Integration of health services in the care of people living with aids: an approach using a decision tree

Abstract

The care offer to people living with HIV/AIDS must transcend specialized outpatient services and include the participation of the Family Health Strategy. By understanding the importance of integration between these two points in the care network, the study aimed to build a decision support model to assist professionals of specialized health services in identifying behavior patterns in the use of Family Health Strategy services by people living with HIV/AIDS attended in the outpatient clinic. Thus, was proposed a model called decision tree, created from a database of 141 people with AIDS, users of a specialized outpatient clinic. The decision-making variable was the use of Family Health Strategy services by evaluating the integration of care. The model enabled the establishment of 23 rules with 80.1% hit percentage, what may support the decision-making of professionals in identifying situations in which it is necessary to stimulate the use of the Family Health Strategy by users.

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Health services; Decision trees; Integration of systems

Resumo

A oferta de cuidado às pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids deve transcender os serviços ambulatoriais especializados e contar com a participação da Estratégia Saúde da Família. Compreendendo a importância da integração entre estes dois pontos da rede de atenção, o estudo teve como objetivo construir um modelo de suporte à decisão para auxiliar profissionais do serviço de saúde especializado a identificar os padrões de comportamento no uso dos serviços da Estratégia Saúde da Família das pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids atendidas no ambulatório. Para tanto, foi proposto um modelo denominado árvore de decisão, criado a partir de um banco de dados com 141 pessoas com Aids, usuárias de um ambulatório especializado, utilizando-se como variável decisória o uso dos serviços da Estratégia Saúde da Família mediante a avaliação da integração do cuidado. O modelo possibilitou o estabelecimento de 23 regras, com um percentual de acerto de 80,1%, as quais poderão dar suporte à tomada de decisão dos profissionais na identificação de situações onde se apresenta a necessidade de estimular a utilização da Estratégia Saúde da Família pelos usuários.

Síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida; Serviços de saúde; Árvores de decisões; Integração de sistemas

Introduction

The Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a global, continuous and unstable phenomenon. The dynamics of the disease epidemiological profile and its alarming mortality and morbidity rates have made the epidemic a serious problem of global public health and a challenge for the health care organization. It is necessary to rethink the dynamics of health care for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA)^1,2.

In Brazil, investments in public health policies are increasingly targeted for measures of prevention and transmission control, particularly after the antiretroviral therapy (ART) that favored infection control, improvement of clinical condition and quality of life, increased survival, reduction of morbidity and mortality rates from the disease, and the risk of virus transmission from the plasma viral loads of people on treatment^3-6.

However, in addition to measures aimed at epidemic control, the Brazilian policy of battle against AIDS supported by the principles of the Unified Health System (SUS) has the proposition of offering comprehensive care attained not only by a single service, but with provision of coordinated care in the health care network (HCN). In this perspective, interventions should facilitate the access to programs and services of varied technological density, ensuring continuity and the whole range of services offered, as well as the integration of health teams and their structural and participative insertion in the HCN^1,4,6-8.

Although the care for PLWHA is provided mostly by specialized health services, mainly in outpatient clinics, putting the Family Health Strategy (FHS) as the preferred gateway to the HCN is an important element in the prevention and appropriate management of complications and disorders in various health contexts. It stands out not only by the implementation of basic actions of prevention and care, but for strengthening the integration between the different points of health care services on the network^9,10.

From the perspective of completeness, even though the FHS team have to make referrals to specialized care, they must work in coordination with these services to participate in the follow-up of users in the HCN in order to provide efficient and system integrated care.

It is noteworthy that the FHS focuses on counseling activities, health education and distribution of prevention materials to contribute with infection control, however, the care actions destined to those already infected or in the disease process are scarce or nonexistent at this level of attention, besides the unarticulated and fragmented care network¹¹.

Therefore, we emphasize the importance of the FHS team participating in the care for PLWHA with the objective of mobilizing the service potentialities in the support of users in treatment. This involves the transit through the reference and counter-reference system and acting on care needs, taking into consideration the biopsychosocial dimensions of individuals and families¹¹.

Given the importance of integrating care services to PLWHA, this study aimed to build a decision support model to assist professionals in specialized health services with identifying behavior patterns in the use of FHS services by PLWHA seen at the outpatient clinic. This tool can facilitate and expedite the decision-making process and guide institutional arrangements that promote a more integrated and participative care management.

Method

The study was based on the elaboration of a decision tree model, a data mining technique aimed to discover the knowledge from a base. It is a statistical model based on predicting decisions and elaborating classification rules¹².

This model was chosen because of the easy interpretation of data, quick presentation of results, the possibility of allowing categorical and nominal variables, and the low computational cost¹³. It is also possible to predict which of the independent variables available to the specialized clinic team in the follow-up of PLWHA will lead to the outcome of interest in the investigation: the use of FHS services by the clinic users.

To build the model, we used the database variables of the Research of Programmatic Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS: evaluation of supply and integration of actions and health services, conducted from 2011 to 2012, relating to 141 users of a specialized outpatient service (reference in the state of Paraíba - PB) available in the Notifiable Diseases system (Sinan) from 1980 to 2011, on ART for a period exceeding six months, aged 18 years and over, and not imprisoned.

We used the Weka program version 3.7.8. to generate the decision tree since it allows the creation of decision logics from the variables of interest¹⁴. We employed the J48 (C4.5 algorithm) model, considered easy to use and of better quality measure. We also used the cross-validation technique, widely applied to predictive models, used to measure performance and progress in the model learning, applying a 10-fold cross-validation, considered a relevant value to obtain precise measurements, which resulted in the random division of the base of examples in 10 subsets¹⁵.

As the variable selection criterion, we used the entropy index calculation to measure the heterogeneity and the information gain. From the entropy calculated of subsets, we defined the variables with greater Information Gain (IG) in relation to the outcome. The attribute with most significant IG composed the root node, useful in building the tree for decision support¹⁶.

The classification of variables occurred from calculating the probability of decisions in the database set, and in the subsets of independent variables related to the decision. The IG of each variable determined which ones had more information about the outcome, and selected those for composing the hierarchical tree. The variables that showed no statistically significant IG in relation to the outcome were discarded.

The variables used in the preparation of the decision tree were: integration of care (yes, no); age (18-71 years); clinical manifestations at the time of notification (yes, no); operation of the FHS team in the treatment (yes, no); treatment for other disease (s) (yes, no); socioeconomic class (classified as A, B, C, D, E, according to the Economic Classification Criteria of the Brazilian Association of Research Company - ABEP); time of outpatient follow-up (less than 5 years, 5-10 years, over 10 years); abandonment of outpatient follow-up (yes, no); use of emergency care services (never uses, uses sometimes, always uses); gender (male, female); reason that led to the search of diagnosis (onset of signs and symptoms, other reasons). The decision-making variable was the use of FHS (satisfactory, unsatisfactory), based on the service demand by the study participants.

For the evaluation of model performance, we used the decision matrix formed by the hits and errors of decisions from the tree model¹³.

After the formation of the tree structure, its rules were prepared, the textual representations obtained from its structure, identifying the decision-making variables that took their course in the tree from the root node (first variable) through the internal nodes and branches toward the terminal node with the decision.

The research that originated data was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB).

Results

Eleven variables were selected for the tree attributes considering the calculations of probability of decisions in the database set, which showed influence on the outcome variable. Of the total participants, 58.2% were male, aged between 18 and 71 years, an average age of 41.7 years, and 56.7% belonged to the socioeconomic class C.

With regard to the variables related to outpatient follow-up, we observed that 52.5% of participants diagnosed the infection from the onset of signs and symptoms, 80.9% showed clinical symptoms at the time of notification, 61.7% were on exclusive ART treatment, while 38.3% combined ART treatment with the use of drugs for treating other disease (s).

Among the selected variables, 41.1% of users were in outpatient follow-up for 5-10 years, 18.4% abandoned the health care, and 17.7% said they used emergency care services.

Regarding the integration of care between specialized services and the FHS, 89.4% of participants did not receive any encouragement, guidance nor were questioned about the assistance they received from the FHS team; 35.5% admitted that the FHS team was unaware of their HIV/AIDS diagnosis, and 48.9% said that even aware of the case, the FHS team did not take any action nor follow-up of treatment.

For the graphical formation of the tree (Figure 1) were used ten variables of the eleven selected. The age variable was not included in the graphical formation of the model for not showing a statistically significant IG in relation to the outcome. However, it was important for the model construction in the steps of attribute classification.

Figure 1
Decision tree to classify the use of FHS by PLWHA. João Pessoa – PB, 2014.

The constructed model has 80.1% percentage of hits, enabling to correctly classify 113 individuals according to the decision matrix (Table 1), which details the hits and errors of the model. The main diagonal shows the hits, and the errors are outside of it.

Table 1
Decision matrix of the use of FHS by the PLWHA. João Pessoa – PB, 2014.

• ^* Main diagonal containing the model hits, totaling 113 (80.1%) individuals correctly classified.

The decision tree for the studied sample allowed the formulation of 23 decision rules (Chart 1), highlighting the importance of the variables used as decision-making in the use of FHS by the PLWHA. The variables located more closely to the root of the tree are more relevant in the separation and classification of groups of users. Thus, the integration of care variable is the main decision-making variable and responsible for the outcome – satisfactory use or unsatisfactory use of the FHS service.

Chart 1
Decision rules elaborated from the decision tree: the variable is the necessary condition (IF) and the decision (THEN) is the result obtained in the decision variable. João Pessoa – PB, 2014

• Source: Own elaboration.

To illustrate the use of the model, we applied its rules to a case of the study sample (Chart 2), in order to identify the likely behavior of users in relation to the use of FHS services.

Chart 2
Application of the rules extracted from the decision tree.

• Source: Own elaboration.

Discussion

The fact that the variable integration of care has the highest IG within the model reaffirms the importance of coordination between the health care services for PLWHA. The three levels of health care are responsible for the assistance to these individuals hence it should not be restricted to specialized services. The centralization of such assistance in a single service results in discontinuity and fragmentation of care and contributes to the unpreparedness of professionals to work on the specificities generated by the infection and illness⁴.

Therefore, the centralization of assistance into a single service favors the discontinuity and fragmentation of care and contributes to the unpreparedness of professionals to act in a resolute way on the specificities generated by the infection and illness⁴. These represent obstacles to the effectiveness of the HCN, a problematic situation experienced in the organization of health systems at national and international contexts. Coping with it involves allocating resources and strategies in favor of care coordination^17-19.

In this sense, the proposed model contributes to support the decision-making of professionals for strengthening the integration of services. It is based on the concept of the HCN that are organizational structures formed by clusters of health services, which must be articulated among themselves and act for a purpose: to offer an attention to health through the sustained and comprehensive care for the individual and/or community, and in which the actions should be coordinated from the Primary Health Care (PHC)¹⁷.

The role of the FHS team is critical for the effectiveness of care integration, since one of its main features is the possibility of establishing a stronger bond with individuals/families. This service is inserted in the community and it should assume the coordination of care together with other levels and monitor the entire course of users through the network¹⁸.

The activities carried out at this level of care have greater focus on actions for prevention and promotion of health, such as identification of vulnerable groups, availability of rapid exams, counseling and health education activities¹⁰. Such a configuration can lead to a smaller demand for PHC services by the PLWHA, because they do not recognize the FHS as a space for the assistance aimed at individuals already experiencing the disease process.

Linked to the scarce demand caused by the lack of adequate assistance, there are also cases in which the family health team is unaware of the user’s HIV/AIDS diagnosis, resulting in ineffectiveness of the professionals responsible for the care of these people.

In this context, the studies discuss difficulties experienced by PLWHA in the search for health care, such as the embarrassment of revealing the HIV status to the service provider, because this disease still carries a significant social stigma, present even in health care environments. The fear of facing this situation motivates the search for specialized services, which requires a more technically and ethically prepared multidisciplinary team to care for the PLWHA^20-22.

The Service of Specialized Care (SAE) on HIV/AIDS as part of SUS (Sistema Único de Saúde - Brazilian Unified Health System) was created with the goal of providing quality care to PLWHA. It is guided by comprehensive care, provided by a multidisciplinary health team and articulated with others points of the network, since a single service does not hold all the structure required to meet the care needs generated by the infection, disease and treatment of these individuals⁴. Hence the importance of investing in mechanisms to support the integration of essential services such as the SAE and FHS in order to contribute to the legitimacy of the decentralization process of care to PLWHA¹⁹.

It is essential that health services and their professionals recognize the need for care integration and understand the dynamics of the current epidemiological profile of HIV/AIDS in Brazil and its transitions. This way, they can provide a more qualified assistance to these individuals and identify the most vulnerable groups to acquire HIV infection. In the case of already infected people, they can identify vulnerabilities to opportunistic diseases or exacerbations of the clinical condition that worsen the health status and compromise their survival.

The present study corroborates previous studies^23,24 that emphasize the change in the HIV/AIDS profile in recent years, highlighting the feminization process that is changing the epidemiological profile of the disease. The findings emphasize that the male gender is prevalent among the number of cases, accounting for 58.2%. Although predominant, when relating the number of male cases with the number of female cases, we have a very close relationship of 1.39: 1, similar to the proportion presented in the national scene¹⁹.

As evidenced in the model, women seen in the clinic use the emergency care services often, and use the FHS satisfactorily, regardless of the integration between the services and the operation of the family health team in their treatment. This fact is in accordance with the findings of a study conducted in Belo Horizonte (state of Minas Gerais - MG), which showed that female patients have a greater association with the demand for health services when compared to men²⁵.

Regarding the use of health services by men, the model showed satisfactory use among those already ill or with the diagnosis of HIV infection by any signs and symptoms of the disease. Such behavior exposes this group to greater vulnerability linked to the onset of diseases and, especially, causing delayed diagnosis in cases that would have a higher chance of intervention if discovered early²⁶.

The use of emergency care services by both genders suggests that the absence and/or irregularity of ambulatory follow-up and the lack of integration between services could contribute to the increase in complications and consequent demand for emergency and urgency services.

The highest concentration of studied cases in the lower socioeconomic classes (C, D and E) and prevalence in the age group 40-59 years may be related to the aspect of impoverishment that has characterized the epidemiological profile of HIV/AIDS cases in the last years. The satisfactory use of the FHS among individuals in less favored economic situation confirms recent findings that showed the socioeconomic status as an important determinant in the use of health services, with SUS users as those on lower income²⁷.

The model obtained shows that users who had clinical manifestations at the time of notification were diagnosed with the infection from the onset of signs and symptoms, and have been in outpatient follow-up for more than five years without abandonment reports, tend to make a satisfactory use of the services offered by the FHS. This information can be justified by understanding that experiencing the disease process stimulates the search for care and services in health.

This practice is opposed to the principles of PHC, which recommends the preventive action on the disease process²⁶, therefore, it reduces the performance effectiveness of the FHS team in relation to the care demands when the process is already installed. This finding reinforces the model relevance in the direction of facing this issue from a preventive approach.

However, due to previous treatments, these individuals may find it easy to adapt to a health care routine, which can influence a greater adherence to outpatient clinical treatment and to other health services, such as the using the FHS²⁷.

Final considerations

The model allows that healthcare professionals identify inappropriate behavior of individuals living with HIV/AIDS on the use of PHC services. Such behaviors culminate in ineffective care focused on specialized health services, leading to the HCN fragmentation.

The model achieved greater accuracy in the classification of individuals who make poor use of the FHS, which is a positive aspect considering the importance of identifying these situations for the timely intervention of professionals from specialized services.

Identifying situations of greater vulnerability contributes with the decision-making of professionals and managers regarding the necessary rearrangements to intervene on this issue through integration actions and strategies between health services to strengthen the PHC and the role of the FHS in care coordination for PLWHA within a perspective of network.

Therefore, the decisions subsidized by this model collaborate to improve the care for PLWHA through a more integrated and participatory care management, achieving satisfactory results that serve the purpose for which it was created, and confirming its effectiveness. Given the scarcity of studies encompassing the HIV/AIDS issue in the context of FHS, this study is expected to encourage further discussion about the assistance to these individuals at this level of health care.

The increasing use of statistical models in the health field in recent years can be justified by the effectiveness of the models created to support decision-making, especially those related to public health problems of greater complexity such as HIV/AIDS.

However, the development of other studies on the subject is necessary to explore the possible obstacles in the integration of the FHS with specialized services, which was a study limitation since the model was created with data from specialized services and it must be applied to this reality.

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  » http://sanare.emnuvens.com.br/sanare/article/view/432
• ²⁷
  Levorato CD, Mello LM, Silva AS, Nunes AA. Fatores associados à procura por serviços de saúde numa perspectiva relacional de gênero. Cien Saude Colet 2014; 19(4):1263-1274.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Feb 2016

History

• Received
  15 Apr 2015
• Reviewed
  16 June 2015
• Accepted
  18 June 2015