ABSTRACT:
In dry regions worldwide, providing feed for ruminants has been a great challenge, with a need to use plants which contribute to the resilience of production systems. Maniçoba is seen as a potential forage resource in the Brazilian semiarid, being used as hay or silage to feed ruminants. This review summarized results regarding forage production of maniçoba, in addition to dry matter (DM) intake, productive performance, and quality of animal products obtained providing maniçoba based diets, when compared to diets composed by other roughages for goats and sheep. Considering the evaluated studies, the average yield of maniçoba varied from 367 to 1,592 kg DM ha-1, enhancing the forage yield by increasing plant fertilization and planting density. Diets based on maniçoba promoted similar or higher intake of DM and productive performance for goats and sheep, when compared to diets comprising other forage resources. The quality of animal products was also similar to the ones obtained with diets based on traditional roughages, such as Tifton 85 hay or spineless cactus. Therefore, maniçoba allows a forage production that may contribute to ruminant production systems in semiarid environment and promote productive performance and animal product quality compatible to the ones provided by traditional forage plants.
Key words:
forage alternative; forage resource; wild cassava; Manihot; cyanogenic plant.
RESUMO:
Nas regiões secas mundiais, fornecer alimentos para ruminantes tem sido um grande desafio, havendo necessidade de utilizar plantas que contribuam para a resiliência dos sistemas de produção. A maniçoba é vista como um potencial recurso forrageiro no semiárido brasileiro, sendo utilizada como feno ou silagem para alimentação de ruminantes. O objetivo desta revisão foi sumarizar os resultados quanto à produção de forragem da maniçoba, além do consumo de matéria seca (MS), desempenho produtivo e qualidade dos produtos de origem animal obtidos com dietas à base de maniçoba, quando comparados com dietas compostas por outros volumosos para caprinos e ovinos. Considerando os estudos avaliados, a produtividade média da maniçoba variou de 367 a 1.592 kg de MS ha-1, com aumento da produção de forragem pela maior fertilização da planta e densidade de plantio. As dietas à base de maniçoba promoveram resultados semelhantes ou superiores para ingestão de matéria seca e desempenho produtivo de caprinos e ovinos, quando comparadas às dietas compostas por outros recursos forrageiros. A qualidade dos produtos de origem animal também foi semelhante às proporcionadas por dietas à base de volumosos tradicionais, como feno Tifton 85 ou palma-forrageira. Portanto, a maniçoba apresenta produção de forragem que pode contribuir com os sistemas de produção de ruminantes em ambiente semiárido, e promover desempenho produtivo e qualidade dos produtos de origem animal compatíveis com as proporcionadas pelas forrageiras tradicionais.
Palavras-chave:
alternativa forrageira; recurso forrageiro; mandioca silvestre; Manihot; planta cianogênica
INTRODUCTION:
Food security for herds has been an important challenge for livestock production in arid and semiarid regions (MLAMBO & MAPIYE, 2015MLAMBO, V.; MAPIYE, C. Towards household food and nutrition security in semi-arid areas: What role for condensed tannin-rich ruminant feedstuffs? Food Research International, v. 76, n. P4, p. 953-961, 2015. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2015.04.011 >. Accessed: Jun. 7, 2020.
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) and there is great concern about food production to meet the demands of the world’s growing population, with drylands playing a relevant role in this scenario (TARRASÓN et al., 2016TARRASÓN, D. et al. Land degradation assessment through an ecosystem services lens: Integrating knowledge and methods in pastoral semi-arid systems. Journal of Arid Environments, v. 124, p. 205-213, 2016. Available: <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.08.002>. Acessed: Nov. 18, 2020.
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). In this sense livestock systems need to improve land use by using adapted forage plants that are inserted in the socioeconomic context of the population and contribute to new strategies for supplying nutrients for ruminants, reducing production losses and increasing animal yield and farm income.
Maniçoba comprises plants (wild species) of the genus Manihot, including Manihot glaziovii Müll. Arg., Manihot catingae Ule and Manihot carthaginensis (Jacq.) Müll. Arg, all native to the Brazilian semiarid, showing genetic and morphoagronomic diversity (CAMPOS et al., 2020CAMPOS, F. S. et al. Morpho-agronomic parameters, chemical composition and genetic divergence among Manihot sp. access. Research, Society and Development, v. 9, n. 7, p. 1-21, 2020. Available from: <Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i7.4864 >. Accessed: Dec. 2, 2020.
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). The plants are perennial, tolerant to cuttings and long periods of drought, with morphological adaptation related to water retention (NASSAR et al., 2010NASSAR, R. et al. Modeling global atmospheric CO2 with improved emission inventories and CO2 production from the oxidation of other carbon species. Geoscientific Model Development, v. 3, n. 2, p. 689-716, 2010. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-3-689-2010 >. Accessed: Jun. 5, 2020. doi: 10.5194/gmd-3-689-2010.
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), and physiological mechanisms via control of stomatal aperture to maintain a positive carbon balance even in drought conditions (MORGANTE et al., 2020MORGANTE, C. V. et al. Genetic and physiological analysis of early drought response in Manihot esculenta and its wild relative. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, v. 42, n. 2, p. 1-11, 2020. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-019-3005-8 >. Accessed: Jul. 7, 2020.
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). In ruminant feeding, maniçoba is used exclusively as hay or silage to reduce the toxicity of hydrocyanic acid, thus allowing a safe feeding for animals (MATOS et al., 2005MATOS, D. S. DE et al. Chemical composition and nutritional value of the maniçoba silage (Manihot Epruinosa). Archivos de Zootecnia, v. 54, n. 208, p. 619-629, 2005. Available from: < Available from: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=49520804 >. Accessed: Apr. 12, 2021.
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; SOARES, 2000SOARES, J. G. G. Avaliação da silagem de maniçoba - Teor de ácido cianídrico. Comunicado técnico da Embrapa Semiárido, v. 93, p. 1-3, 2000. Available from: <Available from: https://www.embrapa.br/busca-de-publicacoes/-/publicacao/134222/avaliacao-da-silagem-de-manicoba---teor-de-acido-cianidrico >. Acessed: Dec. 16, 2020.
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; SOUZA et al., 2006SOUZA, E. J. et al. Quality of wilted manioc (Manihot Epruinosa) silages. Archivos De Zootecnia, v. 55, n. 212, p. 351-360, 2006. Available from: <Available from: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=49521203 >. Accessed: Jan. 9, 2020.
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).
Productive and qualitative characteristics of the plant must be considered, along with its potential to constitute diets that provide a proper productive performance to the animal. In this sense the evaluation of yield and quality of maniçoba forage, as well as the assessment of dry matter (DM) intake, productive performance of goats and sheep, and its influence on animal product quality, are important aspects to understand the potential of this plant as an alternative for livestock production systems in semiarid environments.
The present review summarized the results of forage yield of maniçoba in the semiarid region of Brazil, the DM intake and productive performance of goats and sheep fed maniçoba-based diets, and the quality of animal products.
Productivity and factors that affect the forage yield
The results of five experimental trials (n = 50 treatments) in the Brazilian semiarid evaluated the forage production of maniçoba, considering single-crop and rainfed conditions. These studies were carried out in the states of Pernambuco and Paraíba, with cutting intervals varying from 152 to 1,095 days and accumulated rainfall in the period varying from 321 to 1,163 mm. The average forage yield reported for maniçoba ranged from 367 to 1,592 kg DM-1 ha-1 (Table 1), considering different cutting intervals of the plant, reaching 3,733 kg DM-1 ha-1 regarding the sum of the production of two consecutive harvests, performed after up to fifteen months (SOARES, 1989SOARES, J. G. G. Utilização e produção de forragem de maniçoba. Comunicado técnico da Embrapa Semiárido, p. 20-28, 1989. Available from: <Available from: https://www.embrapa.br/busca-de-publicacoes/-/publicacao/133391/utilizacao-e-producao-de-forragem-de-manicoba >. Acessed: Dec. 16, 2020.
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).
Several factors influence the production of maniçoba forage. ARAÚJO FILHO et al. (2011ARAÚJO FILHO, J. T. et al. Morphological characteristics and nutritional value of cassava under planting spacing and fertilization. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, v. 12, n. 3, p. 2078-2078, 2011. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-99402013000400001 >. Accessed: May. 4, 2020.
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) verified that organic fertilization increased the yield by up to 80%, in comparison to non-fertilized maniçoba, due to the nutrient supply to the crop. The increase in plant density also increased the forage yield, with plant densities reaching 6,667 (ARAÚJO FILHO et al., 2011) or 10,000 plants ha-1 (SOARES, 1989SOARES, J. G. G. Utilização e produção de forragem de maniçoba. Comunicado técnico da Embrapa Semiárido, p. 20-28, 1989. Available from: <Available from: https://www.embrapa.br/busca-de-publicacoes/-/publicacao/133391/utilizacao-e-producao-de-forragem-de-manicoba >. Acessed: Dec. 16, 2020.
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), indicating that maniçoba can respond favorably to intensive crop management.
Soil management using ridges and the cutting heights of the plants (MOREIRA FILHO et al., 2008MOREIRA FILHO, E. C. et al. Vegetative growing of manicoba subjected at different soil management, planting densities and cutting heigth. Revista Caatinga, v. 21, n. 4, p. 147-153, 2008. Available from:<Available from:http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=237117689022 >. Accessed: Dec. 1, 2020.
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), the water depths and the nitrogen (N) fertilization (ARAÚJO FILHO et al., 2013ARAÚJO FILHO, J. T. et al. Morphological and productive characteristics of cassava grown under irrigation and nitrogen levels. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Producao Animal, v. 14, n. 4, p. 609-623, 2013. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-99402013000400001 >. Accessed: May. 4, 2020.
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) are also factors that affect the plant growth and increase the forage yield. Presumably, the ridges increase the accumulation and availability of nutrients in the soil, favoring the development of the plant root system. The increase in productivity with N fertilization suggested that maniçoba has efficient metabolic responses to the use of this nutrient.
Beyond the forage yield, BELTRÃO et al. (2008BELTRÃO, F. A. S. et al. Behavior of the maniçoba (Manihott Pseudoglaziovii muell arg) under diferent densities and fertilization. Revista Caatinga, v. 21, n. 4, p. 163-166, 2008. Available from: <Available from: https://periodicos.ufersa.edu.br/index.php/caatinga/article/view/151/pdf >. Accessed: Oct. 6, 2020.
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) pointed out the proportion of leaves on the plant, reporting that approximately 50% of the produced forage (kg DM-1 ha-1) corresponds to this component, which may still be incremented by management practices, as for instance organic fertilization.
These results denoted that maniçoba allows forage yield compatible with the semiarid environment. Therefore, it contributed to the forage input for ruminant production systems, while management factors may increase the productive efficiency of the crop.
It is important that there should be a greater number of studies evaluating this forage resource, especially including diverse locations in the semiarid region, thus enlarging the database on crop yield, above all regarding long-term studies.
Forage quality
The dry matter content of fresh maniçoba varied from 204.4 to 289.2 g kg-1 (ARAÚJO FILHO et al., 2011ARAÚJO FILHO, J. T. et al. Morphological characteristics and nutritional value of cassava under planting spacing and fertilization. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, v. 12, n. 3, p. 2078-2078, 2011. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-99402013000400001 >. Accessed: May. 4, 2020.
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; SILVA et al., 2011SILVA, T. M. et al. Rumen degradability and nutritive value of wild cassava ensiled with levels of grape-wine residue. Archivos de Zootecnia, v. 60, n. 229, p. 93-103, 2011. Available from: <Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4321/S0004-05922011000100011 >. Accessed: Oct. 22, 2020.
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). The chemical composition of the plant, based on data from 21 articles, reported by authors as hay, silage or fresh (in natura) maniçoba, consisted on average of crude protein (CP), ash, ether extract (EE), neutral and acid detergent fiber (NDF and ADF), hemicellulose (HEM), cellulose (CELL) and lignin, at 156.5; 79.4; 43.9; 473.4; 354.9; 125.3; 231.5 and 109.2 g kg-1, respectively (Table 2).
Crude protein levels ranged from 90.8 to 227.5 g kg-1, and NDF varied from 355.0 to 586.0 g kg-1 (Table 2). The offered forms of maniçoba (fresh, hay or silage) did not result in great differences on main parameters of chemical composition. On average, fresh maniçoba showed 173.8 g kg-1 for CP, while as hay and silage CP levels were 141.1 and 154.7 g kg-1. Additionally, NDF for fresh maniçoba was 449.8 g kg-1, while as hay and silage it was 475.5 and 494.8 g kg-1, respectively (Table 2). The authors attributed changes in chemical composition mainly to the proportion of leaf/stem (FRANÇA et al., 2010FRANÇA, A. A. et al. Anatomy and kinetics of degradation of Manihot glaziovii Hay. Acta Scientiarum - Animal Sciences, v. 32, n. 2, p. 131-138, 2010. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v32i2.8800 >. Accessed: Dec. 03, 2020.
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), as well as genotype and development stage of the plant (MOREIRA FILHO et al., 2009MOREIRA FILHO, E. C. et al. Chemical composition of manicoba subjeted to soil management differencies, planting densities and cutting heights. Revista Caatinga, v. 22, n. 2, p. 187-194, 2009. Available from: <Available from: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=237117689022 >. Accessed: Dec. 1, 2020.
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), indicating the conservation process of maniçoba as an important tool to maintain the nutrients.
Maniçoba exhibited high lignin levels, which may reduce the forage digestibility. Conversely, this forage also showed high CP and low NDF, compatible with or higher than the ones presented by other forage resources used to feed ruminants in the Brazilian semiarid. High CP and low NDF are positive aspects in roughage for feeding ruminants. SANTOS et al. (2017) evaluated different forages in natura and observed 208.0 g kg-1 CP and 434.0 g kg-1 NDF for maniçoba, while Cunhã (Clitorea ternatea L.), Sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth.), Gliricídia (Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud.) and Mororó (Bauhinia cheilanta (Bong.) Steud.) presented 148.0; 124.0; 175.0; and 115.0 g kg-1 CP and 604.0, 679.0, 510.0 and 683.0 g kg-1 NDF, respectively.
The nutritional value of maniçoba is influenced by divers factors, such as chemical fertilization, soil types and management, plant cutting height and stage of development of the plant (ANDRADE et al., 2014ANDRADE, A. P. et al. Chemical-nutritional composition of maniçoba (Manihot sp.) and its relationship with soil chemical characteristics. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 43, n. 4, p. 161-168, 2014. Available from: <Available from: https//doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982014000400001 >. Accessed: Oct. 6, 2020.
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; MOREIRA FILHO et al., 2009MOREIRA FILHO, E. C. et al. Chemical composition of manicoba subjeted to soil management differencies, planting densities and cutting heights. Revista Caatinga, v. 22, n. 2, p. 187-194, 2009. Available from: <Available from: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=237117689022 >. Accessed: Dec. 1, 2020.
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). In a study carried out by PARENTE et al. (2007PARENTE, H. N. et al. Effect of the mineral fertilization on the initial growth and chemical and mineral composition of maniçoba (Manihot sp.). Revista Científica de Produção Animal, v. 9, n. 2, p. 102-110, 2007. Available from: <Available from: https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=BR2008008796 >. Accessed: May. 12, 2020.
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), maniçoba in natura showed 13.91% CP when supplied with 100 kg N ha-1, while without nitrogen fertilization the CP content was 8.58%,
According to MENEZES et al. (2012MENEZES, D. R. et al. Kinects of degradation in nutritional fractions of euphorbiaceous. Revista Brasileira de Saude e Producao Animal, v. 13, n. 2, p. 424-432, 2012. Available from: <Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-99402012000200011 >. Accessed: Sep. 12, 2020.
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), the potential DM degradability of maniçoba hay was 70%, while the effective degradability (5%/h) was 57.4%. The potential degradability of CP was 92.5% and the effective one (5%/h) was 80%. SOUZA et al. (2006SOUZA, E. J. et al. Quality of wilted manioc (Manihot Epruinosa) silages. Archivos De Zootecnia, v. 55, n. 212, p. 351-360, 2006. Available from: <Available from: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=49521203 >. Accessed: Jan. 9, 2020.
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) reported a potential degradability of NDF varying from 52.12 to 54.45%, with an effective degradability (5%/h) varying from 32.41 to 32.55%.
FRANÇA et al. (2010FRANÇA, A. A. et al. Anatomy and kinetics of degradation of Manihot glaziovii Hay. Acta Scientiarum - Animal Sciences, v. 32, n. 2, p. 131-138, 2010. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v32i2.8800 >. Accessed: Dec. 03, 2020.
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) observed that the DM degradability is related to a great participation of leaves in the produced biomass, presenting tissues with less thickened walls and lower lignification, promoting higher degradability than the stem part. These authors also reported that the main factor promoting low degradability of NDF was the thickening and lignification of cell walls, especially in stem tissues.
Macromineral levels in maniçoba are shown in table 3. Nitrogen and potassium presented the greatest contents, followed by calcium and magnesium. According to ANDRADE et al. (2014ANDRADE, A. P. et al. Chemical-nutritional composition of maniçoba (Manihot sp.) and its relationship with soil chemical characteristics. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 43, n. 4, p. 161-168, 2014. Available from: <Available from: https//doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982014000400001 >. Accessed: Oct. 6, 2020.
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), N and K levels of maniçoba are influenced by the stage of leaf development and the plant location. They observed N and K differences in the leaves at the beginning of the senescence process compared with expanding or completely expanded leaves, attributed to the nutrient translocation, especially N from old to new leaves. In addition, N and K contents differed according to the municipality of origin of the maniçoba sample, associated with soil and climatic characteristics.
Sodium, iron, zinc, and manganese were the main microminerals presented by maniçoba (Table 4). Mineral elements exert an important role in the plant, including structural functions and metabolic process, and they are also essential for animals. The insufficiency of even one element may negatively affect animal growth, as well as health and reproductive functions. In the Brazilian semiarid the main source of minerals for ruminants is forage, and the supply of minerals through maniçoba forage contributes to meeting the requirements for these elements.
Furthermore, the knowledge of mineral contents in maniçoba enables the comprehension of extraction and exportation of nutrients by the plant, and determines the mineral reposition, according to the forage yield.
As secondary compounds, da SILVA (2016SILVA, K. B. Padrão Histo-Anatômico, degradabilidade e compostos secundários em acessos de Maniçoba. 2016. 54f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Zootecnia) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba. ) reported the presence of steroids, saponins, tannins and flavonoids in maniçoba leaves, with differences in concentration among evaluated accessions and leaf maturation stages. In addition, BELTRÃO et al. (2015BELTRÃO, S. et al. Chemical characterization of different sorts of maniçoba (Manihot Pseudglaziovii Pax and Hoffm) of interest forage. Engenharia Ambiental, v. 12, n. 2, p. 135-142, 2015. Available from: <Available from: http://ferramentas.unipinhal.edu.br/engenhariaambiental/viewarticle.php?id=1247 . Accessed: Dec. 2, 2020.
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) reported total tannins varying from 0.2 to 5.3% DM and HCN ranging from 97.2 to 291.6 mg kg-1 DM in maniçoba, while FRANÇA et al. (2010FRANÇA, A. A. et al. Anatomy and kinetics of degradation of Manihot glaziovii Hay. Acta Scientiarum - Animal Sciences, v. 32, n. 2, p. 131-138, 2010. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v32i2.8800 >. Accessed: Dec. 03, 2020.
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) observed tannin levels of 1.58 and 1.87% DM, respectively for maniçoba in natura or hay, and reported an important anti-nutritional action when they exceeded 5% DM in diets, indicating there is no negative effect of tannin levels presented by maniçoba on DM digestibility.
The high presence of cyanogenic glycosides in maniçoba, when hydrolyzed, release hydrocyanic acid (HCN) through the action of enzymes such as ß-glucosidase (linamarinase), which may be poisonous to animals, depending on the ingested quantity. Ingestion greater than 2.4 mg of HCN/kg of body weight may cause several disorders (SOARES, 2000SOARES, J. G. G. Avaliação da silagem de maniçoba - Teor de ácido cianídrico. Comunicado técnico da Embrapa Semiárido, v. 93, p. 1-3, 2000. Available from: <Available from: https://www.embrapa.br/busca-de-publicacoes/-/publicacao/134222/avaliacao-da-silagem-de-manicoba---teor-de-acido-cianidrico >. Acessed: Dec. 16, 2020.
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).
SOUZA et al. (2006SOUZA, E. J. et al. Quality of wilted manioc (Manihot Epruinosa) silages. Archivos De Zootecnia, v. 55, n. 212, p. 351-360, 2006. Available from: <Available from: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=49521203 >. Accessed: Jan. 9, 2020.
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) verified 972 mg kg-1 of HCN in maniçoba in natura (% DM) and 162 mg kg-1 in silage (% DM), while SOARES (2000SOARES, J. G. G. Avaliação da silagem de maniçoba - Teor de ácido cianídrico. Comunicado técnico da Embrapa Semiárido, v. 93, p. 1-3, 2000. Available from: <Available from: https://www.embrapa.br/busca-de-publicacoes/-/publicacao/134222/avaliacao-da-silagem-de-manicoba---teor-de-acido-cianidrico >. Acessed: Dec. 16, 2020.
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) reported a reduction in HCN by over 65% in maniçoba silage after the first 29 days of ensilage, reaching a reduction of up to 78% after 174 days. According to MATOS et al. (2005MATOS, D. S. DE et al. Chemical composition and nutritional value of the maniçoba silage (Manihot Epruinosa). Archivos de Zootecnia, v. 54, n. 208, p. 619-629, 2005. Available from: < Available from: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=49520804 >. Accessed: Apr. 12, 2021.
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) the enzyme linamarinase is inactivated by heat and the ensiling process also contributes to the fermentation of glycosides by anaerobic micro-organisms, reducing HCN concentration.
Maniçoba silage can be made without using additives promoting a proper fermentation process to the ensiling mass, showing aerobic stability for up to 14 days after silo opening (SOUZA et al., 2006SOUZA, E. J. et al. Quality of wilted manioc (Manihot Epruinosa) silages. Archivos De Zootecnia, v. 55, n. 212, p. 351-360, 2006. Available from: <Available from: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=49521203 >. Accessed: Jan. 9, 2020.
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); although, the use of additives, such as corn meal, can contribute to the quality of the silage (BACKES et al., 2014BACKES, A. A. et al. Nutritional value of maniçoba (“Manihot pseudoglaziovii”) silage with and without corn meal as additive. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, v. 15, n. 1, p. 182-191, 2014. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-99402014000100016 >. Accessed: Nov. 12, 2020.
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).
Similarly, FRANÇA et al. (2010FRANÇA, A. A. et al. Anatomy and kinetics of degradation of Manihot glaziovii Hay. Acta Scientiarum - Animal Sciences, v. 32, n. 2, p. 131-138, 2010. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v32i2.8800 >. Accessed: Dec. 03, 2020.
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) reported HCN values of 512.83 and 86.34 mg kg-1 DM for maniçoba in natura or hay, respectively. During the haying process, the plant is chopped and dehydrated promoting the HCN volatilization by the action of sunlight and wind (ARAÚJO et al., 2004ARAÚJO, G. G. L. et al. Voluntary intake and performance of lambs fed with different maniçoba hay dietary levels. Revista Ciência Agronômica, v. 35, n. 1, p. 123-130, 2004. Available from: <Available from: http://www.cpatsa.embrapa.br/public_eletronica/downloads/OPB1177.pdf >. Accessed: Nov. 12, 2020.
http://www.cpatsa.embrapa.br/public_elet...
). The use of maniçoba silage or hay did not affect the DMI and the average daily gain of sheep (MACIEL et al., 2019MACIEL, M. DO V. et al. Maniçoba hay or silage replaces Tifton 85 hay in spineless cactus diets for sheep. Acta Scientiarum - Animal Sciences, v. 41, n. 1, p. 1-6, 2019. Available from: <Available from: http://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v41i1.4255 3>. Accessed: Mar. 27, 2020.
http://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v4...
). Therefore, both conservation strategies (hay or silage) can be offered to ruminants, seeing that they are also important to reduce HCN levels in the forage, providing safe feed.
The chemical composition of maniçoba offers opportunities to perform studies aiming the evaluation and selection of genotypes with lower concentrations of hydrocyanic acid and lignin, and greater degradability of fiber, as well as the evaluation of crop management practices that increase the degradability of the fibrous fraction.
Dry matter intake and productive performance of goats and sheep
Dry matter intake (DMI) data for goats and sheep fed on maniçoba based diets (hay or silage) were obtained from 13 studies (n = 46 treatments). In four of them maniçoba was compared to other roughages (Table 5), while in nine increasing levels of this forage in diets were evaluated, replacing roughages (MENDONÇA JÚNIOR et al., 2008MENDONÇA JÚNIOR, A. F. et al. Evaluation of the chemical composition, Intake and in vivo digestibilidade of the diets with different levels of maniçoba hay (Manihot glaziovii Muell. Arg.), fed to sheep. Revista de Biologia e Ciências da Terra, v. 8, n. 1, p. 32-41, 2008. Available from: <Available from: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=50080103 >. Accessed: May. 29, 2020.
https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=5...
; MOURA et al., 2020MOURA, M. DE S. C. et al. The inclusion of spineless cactus in the diet of lambs increases fattening of the carcass. Meat Science, v. 160, p. 107975, 2020. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.107975 >. Acessed: Jul. 8, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.107975.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.1...
) or concentrates (CASTRO et al., 2007CASTRO, J. M. C. et al. Performance of Santa Inês lambs fed total mixed rations containing different ratios of concentrate to ceara rubbertree hay. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 36, n. 3, p. 674-680, 2007. Available from: <Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982007000300022 >. Accessed: Nov. 12, 2020.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982007...
; ARAÚJO et al., 2009aARAÚJO, M. J. et al. Intake and digestibility of nutrients in Moxotó dairy goats fed diets with different Maniçoba hay levels. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 38, n. 6, p. 1088-1095, 2009a. Available from: <Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982009000600017 >. Accessed: Oct. 20, 2020.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982009...
) (Table 6).
Maniçoba diets promoted similar DMI compared to diets composed by others roughages offered to goats and sheep, and even higher DMI when compared to feed based on hay from feijão-bravo (Capparis flexuosa L.) and gliricidia (Table 5), which might be associated to the presence of anti-nutritional factors, such as tannins and coumarins, respectively, impairing the acceptance of the feed by the animals (LIMA JÚNIOR et al., 2014LIMA JÚNIOR, D. M. et al. Effect of the replacement of Tifton 85 with maniçoba hay on the performance of Morada Nova hair sheep. Tropical Animal Health and Production, v. 46, p. 995-1000, 2014. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-014-0600-y >. Accessed: Dec. 16, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-014-0600-...
; MOREIRA et al., 2008MOREIRA, J. N. et al. Roughages alternatives for growing goats. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, v. 9, n. 3, p. 1398-1398, 2008. Available from: <Available from: https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20093272543 >. Accessed: Nov. 14, 2020.
https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abst...
). In addition, MACIEL et al. (2019MACIEL, M. DO V. et al. Maniçoba hay or silage replaces Tifton 85 hay in spineless cactus diets for sheep. Acta Scientiarum - Animal Sciences, v. 41, n. 1, p. 1-6, 2019. Available from: <Available from: http://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v41i1.4255 3>. Accessed: Mar. 27, 2020.
http://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v4...
) reported greater DMI by sheep fed maniçoba hay based diets compared to a Tifton 85 based diet (Table 5).
On average, DMI promoted by maniçoba diets was 4.30% body weight (BW), ranging from 2.85 to 5.40% BW (ARAÚJO et al., 2004ARAÚJO, G. G. L. et al. Voluntary intake and performance of lambs fed with different maniçoba hay dietary levels. Revista Ciência Agronômica, v. 35, n. 1, p. 123-130, 2004. Available from: <Available from: http://www.cpatsa.embrapa.br/public_eletronica/downloads/OPB1177.pdf >. Accessed: Nov. 12, 2020.
http://www.cpatsa.embrapa.br/public_elet...
; CASTRO et al., 2007CASTRO, J. M. C. et al. Performance of Santa Inês lambs fed total mixed rations containing different ratios of concentrate to ceara rubbertree hay. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 36, n. 3, p. 674-680, 2007. Available from: <Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982007000300022 >. Accessed: Nov. 12, 2020.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982007...
; SILVA et al., 2007SILVA, D. S. et al. Maniçoba hay in diets for sheep: Intake, apparent digestibility and nitrogen balance. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 36, n. 5 SUPPL., p. 1685-1690, 2007. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982007000700029 >. Accessed: May. 8, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598200700...
; MENDONÇA JÚNIOR et al., 2008MENDONÇA JÚNIOR, A. F. et al. Evaluation of the chemical composition, Intake and in vivo digestibilidade of the diets with different levels of maniçoba hay (Manihot glaziovii Muell. Arg.), fed to sheep. Revista de Biologia e Ciências da Terra, v. 8, n. 1, p. 32-41, 2008. Available from: <Available from: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=50080103 >. Accessed: May. 29, 2020.
https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=5...
; ARAÚJO et al., 2009a; MOURA et al., 2020MOURA, M. DE S. C. et al. The inclusion of spineless cactus in the diet of lambs increases fattening of the carcass. Meat Science, v. 160, p. 107975, 2020. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.107975 >. Acessed: Jul. 8, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.107975.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.1...
).
Increasing maniçoba (% DM) in diets promoted greater DMI (ARAÚJO et al., 2004ARAÚJO, G. G. L. et al. Voluntary intake and performance of lambs fed with different maniçoba hay dietary levels. Revista Ciência Agronômica, v. 35, n. 1, p. 123-130, 2004. Available from: <Available from: http://www.cpatsa.embrapa.br/public_eletronica/downloads/OPB1177.pdf >. Accessed: Nov. 12, 2020.
http://www.cpatsa.embrapa.br/public_elet...
) or did not alter the DMI of sheep and goats (Table 6), indicating this roughage can be included in considerable proportion in diets, without harming the DMI.
Five studies evaluated the average weight gain (ADG) (CASTRO et al., 2007CASTRO, J. M. C. et al. Performance of Santa Inês lambs fed total mixed rations containing different ratios of concentrate to ceara rubbertree hay. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 36, n. 3, p. 674-680, 2007. Available from: <Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982007000300022 >. Accessed: Nov. 12, 2020.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982007...
; LIMA JÚNIOR et al., 2014LIMA JÚNIOR, D. M. et al. Effect of the replacement of Tifton 85 with maniçoba hay on the performance of Morada Nova hair sheep. Tropical Animal Health and Production, v. 46, p. 995-1000, 2014. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-014-0600-y >. Accessed: Dec. 16, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-014-0600-...
; MACIEL et al., 2019MACIEL, M. DO V. et al. Maniçoba hay or silage replaces Tifton 85 hay in spineless cactus diets for sheep. Acta Scientiarum - Animal Sciences, v. 41, n. 1, p. 1-6, 2019. Available from: <Available from: http://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v41i1.4255 3>. Accessed: Mar. 27, 2020.
http://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v4...
; MOREIRA et al., 2008MOREIRA, J. N. et al. Roughages alternatives for growing goats. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, v. 9, n. 3, p. 1398-1398, 2008. Available from: <Available from: https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20093272543 >. Accessed: Nov. 14, 2020.
https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abst...
) of sheep or goats, comparing maniçoba based diets to rations comprising other roughages, or assessing increasing levels of maniçoba in diets (Table 7).
In one of those studies, comparing maniçoba hay with Tifton 85 in diets for Moxotó goats, LIMA JÚNIOR et al. (2015aLIMA JÚNIOR, D. M. et al. Maniçoba hay feeding Moxotó goats. Semina: Ciencias Agrarias, v. 36, n. 3, p. 2211-2222, 2015a. Available from: <Available from: http://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n3Supl1p2211 >. Accessed: Jan. 12, 2020.
http://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36...
) reported that animals fed with this roughage had -9 g day-1 of body weight variation, while the Tifton 85 based diet (control diet) promoted 10 g day-1 of weight gain (Table 7), without statistical difference for diets. The authors attributed the low ADG promoted by both diets to a lack of adaptation of the animals to the feedlot management, because they had come from an extensive production system, in addition to the advanced age of the animals, and the low DMI presented by goats.
The productive performance of animals receiving maniçoba diets was similar when compared to the other roughages or increasing levels of this roughage in diets in all studies, except MOREIRA et al. (2008MOREIRA, J. N. et al. Roughages alternatives for growing goats. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, v. 9, n. 3, p. 1398-1398, 2008. Available from: <Available from: https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20093272543 >. Accessed: Nov. 14, 2020.
https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abst...
), who observed greater ADG for goats fed on a diet based on maniçoba hay compared to a gliricidia based diet, due to the greater DMI (Table 7). The food consumption of animals fed maniçoba diets is an important factor influencing the productive performance, seeing that DMI determines the supply of nutrients. Diets composed of maniçoba provided up to 290 g day-1 of weight gain for feedlot sheep, including 20 to 40% DM (CASTRO et al., 2007CASTRO, J. M. C. et al. Performance of Santa Inês lambs fed total mixed rations containing different ratios of concentrate to ceara rubbertree hay. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 36, n. 3, p. 674-680, 2007. Available from: <Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982007000300022 >. Accessed: Nov. 12, 2020.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982007...
) or 30% DM of this roughage (CARTAXO et al., 2008CARTAXO, F. Q. et al. Effects of genotype group and of the body condition. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 37, n. 8, p. 1483-1489, 2008. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982008000800021 >. Accessed: Abr. 20, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598200800...
). In addition, one study evaluated milk yield of goats fed increasing levels of maniçoba in diets (30 to 60% DM) (ARAÚJO et al., 2009bARAÚJO, M. J. et al. Milk yield and composition of Moxoto goats diets containing maniçoba hay (“ Manihot glaziovii ” Muel Arg .). Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, v. 10, n. 4, p. 860-873, 2009b. Available from: <Available from: https://periodicos.ufba.br/index.php/rbspaindex.php/rbspa/article/view/1258/914 >. Accessed: Oct. 20, 2020.
https://periodicos.ufba.br/index.php/rbs...
).
The results for productive performance of sheep and goats fed maniçoba diets demonstrate weight gain compatible to the one promoted by diets comprising traditional roughages, and enable the inclusion of considerable levels of this plant in animal diets. In addition, other research fronts are important to be pursued, providing a better understanding of the maniçoba based diets for ruminants, regarding the methane emission and the interactions of nutrition and immunological or reproductive responses.
Quality of animal products
Using maniçoba for sheep did not result in changes in carcass traits (LIMA JÚNIOR et al., 2014LIMA JÚNIOR, D. M. et al. Effect of the replacement of Tifton 85 with maniçoba hay on the performance of Morada Nova hair sheep. Tropical Animal Health and Production, v. 46, p. 995-1000, 2014. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-014-0600-y >. Accessed: Dec. 16, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-014-0600-...
; MACIEL et al., 2015MACIEL, M. DO V. et al. Carcass and non-carcass characteristics of sheep fed on cassava (Manihot pseudoglaziovii Pax & K. Hoffm.). Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, v. 75, n. 3, p. 307-312, 2015. Available from: <Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392015000400006 >. Accessed: Mar. 27, 2020.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392015...
) and non-carcass components yield (MACIEL et al., 2015) when compared to Tifton 85 hay based diets, neither were there changes in the yield of “buchada” and “panelada” (typical dishes using organs and viscera) (LIMA JÚNIOR et al., 2015a).
Increasing maniçoba in diets (35 - 70%) for Moxotó and Canindé goats did not alter the centesimal composition, final pH and color of the meat (LISBOA et al., 2010LISBOA, A. C. C. et al. Quality assessment of goat meat of breeds native fed diets with two levels of Maniçoba hay. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, v. 11, n. 4, p. 1046-1055, 2010. Available from: <Available from: https://periodicos.ufba.br/index.php/rbspa/article/view/40375/22473 >. Accessed: Feb. 09, 2020.
https://periodicos.ufba.br/index.php/rbs...
), evincing proper digestive and metabolic responses. The replacement of spineless cactus by maniçoba in sheep diets did not change the physical-chemical composition of the meat, its color or the weight loss in cooking (MOURA et al., 2020MOURA, M. DE S. C. et al. The inclusion of spineless cactus in the diet of lambs increases fattening of the carcass. Meat Science, v. 160, p. 107975, 2020. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.107975 >. Acessed: Jul. 8, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.107975.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.1...
).
MOURA et al. (2020MOURA, M. DE S. C. et al. The inclusion of spineless cactus in the diet of lambs increases fattening of the carcass. Meat Science, v. 160, p. 107975, 2020. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.107975 >. Acessed: Jul. 8, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.107975.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.1...
), based on sensory evaluation of lamb meat, reported greater purchase intention for meat of lambs fed on diets with greater inclusion of maniçoba in comparison to the spineless cactus based diets, evincing greater consumer preference, indicating the meat of lambs fed maniçoba hay diets has adequate equilibrium in sensory parameters as color, aroma, tenderness, juiciness, and flavor. Additionally, MADRUGA et al. (2006MADRUGA, M. S. et al. Effect of genotype and sex on chemical composition and fatty acid profile of sheep meat. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 35, n. 4 suppl, p. 1838-1844, 2006. Available from: <Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982006000600035 >. Accessed: Apr. 30, 2020.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982006...
) reported adequate polyunsaturated fatty acid levels and polyunsaturated / saturated fatty acids for sheep fed maniçoba diets.
An inclusion of maniçoba of up to 60% DM in diets for lactating goats did not modify the physical-chemical composition (proteins, fat, lactose, dry extract, density and acidity) of the milk (ARAÚJO et al., 2009bARAÚJO, M. J. et al. Milk yield and composition of Moxoto goats diets containing maniçoba hay (“ Manihot glaziovii ” Muel Arg .). Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, v. 10, n. 4, p. 860-873, 2009b. Available from: <Available from: https://periodicos.ufba.br/index.php/rbspaindex.php/rbspa/article/view/1258/914 >. Accessed: Oct. 20, 2020.
https://periodicos.ufba.br/index.php/rbs...
; COSTA et al., 2008COSTA, R. G. et al. Sensorial and chemical characteristics of the milk of Moxotó goats fed with maniçoba silage. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 37, n. 4, p. 694-702, 2008. Available from: <Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982008000400016 >. Accessed: Nov. 12, 2020.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982008...
), nor the fatty acid contents (saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated) (MESQUITA et al., 2008MESQUITA, Í. V. U. et al. Profile of milk fatty acids from Moxotó goats fed with different levels of manicoba (Manihot glaziovii Muel Arg.) silage. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, v. 51, n. 6, p. 1163-1169, 2008. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132008000600011 >. Accessed: Aug. 19, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-8913200800...
), or the sensorial parameters (odor, taste and overall appearance) (COSTA et al., 2008).
Therefore, the use of maniçoba for goats and sheep has not promoted changes in qualitative parameters of animal products, especially meat and milk, compared to traditional roughages. Further studies are important to increase the database for this forage plant on quality of animal origin products.
CONCLUSION:
Maniçoba presents forage productivity that may contribute to livestock production systems in the Brazilian semiarid, besides providing forage with adequate nutritional value. Its use in diets for sheep and goats has allowed dry matter intake, productive performance, and quality animal products similar to the ones provided by traditional forage resources, such as Tifton 85 or spineless cactus, reinforcing the possibility of its use in the sheep and goat production systems.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank FACEPE for the scholarship of the first author IBPG-1424-5.04/18. This study was also financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Brasil- Finance code 001.
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CR-2020-1096.R2
Editors:
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
22 Sept 2021 -
Date of issue
2022
History
-
Received
19 Dec 2020 -
Accepted
03 June 2021 -
Reviewed
30 July 2021