Resumo
Introdução:
A doença renal crônica (DRC) é reconhecida como um sério problema de saúde pública a nível mundial, levando a uma série de comorbidades físicas e psicológicas, além de tratamentos custosos e restrições no estilo de vida e alimentares. Há evidências de que as intervenções baseadas em mindfulness (IBMs) oferecem opções complementares ao tratamento de pessoas com doenças crônicas, incluindo DRC, com o objetivo de melhorar a saúde geral, reduzir os efeitos colaterais e custos do tratamento. Esta revisão objetiva investigar o impacto de IBMs em pessoas com DRC em hemodiálise, e identificar a qualidade metodológica da literatura atual a fim de auxiliar pesquisas futuras.
Métodos:
As pesquisas foram realizadas em cinco bases de dados (MEDLINE via PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, Web of Science e Scopus), em julho de 2020. Os artigos foram selecionados e avaliados por dois revisores de forma independente, utilizando critérios predefinidos, incluindo a ferramenta de risco de viés do grupo Cochrane e suas recomendações (CRD42020192936).
Resultados:
Dos 175 estudos encontrados, 6 ensaios clínicos randomizados estavam de acordo com os critérios de inclusão, e variaram entre os anos de 2014 a 2019. Foram encontradas melhoras significativas para os sintomas de ansiedade, depressão, autoeficácia, qualidade de sono, e qualidade de vida (n=3) nos grupos que realizaram a intervenção, além de medidas físicas como pressão arterial, frequência cardíaca e taxa respiratória (n=1).
Conclusões:
As IBMs podem oferecer uma terapêutica complementar promissora e segura para pessoas com DRC em hemodiálise, atuando na qualidade de vida e em aspectos físicos da doença.
Descritores:
Insuficiência Renal Crônica; Diálise Renal; Falência Renal Crônica; Atenção Plena
Abstract
Introduction:
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a serious public health problem worldwide, leading to a series of physical and psychological comorbidities, in addition to costly treatments, lifestyle and dietary restrictions. There is evidence that mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) offer complementary treatment for people with chronic illnesses, including CKD, with the aim of improving overall health, reducing side effects and treatment costs. This review aims to investigate the MBIs impact on people with CKD undergoing hemodialysis, and to identify the methodological quality of the current literature in order to support future studies.
Methods:
We ran searches in five databases (MEDLINE via PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus) in July 2020. The papers were selected and evaluated by two reviewers independently, using predefined criteria, including the Cochrane Group's risk of bias tool and its recommendations (CRD42020192936).
Results:
Of the 175 studies found, 6 randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria, and ranged from 2014 to 2019. There were significant improvements in symptoms of anxiety, depression, self-efficacy, sleep quality, and quality of life (n=3) in the groups submitted to the intervention, in addition to physical measures such as blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate (n=1).
Conclusions:
MBIs can offer a promising and safe complementary therapy for people with CKD undergoing hemodialysis, acting on quality of life and physical aspects of the disease.
Keywords:
Chronic Kidney Failure; Renal Dialysis; Chronic Kidney Failure; Mindfulness
Introdução
A doença renal crônica (DRC) é reconhecida como um sério problema de saúde pública no mundo11 Saran R, Robinson B, Abbott KC, Agodoa LYC, Albertus P, Ayanian J, et al. US Renal Data System 2016 annual data report: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis [Internet]. 2017 Mar; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 69(Suppl 3):A7-8. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S027263861630703X
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
. Pessoas com DRC experienciam uma série de comorbidades físicas e psicológicas22 Birmelé B, Le Gall A, Sautenet B, Aguerre C, Camus V. Clinical, sociodemographic, and psychological correlates of health-related quality of life in chronic hemodialysis patients. Psychosomatics [Internet]. 2012 Jan. 53(1):30-7. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0033318211002520
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
, além de enfrentarem tratamentos custosos e restrições no estilo de vida e alimentares33 Weisbord SD, Fried LF, Arnold RM, Fine MJ, Levenson DJ, Peterson RA, et al. Prevalence, severity, and importance of physical and emotional symptoms in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005 Aug;16(8):2487-94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2005020157
https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2005020157...
4 Perlman RL, Finkelstein FO, Liu L, Roys E, Kiser M, Eisele G, et al. Quality of life in chronic kidney disease (CKD): a cross-sectional analysis in the Renal Research Institute-CKD study. Am J Kidney Dis [Internet]. 2005 Apr. 45(4):658-66. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0272638605000053
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
-55 Spiegel BMR, Melmed G, Robbins S, Esrailian E. Biomarkers and health-related quality of life in end-stage renal disease: a systematic review. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008 Nov;3(6):1759-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.00820208
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.00820208...
. A diálise é um processo invasivo, complexo e demorado, levando a depressão e ansiedade66 Hackett ML, Jardine MJ. We Need to talk about depression and dialysis: but what questions should we ask, and does anyone know the answers? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Feb;12(2):222-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.13031216
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.13031216...
,77 Cukor D, Coplan J, Brown C, Friedman S, Cromwell-Smith A, Peterson RA, et al. Depression and anxiety in urban hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007 May;2(3):484-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.00040107
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.00040107...
, distúrbios do sono88 Kovacs AZ, Molnar MZ, Szeifert L, Ambrus C, Molnar-Varga M, Szentkiralyi A, et al. Sleep disorders, depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life--a cross-sectional comparison between kidney transplant recipients and waitlisted patients on maintenance dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011 Mar;26(3):1058-65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfq476
https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfq476...
, não aderência à diálise99 García-Llana H, Remor E, Del Peso G, Selgas R. The role of depression, anxiety, stress and adherence to treatment in dialysis patients' health-related quality of life: a systematic review of the literature. Nefrología. 2014;34:637-57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2014.Jun.11959
https://doi.org/10.3265/Nefrologia.pre20...
, e dor crônica1010 Davison SN. Clinical pharmacology considerations in pain management in patients with advanced kidney failure. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019 Jun;14(6):917-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.05180418
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.05180418...
, sendo estes associados à baixa qualidade de vida e a altas taxas de mortalidade1111 Loosman WL, Rottier MA, Honig A, Siegert CEH. Association of depressive and anxiety symptoms with adverse events in Dutch chronic kidney disease patients: a prospective cohort study. BMC Nephrol [Internet]. 2015 Sep. 16(1):155. Available from: http://bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12882-015-0149-7
http://bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com/arti...
12 Olagunju AT, Campbell EA, Adeyemi JD. Interplay of anxiety and depression with quality of life in endstage renal disease. Psychosomatics [Internet]. 2015 Jan. 56(1):67-77. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S003331821400053X
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
13 Wyld M, Morton RL, Hayen A, Howard K, Webster AC. A systematic review and meta-analysis of utility-based quality of life in chronic kidney disease treatments. PLoS Med. 2012 Sep;9(9):e1001307. DOI: https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001307
https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pmed...
-1414 Weisbord SD, Mor MK, Sevick MA, Shields AM, Rollman BL, Palevsky PM, et al. Associations of depressive symptoms and pain with dialysis adherence, health resource utilization, and mortality in patients receiving chronic hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014 Sep;9(9):1594-602. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.00220114
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.00220114...
.
Além das terapêuticas convencionais para essa população, intervenções complementares oferecem novas opções com o objetivo de melhorar a saúde geral, reduzir os efeitos colaterais e custos do tratamento1515 Birdee GS, Phillips RS, Brown RS. Use of complementary and alternative medicine among patients with end-stage renal disease. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med [Internet]. 2013; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 2013:654109. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/654109/
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/20...
. A terapêutica integrativa entre mente-corpo mais bem estabelecida e prevalente é a prática da terapia cognitivo-comportamental (TCC), sendo esta a mais utilizada para tratar vários transtornos mentais, reduzir o estresse e sintomas psicológicos em pessoas com doenças crônicas, devido à sua estrutura e conteúdo flexíveis1616 Arjuna Rao AM, Phaneendra D, Pavani CD, Soundararajan P, Rani NV, Thennarasu P, et al. Usage of complementary and alternative medicine among patients with chronic kidney disease on maintenance hemodialysis. J Pharm Bioall Sci [Internet]. 2016. 8(1):52-7. Available from: http://www.jpbsonline.org/text.asp?2016/8/1/52/171692
http://www.jpbsonline.org/text.asp?2016/...
,1717 Navarrete-Navarrete N, Peralta-Ramírez MI, Sabio-Sánchez JM, Coín MA, Robles-Ortega H, Hidalgo-Tenorio C, et al. Efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy for the treatment of chronic stress in patients with lupus erythematosus: a randomized controlled trial. Psychother Psychosom [Internet]. 2010. 79(2):107-15. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/276370
https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/...
. Intervenções baseadas em mindfulness (IBMs) fazem parte da "terceira onda da TCC" e vêm despertando interesse por sua eficácia em transtornos clínicos e doenças físicas, uma vez que lidam com aspectos mentais e físicos1818 Ludwig DS. Mindfulness in Medicine. JAMA. 2008 Sep;300(11):1350-2. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.300.11.1350
http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.300.11.1350...
,1919 Hayes SC, Hofmann SG. The third wave of cognitive behavioral therapy and the rise of process-based care. World Psychiatry. 2017 Oct;16(3):245-6. DOI: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/wps.20442
http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/wps.20442...
.
Mindfulness é caracterizado por prestar atenção no momento presente, com abertura, curiosidade e aceitação2020 Kabat-Zinn J. Stress reduction clinic u. full catastrophe living: using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness [Internet]. Worcester: University of Massachusetts/Delacorte Press; 1990. Available from: https://books.google.com.br/books?id=QeGGPwAACAAJ
https://books.google.com.br/books?id=QeG...
. As práticas de mindfulness envolvem uma orientação da atenção para a experiência como ela se apresenta no momento presente, e podem proporcionar maior consciência das experiências externas e internas, maior flexibilidade cognitiva e comportamental, e tolerância de estados desagradáveis2121 Bishop SR, Lau M, Shapiro S, Carlson L, Anderson ND, Carmody J, et al. Mindfulness: a proposed operational definition. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2006 May;11(3):230-41. DOI: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1093/clipsy.bph077
http://doi.wiley.com/10.1093/clipsy.bph0...
,2222 Shapiro SL, Carlson LE, Astin JA, Freedman B. Mechanisms of mindfulness. J Clin Psychol. 2006 Mar;62(3):373-86. DOI: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jclp.20237
http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jclp.20237...
. Atualmente, existem uma variedade de protocolos de IBMs para diferentes desfechos clínicos e populações1515 Birdee GS, Phillips RS, Brown RS. Use of complementary and alternative medicine among patients with end-stage renal disease. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med [Internet]. 2013; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 2013:654109. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/654109/
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/20...
,2323 Bowen S, Witkiewitz K, Clifasefi SL, Grow J, Chawla N, Hsu SH, et al. Relative efficacy of mindfulness-based relapse prevention, standard relapse prevention, and treatment as usual for substance use disorders. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014 May;71(5):547-56. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4546
http://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.20...
24 Goyal M, Singh S, Sibinga EMS, Gould NF, Rowland-Seymour A, Sharma R, et al. Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being. JAMA Intern Med. 2014 Mar;174(3):357-68. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018
http://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.201...
25 Russell T. Mindfulness in motion: unlock the secrets of mindfulness in motion. London: Watkins Media Limited; 2015.-2626 Segal ZV, Williams JMG, Teasdale JD. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: a new approach to preventing relapse. New York: Guilford; 2002.. O primeiro protocolo chamado mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) foi desenvolvido por Jon Kabat-Zinn (1990)2020 Kabat-Zinn J. Stress reduction clinic u. full catastrophe living: using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness [Internet]. Worcester: University of Massachusetts/Delacorte Press; 1990. Available from: https://books.google.com.br/books?id=QeGGPwAACAAJ
https://books.google.com.br/books?id=QeG...
com o objetivo de ajudar pessoas com dor crônica e estresse associado a condições de longo prazo, e serviu de base para a construção de outras IBMs2727 Kabat-Zinn J. Mindfulness-based interventions in context: past, present, and future. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2003 May;10(2):144-56. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy/bpg016
http://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy/bpg016...
.
Ao longo dos anos, estudos envolvendo IBMs demonstram eficácia para uma ampla gama de condições, incluindo doenças crônicas2424 Goyal M, Singh S, Sibinga EMS, Gould NF, Rowland-Seymour A, Sharma R, et al. Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being. JAMA Intern Med. 2014 Mar;174(3):357-68. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018
http://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.201...
,2828 Merkes M. Mindfulness-based stress reduction for people with chronic diseases. Aust J Prim Health [Internet]. 2010. 16(3):200-10. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=PY09063
http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=PY090...
. Algumas revisões sistemáticas e meta-análises envolvendo essa temática abordaram os efeitos positivos de IBMs para condições crônicas como: fibromialgia2929 Lauche R, Cramer H, Dobos G, Langhorst J, Schmidt S. A systematic review and meta-analysis of mindfulness-based stress reduction for the fibromyalgia syndrome. J Psychosom Res [Internet]. 2013 Dec. 75(6):500-10. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022399913003760
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
, transtorno de somatização3030 Lakhan SE, Schofield KL. Mindfulness-based therapies in the treatment of somatization disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013 Aug;8(8):e71834. DOI: https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071834
https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone...
, dor crônica3131 Hilton L, Hempel S, Ewing BA, Apaydin E, Xenakis L, Newberry S, et al. Mindfulness meditation for chronic pain: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Behav Med [Internet]. 2017 Apr. 51(2):199-213. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/abm/article/51/2/199-213/4564147
https://academic.oup.com/abm/article/51/...
,3232 Zou L, Zhang Y, Yang L, Loprinzi PD, Yeung AS, Kong J, et al. Are mindful exercises safe and beneficial for treating chronic lower back pain? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Med [Internet]. 2019 May. 8(5):628. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/8/5/628
https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/8/5/628...
, câncer3333 Zainal NZ, Booth S, Huppert FA. The efficacy of mindfulness-based stress reduction on mental health of breast cancer patients: a meta-analysis. Psychooncology. 2013 Jul;22(7):1457-65. DOI: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/pon.3171
http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/pon.3171...
,3434 Cramer H, Lauche R, Paul A, Dobos G. Mindfulness-based stress reduction for breast cancer-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Oncol. 2012 Sep;19(5):e343-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3747/co.19.1016
https://doi.org/10.3747/co.19.1016...
e esclerose múltipla3535 Simpson R, Booth J, Lawrence M, Byrne S, Mair F, Mercer S. Mindfulness based interventions in multiple sclerosis - a systematic review. BMC Neurol [Internet]. 2014 Dec. 14(1):15. Available from: https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2377-14-15
https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/arti...
. Outros estudos envolvendo ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECRs) evidenciaram os benefícios de IBMs em pessoas com DRC na melhora da qualidade de vida3636 Solati K, Mardani S, Ahmadi A, Danaei S. Effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on quality of life and self-efficacy in dialysis patients. J Ren Inj Prev [Internet]. 2019;8(1):28-33. Available from: http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541
http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541...
, depressão e ansiedade3737 Thomas Z, Novak M, Platas SGT, Gautier M, Holgin AP, Fox R, et al. Brief mindfulness meditation for depression and anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Dec;12(12):2008-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417...
, redução de estresse3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
e hipertensão3939 Park J, Lyles RH, Bauer-Wu S. Mindfulness meditation lowers muscle sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in African-American males with chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Integr Comp Physiol. 2014 Jul;307(1):R93-101. DOI: http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/ajpregu.00558.2013
http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/aj...
.
Em uma recente revisão narrativa a respeito dos efeitos de intervenções meditativas e DRC, Bennett et al. (2018)4040 Bennett PN, Ngo T, Kalife C, Schiller B. Improving wellbeing in patients undergoing dialysis: can meditation help? Semin Dial. 2018 Jan;31(1):59-64. DOI: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/sdi.12656
http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/sdi.12656...
apontam de forma promissora resultados positivos para medidas como ansiedade, estresse, depressão, distúrbios do sono e qualidade de vida. Além disso, os autores encorajam que outros estudos envolvendo essa temática sejam investigados e reforçam a importância da implementação de metodologias de maior qualidade como ECRs, uso de controles ativos e amostras com tamanhos adequados4040 Bennett PN, Ngo T, Kalife C, Schiller B. Improving wellbeing in patients undergoing dialysis: can meditation help? Semin Dial. 2018 Jan;31(1):59-64. DOI: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/sdi.12656
http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/sdi.12656...
. Apesar dos efeitos promissores das práticas meditativas e DRC, a investigação de estudos que utilizem protocolos de IBMs bem estabelecidos se faz necessária. Dessa forma, com a finalidade de ampliar o conhecimento a respeito da temática, esta revisão sistemática tem como objetivo investigar o impacto de intervenções baseadas em mindfulness em pessoas com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise, e identificar a qualidade metodológica da literatura atual a fim de auxiliar pesquisas futuras.
Método
Esta revisão sistemática foi realizada por meio de um protocolo construído de acordo com as Recomendações do Manual Cochrane4141 Higgins JP, Green S. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions [Internet]. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.; 2008; [access in 2021 Apr 21]. DOI: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9780470712184
http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/97804707121...
e foi desenvolvida de acordo com os itens de relatório preferidos para revisões sistemáticas e meta-análises (PRISMA)4242 Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JPA, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. J Clin Epidemiol [Internet]. 2009 Oct. 62(10):e1-34. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0895435609001802
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
, e está cadastrada no Registro Prospectivo Internacional de Revisões Sistemáticas (PROSPERO) (CRD42020192936).
Fontes de dados e pesquisas
A estratégia de busca foi realizada nas bases de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System on-line (MEDLINE) via PubMed, PsycINFO, Excerpta Medical Database (Embase), Web of Science e SciVerse Scopus (Scopus), com termos que corresponderam à questão de interesse. Para o Embase, a pesquisa foi realizada com o filtro "todos os campos", Web of Science filtrou-se por "tópico" e Scopus através do "título, resumo e palavras-chave". Para as demais bases, não foi utilizado nenhum filtro. As listas de referências dos estudos incluídos também foram analisadas a fim de identificar uma possível falha na busca original. Os artigos incluídos na busca não tiveram definição de período inicial e foram extraídos até julho de 2020.
A pesquisa incluiu descritores indexados nos Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DECS) e Medical Subject Headings (MeSH Terms) como: Diálise Renal; Diálise; Insuficiência Renal Crônica; Diálise Peritoneal; Falência Renal Crônica; Nefropatias, Mindfulness; Meditação Mindfulness; Intervenção Baseada em Mindfulness; IBM; Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction; MBSR; Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy; MBCT; Mindful Eating. Foram incluídos na estratégia os sinônimos presentes em cada descritor listado. A escolha de acrescentar os sinônimos na estratégia de busca foi aplicada a fim de unificar a chave utilizada nas diferentes bases de dados e ampliar a busca. Todos os potenciais estudos elegíveis foram revisados, independentemente do resultado primário ou linguagem.
Seleção de estudos
Apenas estudos de IBMs em pessoas com doença renal crônica, acima de 18 anos em tratamento de hemodiálise, e escritos em inglês foram incluídos. Revisões sistemáticas e meta-análises, IBMs em conjunto a outras intervenções, textos incompletos e temáticas diferentes do objetivo do estudo foram excluídos.
Extração de dados e avaliação da qualidade
Todas as citações recuperadas dos bancos de dados eletrônicos foram importadas para uma planilha de Excel. Dois revisores (BNR e MFR) analisaram de forma independente, às cegas, onde os pesquisadores fizeram primeiramente a seleção por títulos e resumos e, em seguida, os textos completos, aplicando os critérios de inclusão e exclusão estabelecidos no protocolo.
Os dados dos estudos incluídos foram extraídos de forma independente pelos mesmos dois revisores usando um formulário padronizado. Os dados extraídos incluíram: autor principal, ano da publicação, delineamento, participantes (incluindo nº de participantes por grupo, média e desvio-padrão de idade), critérios de inclusão, informações sobre a intervenção (formato, frequência e duração do programa) e grupo controle (formato, frequência e duração, no caso de controles ativos), avaliações de seguimentos pós-intervenção, medidas de avaliações e principais resultados.
A qualidade metodológica dos estudos incluídos foi avaliada de forma independente também pelos mesmos dois revisores usando a ferramenta The Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2), na sua versão atualizada para ECRs (e sua variação para ECRs no formato crossover)4343 Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019 Aug;366:l4898. DOI: https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.l4898
https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/b...
. O risco de viés foi categorizado como "baixo", "algumas preocupações" e "alto" para cada um dos seguintes domínios: processo de randomização, intervenção pretendida, dados faltantes do resultado, medições do resultado e resultado relatado. As discordâncias entre os autores da revisão sobre o risco de viés dos estudos foram resolvidas por discussão, com o envolvimento de um terceiro revisor, quando necessário.
Resultados
Seleção de estudos
Identificamos 175 potenciais estudos nas pesquisas das bases de dados. Após a remoção de 77 estudos duplicados, 98 títulos e/ou resumos foram codificados. Seguindo as aplicações dos critérios de exclusão (ver fluxograma PRISMA na Figura 1), 86 estudos foram excluídos, e um total de 12 estudos foram incluídos. Destes, 6 estudos foram excluídos principalmente por se tratar de resumos publicados em congressos, texto completo em outra língua (que não inglês) e outras intervenções em conjunto com mindfulness. Como resultado, 5 ECRs3636 Solati K, Mardani S, Ahmadi A, Danaei S. Effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on quality of life and self-efficacy in dialysis patients. J Ren Inj Prev [Internet]. 2019;8(1):28-33. Available from: http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541
http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541...
37 Thomas Z, Novak M, Platas SGT, Gautier M, Holgin AP, Fox R, et al. Brief mindfulness meditation for depression and anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Dec;12(12):2008-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417...
-3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
,4444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,4545 Reilly-Spong M, Reibel D, Pearson T, Koppa P, Gross CR. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation: Trial design, rationale and feasibility. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2015 May. 42:169-84. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714415000683
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
e 1 ECR cruzado (crossover)3939 Park J, Lyles RH, Bauer-Wu S. Mindfulness meditation lowers muscle sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in African-American males with chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Integr Comp Physiol. 2014 Jul;307(1):R93-101. DOI: http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/ajpregu.00558.2013
http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/aj...
foram incluídos para extração de dados e avaliações de qualidade. Os estudos incluídos foram publicados entre os anos de 2014 a 2019.
Características dos estudos
A Tabela 1 descreve as características dos estudos incluídos, como delineamento, tamanho da amostra, idade, detalhes dos grupos intervenção e controle, medidas de avaliação, seguimento e principais resultados. Dos seis ECRs, quatro usaram controles ativos3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
,3939 Park J, Lyles RH, Bauer-Wu S. Mindfulness meditation lowers muscle sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in African-American males with chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Integr Comp Physiol. 2014 Jul;307(1):R93-101. DOI: http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/ajpregu.00558.2013
http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/aj...
,4444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,4545 Reilly-Spong M, Reibel D, Pearson T, Koppa P, Gross CR. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation: Trial design, rationale and feasibility. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2015 May. 42:169-84. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714415000683
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
e dois usaram o tratamento usual da unidade de hemodiálise como controle3636 Solati K, Mardani S, Ahmadi A, Danaei S. Effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on quality of life and self-efficacy in dialysis patients. J Ren Inj Prev [Internet]. 2019;8(1):28-33. Available from: http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541
http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541...
,3737 Thomas Z, Novak M, Platas SGT, Gautier M, Holgin AP, Fox R, et al. Brief mindfulness meditation for depression and anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Dec;12(12):2008-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417...
. Apenas dois estudos realizaram seguimentos após a intervenção, Gross et al. (2017)3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
com seguimento de seis meses e Nejad et al. (2018)4444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
com seguimento de um mês. A maioria dos estudos excluiu participantes com ideação suicida, transtorno psicótico, à espera de receber um transplante dentro de três meses, e praticar meditação de forma regular3636 Solati K, Mardani S, Ahmadi A, Danaei S. Effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on quality of life and self-efficacy in dialysis patients. J Ren Inj Prev [Internet]. 2019;8(1):28-33. Available from: http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541
http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541...
37 Thomas Z, Novak M, Platas SGT, Gautier M, Holgin AP, Fox R, et al. Brief mindfulness meditation for depression and anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Dec;12(12):2008-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417...
-3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
,4444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,4545 Reilly-Spong M, Reibel D, Pearson T, Koppa P, Gross CR. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation: Trial design, rationale and feasibility. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2015 May. 42:169-84. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714415000683
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
.
Características dos participantes
Os seis ensaios clínicos envolveram ao total 264 participantes com DRC e idade média de 57.34 anos (± 9,8), com variação de 15 a 63 participantes entre os estudos. Com exceção do estudo de Nejad et al. (2018)4444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
, que não informou o sexo dos participantes, e Park et al. (2014)3939 Park J, Lyles RH, Bauer-Wu S. Mindfulness meditation lowers muscle sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in African-American males with chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Integr Comp Physiol. 2014 Jul;307(1):R93-101. DOI: http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/ajpregu.00558.2013
http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/aj...
, por incluir somente participantes do sexo masculino, 35.4% da amostra dos estudos incluídos restantes foi composta pelo sexo feminino3636 Solati K, Mardani S, Ahmadi A, Danaei S. Effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on quality of life and self-efficacy in dialysis patients. J Ren Inj Prev [Internet]. 2019;8(1):28-33. Available from: http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541
http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541...
37 Thomas Z, Novak M, Platas SGT, Gautier M, Holgin AP, Fox R, et al. Brief mindfulness meditation for depression and anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Dec;12(12):2008-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417...
-3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
,4545 Reilly-Spong M, Reibel D, Pearson T, Koppa P, Gross CR. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation: Trial design, rationale and feasibility. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2015 May. 42:169-84. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714415000683
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
. Os dados relacionados aos status demográfico não foram bem documentados; por exemplo, quatro estudos informaram a cor de pele dos participantes, sendo em média composta por 60,2% de brancos e 19,9% negros3737 Thomas Z, Novak M, Platas SGT, Gautier M, Holgin AP, Fox R, et al. Brief mindfulness meditation for depression and anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Dec;12(12):2008-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417...
38 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
-3939 Park J, Lyles RH, Bauer-Wu S. Mindfulness meditation lowers muscle sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in African-American males with chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Integr Comp Physiol. 2014 Jul;307(1):R93-101. DOI: http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/ajpregu.00558.2013
http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/aj...
,4545 Reilly-Spong M, Reibel D, Pearson T, Koppa P, Gross CR. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation: Trial design, rationale and feasibility. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2015 May. 42:169-84. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714415000683
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
. Thomas et al. (2017)3737 Thomas Z, Novak M, Platas SGT, Gautier M, Holgin AP, Fox R, et al. Brief mindfulness meditation for depression and anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Dec;12(12):2008-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417...
apresentaram que 49% dos participantes eram casados, 50% moravam com família e 46% faziam uso de medicações psiquiátricas. Quatro estudos descreveram comorbidades associadas à DRC, sendo hipertensão e diabetes as mais prevalentes3737 Thomas Z, Novak M, Platas SGT, Gautier M, Holgin AP, Fox R, et al. Brief mindfulness meditation for depression and anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Dec;12(12):2008-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417...
38 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
-3939 Park J, Lyles RH, Bauer-Wu S. Mindfulness meditation lowers muscle sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in African-American males with chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Integr Comp Physiol. 2014 Jul;307(1):R93-101. DOI: http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/ajpregu.00558.2013
http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/aj...
,4545 Reilly-Spong M, Reibel D, Pearson T, Koppa P, Gross CR. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation: Trial design, rationale and feasibility. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2015 May. 42:169-84. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714415000683
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
. Thomas et al. (2017)3737 Thomas Z, Novak M, Platas SGT, Gautier M, Holgin AP, Fox R, et al. Brief mindfulness meditation for depression and anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Dec;12(12):2008-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417...
apresentaram os resultados relacionados às comorbidades de forma mais detalhada, identificando uma média e desvio-padrão de 10±4, sendo as mais prevalentes hipertensão, diabetes, dislipidemia, doença arterial coronária, arritmias e doença vascular periférica.
Características das intervenções
A maioria dos estudos avaliados utilizaram protocolos bem estabelecidos como o de mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
,4545 Reilly-Spong M, Reibel D, Pearson T, Koppa P, Gross CR. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation: Trial design, rationale and feasibility. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2015 May. 42:169-84. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714415000683
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
e mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)3636 Solati K, Mardani S, Ahmadi A, Danaei S. Effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on quality of life and self-efficacy in dialysis patients. J Ren Inj Prev [Internet]. 2019;8(1):28-33. Available from: http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541
http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541...
,3737 Thomas Z, Novak M, Platas SGT, Gautier M, Holgin AP, Fox R, et al. Brief mindfulness meditation for depression and anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Dec;12(12):2008-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417...
, com algumas adaptações para o contexto da DRC. Dois estudos não informaram o protocolo norteador por trás da intervenção, porém descreveram as práticas abordadas nos encontros3939 Park J, Lyles RH, Bauer-Wu S. Mindfulness meditation lowers muscle sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in African-American males with chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Integr Comp Physiol. 2014 Jul;307(1):R93-101. DOI: http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/ajpregu.00558.2013
http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/aj...
,4444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
. Com exceção de um estudo que realizou de dois a três encontros individuais com duração de 14 minutos3939 Park J, Lyles RH, Bauer-Wu S. Mindfulness meditation lowers muscle sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in African-American males with chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Integr Comp Physiol. 2014 Jul;307(1):R93-101. DOI: http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/ajpregu.00558.2013
http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/aj...
, os protocolos seguiram um padrão de 8 semanas, com duração média de 30 minutos a 3 horas por sessão3636 Solati K, Mardani S, Ahmadi A, Danaei S. Effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on quality of life and self-efficacy in dialysis patients. J Ren Inj Prev [Internet]. 2019;8(1):28-33. Available from: http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541
http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541...
37 Thomas Z, Novak M, Platas SGT, Gautier M, Holgin AP, Fox R, et al. Brief mindfulness meditation for depression and anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Dec;12(12):2008-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417...
-3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
,4444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,4545 Reilly-Spong M, Reibel D, Pearson T, Koppa P, Gross CR. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation: Trial design, rationale and feasibility. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2015 May. 42:169-84. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714415000683
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
.
Dois estudos fizeram uma adaptação do protocolo MBSR para ser realizado através de videoconferência e em grupo (tMBSR), sendo o primeiro e o último encontro presenciais e o restante de forma on-line3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
,4545 Reilly-Spong M, Reibel D, Pearson T, Koppa P, Gross CR. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation: Trial design, rationale and feasibility. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2015 May. 42:169-84. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714415000683
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
. Thomas et al. (2017)3737 Thomas Z, Novak M, Platas SGT, Gautier M, Holgin AP, Fox R, et al. Brief mindfulness meditation for depression and anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Dec;12(12):2008-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417...
realizaram os encontros de forma individual, ao lado do leito e durante a sessão de hemodiálise. Nejad et al. (2018)4444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
também realizaram as sessões de forma individual, porém os encontros aconteceram após a sessão de hemodiálise.
As práticas descritas nos estudos citados variaram entre práticas de escaneamento corporal, respiração consciente, prática da uva-passa, movimento gentil de braços, atenção plena nas atividades diárias e autocompaixão, em que os participantes foram convidados a adotar uma atitude gentil e não julgadora a respeito da experiência ao longo das práticas. Além das práticas realizadas nos encontros semanais, a maioria dos estudos encorajou os participantes a praticarem em casa e fazerem registros ao longo das semanas3636 Solati K, Mardani S, Ahmadi A, Danaei S. Effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on quality of life and self-efficacy in dialysis patients. J Ren Inj Prev [Internet]. 2019;8(1):28-33. Available from: http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541
http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541...
37 Thomas Z, Novak M, Platas SGT, Gautier M, Holgin AP, Fox R, et al. Brief mindfulness meditation for depression and anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Dec;12(12):2008-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417...
-3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
,4444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,4545 Reilly-Spong M, Reibel D, Pearson T, Koppa P, Gross CR. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation: Trial design, rationale and feasibility. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2015 May. 42:169-84. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714415000683
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
.
Thomas et al. (2017)3737 Thomas Z, Novak M, Platas SGT, Gautier M, Holgin AP, Fox R, et al. Brief mindfulness meditation for depression and anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Dec;12(12):2008-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417...
avaliaram a viabilidade da intervenção através da proporção de participantes elegíveis que se inscreveram e a proporção de participantes que completaram o ensaio de 8 semanas do grupo intervenção. Dos 20 participantes, 15 completaram 13 sessões ou mais e permaneceram até a oitava semana com taxa de retenção de 71%, sendo a mediana da pontuação da tolerabilidade da intervenção igual a 8 em um total de 10 na escala Likert3737 Thomas Z, Novak M, Platas SGT, Gautier M, Holgin AP, Fox R, et al. Brief mindfulness meditation for depression and anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Dec;12(12):2008-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417...
. Reilly-Spong et al. (2015)4545 Reilly-Spong M, Reibel D, Pearson T, Koppa P, Gross CR. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation: Trial design, rationale and feasibility. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2015 May. 42:169-84. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714415000683
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
constataram o comparecimento a 3 ou mais sessões de um total de 8 de 84% dos participantes no grupo intervenção4545 Reilly-Spong M, Reibel D, Pearson T, Koppa P, Gross CR. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation: Trial design, rationale and feasibility. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2015 May. 42:169-84. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714415000683
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
. Não houve diferença significativa entre as escolhas em participar do controle ativo ou grupo intervenção (p=0.340), e nos níveis de satisfação para ambos os grupos (p=0,17), porém as expectativas futuras dos benefícios das intervenções foram significativamente maiores no grupo intervenção do que no grupo controle (p= 0,005)4545 Reilly-Spong M, Reibel D, Pearson T, Koppa P, Gross CR. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation: Trial design, rationale and feasibility. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2015 May. 42:169-84. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714415000683
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
. Dois estudos reportaram a taxa de atrito no total de 13% em cada grupo3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
,4545 Reilly-Spong M, Reibel D, Pearson T, Koppa P, Gross CR. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation: Trial design, rationale and feasibility. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2015 May. 42:169-84. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714415000683
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
. Thomas et al. (2017)3737 Thomas Z, Novak M, Platas SGT, Gautier M, Holgin AP, Fox R, et al. Brief mindfulness meditation for depression and anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Dec;12(12):2008-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417...
reportaram o abandono de cinco participantes em um total de 21 antes da segunda sessão, por estarem se sentindo "clinicamente muito doente" (n=1), "sentindo que já melhorou" (n=1) e por "falta de interesse" (n=3).
Desfechos
Devido ao fato de a presente revisão ter como objetivo investigar os impactos de intervenções baseadas em mindfulness e doença renal crônica de forma ampla, os desfechos encontrados ao longo dos estudos foram descritos de forma majoritária, sendo eles desfechos de saúde mental como depressão, ansiedade e autoeficácia, medidas físicas de fadiga, dor, sono, pressão arterial, atividade simpática, taxa respiratória, e medidas psicossociais de qualidade de vida (Ver Tabela 1).
Desfechos de saúde mental
Ansiedade e Depressão
Três estudos associaram os efeitos de IBMs na ansiedade e depressão3737 Thomas Z, Novak M, Platas SGT, Gautier M, Holgin AP, Fox R, et al. Brief mindfulness meditation for depression and anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Dec;12(12):2008-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417...
,3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
,4444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
. Os instrumentos utilizados para esses desfechos variaram entre os estudos. Para sintomas de ansiedade, foram utilizadas as escalas General Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7)3737 Thomas Z, Novak M, Platas SGT, Gautier M, Holgin AP, Fox R, et al. Brief mindfulness meditation for depression and anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Dec;12(12):2008-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417...
, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - state version (STAI)3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
e o General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), que contém uma subescala de 6 itens para sintomas de ansiedade e distúrbios do sono4444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
. Para medir sintomas de depressão, foram utilizadas as escalas Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)3737 Thomas Z, Novak M, Platas SGT, Gautier M, Holgin AP, Fox R, et al. Brief mindfulness meditation for depression and anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Dec;12(12):2008-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417...
, Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
e General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), que contém uma subescala de 6 itens que medem sintomas de depressão4444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
. Não houve diferença significativa para ambos os desfechos entre os grupos pré e pós-intervenção nos três estudos, e nos seguimentos de um mês4444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
e seis meses3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
. Apesar de não haver diferença significativa entre os grupos ao longo do tempo (p>0,05), Nejad et al. (2018)4444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
encontraram diferenças significativas tanto para ansiedade quanto para depressão no grupo intervenção de forma isolada logo após a intervenção, e no seguimento de um mês (p < 0,05). Ver Tabela 1
Autoeficácia
Solati et al. (2019)3636 Solati K, Mardani S, Ahmadi A, Danaei S. Effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on quality of life and self-efficacy in dialysis patients. J Ren Inj Prev [Internet]. 2019;8(1):28-33. Available from: http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541
http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541...
reportaram autoeficácia através do questionário General Self-efficacy Scale. Não houve diferença significativa entre os dois grupos após a intervenção (p > 0,05), porém intragrupos a pontuação média de autoeficácia aumentou em 0,95 no grupo controle e 5,2 pontos no grupo intervenção, com nível de significância p < 0,013636 Solati K, Mardani S, Ahmadi A, Danaei S. Effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on quality of life and self-efficacy in dialysis patients. J Ren Inj Prev [Internet]. 2019;8(1):28-33. Available from: http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541
http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541...
) (Ver Tabela 1).
Medidas físicas
Fadiga e dor
Gross et al. (2017)3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
mensuraram fadiga e dor através das escalas PROMIS-Fatigue Short Form v1.0 e 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) no item relacionado à interferência da dor, porém os autores não identificaram diferenças significativas para ambos os desfechos após a intervenção (p > 0,05) e ao longo do tempo no seguimento de seis meses (p > 0,05)3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
) (Ver Tabela 1).
Sono
Dois estudos avaliaram a qualidade do sono. Os autores utilizaram escalas diferentes para avaliar esse desfecho. Gross et al. (2017)3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
utilizaram a escala The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
, enquanto Nejad et al. (2018)4444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
mensuraram através do General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), que contém uma subescala de 6 itens para sintomas de ansiedade e distúrbios do sono4444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
. Nejad et al. (2018)4444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
encontraram diferença significativa no grupo intervenção de forma isolada logo após a intervenção, e no seguimento de um mês (p < 0,05)4444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
, porém em ambos os estudos não houve resultados significativos entre os grupos após a intervenção e nos seguimentos de um e seis meses (p > 0,05)3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
,4444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
(Ver Tabela 1).
Pressão arterial, atividade simpática e taxa respiratória
Park et al. (2014)3939 Park J, Lyles RH, Bauer-Wu S. Mindfulness meditation lowers muscle sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in African-American males with chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Integr Comp Physiol. 2014 Jul;307(1):R93-101. DOI: http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/ajpregu.00558.2013
http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/aj...
avaliaram a pressão arterial, taxa respiratória e atividade simpática durante a prática de mindfulness. A pressão arterial foi medida através de esfigmomanômetro automatizado (Dinamap PRO Series), a atividade simpática foi mensurada diretamente no nervo peroneal por microneurografia, e para respiração os participantes foram instruídos a manter uma taxa respiratória de 12 respirações/min. Houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos após a intervenção para todos os desfechos durante a prática meditativa (p < 0,05) (Ver Tabela 1).
Medidas psicossociais
Qualidade de vida
Dois estudos avaliaram qualidade de vida utilizando escalas diferentes. Solati et al. (2019)3636 Solati K, Mardani S, Ahmadi A, Danaei S. Effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on quality of life and self-efficacy in dialysis patients. J Ren Inj Prev [Internet]. 2019;8(1):28-33. Available from: http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541
http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541...
avaliaram esse desfecho através do The 36-item Short Form Survey (SF-36), enquanto Gross et al. (2017)3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
mensuraram através do componente físico e mental da escala The Short Form-12v2 (SF-12). Um estudo identificou diferença significativa no componente mental relacionado à qualidade de vida entre os grupos somente no seguimento de seis meses (p = 0,01), porém não houve diferença significativa no componente físico (p > 0,05)3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
. Solati et al. (2019)3636 Solati K, Mardani S, Ahmadi A, Danaei S. Effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on quality of life and self-efficacy in dialysis patients. J Ren Inj Prev [Internet]. 2019;8(1):28-33. Available from: http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541
http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541...
não identificaram resultados significativos entre os grupos (p > 0,05), porém, quando analisado de forma isolada intragrupos, houve diferença significativa na melhora da qualidade de vida no grupo intervenção após a intervenção (p < 0,01) (Ver Tabela 1).
Qualidade metodológica dos estudos incluídos
A qualidade dos estudos foi mensurada através da The Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2), na sua versão atualizada4343 Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019 Aug;366:l4898. DOI: https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.l4898
https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/b...
para os 6 estudos. Em relação ao processo de randomização, dois estudos descreveram adequadamente a metodologia implementada para geração da randomização e o mascaramento dos pesquisadores3737 Thomas Z, Novak M, Platas SGT, Gautier M, Holgin AP, Fox R, et al. Brief mindfulness meditation for depression and anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Dec;12(12):2008-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417...
,4545 Reilly-Spong M, Reibel D, Pearson T, Koppa P, Gross CR. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation: Trial design, rationale and feasibility. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2015 May. 42:169-84. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714415000683
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
. Para o domínio das intervenções, três estudos citaram o cegamento dos participantes em relação às intervenções alocadas (em estudos com controles ativos), poder de efeito, e não encontraram evidências de contaminação entre os grupos3737 Thomas Z, Novak M, Platas SGT, Gautier M, Holgin AP, Fox R, et al. Brief mindfulness meditation for depression and anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Dec;12(12):2008-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417...
,3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
,4545 Reilly-Spong M, Reibel D, Pearson T, Koppa P, Gross CR. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation: Trial design, rationale and feasibility. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2015 May. 42:169-84. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714415000683
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
. A maior parte dos estudos descreveram os resultados faltantes3737 Thomas Z, Novak M, Platas SGT, Gautier M, Holgin AP, Fox R, et al. Brief mindfulness meditation for depression and anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Dec;12(12):2008-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417...
,3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
,4444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,4545 Reilly-Spong M, Reibel D, Pearson T, Koppa P, Gross CR. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation: Trial design, rationale and feasibility. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2015 May. 42:169-84. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714415000683
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
, com exceção de dois estudos em que os autores não mencionam a exclusão de alguns resultados3636 Solati K, Mardani S, Ahmadi A, Danaei S. Effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on quality of life and self-efficacy in dialysis patients. J Ren Inj Prev [Internet]. 2019;8(1):28-33. Available from: http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541
http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541...
,3939 Park J, Lyles RH, Bauer-Wu S. Mindfulness meditation lowers muscle sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in African-American males with chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Integr Comp Physiol. 2014 Jul;307(1):R93-101. DOI: http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/ajpregu.00558.2013
http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/aj...
.
No domínio referente à mensuração dos desfechos, todos os estudos citaram as propriedades psicométricas dos instrumentos utilizados, bem como a justificativa para implementação das medidas adotadas. Apenas dois estudos não deixaram informações suficientes a respeito dos avaliadores dos desfechos e se a intervenção poderia ter interferido nas respostas3636 Solati K, Mardani S, Ahmadi A, Danaei S. Effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on quality of life and self-efficacy in dialysis patients. J Ren Inj Prev [Internet]. 2019;8(1):28-33. Available from: http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541
http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541...
,4444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
. No que se refere à seleção dos resultados reportados, apenas Nejad et al. (2018)4444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
não informaram o plano de análise para os desfechos encontrados4444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
. Por fim, somente dois estudos podem ser considerados com alta qualidade metodológica3737 Thomas Z, Novak M, Platas SGT, Gautier M, Holgin AP, Fox R, et al. Brief mindfulness meditation for depression and anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Dec;12(12):2008-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417...
,4545 Reilly-Spong M, Reibel D, Pearson T, Koppa P, Gross CR. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation: Trial design, rationale and feasibility. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2015 May. 42:169-84. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714415000683
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
(Ver Figura 2).
Discussão
As IBMs têm aumentado de forma mundial como uma terapia complementar no tratamento de doenças crônicas, incluindo DRC2424 Goyal M, Singh S, Sibinga EMS, Gould NF, Rowland-Seymour A, Sharma R, et al. Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being. JAMA Intern Med. 2014 Mar;174(3):357-68. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018
http://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.201...
,2828 Merkes M. Mindfulness-based stress reduction for people with chronic diseases. Aust J Prim Health [Internet]. 2010. 16(3):200-10. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=PY09063
http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=PY090...
,4040 Bennett PN, Ngo T, Kalife C, Schiller B. Improving wellbeing in patients undergoing dialysis: can meditation help? Semin Dial. 2018 Jan;31(1):59-64. DOI: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/sdi.12656
http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/sdi.12656...
. Ao nosso conhecimento, essa pode ser a primeira revisão sistemática a avaliar de forma compreensiva a literatura existente a respeito dos impactos de IBMs em adultos com DRC em hemodiálise. Foram identificados seis estudos elegíveis para inclusão, os quais variaram em sua natureza. Quatro estudos utilizaram controles ativos3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
,3939 Park J, Lyles RH, Bauer-Wu S. Mindfulness meditation lowers muscle sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in African-American males with chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Integr Comp Physiol. 2014 Jul;307(1):R93-101. DOI: http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/ajpregu.00558.2013
http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/aj...
,4444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,4545 Reilly-Spong M, Reibel D, Pearson T, Koppa P, Gross CR. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation: Trial design, rationale and feasibility. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2015 May. 42:169-84. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714415000683
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
e apenas dois avaliaram seguimentos após a intervenção3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
,4444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
. Somente três estudos apresentaram cálculo amostral, poderes de efeito e amostras adequadas3737 Thomas Z, Novak M, Platas SGT, Gautier M, Holgin AP, Fox R, et al. Brief mindfulness meditation for depression and anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Dec;12(12):2008-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417...
,3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
,4545 Reilly-Spong M, Reibel D, Pearson T, Koppa P, Gross CR. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation: Trial design, rationale and feasibility. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2015 May. 42:169-84. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714415000683
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
. A taxa de atrito foi descrita em dois estudos, sendo está de 13% para cada grupo3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
,4545 Reilly-Spong M, Reibel D, Pearson T, Koppa P, Gross CR. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation: Trial design, rationale and feasibility. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2015 May. 42:169-84. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714415000683
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
. Os protocolos das IBMs não foram abordados de forma homogênea entre os artigos. Dois estudos utilizaram o protocolo MSBR, porém adaptado para ser realizado por videoconferência (tMBSR)3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
,4545 Reilly-Spong M, Reibel D, Pearson T, Koppa P, Gross CR. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation: Trial design, rationale and feasibility. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2015 May. 42:169-84. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714415000683
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
; outros dois utilizam o protocolo do MBCT, também com adaptações para o contexto da hemodiálise3636 Solati K, Mardani S, Ahmadi A, Danaei S. Effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on quality of life and self-efficacy in dialysis patients. J Ren Inj Prev [Internet]. 2019;8(1):28-33. Available from: http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541
http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541...
,3737 Thomas Z, Novak M, Platas SGT, Gautier M, Holgin AP, Fox R, et al. Brief mindfulness meditation for depression and anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Dec;12(12):2008-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417...
.
Os resultados dos seis estudos são encorajadores para os domínios de saúde mental, medidas físicas e qualidade de vida. Melhoras significativas nos sintomas de ansiedade, depressão, maior autoeficácia, qualidade do sono e qualidade de vida foram observadas nos grupos que realizaram a intervenção3636 Solati K, Mardani S, Ahmadi A, Danaei S. Effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on quality of life and self-efficacy in dialysis patients. J Ren Inj Prev [Internet]. 2019;8(1):28-33. Available from: http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541
http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541...
,3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
,4444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
. Resultados semelhantes foram encontrados em outros estudos que avaliaram os efeitos de IBMs em doenças crônicas como diabetes4646 Chen S, Lin H, Atherton JJ, MacIsaac RJ, Wu C. Effect of a mindfulness programme for long‐term care residents with type 2 diabetes: a cluster randomised controlled trial measuring outcomes of glycaemic control, relocation stress and depression. Int J Older People Nurs. 2020 Sep;15(3):e12312. DOI: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/opn.12312
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/...
, HIV4747 Gonzalez-Garcia M, Ferrer MJ, Borras X, Muñoz-Moreno JA, Miranda C, Puig J, et al. Effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on the quality of life, emotional status, and CD4 cell count of patients aging with HIV infection. AIDS Behav [Internet]. 2014 Apr. 18(4):676-85. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10461-013-0612-z
http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10461-...
, síndrome do intestino irritável4848 Schoultz M, Atherton IM, Hubbard G, Watson AJ. The use of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for improving quality of life for inflammatory bowel disease patients: study protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial with embedded process evaluation. Trials [Internet]. 2013 Dec. 14(1):431. Available from: http://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1745-6215-14-431
http://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/a...
, insônia crônica4949 Hubbling A, Reilly-Spong M, Kreitzer MJ, Gross CR. How mindfulness changed my sleep: focus groups with chronic insomnia patients. BMC Complement Altern Med [Internet]. 2014 Dec. 14(1):50. Available from: http://bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6882-14-50
http://bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcent...
e episódios recorrentes de depressão5050 Godfrin KA, Van Heeringen C. The effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on recurrence of depressive episodes, mental health and quality of life: a randomized controlled study. Behav Res Ther [Internet]. 2010 Aug. 48(8):738-46. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0005796710000719
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
. Tais resultados podem se dar pelo fato de as práticas mindfulness estarem relacionadas a mudanças cognitivas em padrões de ações, pensamentos e emoções, ampliando a consciência de estados psicológicos e físicos, com maior abertura e sem julgamento2121 Bishop SR, Lau M, Shapiro S, Carlson L, Anderson ND, Carmody J, et al. Mindfulness: a proposed operational definition. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2006 May;11(3):230-41. DOI: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1093/clipsy.bph077
http://doi.wiley.com/10.1093/clipsy.bph0...
,2222 Shapiro SL, Carlson LE, Astin JA, Freedman B. Mechanisms of mindfulness. J Clin Psychol. 2006 Mar;62(3):373-86. DOI: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jclp.20237
http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jclp.20237...
,5151 Brown KW, Ryan RM, Creswell JD. Mindfulness: theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychol Inq. 2007 Oct;18(4):211-37. DOI: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10478400701598298
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.10...
. Ao adotar e cultivar essa postura atenta ao longo das práticas, como a respiração consciente e o escaneamento corporal, é possível entender que sensações ou situações dolorosas e emoções negativas não precisam ser combatidas ou silenciadas para viver uma vida expressiva2727 Kabat-Zinn J. Mindfulness-based interventions in context: past, present, and future. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2003 May;10(2):144-56. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy/bpg016
http://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy/bpg016...
.
Além de estressores psicológicos e psicossociais, a presença de comorbidades associadas à DRC, como hipertensão, é muito prevalente em pessoas com DRC5252 Bucharles SGE, Wallbach KKS, Moraes TP, Pecoits-Filho R. Hypertension in patients on dialysis: diagnosis, mechanisms, and management. Braz J Nephrol [Internet]. 2018 Nov. 41(3):400-11. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0101-28002018005039102&lng=en&tlng=en
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=s...
. Estudos anteriores encontraram resultados significativos semelhantes aos do estudo de Park et al. (2014)3939 Park J, Lyles RH, Bauer-Wu S. Mindfulness meditation lowers muscle sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in African-American males with chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Integr Comp Physiol. 2014 Jul;307(1):R93-101. DOI: http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/ajpregu.00558.2013
http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/aj...
nos efeitos de meditações mindfulness em medidas físicas de pressão arterial, frequência cardíaca e taxa respiratória5353 Oneda B, Ortega KC, Gusmão JL, Araújo TG, Mion D. Sympathetic nerve activity is decreased during device-guided slow breathing. Hypertens Res [Internet]. 2010 Jun. 33(7):708-12. Available from: http://www.nature.com/articles/hr201074
http://www.nature.com/articles/hr201074...
54 Nidich SI, Rainforth MV, Haaga DAF, Hagelin J, Salerno JW, Travis F, et al. A randomized controlled trial on effects of the transcendental meditation program on blood pressure, psychological distress, and coping in young adults. Am J Hypertens. 2009 Dec;22(12):1326-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ajh.2009.184
https://doi.org/10.1038/ajh.2009.184...
55 Manikonda JP, Störk S, Tögel S, Lobmüller A, Grünberg I, Bedel S, et al. Contemplative meditation reduces ambulatory blood pressure and stress-induced hypertension: a randomized pilot trial. J Hum Hypertens [Internet]. 2008 Feb. 22(2):138-40. Available from: http://www.nature.com/articles/1002275
http://www.nature.com/articles/1002275...
-5656 Goldstein CM, Josephson R, Xie S, Hughes JW. Current perspectives on the use of meditation to reduce blood pressure. Int J Hypertens [Internet]. 2012. 2012:578397. Available from: http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijhy/2012/578397/
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijhy/201...
. Um dos potenciais mecanismos por trás desses resultados pode se dar ao fato de que as IBMs estejam associadas à redução da atividade simpática por via da diminuição inflamatória, principalmente atuando em marcadores como proteína C reativa (PCR), fator de necrose tumoral-alfa (TNF-α) e interleucina 8 (IL-8) descritos em estudos anteriores5757 Malarkey WB, Jarjoura D, Klatt M. Workplace based mindfulness practice and inflammation: a randomized trial. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2013 Jan. 27:145-54. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0889159112004710
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
,5858 Rosenkranz MA, Davidson RJ, MacCoon DG, Sheridan JF, Kalin NH, Lutz A. A comparison of mindfulness-based stress reduction and an active control in modulation of neurogenic inflammation. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2013 Jan. 27:174-84. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0889159112004758
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
.
Esta revisão possibilitou uma compreensão ampla a respeito dos impactos das IBMs em pessoas DRC submetidas a hemodiálise, e empregou uma estratégia metodológica rigorosa para pesquisar e avaliar a literatura envolvendo essa temática. Dois revisores foram envolvidos na triagem e avaliação dos estudos elegíveis para a inclusão, com discussões profundas a respeito das avaliações propostas, e com a ajuda de um terceiro revisor, quando necessário. A qualidade metodológica dos estudos foi avaliada de forma criteriosa de acordo com as recomendações do Manual Cochrane (Cochrane Collaboration 2020)4343 Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019 Aug;366:l4898. DOI: https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.l4898
https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/b...
.
O fato de as IBMs terem origem de tradições orientais antigas, e as restrições de recursos para traduções em outras línguas que não a inglesa, podem ter enviesado nossos achados. Além disso, a baixa qualidade metodológica de três estudos em conjunto da natureza heterogênea geral das avaliações/desfechos dos artigos analisados impossibilitou uma meta-análise quantitativa.
Reilly-Spong et al. (2015)4545 Reilly-Spong M, Reibel D, Pearson T, Koppa P, Gross CR. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation: Trial design, rationale and feasibility. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2015 May. 42:169-84. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714415000683
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
, Gross et al. (2017)3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
) e Thomas et al. (2017)3737 Thomas Z, Novak M, Platas SGT, Gautier M, Holgin AP, Fox R, et al. Brief mindfulness meditation for depression and anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Dec;12(12):2008-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417...
produziram ECRs bem desenhados e com números adequados de participantes por grupo baseados no poder amostral3737 Thomas Z, Novak M, Platas SGT, Gautier M, Holgin AP, Fox R, et al. Brief mindfulness meditation for depression and anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Dec;12(12):2008-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417...
,3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
,4545 Reilly-Spong M, Reibel D, Pearson T, Koppa P, Gross CR. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation: Trial design, rationale and feasibility. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2015 May. 42:169-84. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714415000683
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
. Seus critérios rigorosos de inclusão e exclusão, e o uso de protocolos de IBMs consolidados na literatura, realizados por profissionais certificados e experientes na área, e com avaliações variando entre pré-pós e seguimentos de 6 meses, possibilitam um alto nível de confiança ao revisar seus desfechos3737 Thomas Z, Novak M, Platas SGT, Gautier M, Holgin AP, Fox R, et al. Brief mindfulness meditation for depression and anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Dec;12(12):2008-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03900417...
,3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
,4545 Reilly-Spong M, Reibel D, Pearson T, Koppa P, Gross CR. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation: Trial design, rationale and feasibility. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2015 May. 42:169-84. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714415000683
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
. Quatro estudos fizeram uso de controles ativos fiéis à dinâmica apresentada nos grupos que receberam a intervenção de mindfulness, e não documentaram contaminação entre os grupos3838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
,3939 Park J, Lyles RH, Bauer-Wu S. Mindfulness meditation lowers muscle sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in African-American males with chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Integr Comp Physiol. 2014 Jul;307(1):R93-101. DOI: http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/ajpregu.00558.2013
http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/aj...
,4444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,4545 Reilly-Spong M, Reibel D, Pearson T, Koppa P, Gross CR. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation: Trial design, rationale and feasibility. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2015 May. 42:169-84. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714415000683
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
. Esses achados vão de encontro às orientações sugeridas em um recente estudo de revisão narrativa a respeito de práticas de mindfulness e DRC4040 Bennett PN, Ngo T, Kalife C, Schiller B. Improving wellbeing in patients undergoing dialysis: can meditation help? Semin Dial. 2018 Jan;31(1):59-64. DOI: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/sdi.12656
http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/sdi.12656...
.
Em alguns estudos, os autores utilizaram subescalas de instrumentos para avaliar seus desfechos secundários, como o item relacionado à dor inserido na escala SF-123838 Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (tMBSR) for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 57:37-43. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1551714416305018
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve...
, e as subescalas para ansiedade e depressão presentes na escala GHQ-284444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
. No estudo de Nejad et al. (2018)4444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
a mesma subescala inserida na escala GHQ-28 mensurou dois desfechos diferentes (ansiedade e distúrbios do sono) para o mesmo domínio, contendo apenas 6 questões para esses desfechos. Acreditamos que o uso dessas subescalas possam ter comprometido a sensibilidade em avaliar a variável de interesse4444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
. Nenhum dos estudos avaliou o nível de mindfulness dos participantes, tal mensuração poderia nortear os pesquisadores a respeito das habilidades desenvolvidas ao longo do programa e ampliar a discussão dos resultados.
Apesar de a grande parte dos artigos avaliados utilizar IBMs fundamentadas em protocolos bem estabelecidos e instrutores de mindfulness certificados, dois estudos não especificaram as informações da base protocolar do programa adotado, dificultando a generalização dos resultados3939 Park J, Lyles RH, Bauer-Wu S. Mindfulness meditation lowers muscle sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in African-American males with chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Integr Comp Physiol. 2014 Jul;307(1):R93-101. DOI: http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/ajpregu.00558.2013
http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/aj...
,4444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
; além disso, Park et al. (2014)3939 Park J, Lyles RH, Bauer-Wu S. Mindfulness meditation lowers muscle sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in African-American males with chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Integr Comp Physiol. 2014 Jul;307(1):R93-101. DOI: http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/ajpregu.00558.2013
http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/aj...
realizaram apenas três encontros breves durante a semana em que os participantes fizeram hemodiálise3939 Park J, Lyles RH, Bauer-Wu S. Mindfulness meditation lowers muscle sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in African-American males with chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Integr Comp Physiol. 2014 Jul;307(1):R93-101. DOI: http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/ajpregu.00558.2013
http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/aj...
. Por fim, três estudos apresentaram metodologias fracas, não descrevendo de forma clara os processos de randomização, resultados excluídos e a intervenção aplicada. Dessa forma, os resultados desses estudos devem ser tratados com cautela3636 Solati K, Mardani S, Ahmadi A, Danaei S. Effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on quality of life and self-efficacy in dialysis patients. J Ren Inj Prev [Internet]. 2019;8(1):28-33. Available from: http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541
http://journalrip.com/Abstract/jrip-541...
,3939 Park J, Lyles RH, Bauer-Wu S. Mindfulness meditation lowers muscle sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in African-American males with chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Integr Comp Physiol. 2014 Jul;307(1):R93-101. DOI: http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/ajpregu.00558.2013
http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/aj...
,4444 Nejad M, Shahgholian N, Samouei R. The effect of mindfulness program on general health of patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Educ Health Promot [Internet]. 2018 Jun; [cited 2021 Apr 21]; 7:74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6009148/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
.
Estudos futuros de IBMs em pessoas com DRC devem ser realizados em escalas maiores, e com a implementação de metodologias robustas. Examinar medidas tanto físicas quanto psicológicas, quantitativa ou qualitativamente, a fim de explorar com maior profundidade as implicações clínicas das intervenções para essa população. Deve-se levar em consideração as características sociodemográficas, os estágios da doença e as comorbidades associadas, as estratificações da amostra, e abordar questões referentes às adaptações necessárias para a aplicação de IBMs adequados ao contexto da hemodiálise, seja de forma individual, em grupo ou on-line.
Conclusões
Embora a evidência seja limitada, esta revisão indica que as IBMs podem oferecer uma terapêutica complementar promissora, segura e não invasiva para pessoas com DRC em hemodiálise, especificamente em relação à saúde mental, qualidade de vida e a aspectos físicos da doença. A implementação dessas intervenções deve levar em conta a certificação dos instrutores e detalhes dos protocolos, garantindo sua fidedignidade. Os potenciais impactos de IBMs para pessoas com DRC requerem estudos com maior qualidade metodológica, esclarecer a viabilidade dos diferentes formatos das intervenções apresentadas, e avaliações em longo prazo.
Agradecimentos
Agradecemos aos colegas dos grupos de pesquisa Modificação do Estilo de Vida e Risco Cardiovascular (MERC) e Grupo de Avaliação e Atendimento em Psicoterapia Cognitivo Comportamental (GAAPCC) da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS).
REFERENCES
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Datas de Publicação
-
Publicação nesta coleção
11 Out 2021 -
Data do Fascículo
Jan-Mar 2022
Histórico
-
Recebido
06 Maio 2021 -
Aceito
01 Ago 2021