Aspectos alimentares e de criação de Bradysia hygida Sauaia &amp; Alves (Diptera, Sciaridae) em laboratório

Bravo, Iara S. Joachim; Alves, Maurílio A. R; Zucoloto, Fernando S; Andrade, Luiz A. M

doi:10.1590/S0101-81751993000200012

Resumo

In nature, the Sciaridae live in moist and shady places, where exists vegetable material in decomposition. It is very dificult to determine the proper Sciaridae's alimentary habit and then, it is dificult, also, to rear Sciaridae species in laboratory. To improvement the Bradysia hygida rearing, the objectives of this research were to analyse the nutritive value of mucuna bean foliage for the larves, to verify the role of the ground (as larvae substrate and in diet composition) and also to verify the possibility of ground substituition by another kind of substrate. Two kinds of sand were employed in the place of the ground and three diets, free of ground, were prepared. The parameters analysed were: duration of the life cicle, porcentage of emergence, egg production by female and adult size. The results showed that the mucuna bean foliage have a good nutritive value for B. hygida rearing; the ground, as substrate, can be substituted by any of the sands and the ground, in the diet, is also dispensable. The alimentary habits of Sciaridae is discussed.

Diptera; Sciaridae; Bradysia hygida

Aspectos alimentares e de criação de Bradysia hygida Sauaia & Alves (Diptera, Sciaridae) em laboratório

Aspects on alimentation and rearing of Bradysia hygida Sauaia & Alves (Diptera, Sciaridae) in laboratory

Iara S. Joachim Bravo^I; Maurílio A. R. Alves^I; Fernando S. Zucoloto^I; Luiz A. M. Andrade^II

^IDepartamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, 14040-030 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil

^IIDepartamento de Morfologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

ABSTRACT

In nature, the Sciaridae live in moist and shady places, where exists vegetable material in decomposition. It is very dificult to determine the proper Sciaridae's alimentary habit and then, it is dificult, also, to rear Sciaridae species in laboratory. To improvement the Bradysia hygida rearing, the objectives of this research were to analyse the nutritive value of mucuna bean foliage for the larves, to verify the role of the ground (as larvae substrate and in diet composition) and also to verify the possibility of ground substituition by another kind of substrate. Two kinds of sand were employed in the place of the ground and three diets, free of ground, were prepared. The parameters analysed were: duration of the life cicle, porcentage of emergence, egg production by female and adult size. The results showed that the mucuna bean foliage have a good nutritive value for B. hygida rearing; the ground, as substrate, can be substituted by any of the sands and the ground, in the diet, is also dispensable. The alimentary habits of Sciaridae is discussed.

Key words: Diptera, Sciaridae, Bradysia hygida

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AGRADECIMENTOS. Agradecemos o apoio do Dr. Heni Sauaia, responsável pelo laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Morfologia (FMRP-USP), onde este trabalho foi realizado; ao Dr. Gerson Mucillo, (FFCLRP-USP), pela orientação na parte estatística e ao CNPq, pelo suporte financeiro (PIG V).

Recebido em 17.X.1991; aceito em 25.XI.1993.

AZEVEDO, E.M.V. & J.R.P. PARRA. 1989. Influência da umidade em dois tipos de solo na emergência de Ceratitis capitata. Pesq. Agropec. Bras. 24 (3): 321-327.
BINNS, E.S. 1981. Fungus gnats (Diptera: Mycetophilidae/Sciaridae) and the role of mycophagy in soil: a review. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol. 18 (1): 77-90.
BUTT, F.H. 1934. Embryology of Sciara (Sciaridae: Diptera). Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer. 27: 565-575.
CANTELO, W.W. 1988. Movement of Lycoriella mali (Diptera: Sciaridae) through mushroom-growing medium. J. Econ. Entom. 81 (1): 195-200.
CARSON, H.L. 1946. The seletive elimination of inversion dicentric chromatids during meiosis in the eggs of Sciara impatiens. Genetics 31: 95-113.
DELEPORTE, S. 1987. Rôle du Diptère Sciaridae Bradysia confinis (Winn., Frey) dans la dégradation d'une litière de feuillus. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol. 24 (3): 341-358.
______. 1988. Etude expérimentale de l'ajustement entre le cycle de Bradysia confinis (Diptera: Sciaridae) et l'evolution du substrat trophique (litière de feuillus): importance des microorganismes. Acta Oecol., Oecol. Gener., 9 (1): 13-35.
DELEPORTE, S. & C. ROULAND. 1991. Étude préliminaire de l'équipement digestif osidasique de Bradysia confinis (Diptera, Sciaridae): implications dans la dégradation de la matière organique. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 312, Série III: 165-170.
DENNIS, D.J. 1978. Observations of fungus gnat damage to glasshouse cucurbits. N.Z.J. exp. Agri. 6: 83-84.
EDWARDS, C.A. 1974. Macroarthropods. Biology of plant litter decomposition. London, Academic Press, vol. 2, p. 533-554.
ELLISOR, L.O. 1934. Notes on the biology and control of Neosciara ocellaris (Comstock) (Diptera, Sciaridae). Iowa State Coll. Journ. Sci. 9: 25-36.
FRANCISCO, A.L. & F.S. ZUCOLOTO. 1985. Obtenção de uma dieta artificial para Bradysia higida (Diptera: Sciaridae). Rev. Bras.Zool. 2 (6): 383-386.
GRAHAN, C.L. & M.J. MCNEILL. 1972. Soybean crown and root damage by Bradysia coprophila. J.Econ. Entom. 65 (2): 597-599.
HOLLANDER, M. & D.A. WOLFE. 1973. Nonparametric statistical methods. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1ª ed.
KEIL, C.B. & M.H. OTHMAN. 1988. Effects of methoprene on Lycoriella mali (Diptera: Sciaridae). J. Econ. Entom. 81 (6): 1592-1597.
KENNEDY, M.K. 1974. Survival and development of Bradysia impatiens (Diptera: Sciaridae) on fungal and non-fungal food sources. Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer. 67 (5): 745-749.
LARA, F.S.J.; H. TAMAKI & C. PAVAN. 1965. Laboratory culture of Rhynchosciara angelae. Amer. Natur. 99: 189-191.
LEATH, K.C & R.C. NEWTON. 1969. Interaction of a fungus gnat, Bradysia sp. (Sciaridae) with Fusarium spp. on alfafa and red cloner. Phytopatology 59: 257-258.
LUMMUS, P.F.; J.C SMITH & N.L. POWELL. 1983. Soil moisture and texture effects on survival of immature southern corn rootworms, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Environ. Entom. 12: 1529-1531.
MATTINGLY, E. & S.A. OGLE. 1969. A new culture method for Rhynchosciara. Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer. 62 (1): 94-96.
MORGANTE, J.S.; J. MARQUES; A.B. CUNHA & I. ROMEO. 1970. Sobre a criação de alguns sciarideos (Diptera). Rev. Bras. Ent. 14 (4): 33-40.
NEUENSCHWANDER, P.; S. MICHELAKIS & F. BIGLER. 1981. Abiotic factors affecting mortality of Dacus oleae larvae and pupae in the soil. Entom. Exper. Appl.30: 1-9.
ROACH, S.H. & R.B. CAMPBELL. 1983. Effects of soil compaction on bollworn (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moth emergence. Environ. Entom. 12: 1883-1886.
ROCK, G.C. 1972. Optimal proportion of dietaryamino-acids. Insects and mite nutrition. Londres, North-Holand Publishing Company, p. 183-197.
RUTHERFORD, T.A.; D.B. TROTTER & J.M. WEBSTER. 1985. Monitoring fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaridae) in cucumber greenhouses. Can. Entom. 117: 1387-1394.
SAUAIA, H. & M.A.R. ALVES. 1968. Description of a new species of Bradysia (Diptera: Sciaridae). Papéis Avulsos Zool. São Paulo 22: 85-88.
SIEGEL, S. 1975. Estatística não paramétrica (para ciências do comportamento). São Paulo, McGraw-Hill, 350p.
SMITH-STOCKING, H. 1936. Genetic studies on selective segregation of chromosomes in Sciara coprophila Lintner. Genetics 21: 421-443.
STEFFAN, W.A. 1966. A generic revision of the family Sciaridae (Diptera) of America North of México. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entom. 44: 1-77.
______. 1974. Studies and ecological notes on hawaiian Sciaridae (Diptera). Pacific Insects 16 (1): 41-50.
THOMAS, C.A. 1929. A method for rearing mushroom insects and mites. Entom. News 40: 222-225.
TRAMONTE, V.L.C.G. & F.S. ZUCOLOTO. 1988. Estudos de carboidratos, como alimento para Bradysia hygida (Diptera: Sciaridae). Ciên. & Cul. 40 (3): 273-275.
WAAGE, J.K. 1976. Insect remains from ground sloth dung. J. Paleontology 50 (5): 991-994.
WILKINSON, J.D. & D.M. DAUGHERTY. 1970. The biology and imature stages of Bradysia impatiens (Diptera: Sciaridae). Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer. 63 (3): 656-660.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
24 Jul 2009
Data do Fascículo
1993

Histórico

Aceito
25 Nov 1993
Recebido
17 Out 1991

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] AZEVEDO, E.M.V. & J.R.P. PARRA. 1989. Influência da umidade em dois tipos de solo na emergência de Ceratitis capitata. Pesq. Agropec. Bras. 24 (3): 321-327.

[2] BINNS, E.S. 1981. Fungus gnats (Diptera: Mycetophilidae/Sciaridae) and the role of mycophagy in soil: a review. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol. 18 (1): 77-90.

[3] BUTT, F.H. 1934. Embryology of Sciara (Sciaridae: Diptera). Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer. 27: 565-575.

[4] CANTELO, W.W. 1988. Movement of Lycoriella mali (Diptera: Sciaridae) through mushroom-growing medium. J. Econ. Entom. 81 (1): 195-200.

[5] CARSON, H.L. 1946. The seletive elimination of inversion dicentric chromatids during meiosis in the eggs of Sciara impatiens. Genetics 31: 95-113.

[6] DELEPORTE, S. 1987. Rôle du Diptère Sciaridae Bradysia confinis (Winn., Frey) dans la dégradation d'une litière de feuillus. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol. 24 (3): 341-358.

[7] ______. 1988. Etude expérimentale de l'ajustement entre le cycle de Bradysia confinis (Diptera: Sciaridae) et l'evolution du substrat trophique (litière de feuillus): importance des microorganismes. Acta Oecol., Oecol. Gener., 9 (1): 13-35.

[8] DELEPORTE, S. & C. ROULAND. 1991. Étude préliminaire de l'équipement digestif osidasique de Bradysia confinis (Diptera, Sciaridae): implications dans la dégradation de la matière organique. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 312, Série III: 165-170.

[9] DENNIS, D.J. 1978. Observations of fungus gnat damage to glasshouse cucurbits. N.Z.J. exp. Agri. 6: 83-84.

[10] EDWARDS, C.A. 1974. Macroarthropods. Biology of plant litter decomposition. London, Academic Press, vol. 2, p. 533-554.

[11] ELLISOR, L.O. 1934. Notes on the biology and control of Neosciara ocellaris (Comstock) (Diptera, Sciaridae). Iowa State Coll. Journ. Sci. 9: 25-36.

[12] FRANCISCO, A.L. & F.S. ZUCOLOTO. 1985. Obtenção de uma dieta artificial para Bradysia higida (Diptera: Sciaridae). Rev. Bras.Zool. 2 (6): 383-386.

[13] GRAHAN, C.L. & M.J. MCNEILL. 1972. Soybean crown and root damage by Bradysia coprophila. J.Econ. Entom. 65 (2): 597-599.

[14] HOLLANDER, M. & D.A. WOLFE. 1973. Nonparametric statistical methods. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1ª ed.

[15] KEIL, C.B. & M.H. OTHMAN. 1988. Effects of methoprene on Lycoriella mali (Diptera: Sciaridae). J. Econ. Entom. 81 (6): 1592-1597.

[16] KENNEDY, M.K. 1974. Survival and development of Bradysia impatiens (Diptera: Sciaridae) on fungal and non-fungal food sources. Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer. 67 (5): 745-749.

[17] LARA, F.S.J.; H. TAMAKI & C. PAVAN. 1965. Laboratory culture of Rhynchosciara angelae. Amer. Natur. 99: 189-191.

[18] LEATH, K.C & R.C. NEWTON. 1969. Interaction of a fungus gnat, Bradysia sp. (Sciaridae) with Fusarium spp. on alfafa and red cloner. Phytopatology 59: 257-258.

[19] LUMMUS, P.F.; J.C SMITH & N.L. POWELL. 1983. Soil moisture and texture effects on survival of immature southern corn rootworms, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Environ. Entom. 12: 1529-1531.

[20] MATTINGLY, E. & S.A. OGLE. 1969. A new culture method for Rhynchosciara. Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer. 62 (1): 94-96.

[21] MORGANTE, J.S.; J. MARQUES; A.B. CUNHA & I. ROMEO. 1970. Sobre a criação de alguns sciarideos (Diptera). Rev. Bras. Ent. 14 (4): 33-40.

[22] NEUENSCHWANDER, P.; S. MICHELAKIS & F. BIGLER. 1981. Abiotic factors affecting mortality of Dacus oleae larvae and pupae in the soil. Entom. Exper. Appl.30: 1-9.

[23] ROACH, S.H. & R.B. CAMPBELL. 1983. Effects of soil compaction on bollworn (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moth emergence. Environ. Entom. 12: 1883-1886.

[24] ROCK, G.C. 1972. Optimal proportion of dietaryamino-acids. Insects and mite nutrition. Londres, North-Holand Publishing Company, p. 183-197.

[25] RUTHERFORD, T.A.; D.B. TROTTER & J.M. WEBSTER. 1985. Monitoring fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaridae) in cucumber greenhouses. Can. Entom. 117: 1387-1394.

[26] SAUAIA, H. & M.A.R. ALVES. 1968. Description of a new species of Bradysia (Diptera: Sciaridae). Papéis Avulsos Zool. São Paulo 22: 85-88.

[27] SIEGEL, S. 1975. Estatística não paramétrica (para ciências do comportamento). São Paulo, McGraw-Hill, 350p.

[28] SMITH-STOCKING, H. 1936. Genetic studies on selective segregation of chromosomes in Sciara coprophila Lintner. Genetics 21: 421-443.

[29] STEFFAN, W.A. 1966. A generic revision of the family Sciaridae (Diptera) of America North of México. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entom. 44: 1-77.

[30] ______. 1974. Studies and ecological notes on hawaiian Sciaridae (Diptera). Pacific Insects 16 (1): 41-50.

[31] THOMAS, C.A. 1929. A method for rearing mushroom insects and mites. Entom. News 40: 222-225.

[32] TRAMONTE, V.L.C.G. & F.S. ZUCOLOTO. 1988. Estudos de carboidratos, como alimento para Bradysia hygida (Diptera: Sciaridae). Ciên. & Cul. 40 (3): 273-275.

[33] WAAGE, J.K. 1976. Insect remains from ground sloth dung. J. Paleontology 50 (5): 991-994.

[34] WILKINSON, J.D. & D.M. DAUGHERTY. 1970. The biology and imature stages of Bradysia impatiens (Diptera: Sciaridae). Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer. 63 (3): 656-660.