Bruxism and quality of life in schoolchildren aged 11 to 14

Abstracts

The purpose of this study is to assess quality of life in relation to oral health in schoolchildren with sleep bruxism. It is a transversal observational study of 594 schoolchildren (aged 11–14) of the municipality of Teresina, in the Brazilian State of Piauí. Quality of life was assessed through the Brazilian version of the CPQ11-14 questionnaire, in the short form (ISF:16).The presence of sleep bruxism was assessed from reports by the people legally responsible for the children. The results were analyzed by: calculation of an Odds Ratio (OR) estimate of chances; descriptive analysis; a Pearson Chi-squared test; a Likelihood Ratio test; and multiple logistic regression. A statistically significant association was found between sleep bruxism and the total score on the CPQ11-14 (p < 0.001), and with the scores in two domains: functional limitation (p = 0.033);and social wellbeing (p= 0.020).No association was found between quality of life and the variables gender orage. The final regression model showed that the presence of sleep bruxism increases the chance of having a greater effect on quality of life (ORadj=1.82 (1.54 – 2.10), IC = 95%).It is concluded that sleep bruxism had a negative impact on the quality of life of the schoolchildren, principally in the two domains functional limitations and changes in social wellbeing.

Sleep bruxism; Adolescent; Quality of life

Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal em escolares com bruxismo do sono. Estudo observacional transversal desenvolvido com 594 escolares (11-14 anos) do município de Teresina-Piauí. A qualidade de vida foi avaliada através da versão brasileira do questionário CPQ11-14, na forma curta (ISF:16). A presença do bruxismo do sono foi considerada através de relatos dos responsáveis legais. Para análise dos resultados foi utilizado o cálculo de estimativa de chances (Odds Ratio-OR), análise descritiva, teste de Qui-quadrado de Pearson, teste de Razão de Verossimilhança e regressão logística múltipla. Foi encontrada associação estatisticamente significativa entre escolares com bruxismo do sono e o escore total do CPQ11-14 (p < 0,001), e com os escores dos domínios limitação funcional (p = 0,033) e bem-estar social (p = 0,020). As variáveis gênero e idade não apresentaram associação com a qualidade de vida. O modelo final de regressão revelou que a presença de bruxismo do sono aumenta a chance de ter maior impacto na qualidade de vida (ORaj = 1,82 (1,54 - 2,10) , IC = 95%). Conclui-se que o bruxismo do sono apresentou impacto negativo na qualidade de vida dos escolares, principalmente nos domínios, limitações funcionais e alterações no bem-estar social.

Bruxismo do sono; Adolescente; Qualidade de vida

Introduction

Bruxism is a repetitive activity of the jaw muscles, characterized by grinding or clenching of the teeth, and/or exercising pressure of the jaws. It can occur during sleep or while awake¹.

The occurrence of sleep bruxism (herein for quick reference ‘SB’) in schoolchildren varies from 3.5% to 40.6%, depending on the age group, gender and methods used for measurement^2-6.There is an inverse relationship between the occurrence of sleep bruxism and age, with a significant reduction in adolescence^3,7-8.

The presence of sleep bruxism in the stage of growth and development can contribute to the emergence of craniofacial and temporomandibular alterations, such as muscular fatigue, headache, respiratory difficulties, tooth wear, and adverse effects on quality of life^8-10.

The etiology of sleep bruxism is still not the subject of consensus, the general indication being multi-factorial causes, associated with local, systemic, psychological, occupational and hereditary factors^6,11-16.

Assessment of the quality of life of individuals related to oral health has been studied^17-21, but there is little in the literature about the association between quality of life and sleep bruxism in schoolchildren aged 11-14.

Assessment of quality of life related to oral health involves an evaluation of the effect that oral illnesses set off in individuals’ daily activities, interfering in their psychological and emotional wellbeing²².

The objective of the study was to assess the effect that sleep bruxism causes on the quality of life on schoolchildren aged 11-14.

Materials and methods

Sample

This was a transversal observational study carried out with a representative sample of schoolchildren aged 11 to 14 registered in public and private schools of the municipality of Teresina in the State of Piauí, Brazil. In 2011 there were 54,056 schoolchildren registered in schools at Teresina²³.

The sample was probabilistic, stratified and random, with calculation made on the software Epi-info 7.0, in the STATCALC module which applies the formula: n = ∂’2.p.q.N / e2.(N-1)+ ∂’2.p.q, in which ‘n’ is the sample that was calculated, ‘∂’ is the confidence level, ‘p.q’ is the prevalence with which the phenomenon occurs, ‘N’ is the population, and ‘e’ is the sampling error.The calculation of the size of the sample was based on data published by Serra-Negra et al.²⁴, who reported prevalence of sleep bruxism of 35.3% (~36%) in Brazilian children aged 7 to 10, and in the population of schoolchildren in 2011.A correction factor of 1.5 was applied to increase the precision of the stratified sample, with confidence interval (CI) of 95% and standard error of 5%.Thus, the size of the ideal sample should be at least 524 schoolchildren.20% was added to compensate for any possible losses. A total of 629 schoolchildren were invited to take part in the study.

The study was proportionally stratified by type of school (25.9% private and 74.1% public) and by zone of location (north, south, southeast, east and center), in accordance with the quantitative levels of public and private schools in the teaching network of Teresina. Three schools were randomly chosen for each location zone. After this random choice, the classes and the individual schoolchildren were randomized.

The study included schoolchildren aged 11 to 14 who agreed to participate in the study and whose parents or guardians also authorized participation. The criteria of exclusion were: schoolchildren outside the age range 11 to 14, presentation of toothache, absence on the day of data collection, and/or schoolchildren who did not accept taking part in the study. As a result 24 schoolchildren were excluded who did not accept taking part in the study, and 11 who were absent on the day of collection of data.

The final sample, taking into account the losses of 5.6%, comprised 594 schoolchildren and was divided into two groups: group 1, of schoolchildren with sleep bruxism; and group 2 without it. This division was based only on the report of the parents or guardians about whether or not sleep bruxism was present.

Collection of data

Data was collected over the period September to November 2013, through application of questionnaires with the schoolchildren and their parents/guardians (Figure 1).

Figure 1
Protocol of the study.

The children took home the Free and Informed Consent Form, and a questionnaire to be answered by the parents/guardians with questions on social-demographic aspects, according to the variables: gender, age, monthly family income, type of school, presence of health problems reported, and whether or not the child had the habit of grinding his/her teeth while asleep. In the assessment of the questionnaires, when unanswered questions were found, telephone contact was made with the parents/guardians to obtain the data.

Schoolchildren who had the consent form signed by the parent/guardian were chosen randomly, organized into small groups and sent to a chosen room for application of the questionnaire on health and quality of life.

For assessment of Quality of Life the CPQ_11-14 ISF:16, validated by Torres et al.²⁵, was used, self-applied under the supervision of the investigator responsible. The CPQ_11-14 ISF:16comprises 16 items in 4 areas:1. Oral symptoms (questions 1 to 4); 2. Functional limitations(questions 5 to 8); 3.Emotional wellbeing (questions 9 to 12); and 4. Social wellbeing (questions 13 to 16).Replies were scored on the following scale:never = 0; one/two times = 1; sometimes = 2; frequently = 3; and everyday/almost every day = 4.The total score could thus vary between 0 and 64, higher values showing a greater impact of the condition on the quality of life²⁵.

The impact on quality of life was assessed through the median total score on the CPQ_11-14.The presence of sleep bruxism was decided on the basis of report by the parent/guardian, a criterion proposed by AAMS (American Academy of Sleep Medicine)²⁶, indicated by Lobezoo et al.¹for the purposes of research.

The variables gender and type of school were dichotomized as female and male, public and private, respectively. Age is a continuous quantitative variable that was categorized into 11, 12, 13 and 14 years. Monthly income was categorized at less than two times the minimum wage (MW) and 2 MW or more, in accordance with the cutoff point determined by the median. The general condition of health was assumed as reported by the parent/guardian and categorized as presence or absence of health problems, in accordance with mention of at least one of the problems listed in the questionnaire (psychological, neurological, respiratory, circulatory or immunological problems, and parasites).

Before the collection of data, a pilot study was carried out to assess the methodology proposed, with 52 schoolchildren, who did not participate in the sample, selected in a school that was not among those chosen by lots for the study.After this phase it was observed that there was no need to modify the methodology of the study.

Statistical analysis

The statistical analysis was made using the statistical software for generation of results SPSS® version 21.0. In the univariate analysis a descriptive analysis was made of the data through the measures of central tendency, dispersion and percentages.

In the bivariate analysis, the Chi-squared (χ²) test and the Likelihood Ratio test were used, to determination association between presence or absence of sleep bruxism and the scores on CPQ_11-14(ISF:16), of each domain, and the total score.

A multivariate analysis was made through binary logistic regression to assess the association of sleep bruxism with the social-demographic and clinical characteristics in the quality of life, through the total score on the CPQ_11-14 (ISF:16), the Odds Ratio (OR) being used as a measure of effect with all the variables that showed p < 0.20 in the bivariate analysis, using the stepwise forward method. The level of significance established was 5%.

Ethical aspects

The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Piauí (UFPI).The participation by the schoolchildren was voluntary. The parents or guardians signed the Free and Informed Consent form (Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido – TCLE) and the schoolchildren signed a Free and Informed Assent form (Termo de Assentimento Livre e Esclarecido –TALE), confirming awareness and acceptance of participation in the survey, as per Resolution 466/12²⁷ of the Brazilian National Health Council.

Results

A total of 594 (94.4%) schoolchildren took part in the study.The social-demographic and clinical characteristics of the sample are shown in Table 1. In accordance with the report by the parents/guardians, this sample was divided into 2 groups: group 1 (with sleep bruxism, n = 132, 22.2%) and group 2 (without sleep bruxism, n = 462, 77.8%). Among the relationships between sleep bruxism and social-demographic and clinical variables, there was a significant association of sleep bruxism with gender (p = 0.012) and age (p = 0.031) (Table 1).

Table 1
Social-demographic and clinical profile of the schoolchildren with and without SB (n = 594).

Table 2 is a description and comparison in relation to the use of the CPQ_11-14 on the groups of the sample (with and without sleep bruxism), both in relation to the final score and in relation to the counting of each domain. There was a statistically significant difference between the total scores found in the groups with SB and without SB (p = 0.040), and also in the domains of functional limitation(p = 0.033) and social wellbeing (p = 0.020). The medium score on the CPQ_11-14 was higher in the group with SB, principally in the two domains functional limitation andsocial wellbeing.

Table 2
Descriptive and comparison data from the CPQ11-14: total and sub-scales of schoolchildren with and without SB.

Quality of life was classified using the median of the total scores on the CPQ_11-14as the dividing point. The scores on the CPQ_11-14 varied from 0 to 47, with median of 10, in which values of 0-10 represented low impact and > 10 were classified as high impact on quality of life. The majority of the schoolchildren (51%) presented low impact. However, among the group with SB (n =132), the majority (n = 81) showed high impact of SB on the quality of life, as per the Chi-squared test (Table 3).

Table 3
Association between quality of life and SB in the schoolchildren participating in the study

The logistic regression analysis showed that monthly family income of 2 MW or more {ORadj = 0.72 (0.51-0.98)}, and being a student in a private school {ORadj = 0.61 (03.9-0.97)}, with absence of health problems {ORadj = 0.70 (0.50-0.98)} reduced the impact on the quality of life with pupils with SB. The independent variables gender (p = 0.285) and age (p = 0.757) were not statistically significant. The present of SB increased by 82% (or 1.82 times) the chance of a high impact on the quality of life of the schoolchildren {ORadj = 1.82 (1.54 – 2.1); IC = 95%}, with statistical significance (p < 0.001) (Table 4).

Table 4
Logistic regression model for the impact of quality on quality of life by the CPQ11-14, taking into account SB and all possible confusion factors (n = 594).

Discussion

Sleep Bruxism is a highly frequent condition that can interfere in the quality of life of individuals²⁸, and is studied through validated questionnaires^25,29.

Studies seeking to establish prevalence, etiology and the possible factors associated with bruxism have not been the subject of wide consensus, with variations in methodology and in the age group of samples of studies^2,4,30,31. In the analysis of the social-demographic and clinical profile of the sample, among the variables studied, only gender and age showed a significant relationship for the sample. However, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM)²⁶ affirms that there is no influence of gender on the prevalence of SB. Studies carried out in Iran⁹, Brazil³⁰ and Israel³¹ also found no association between gender and SB.

The intense variability of the studies on bruxism also makes it difficult to associate SB with age, thus it is not possible to state, nor find a justification to explain, the higher frequency of SB in adolescents of age 12 – since the literature is contradictory to the results found in this sample, and surveys in general tend to show that prevalence of bruxism diminishes with increasing age^7,32.

Studies prove that oral disturbances exercise an influence on people’s functional, psychological and social aspects^18,33-35. Functional limitations and limitations of social wellbeing affected the quality of life of the schoolchildren of this sample, and these results corroborate with those presented by other authors^18,34,35. This result can be explained by the muscular pain caused by SB^2,8-10 and by the fact that the population of the age studied presented better perception on its health and quality of life, and capacity to make judgments on its social wellbeing³⁶.

The domain of functional limitation comprises issues that deal with the children’s experience as to difficulties in the physiological functions of biting or chewing food, pronouncing certain words and eating or drinking hot or cold food. The domain of social wellbeing investigates issues associated with social co-existence, such as avoiding smiling or laughing in public, arguing with another pupil or family member, or the child suffering due to being given a nickname on account of her/his teeth, lips, mouth or jaws²⁵.

Literature associating bruxism with quality of life in the 11 to 14 age group, using the instrument CPQ_11-14, is still very scarce, and thus the data were compared with other age groups and/or other conditions that affect oral health. A study that relates bruxism and quality of life used the instrument AUQUEI on children in the age group 6 to 8, and found no association between bruxism and impact on quality of life³⁷.This discussion is weakened when comparisons are made with different methodologies and different age groups, and for this reason we suggest that other studies should be carried out using the same questionnaire with populations that have different social-demographic conditions.

The majority of the schoolchildren diagnosed with SB presented higher scores on the CPQ_11-14questionnaire.According to the logistic regression model, schoolchildren with SB presented almost twice the chance of a high impact on quality of life compared to those without it. These results can be justified by the association of SB with psycho-emotional and/or systemic problems^2,38-42.

Health and wellbeing are influenced by age and gender, in which older children present perception on the impact that illnesses cause in their lives³⁵.In the sample studied, gender did not present interference in quality of life, a result corroborated by other authors^33,43. Other studies showed that schoolchildren of the female gender with other oral health problems presented worse quality of life^18,44.

The variable age showed no effect on the quality of life of the sample studied. In harmony with this result is the study on schoolchildren undergoing orthodontic treatment, by Costa et al.¹⁸. However, the study by Oliveira and Sheiham⁴⁵, on individuals of age 15 and 16 undergoing orthodontic treatment using the instrument OIDP contrasts with this result. In the construction of the short versions of the CPQ_11-14 (ISF:8 and ISF:16) questions were selected from its long version that most represented the schoolchildren’s principal complaints, and for this reason the short versions showed good sensitivity to a detection of alterations in the quality of life of schoolchildren in the 11-14 age group⁴⁶.

Social-demographic, psychosocial and lifestyle factors adopted by the individuals can also influence behavior in relation to health at any phase of life⁴⁷. The final regression model showed that in this sample the quality of life was positively influenced by higher family income, private school and good health condition, and that these can be considered as factors of protection for the quality of life for schoolchildren with SB.

The analysis of the association of quality of life with social-economic factors showed that higher family income was a factor of protection for the high impact on the quality of life of schoolchildren with SB. Inflammatory oral illnesses are more frequent in poor populations^44,47,48. Thus, the quality of life is directly associated with conditions and lifestyle^29,47,49. The result found in this study corroborates with results presented in other surveys that evaluated quality of life in schoolchildren of the same age group^50,51. However, the study by Nurelhuda et al.⁵², in Sudan with schoolchildren aged 12, using the OIDP, contrasts with these results.

Economic status also reflects a greater power to achieve better living conditions, property and levels of education. The significant association of the type of school with quality of life, in which individuals at private school had lower chances of high impact on the quality of life, can be considered a reflection of the results found in the analysis of the economic situation presented in the sample. This result was also observed in the study by Paula et al.⁵¹ and is contrary to Costa et al.¹⁸, who found no statistically significant association between quality of life and type of school.

The association of other clinical conditions with oral problems increased the impact on quality of life^45,49,53. Good general health, in this study, presented a significant association with better quality of life in schoolchildren with bruxism, and these results agreed with those presented by Di Francesco et al.⁵⁴ and Liu et al.⁵⁵.

In view of the results found in this sample, which showed a negative impact of SB on quality of life, this study has clinical importance to serve as a basis for studies and for assistance to patients, for the purpose of providing better quality of life. However, transversal studies have limitations: the information collected was in relation to a given moment in the life of the schoolchildren, and for this reason the associations found cannot be considered to be a causal relationship.

The report of the variables SB and general conditions of health also may be considered to be a limitation of the survey, since the parents/guardians might possibly not perceive the signs and symptoms of SB, for example because they do not sleep in the same environment as the schoolchildren, and due to the lack of confirmation of the existence of health problems. The diagnosis of SB was based only on the self-report of the parents/guardians, which in spite of being one of the criteria proposed by the AASM, can be used in association with other diagnostic criteria such as clinical examination, electromyography and polysomnography (considered the gold standard for this diagnosis).The use of these criteria would give greater epidemiological viability to the study.

It is recommended that further studies be carried out, for the purpose of comparing the results found in the sample studied, through longitudinal studies that can enable greater comprehension of the effects of SB on the quality of life of individuals.

Referências

• ¹
  Lobbezoo F, Ahlberg J, Glaros AG, Kato T, Koyano K, Lavigne GJ, Leeuw R, Manfredini D, Svensson P, Winocur E. Bruxism defined and graded: an international consensus. J Oral Rehabil 2013; 40(1):2-4.
• ²
  Gonçalves LPV, Toledo OAD, Bezerra ACB, Leal SC. Variables associated with bruxism in children and adolescents. Conscientiae Saúde 2009; 8(3):397-403.
• ³
  Manfredini D, Restrepo C, Diaz-Serrano K, Winocur E, Lobbezoo F. Prevalence of sleep bruxism in children: a systematic review of the literature.J Oral Rehabil 2013; 40(8):631-642.
• ⁴
  Serra-Negra JM, Paiva SM, Abreu MH, Flores-Mendoza CE, Pordeus IA. Relationship between tasks performed, personality traits, and sleep bruxism in brazilian school children - a population-based cross-sectional study.Plos One 2013; 8:11.
• ⁵
  Thomaz EBAF, Cangussu MCT, Assis AMO. Malocclusion and deleterious bucal habits among adolescents in a developing area in northeastern Brazil.Braz Bucal Res 2013; 27(1):62-69.
• ⁶
  Serra-Negra JM, Paiva SM, Fulgêncio LB, Chavez BA, Lage CF, Pordeus IA. Environmental factors, sleep duration, and sleep bruxism in brazilian schoolchildren: a case-control study. Sleep Med 2014; 15(2):236-239.
• ⁷
  Liu X, Ma Y, Wang Y, Jiang Q, Rao X, Lu X, Teng H. Brief report: an epidemiologic survey of the prevalence of sleep disorders among children 2 to 12 years old in Beijing, China. Pediatrics 2005; 115(1):266-268.
• ⁸
  Carra MC, Huynh N, Morton P, Rompre PH, Papadakis A, Remise C, Lavigne GJ. Prevalence and risk factors of sleep bruxism and wake-time tooth clenching in a 7- to 17-yr-old population. Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119(5):386-394.
• ⁹
  Ghafournia M, Tehrani MH. Relationship between bruxism and malocclusion among preschool children in Isfahan. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2012; 6(4):138-142.
• ¹⁰
  Serra-Negra JM, Paiva SM, Auad SM, Ramos-Jorge ML, Pordeus IA. Signs, symptoms, parafunctions and associated factors of parent-reported sleep bruxism in children: a case-control study. Braz Dent J 2012; 23(6):746-752.
• ¹¹
  Lavigne GJ, Huynh N, Kato T, Okura K, Adachi K, Yao D, Sessle B. Genesis of sleep bruxism: motor and autonomic-cardiac interactions. Arch Oral Biol 2007; 52(4):381-384.
• ¹²
  Lavigne GJ, Khoury S, Abe S, Yamaguchi T, Raphael K. Bruxism physiology and pathology: an overview for clinicians. J Oral Rehabil2008, 35(7):476-494.
• ¹³
  Diniz MB, Silva RC, Zuanon ACC. Bruxismo na infância : um sinal de alerta para odontopediatras e pediatras. Rev Paul Pediat 2009; 27(3):329-334.
• ¹⁴
  Seraidarian P, Seraidarian PI, Cavalcanti BN, Marchini L, Neves ACC. Urinary levels of catecholamines among individuals with and without sleep bruxism. Sleep Breath 2009; 13(1):85-88.
• ¹⁵
  Manfredini D, Lobezoo F. Role of psychosocial factors in etiology of bruxism. J Orofac Pain 2009; 23(2):153-166.
• ¹⁶
  Rossi D, Manfredini D. Family and school environmental predictors of sleep bruxism in children. J Orofac Pain 2013; 27(2):135-141.
• ¹⁷
  Kiyak HA. Does orthodontic treatment affect patients’ quality of life? J Dent Educ 2008; 72(8):886-894.
• ¹⁸
  Costa AA, Ferreira MC, Serra-Negra JM, Pordeus IA, Paiva SM. Impact of wearing fixed orthodontic appliances on bucal health-related quality of life among Brazilian children. J Orthod 2011; 38:275-281.
• ¹⁹
  Aguilar-Díaz FC, Irigoyen-Camacho ME, Borges- Yáñez SA. Bucal-health-related quality of life in schoolchildren in an endemic fluorosis area of Mexico. Quality of life research 2011; 20(10):1699-1706.
• ²⁰
  Barbosa TS, Leme MS, Castelo PMC, Gavião MBD. Evaluating bucal health-related quality of life measure for children and preadolescents with temporomandibular disorder. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2011; 9:32.
• ²¹
  Leal SC, Bronkhorst EM, Fan M, Frencken JE. Untreated Cavitated Dentine Lesions: Impact on Children’s Quality of Life. Caries research 2012; 46(2):102-106.
• ²²
  Locker D, Allen F. What do measures of ‘bucal health-related quality of life’ measure? Community Dent Bucal Epidemiol 2007; 35(6):401-411.
• ²³
  Secretaria de Estado da Educação e Cultura do Piauí (SEDUC-PI).Censo Escolar 2011: Matrícula do Ensino Fundamental por Idade Teresina: SEDUC-PI; 2011.
• ²⁴
  Serra-Negra JM, Paiva SM, Seabra AP, Dorella C, Lemos, BF, Pordeus IA. Prevalence of sleep bruxism in a group of brazilian schoolchildren.Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2010; 11(4):192-195.
• ²⁵
  Torres CS, Paiva SM, Vale MP, Pordeus IA, Ramos-Jorge ML, Oliveira AC, Allison PJ. Psychometric properties of the brazilian version of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ_11–14) – Short Forms. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2009; 7:43-49.
• ²⁶
  American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International classification of sleep disorders, revised: diagnostic and coding manual Chicago: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2001.
• ²⁷
  Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Conselho Nacional de Saúde. Resolução nº 466, de 12 de dezembro de 2012. Diretrizes e Normas Regulamentadoras de Pesquisas Envolvendo Seres Humanos. Diário Oficial da União 2012; 13 dez.
• ²⁸
  Barbosa TS, Mialhe FL, Castilho ARF, Gavião MBD. Qualidade de vida e saúde bucal em crianças e adolescentes: aspectos conceituais e metodológicos.Rev Saúde Coletiva 2010; 20(1):283-300.
• ²⁹
  Minayo MCS, Hartz ZMA, Buss PM. Qualidade de vida e saúde: um debate necessário. Cien Saude Colet 2000; 5(1):7-18.
• ³⁰
  Serra-Negra JM, Tirsa-Costa D, Guimarães FH, Paiva SM, Pordeus IA. Evaluation of parents/guardian knowledge about the bruxism of their children: family knowledge of bruxism. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2013; 31(3):153-158.
• ³¹
  Emodi-Perlman A, Eli I, Friedman-Rubin P, Goldsmith C, Reiter S, Winocur E. Bruxism, oral parafunctions, anamnestic and clinical findings of temporomandibular disorders in children. J Oral Rehabil 2012; 39(2):126-135
• ³²
  Laberge L, Tremblay RE, Vitaro F, Montplaisir J. Development of Parasomnias From Childhood to Early Adolescence. Pediatrics2000; 106(1):67-74.
• ³³
  Foster Page LA, Thomson WM, Jokovic A, Locker D. Validation of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ11-14). J Dent Res 2005; 84(7):649-652.
• ³⁴
  O’brien C, Benson PE, Marshman Z. Evaluation of a quality of life measure for children with malocclusion. J Orthod 2007; 34(3):185-193.
• ³⁵
  Bendo CB, Paiva SM, Torres CS, Oliveira AC, Goursand D, Pordeus IA, Vale MP. Association between treated/untreated traumatic dental injuries and impact on quality of life of Brazilian schoolchildren. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2010; 8:114.
• ³⁶
  Jokovic A, Locker D, Guyatt G. What do children’s global ratings of oral health and well-being measure? Community Dent Oral Epidemiol2005; 33:205-211.
• ³⁷
  Castelo PM, Barbosa TS, Gavião MBD. Quality of life evaluation of children with sleep bruxism. BMC bucal health 2010; 10:16.
• ³⁸
  Shinkai RSA, Santos LM, Silva FA, Nobre dos Santos M. Contribuição ao estudo da prevalência de bruxismo excêntrico noturno em crianças de 2 a 11 anos de idade. Rev Odontol Univ São Paulo1998; 12(1):29-37.
• ³⁹
  Ferreira AM, Clemente V, Gozal D, Gomes A, Pissarra C, César H, Coelho I, Silva C F, Azevedo MHP. Snoring in Portuguese Primary School Children.Pediatrics 2000; 106(5):E64.
• ⁴⁰
  Bader G, Lavigne G. Sleep bruxism: an overview of an oromandibular sleep movement disorder. Sleep Medicine Reviews 2000; 4(1):27-43.
• ⁴¹
  Blini CC, Morisso MF, Bolzan GP, Silva AMT. Relação entre bruxismo e o grau de sintomatologia de disfunção temporomandibular. Rev CEFAC 2009; 12(3):427-433.
• ⁴²
  Ferreira-Bacci ADV, Cardoso CLC, Díaz-Serrano KV. Behavioral problems and emotional stress in children with bruxism. Brazilian dental jornal 2012; 23(3):246-251.
• ⁴³
  Oliveira CM, Sheiham A. The relationship between normative orthodontic treatment need and oral health-related quality of life.Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2003; 31:426-436.
• ⁴⁴
  Piovesan C, Antunes JLF, Guedes RS, Ardenghi TM. Impact of socioeconomic and clinical factors on child oral health-related quality of life (COHRQoL). Qual Life Res 2010; 19(9):1359-1366.
• ⁴⁵
  Oliveira CM, Sheiham A. Orthodontic treatment and its impact on bucal health-related quality of life in Brazilian adolescents. J Orthod 2004; 31(1):20-27.
• ⁴⁶
  Jokovic A, Locker D, Guyatt G. Short forms of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire for 11-14-year-old children (CPQ11-14):Development and initial evaluation. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2006; 4:4.
• ⁴⁷
  Davoglio RS, Aerts DRGC, Abegg C, Freddo SL, Monteiro L. Fatores associados a hábitos de saúde bucal e utilização de serviços odontológicos entre adolescentes. Cad Saude Publica 2009; 25(3):655-667.
• ⁴⁸
  Scapini A, Feldens CA, Ardenghi TM, Kramer PF. Malocclusion impacts adolescents’ oral health-related quality of life. Angle Orthod2013; 83(3):512-518.
• ⁴⁹
  Kumar S, Kroon J, Lalloo R. A systematic review of the impact of parental socio-economic status and home environment characteristics on children’s buccal health related quality of life. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2014; 12:41-56.
• ⁵⁰
  Locker D. Disparities in oral health-related quality of life in a population of Canadian children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol2007; 35(5):348-356.
• ⁵¹
  Paula JS, Leite ICG, Almeida AB, Ambrosano, GMB, Pereira AC, Mialhe FL. The influence of oral health conditions, socioeconomic status and home environment factors on schoolchildren’s self-perception of quality of life.Health Qual Life Outcomes 2012; 10:6.
• ⁵²
  Nurelhuda NM, Ahmed MF, Trovik TA, Astrom AN. Evaluation of oral health-related quality of life among Sudanese schoolchildren using Child-OIDP inventory. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2010; 8:152-164.
• ⁵³
  Foster Page LA, Thomson WM, Ukra A, Baker SR. Clinical status in adolescents: is its impact on oral health-related quality of life influenced by psychological characteristics? Eur J Oral Sci 2013; 121(3 PT 1):182-187.
• ⁵⁴
  Di Francesco RC, Fortes FSG, Komatsu CL. Melhora da qualidade de vida em crianças após adenoamigdalectomia. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol2004; 70(6):748-751.
• ⁵⁵
  Liu LJ, Xiao W, He QB, Jiang WW. Generic and bucal quality of life is affected by bucal mucosal diseases. BMC bucal health 2012; 12:2.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Nov 2015

History

• Received
  28 Sept 2014
• Reviewed
  22 May 2015
• Accepted
  24 May 2015