromoles of Trolox equivalents (TEs) per gram of fresh weight (μmol of TEs/g of f.w.).

Antioxidant activity - β-carotene

The antioxidante activity (β-carotene metod) procedure followed the described by Marco (1968). Briefly, after mixing the β-carotene/linoleic acid system with the properly diluted extract samples or with the Trolox standard (control), the tubes were incubated at 40 °C and the absorbance at 470 nm was measured using a spectrophotometer (Ultrospec 2000 Pharmacia Bioteche, Cambridge, England). The results were expressed as % of protection (Equation 1-3)

$$Absorbancereduction=InitialAbs–FinalAbs$$ (1)

$$\%oxidation=\left[\left(Absreduction\right)sample\times 100\right]$$ (2)

$$\%protection=100–\left(\%oxidation\right)$$ (3)

Total phenolic

According to the Folin-Ciocalteu method described by Singleton et al. (1999), after mixing the sample extracts with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and saturated sodium carbonate solution, the tubes were incubated at 37 °C and the developed colour was measures at 750 nm using a spectrophotometer (Ultrospec 2000 Pharmacia Bioteche, Cambridge, England). For calibration, aqueous solutions of gallic acid were used. The results were expressed in g gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g.

Total monomeric anthocyanin content

The anthocyanin content was determined following the pH differential method previous described by Wrolstad (1976). After diluting each sample extract in buffer solution (pH 1.0 and pH 4.5), tthe absorbance of the solutions was measured at 510 and 700 nm using a spectrophotometer (Ultrospec 2000 Pharmacia Bioteche, Cambridge, England). The TMAC (expressed in terms of cyanidin-3-glucoside) was calculated according to the Equations 4 and 5.

$$A={\left(A_{510}–A_{700}\right)}_{pH1.0}–{\left(A_{510}–A_{700}\right)}_{pH4.5}$$ (4)

$$TMAcontent=\left(A\times MW\times DF\times Ve\times 1000\right)/\left(\epsilon \times 1\times M\right)$$ (5)

where: MW is the molecular weight of cyanidin-3-glucoside (449 g mol^–1); DF is the dilution factor; Ve is the extract volume; ε is the molar extinction coefficient of cyanidin-3-glucoside (29,600); and M is the mass of the berries extracted.

The results were expressed as mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents/100 g of FW.

Ascorbic acid

The colorimetric method with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH) was used to determine the ascorbic acid content (Strohecker & Henning, 1967). The absorbance readings were done at 520 nm using a spectrophotometer (Ultrospec 2000 Pharmacia Bioteche, Cambridge, England). The results were expressed in mg ascorbic acid/100 g of fresh weight.

2.4 Sensory analysis

The acceptance test was performed in individual booths under white light by 90 consumers (50 women and 40 men) who were students and university employees aged between 18 and 40 years. The consumers were selected based on their regular consumption of jam and jelly products to ensure that they were the target audience. The blackberry jam samples were evaluated for acceptance in relation to the attributes appearance, taste, consistency and overall impression, using a nine-point structured hedonic scale varying between the hedonic terms “extremely disliked” and “extremely liked” (Stone & Sidel, 1993). The tasters received 10g of each sample in disposable plastic cups coded with three-digit numbers, which were served monadically, following the order of presentation according to the experimental design for evaluation of treatments proposed by Wakeling & Macfie (1995). samples. The sensory analyses were performed according to the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Lavras, approval number 422.634.

2.5 Statistic analysis

The sensory acceptance, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity data of blackberry jellies obtained from different processing methods were evaluated through analysis of variance and Tukey mean test. For a better understanding and visualization of the samples evaluated, a principal componente analysis - PCA was obtained for the nutritional characteristics and a three-way internal preference map - PARAFAC was plotted for the sensory data (Granato et al., 2018).

For the PCA, the data set was arranged in a matrix of 5 lines (samples) and 6 columns (bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity). Regarding the PARAFAC a three-way array was arranged from staked matrices of 5 lines (samples) and 90 columns (consumers) of each acceptance attribute. Both data set were previously standardized (correlation matrix). Data analysis was performed using Sensomaker software version 1.9.1 (Pinheiro et al., 2013).

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity

The bioactive compounds and the antioxidant activity of the fresh blackberry and the jellies formulations processed in the open pan and by microwaves are shown in Table 1. To facilitate the visualization among the jelly samples is shown in Figure 1 the PCA – Principal Components Analysis.

Table 1
Antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS and beta-carotene), total phenolic, anthocyanin and ascorbic acid in fresh blackberry and the different jelly formulations.

Samples	Antioxidant Capacity – DPPH	Antioxidant Capacity – ABTS	Antioxidant Capacity Beta - carotene	Total Phenolic	Anthocyanin	Ascorbic Acid
Fresh blackberry	1993.95	32.56	85.88	892.52	20.80	93.13
Open Pan Jelly	4009.82b	17.85c	82.52ab	485.73b	12.76ab	32.04a
Low power microwave jelly	2095.19d	21.81a	81.29b	504.58a	11.10b	33.72a
High power microwave jelly	3070.29c	19.60b	84.20a	303.33c	12.67ab	20.68bc
Low power vacum microwave jelly	4070.29a	19.48b	48.28d	302.29c	16.23a	21.89b
High power vacum microwave jelly	4000.45b	17.86c	56.00c	293.64c	15.03a	18.30c

• Means followed by the same letter do not differ statistically among each other (p > 0.05; Tukey test). Abbreviations: DPPH = elimination activity of 2-diphenyl-1-picrihydrazyl radicals; Total phenolics (mg GAEs/100 g fw); Antioxidant capacity - DPPH (EC₅₀- f.w./g of DPPH); Antioxidant capacity - ABTS (μM trolox/g f.w.); Ascorbic acid (mg/100 g f.w.), Beta carotene (% protection); Total anthocyanin (mg of cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalent/100 g of f.w.).

Figure 1
Principal Components Analysis for antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS and beta carotene), total phenolics (TP), anthocyanin (AT) and ascorbic acid (AA) for the different formulations of mulberry jam. 1 = Open Pan Jelly; 2 = Low power microwave jelly; 3 = High power microwave jelly; 4 = Low power microwave jelly with vacum (300 mmHg); 5 = High power microwave jelly with vacum (300 mmHg).

It was observed a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) for all variables analyzed as antioxidant activity by the ABTS, DPPH and beta carotene methods, total phenolic content, anthocyanins and ascorbic acid that is, it can be verified that the type of processing has an influence on the degradation of nutritional compounds (Table 1).

According to the PCA (Figure 1) and the average table (Table 1) it can be verified that jellies processed in low-power microwave without vacuum stood out from the others presenting the highest antioxidant activity by the DPPH method (2095.19 f.w./g of DPPH) and by the ABTS method (21.81 μM trolox/g), the highest total phenolic content (504.58 mg GAE/100 g) and one of the highest ascorbic acid content (33.72 mg ascorbic acid/100 g) (Table 1 and Figure 1). The jelly processed in high-power microwave without vacuum, stood out to have the highest antioxidant activity by the beta-carotene method (84.20% protection). In relation to the anthocyanins content, it can be seen from Table 1 and Figure 1 that the jellies processed by vacuum microwave (low and high power) were highlighted because they presented the highest levels (16.25 and 15.03 mg of cyanidin equivalent 3 glucoside/100 g, respectively).

There are no studies in the literature on the use of microwaves as a jelly processing method, however, several studies involving the use of microwave in the most diverse applications and products have shown that this technique is promising and can minimize the nutritional degradations of the products. According to Flores (2017), the use of microwave in the products development is promising, thus maintaining higher concentrations of antioxidants, being one of its main advantages the application of reduced times. Devece et al. (1999) demonstrated that the use of microwave in the mushrooms bleaching promotes a lower loss of the antioxidant compounds when compared to the traditional heat treatment. In Cuastumal et al. (2016) studies, it was found that the heat treatment promotes a significant loss of vitamin C in tropical fruits, while the microwave practically does not affect the original content. In studies comparing the conventional heat treatment with the microwave in kiwi puree, it was shown that microwave heating were more effective at enzyme inactivation and antioxidant capacity retention than the conventional thermal treatment (Benlloch-Tinoco et al., 2013).

According to the presented data, the nutritional advantage of the use of the microwave or vacuum microwave for processing the jelly is clear. This is because, for all the characteristics, the microwave had an advantage over the processing in open pan. In general, the processing that gave origin to the most nutritionally rich jelly was the low power microwaves without the use of vacuum. Thus, the conventional open-pan substitution by the microwave processing is advised, although more studies are needed to determine the appropriate power and and whether or not vacuum should be applied, in industrial application. Although the cost of microwave implementation may be higher than the open pan, the nutritional advantage and shorter processing time overlap with this disadvantage.

3.2 Sensory characteristics

Table 2 shows the average notes of the sensorial attributes evaluated for the jelly produced in the open pan and for the jellies produced by microwaves. In order to facilitate visualization, Figure 2 shows the three-way internal preference map - PARAFAC, where the evaluated samples, the sensory attributes and the consumers have been distributed.

Table 2
Sensory characteristics for blackberry jelly obtained by different types of processing.

Processing methods	Color	Taste	Consistency	Overall Liking
Open Pan Jelly	7.62ª	7.14ª	6.44b	6.97ª
Low power microwave jelly	7.86ª	7.12ª	7.07ab	7.22ª
High power microwave jelly	7.72ª	7.33ª	7.15a	7.28ª
Low power vacum microwave jelly	7.77ª	7.17ª	7.01ab	7.29ª
High power vacum microwave jelly	7.89ª	7.29ª	7.27a	7.38ª

• The mean values with the same lowercase letters in the column indicate that there is no significant difference between the samples (p ≤ 0.05) from the Tukey test.

Figure 2
Three-way internal preference map (PARAFAC) for color, taste, consistency and overall impression for the different formulations of blackberry jam. 1 = Open Pan Jelly; 2 = Low power microwave jelly; 3 = High power microwave jelly; 4 = Low power microwave jelly with vacum (300 mmHg); 5 = High power microwave jelly with vacum (300 mmHg).

According to Table 2, it can be verified that, except for the consistency, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed between the jelly samples. All samples showed high sensory acceptance, with averages varying between the hedonic terms “liked slightly” and “liked very much”. This similar sensory acceptance among the blackberry jam samples can be visualized on the three-way internal preference map (Figure 2).

Regarding the sensorial characteristics it is clear that the conventional processing does not differentiate from the preparation by microwave and microwaves ie the sensory characteristics of the jelly were not influenced by the different types of processing evaluated. Thus, microwave processing may still be more advantageous than open pan processing because it has a shorter processing time.

Based on the results obtained, this work clear demonstrates the microwave potential for jelly processing, since it can minimizes nutritional degradation and reduces the processing time. After deeper and further studies, this innovative processing could be implemented by the food industry in order to reduce the damages caused by the heat and consequently to obtain higher quality products, meet ing the consumer demand.

4 Conclusions

In this study, it was observed that the processing method (open pan, microwave or vacuum microwave) has no influence on the sensory characteristics of the obtained blackberry jelly, however, the microwave processing, in particular low power microwave without vacuum, promotes lower nutritional losses compared to conventional open pan processing. In this way, microwave processing can be an option of processing jelly to obtain more nutritionally rich products. In addition, the microwave allows to process the products in a shorter processing time which can offset the longer-term investment the greater the initial investment.

Acknowledgements

To CAPES, CNPq and FAPEMIG for the financial support.

• Practical Application: Microwave processing can be an option of processing jelly to obtain more nutritionally rich products.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  09 Sept 2019
• Date of issue
  Dec 2019

History

• Received
  01 June 2018
• Accepted
  24 Apr 2019