Effect of Boride Incubation Time During the Formation of Fe₂B Phase

Abstract

Our present study focuses on the numerical simulation of the boronized layer growth kinetics on the iron substrate of the XC38 steel, the boronizing treatment is performed in a liquid medium composed of borax and silicon carbide. We mainly calculated the incubation time of the boronized layer formation. Aimed at estimating the boronizing treatment kinetics of XC38 steel, we initially used experimental data. The study was conducted to determine the law of borided layers growth and estimate the boron diffusion coefficient in the Fe₂B layer. The diffusion coefficient obtained from this experiment is:

${\mathit{D}}_{{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}}=1.388\times {10}^{-4}\mathit{exp}\left(-\frac{207.8\times {10}^3\mathit{j}}{\mathit{RT}}\right)\left({\mathit{m}}^2{\mathit{s}}^{-1}\right)$

In order to calculate the incubation time of the Fe₂B layer, we adapted the mathematical model, which is based on the second law of Fick. This model takes into account the thermodynamic properties of the Fe-B phase diagram. The comparison of the results obtained by the simulation with those obtained experimentally verifies the validity of the theoretical study and a good agreement was obtained as well.

Keywords:
Boronizing; Incubation time; Fe₂B; Numerical simulation; Coefficient

1. Introduction

Surface treatments are often a technical-economic solution to solve materials problems¹. Different processes are applied to treat the metals surfaces. They are related to the chemical composition and mechanical properties of the metal^1,2.

Boronizing steels is a thermochemical treatment to improve the hardness (>1600 HV), the resistance to adhesive and abrasive wear and resistance to attack by acids and molten metals³. Boronizing is a boron diffusion process in steel or other metals, generally performed between 850°C and 1050°C^4,5.

There are three kinds of sources that provide the boron integrated in the substratum, solid (powder or paste), liquid (with or without electrolysis) and gaseous boron-rich atmospheres^1-6. In a liquid or solid medium, borided layers are easily formed on the metal². In industrial applications the gaseous boronizing method requires complex equipment¹.

Usually, boronizing leads to the formation of two kinds of iron bodies FeB and/or Fe₂B, according to the Fe-B phase diagram^7,8. The FeB has an orthorhombic structure and its boron content is 16 wt.%. The Fe₂B has a tetragonal crystal structure and its boron content is 8.83 wt.%⁹.

In this study, we prefer Fe₂B over FeB, which is less harder and more tougher than FeB iron boride, due to its thermal expansion coefficient, which is lower than; that of steel and allows development of compressive stresses on the substrate surface^1-10.

The structure of Fe₂B layer is saw-toothed and this is typical in iron and low-carbon steels, from the fact that the diffusion coefficient in the Fe₂B is highly anisotropic; the diffusion is promoted in the grain direction [300]. The thickness and the quality of boronized layer during a boronizing treatment depend on the chemical composition of the medium in contact with the surface, as well as temperature and duration of treatment¹¹.

On the theoretical level, there are several studies have been undertaken to study boronizing and several mathematical models have been developed^12,13.

For instance the growth kinetics of borided layers were studied by empirical models based on Fick's laws¹⁴. This allowed the characterization of FeB and Fe₂B phases, and the diffusivity of boron parameters.

In this paper, we numerically study the thermochemical boronizing of the XC38 steel dipped into a salt bath (70% borax 30% of silicon carbide) at temperatures between 850° C to 1050° C for 2, 4 and 6 hours¹⁵.

We proceed to calculate the diffusion coefficient from experimental data; this coefficient is used in the mathematical model to estimate the kinetics of boronizing the XC38 steel. We remind that the diffusion coefficient (D) of boron in the steel is a characteristic of a mobility to a defined temperature. This phenomenon associated with the atoms agitation will change with temperature in the same direction as the defect concentration and the entropy of the system.

We noticed that a very limited number of papers were cited about the effects of the incubation time on the formation of the boride layer. Thus, to calculate the incubation time of the Fe₂B borided layer, we used the mathematical model developed in reference¹⁶, the model is based on Fick's laws and it does not take into consideration the incubation time of the boronized layer. In the present work, we improved the mathematical model considering the incubation time of the boronized layer as a parameter for calculating the thickness of the boronized layer.

2. Estimation of boron activation energy

The diffusion coefficient can be related with the processing time and the thickness of the boronized layer by Arrhenius expression^17,18. To estimate the boron activation energy, we must have a minimum of three treatment temperatures and thicknesses' values of the layer for each temperature. From the experimental data¹⁵, we can estimate the activation energy of the diffusion of boron in the XC38 steel substrate using the equation (1):

(1) ${\mathit{u}}^2={\mathit{D}}_0\mathit{t}\mathit{exp}\left(-\frac{\mathit{Q}}{\mathit{RT}}\right)$

The variable u represents the layer thickness (µm), D₀ is the diffusion coefficient of boron (µm²/s), t is the time (s) of boronizing, Q is the value of the activation energy measured in Joule/mole, R is the gas constant (R=8.314 Joule/mole.K) and T is the temperature in Kelvin.

Figure 1 depicts the evolution of the thickness of the boronized layer (Fe₂B) of the steel according to the reciprocal temperature.

Figure 1
Reciprocal temperature dependence of the boride layer thickness formed on XC38 steels after 2h.

Using a linear regression (taking the natural logarithm of both sides of equation (1)), we can also deduce the activation energy of boron which is estimated at a value of 207.8 kJ/mol. This activation energy is interpreted as the boron diffusion through the direction [0 0 1] in the Fe₂B phase. Table 1 shows the Q values reported by other researchers.

Table 1
Comparison between the obtained values of activation energies of the boron.

Activation Energy Q (kJ/mole)	Boronizing method/steel	Reference
157	Solid powder/XC38	Keddam et al.19
198	Solid powder/AISI 316	Campos et al.24
174.6	Liquid/AISI 316L	Mebarek et al.26
239.4	paste boriding/AISIM2	Campos et al.27
215	Salt boriding/AISI 4140	Sen et al.25
207.8	Liquid/XC38	Present work

Table 1 compares the boron activation energies determined on the XC38 steel according to different methods of boronizing process. It is concluded that the estimated energy of activation in the case of XC38 steel can be compared to the values found in literature¹⁹. The values of these activation energies depend on the chemical composition of the substrate and the boronizing process used.

Diffusion coefficients are very important parameters for the simulation, in both applications and calculations, it is always necessary to examine carefully if the nature of the coefficient of diffusion, or its numerical value selected responds well to the studied problem.

The diffusion coefficient values found in the literature show large variations, this leads to changes in the estimation of boron growth kinetics.

Assuming the Arrhenius relation for the diffusion process, a diffusivity of boron in Fe₂B was obtained:

${\mathit{D}}_{{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}}=1.388\times {10}^{-4}\mathit{exp}\left(-\frac{207.8\times {10}^3\mathit{j}}{\mathit{RT}}\right)\left({\mathit{m}}^2{\mathit{s}}^{-1}\right)$

3. Mathematical model to calculate the incubation time of the Fe₂B phase

3.1 The diffusion model

To calculate the incubation time of the boronized layer, we used the mathematical model¹⁶. This model is based on the solution of Fick´s diffusion equation in a semi-infinite medium and on the assumption that the boronizing thermochemical treatment is a balancing process.

In this model the boronized layer Fe₂B is formed instantly at t=0 and immediately covers the surface (the incubation time is negligible τ=0). The model allows the estimation of the growth rate interface (Fe₂B/γ-Fe).

The mathematical diffusion model is based on the phenomenological equations of Fick. The boron concentration profile is described by the solution of the diffusion equation given by Fick (2):

(2) $\frac{\partial {\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{i}}\left(\mathit{x},\mathit{t}\right)}{\partial \mathit{t}}={\mathit{D}}_{\mathit{i}}\frac{{\partial }^2{\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{i}}\left(\mathit{x},\mathit{t}\right)}{\partial {\mathit{x}}^2}$

C_i (x,t) represents the boron concentration at the depth x, t is the duration of the diffusion at temperature. T is the diffusion coefficient in m²s^-1, i represents the phase (i = FeB, Fe₂B or Fe).

Figure 2 illustrates the boron concentration distribution along the depth of the control surface for a given temperature and under a boron potential which allows the formation of a single-phase Fe₂B layer on the substrate.

Figure 2
Diagram of boron concentration profile (Fe2B layer).Fig.2. Diagram of boron concentration profile (Fe2B layer).

The general solution of equation (2) for each phase i, is given by equation (3):

(3) ${\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{i}}\left(\mathit{x},\mathit{t}\right)={\mathit{A}}_{\mathit{i}}+{\mathit{B}}_{\mathit{i}}\mathit{erf}\left(\frac{\mathit{x}}{2\sqrt{{\mathit{D}}_{\mathit{i}}\mathit{t}}}\right)$

erf is the Gaussian error function, A_i and B_i are constants dependent on the initial conditions and limits. i = (Fe₂B, γ-Fe).

In our diffusion model, it is considered that:

• The flow of boron atoms is perpendicular to the sample surface and the interface (Fe₂B/γ-Fe) runs parallel to the sample surface.

• The growth of the position of the interface according to time is parabolic.

• The boronized layer is thin compared to the thickness of the sample.

• The porosity effect does not exist in the surface of the material.

• The boron diffusion coefficients in different phases do not change in respect to the boron concentration.

• The boronized layer Fe₂B is formed instantly at t=0 and immediately covers the surface (the incubation time is negligible τ = 0).

Equation (2) subject to the following boundary conditions:

• At initial condition and limits:

  $\begin{array}{c}\mathit{C}\left(\mathit{x}>0,\mathit{t}=0\right)=0,\mathit{C}\left(0=0,\mathit{t}>0\right)={\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{B}}^{\mathit{S}/{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}},\hfill \\ \mathit{C}\left(\mathit{x}=\infty ,\mathit{t}\right)=0\hfill \end{array}$

• At the interface:

  ${\mathit{C}}_{{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}}\left({\mathit{\lambda }}_{\mathit{sim}},\mathit{t}\right)={\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{B}}^{{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}/\mathit{\gamma }-\mathit{Fe}},{\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{\gamma }-\mathit{Fe}}\left({\mathit{\lambda }}_{\mathit{sim}},\mathit{t}\right)={\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{B}}^{\mathit{\gamma }-\mathit{Fe}/{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}}$

${\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{B}}^{\mathit{S}/{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}}$: the boron concentration at the sample surface.

${\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{B}}^{{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}/\mathit{\gamma }-\mathit{Fe}},{\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{B}}^{\mathit{\gamma }-\mathit{Fe}/{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}}$: boron concentrations in the Fe₂B interface/austenite.

From equation (2) and (3), the boron concentrations in each phase are as follows:

(4) ${\mathit{C}}_{{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}}\left(\mathit{x},\mathit{t}\right)={\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{B}}^{\mathit{S}/{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}}+\frac{{\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{B}}^{{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}/\mathit{\gamma }-\mathit{Fe}}-{\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{B}}^{\mathit{S}/{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}}}{\mathit{erf}\left(\frac{\mathit{k}}{2\sqrt{{\mathit{D}}_1}}\right)}\times \mathit{erf}\left(\frac{\mathit{x}}{2\sqrt{{\mathit{D}}_1\mathit{t}}}\right)$

(5) ${\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{\gamma }-\mathit{Fe}}\left(\mathit{x},\mathit{t}\right)=\frac{{\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{B}}^{\mathit{\gamma }-\mathit{Fe}/\mathit{FeB}}}{\mathit{erfc}\left(\frac{\mathit{k}}{2\sqrt{{\mathit{D}}_2}}\right)}\times \mathit{erfc}\left(\frac{\mathit{x}}{2\sqrt{{\mathit{D}}_2\mathit{t}}}\right)$

erfc is the complementary error function erfc(x) = 1-erf(x).

The mass balance equation for the Fe₂B/γ-Fe interface is obtained from the following equation:

(6) $\begin{array}{c}\left(\frac{1}{2}\left({\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{B}}^{\mathit{S}/{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}}-{\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{B}}^{{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}/\mathit{\gamma }-\mathit{Fe}}\right)+\left({\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{B}}^{{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}/\mathit{\gamma }-\mathit{Fe}}-{\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{B}}^{\mathit{\gamma }-\mathit{Fe}/{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}}\right)\right)·\frac{\mathit{d}{\mathit{\lambda }}_{\mathit{sim}}}{\mathit{dt}}=\hfill \\ {\left({\mathit{j}}_{{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}}-{\mathit{j}}_{\mathit{\gamma }-\mathit{Fe}}\right)}_{\mathit{x}={\mathit{\lambda }}_{\mathit{sim}}}\hfill \end{array}$

(7) ${\mathit{\lambda }}_{\mathit{sim}}=\mathit{k}\sqrt{\mathit{t}}$

Where k is the growth rate constant, λ_sim is the simulated thickness of the boronized layer Fe₂B and t the boronizing time.

After simplifying equation (6), we find:

(8) $\begin{array}{c}\mathit{f}\left(\mathit{k}\right)={\mathit{p}}_0\times \mathit{k}+\left(\frac{2}{\sqrt{\mathit{\pi }}}\right)\times \hfill \\ \left[\frac{{\mathit{p}}_1}{\mathit{erf}\left(\frac{\mathit{k}}{2\sqrt{{\mathit{D}}_{{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}}}}\right)}{\mathit{e}}^{-\frac{{\mathit{k}}^2}{4{\mathit{D}}_{{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}}}}+\frac{{\mathit{p}}_2}{\mathit{erfc}\left(\frac{\mathit{k}}{2\sqrt{{\mathit{D}}_{\mathit{\gamma }-\mathit{Fe}}}}\right)}{\mathit{e}}^{-\frac{{\mathit{k}}^2}{4{\mathit{D}}_{\mathit{\gamma }-\mathit{Fe}}}}\right]=0\hfill \end{array}$

Where:

$\begin{array}{c}{\mathit{p}}_0=\frac{\left({\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{B}}^{\mathit{S}/{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}}-{\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{B}}^{{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}/\mathit{\gamma }-\mathit{Fe}}\right)+2\left({\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{B}}^{{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}/\mathit{\gamma }-\mathit{Fe}}-{\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{B}}^{\mathit{\gamma }-\mathit{Fe}/{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}}\right)}{4}\hfill \\ {\mathit{p}}_1=\frac{{\mathit{D}}_{{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}}\left({\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{B}}^{\mathit{S}/{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}}-{\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{B}}^{{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}/\mathit{\gamma }-\mathit{Fe}}\right)}{2\sqrt{{\mathit{D}}_{{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}}}}\hfill \\ {\mathit{p}}_2=\frac{{\mathit{D}}_{\mathit{\gamma }-\mathit{Fe}}\left({\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{B}}^{{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}/\mathit{\gamma }-\mathit{Fe}}-{\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{B}}^{\mathit{\gamma }-\mathit{Fe}/{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}}\right)}{2\sqrt{{\mathit{D}}_{{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}}}}\hfill \end{array}$

To find a positive value of the growth rate constant (k), the solution of the non-linear Equation (8), f(k)=0 is carried out using a numerical method. This function is non-linear; it can be solved by the Newton-Raphson's numerical method.

The important parameters for the simulation are temperature, processing time, boron diffusivity in each phase and its concentration. For the Fe₂B phase, we used the previously determined diffusion coefficient.

For the γ-Fe phase, we used the diffusion coefficient found in Ref¹⁶. The boron concentrations in the interfaces Fe₂B/γ - Fe and γ - Fe/Fe₂B were taken from Refs^5-20:

${\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{B}}^{{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}/\mathit{\gamma }-\mathit{Fe}}=8,83\mathit{wt}\mathrm{.\%,}{\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{B}}^{\mathit{\gamma }-\mathit{Fe}/{\mathit{Fe}}_2\mathit{B}}=35\times {10}^{-4}\mathit{wt}\mathrm{.\%}$

3.2. Incubation time calculation

For the formation of the boronized layers Casdesus et al.²¹ proposed a description of the transformations taking place in the steel following the progressive diffusion of boron in the substrate, according to this mechanism, the boron atoms released by the boronizing medium are adsorbed on the substrate surface then go into solution in the steel.

After some boron saturation and after a certain incubation time τ, which depends on the temperature of treatment²², the first germs of Fe₂B appear on the most reactive points of the substrate surface (scratches, seals grains, dislocations ...) the incubation time corresponds to the onset of crystal Fe₂B boride on the substrate surface.

After a certain time of incubation τ ≠ 0 as shown in^23,24, the crystals of the Fe₂B phase form as needles, growing in the crystallographic direction [0 0 2], parallel to the boron diffusion flow.

To calculate the incubation time, the mathematical model¹⁶ and experimental data¹⁵ have been used; the difference between data obtained experimentally and by simulation allowed us to determine the incubation time, it is expressed by the following equation:

(9) ${\lambda }_I\left(t,T\right)=\left({\lambda }_{\mathrm{sim}}-{\lambda }_{\exp }\right)=\left(\mathit{k}\sqrt{\mathit{t}}-{\lambda }_{\mathit{exp}}\right)$

and

(10) ${\lambda }_I\left(t,T\right)=\mathit{k}\sqrt{\tau }$

Where k is the growth rate constant, the variable λ_I represents the thickness corresponds to the incubation time (µm), λ_sim is the simulated thickness with τ=0 and the λ_exp thickness is experimentally obtained.

τ: the incubation time of Fe₂B formation.

t: the boronizing time.

T: the temperature of treatment.

From the two equations (9) and (10), we have the expression of incubation time:

(11) $\tau \left(\mathit{t},\mathit{T}\right)=\frac{{\left(\mathit{k}\sqrt{\mathit{t}}-{\mathit{\lambda }}_{\mathit{exp}}\right)}^2}{\mathit{k}}=\frac{{\left({\mathit{f}}^{-1}\left(0\right)\sqrt{\mathit{t}}-{\mathit{\lambda }}_{\mathit{exp}}\right)}^2}{{\mathit{f}}^{-1}\left(0\right)}$

4. Experimental Procedure

In order to test the validity of the present model, we used the results obtained from boronizing experiments on XC38 steel taken from our own experimental data published recently¹⁵.

Samples of XC38 steel were selected for boronizing, whose nominal composition was C≈0.38,Cr<0.1,Cu<0.05,Ni≈0.045,Co≈0.17,Si≈0.34,Mn≈0.67wt.% and balance Fe).

The electrochemical boronizing experiments were carried out in a liquid medium composed of 70% borax and 30% silicon carbide (70% of Na₂B₄O₇ and 30% of SiC). The treatment was done at three different temperatures 850°C, 950°C and 1000 °C with three treatment times 2, 4 and 6 h.

The formation of the Fe₂B boride was confirmed by optical microscope observations.

5. Results and Discussion

We used the previous mathematical model¹⁶, which does not consider the incubation time. For a boron concentration at the surface of 8.91wt.% , We get the values of the constants of the simulated growth rate for different temperatures (Table 2).

Table 2
Evolution of the absolute value of the growth rate constant according to temperature (τ = 0).

Température °C	750	800	850	900	950	1000	1050
k (µm.s-1/2)	0.1481	0.2275	0.3365	0.480	0.6672	0.9037	1.1960

From Table 2, we note that the variation of the growth rate constant increases if the temperature of treatment increases as well and the diffusion process is very fast.

From the growth rate constant previously determined, we calculate the thickness of the boronized layer (λ_sim).

This simulation model can predict the boron depth-concentration profiles for each phase.

Table 3 shows the simulated values of the incubation time of the Fe₂B phase as a function of time (t) and processing temperature (T) (equation 11); note that the incubation time of Fe₂B layer formation decreases when the temperature increases.

Table 3
The values of the simulated incubation time of the Fe2B boronized layer (τ).

T(°C)/t(h)	experimental value of layer thickness (µm)				Simulated incubation time (s)
	2	4	6	8	2	4	6	Average
850 °C	20.0	30.0	38.0	56.0	217.39	320.19	389.96	309.18
950 °C	50.0	77.0	96.0	124	65.56	14.07	6. 34	28.66
1000 °C	74.5	108	128	160	5.26	0.29	25.66	10.38

From the table 3 we note that the formation time incubation decreasing with the increasing temperature.

Based on the experimental observations of Brakman et al.⁹, it was shown that the incubation time τ decreases with increasing temperature.

Figure 3 shows the variation of incubation time calculated in function of the temperature for 2hours treatment time.

Figure 3
Incubation time according to the temperature for 2h.

To consider the effect of incubation times for the borides formation, the temperature-dependent function B(T) was incorporated in our model.

The parameter B (T) given by equation (12) depends only on the temperature which has been used by several studies to estimate the thickness of the boronized layer²⁴, this parameter does not have a physical dimension. It can be approximated by a linear equation:

(12) $\mathit{B}\left(\mathit{T}\right)=\left(1-\sqrt{\frac{\mathit{t}}{\tau }}\right)$

Table 4 shows the simulated values of the parameter B(T) according to temperature, we note that B (T) increases when the temperature increase.

Table 4
Simulated values of the parameter B (T) according to temperature.

T(°C)/t(h)	B(T)
	2h	4h	6h	8h
850 °C	0.792	0.853	0.880	0.896
950 °C	0.936	0.955	0.963	0.968
1000 °C	0.962	0.973	0.978	0.981

The variation parameter B(T) as a function of temperature for 2 hours treatment period is plotted in Figure 4, the variation of this parameter is estimated with a linear equation.

Figure 4
The B (T) Parameter as a function of temperature for 2hours treatment period.

The boride incubation time for forming the Fe₂B layer on the iron substrate, was incorporated in the mathematical formulation of the simulation model in order to evaluate the growth rate constant at the Fe₂B phase.

The equation (7) giving the simulated thickness of the Fe₂B boronized layer, can be rewritten in the following way:

(13) $\mathit{U}=\mathit{kB}\left(\mathit{T}\right)\sqrt{\mathit{t}}$

Table 5 shows the simulated values ​​of the boronized layer thickness according to B(T); we find a good agreement between the experimental data and the calculated ones.

Table 5
The thickness of the boronized layer simulated with the equation (13) and the thickness obtained by using the experimental data.

T(°C)/t(h)	Layer thickness Fe2B (µm)
	Experimental			simulated by using B(T) function
	2h	4h	6h	2h	4h	6h
850 °C	20	30	38	23.41	33.11	40.55
950 °C	50	77	96	53.22	75.26	92.17
1000 °C	74.5	108	128	76.68	108.4	132.8

Figure 5 depicts the evolution of the boronized layer thickness, simulated with both methods. The first (sim 1) does not consider the incubation time of the Fe₂B layer, and it allows us to calculate the thickness with the assumption that the Fe₂B layer forms instantly at t=0 and immediately covers the steel, the second method (sim 2) is calculated based on the incubation time of the Fe₂B layer.

Figure 5
Comparison of the simulated thickness (sim1), (sim2) measured for different temperatures.

Note that simulation 2 (sim 2) gives good results compared to (sim 1) which is justified by the importance of the incubation time.

Comparing the results, given by the numerical simulation with experimental data, the medium error generated from model was 2.8 µm.

From Figure 5 we note that the result of simulation (sim 2) considers the effect of the boride incubation time (τ) during the formation of Fe₂B layer were in good agreement with the experimental data.

For the temperature 1000°C we note that the simulation (sim1) coincides with the results of the simulation (sim 2), this is interpreted as the incubation time decreases when the temperature increases which the incubation time is negligible for a temperature more than 1000° C.

6. Conclusion

In this work, we developed a mathematical model based on the second law of Fick to simulate the incubation time of the Fe₂B boronized layer formation obtained by boronizing the XC38 steel. From a kinetic point of view, the thicknesses of borided layers follow a parabolic law. Basing on experimental results, the boron activation energy was estimated as 207.8 kJ/mol for XC38 steel.

Using this numerical simulation, we can estimate the incubation time and calculate the thickness of boronized layer considering the incubation time.

We see through this work that the incubation time for the formation of the boronized layer is very important to calculate the thickness of the Fe₂B boronized layer, and the incubation time decreases when the temperature increases, and it is negligible for temperatures more than 1000 ° C. The results obtained in this work clearly show the influence of these parameters.

The Comparison between the simulation result and the experimental data allows us to confirm the validity of our model.

The accuracy of the simulation results depends highly on a series of measurements obtained experimentally. To simulate the thickness values of boride layers with good exactness, it is necessary to increase the number of measurements.

7. References

• ¹
  Matuschka AG. Boronizing Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag; 1980.
• ²
  Sinha AK. Boriding (Boronizing) of Steels. In: ASM Handbook Volume 4 - Heat Treating Materials Park: ASM International; 1990. p. 437-447.
• ³
  Allaoui O, Bouaouadja N, Saindernan G. Characterization of boronized layers on a XC38 steel. Surface and Coatings Technology 2006;201(6):3475-3482.
• ⁴
  Yu LG, Chen XJ, Khor KA, Sundararajan G. FeB/Fe2B phase transformation during SPS pack-boronizing: Boride layer growth kinetics. Acta Materialia 2005;53(8):2361-2368.
• ⁵
  Keddam M, Chentouf SM. A diffusion model for describing the bilayer growth (FeB/Fe2B) during the iron powder-pack boronizing. Applied Surface Science 2005;252(2):393-399.
• ⁶
  Pertek A. Gas Boriding Conditions for the Iron Borides Layers Formation. Materials Science Forum 1994;163-165:323-328.
• ⁷
  Popeau P. Diagramme d'équilibre alliages binaires. Techniques de l'Ingénieur 1986;M70(1):129.
• ⁸
  Massalski TB, Okamoto H, Subramanian PR, Kacprzak L, eds. Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams 2nd ed. Materials Park: ASM International; 1990.
• ⁹
  Brakman CM, Gommers AWJ, Mittemeijer EJ. Boronizing of Fe and Fe-C, Fe-Cr, and Fe-Ni alloys: Boride-layer growth kinetics. Journal of Materials Research 1989;4(6):1354-1370.
• ¹⁰
  Kunst H, Schaaber O. The surface boriding of steel. Pt. 2. Growth mechanism and structure of intermediate and diffusion layers. Härterei-Technische Mitteilung 1967;22(4):275.
• ¹¹
  Ucar N, Aytar OB, Calik A. Temperature behaviour of the boride layer of a low-carbon microalloyed steel. Materiali in Tehnologije 2012;46(6):621-625.
• ¹²
  Keddam M. A kinetic model for the borided layers by the paste-boriding process. Applied Surface Science 2004;236(1-4):451-455.
• ¹³
  Campos-Silva I, Ortiz-Domínguez M, Bravo-Bárcenas O, Doñu-Ruiz MA, Bravo-Bárcenas D, Tapia-Quintero C, et al. Formation and kinetics of FeB/Fe2B layers and diffusion zone at the surface of AISI 316 borided steels. Surface and Coatings Technology 2010;205(2):403-412.
• ¹⁴
  Campos I, Oseguera J, Figueroa U, Garcia JA, Bautista O, Keleminis G. Kinetic study of boron diffusion in the paste-boroding process. Materials Science and Engineering: A 2003;352(1-2):261-265.
• ¹⁵
  Bouaziz SA, Boudaoud N, Zanoun A. Boruration thermochimique d&apos;un acier C38 dans un bain de sels borax-SiC. Matériaux et Techniques 2009;97(4):253-259.
• ¹⁶
  Mebarek B, Bouaziz SA, Zanoun A. Simulation model to study the thermochemical boriding of stainless steel "AISI 316" (X5CrNiMo17-12-2). Matériaux et Techniques 2012;100(2):167-175.
• ¹⁷
  Yang H, Wu X, Yang Z, Pu S, Wang H. Enhanced boronizing kinetics of alloy steel assisted by surface mechanical attrition treatment. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2014;590:388-395.
• ¹⁸
  Genel K, Ozbek I, Bindal C. Kinetics of boriding of AISI W1 steel. Materials Science and Engineering: A 2003;347(1-2):311-314.
• ¹⁹
  Abdellah ZN, Keddam M, Chegroune R, Azouani O, Allaoui O, Elias A. Characterization and boriding kinetics of C38 carbon steel: effect of the process time. Materiaux et Technique 2012;100(3):271-278.
• ²⁰
  Hallemans B, Wollants P, Roos JR. Thermodynamic assessment of the Fe-Nd-B phase diagram. Journal of Phase Equilibria 1995;16(2):137-149.
• ²¹
  Casadesus P, Frantz C. La boruration du fer et des aciers par bombardement ionique avec le diborane. Les Mémoires scientifiques de la Revue de Métallurgie 1978;81-91.
• ²²
  Keddam M. Simulation of the growth kinetics of the (FeB/Fe2B) bilayer obtained on a borided stainless steel. Applied Surface Science 2011;257(6):2004-2010.
• ²³
  Keddam M, Bouarour B, Nait Abdellah Z, Chegroune R. The effective diffusion coefficient of boron in the Fe2B layers formed on the iron substrate. MATEC Web of Conference 2013;3:01012.
• ²⁴
  Campos-Silva I, Ortiz-Domínguez M, Bravo-Bárcenas O, Doñu-Ruiz MA, Bravo-Bárcenas D, Tapia-Quintero C, et al. Formation and kinetics of FeB/Fe2B layers and diffusion zone at the surface of AISI 316 borided steels. Surface and Coatings Technology 2010;205(2):403-412.
• ²⁵
  Sen S, Sen U, Bindal C. The growth kinetics of borides formed on boronized AISI 4140 steel. Vacuum 2005;77(2):195-202.
• ²⁶
  Mebarek B, Madouri D, Zanoun A, Belaidi A. Simulation model of monolayer growth kinetics of Fe2B phase. Matériaux & Techniques 2015;103(7):703-710.
• ²⁷
  Campos I, Torres R, Bautista O, Ramírez G, Zúñiga L. Effect of boron paste thickness on the growth kinetics of polyphase boride coatings during the boriding process. Applied Surface Science 2006;252(6):2396-2403.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  27 Nov 2017
• Date of issue
  2018

History

• Received
  13 July 2017
• Reviewed
  17 Oct 2017
• Accepted
  18 Oct 2017