ABSTRACT
This publication is part of a series that will constitute an Atlas of Teleostei Otoliths of the Southeastern-Southern Brazilian region. In this article, we present the results of sagittae's morphologic and morphometric analyses from fishes remaining to the orders: Albuliformes (one species), Anguiliformes (four), Osmeriformes (one), Stomiiformes (one), Aulopiformes (five), Myctophiformes (nine), Ophidiiformes (three), Polimixiiformes (one), Batrachoidiformes (one) and Lophiformes (three). Features, measurements and indices were analyzed according to methodology used in anterior series. Whenever possible three otoliths of each species have been illustrated and photographed. The frequency of occurrence of each characteristic was calculated by total length classes (TL) and differences within and among them have been analyzed applying multiple χ² test (significance 0.05).
Descritores:
Teleost; Otolith; Morphology; Morphometry; Southwestern Atlantic; Brazil
RESUMO
Esta publicação é sequência de uma série que constituirá um Atlas de Otólitos de Teleostei da região Sudeste-Sul brasileira. Neste artigo são apresentados resultados de análises morfológicas e morfométricas dos sagittae de peixes pertencentes às ordens: Albuliformes (uma espécie), Anguiliformes (quatro), Osmeriformes (uma), Stomiiformes (uma), Aulopiformes (cinco), Myctophiformes (nove), Ophidiiformes (três), Polimixiiformes (uma), Batrachoidiformes (uma) e Lophiformes (três). Foram analisadas feições, medidas e índices usualmente empregados conforme metodologia apresentada nas séries anteriores. Três otólitos de cada espécie foram desenhados e fotografados, sempre que possível. A frequência de ocorrência de cada característica por classe de comprimento total foi calculada (CT) e as diferenças dentro de cada classe e entre elas foram analisadas aplicando o Teste χ² múltiplo (significância 0,05).
Descritores:
Teleósteos; Otólitos; Morfologia; Morfometria; Atlântico Sudoeste; Brasil
INTRODUCTION
Many papers have been published since the 1980´s showing the value of photographs and drawings in the analysis of otolith features. Parallel to this development, otolith collections have proved to be useful in the analysis of past populations’ genetics and populations’ structure, growth dynamics and environmental conditions.
During the 5th International Otolith Symposium, which occurred in Palma de Mallorca in 2014, the latest developments in otolith analytical techniques and novel applications were presented. A special workshop on otolith shape analysis was held focusing on these structures as indicators for community, population and individual analysis, and environmental events.
Since 2014, as a contribution for these studies we have been improving the Collection of Teleostei Fish Otoliths of the Southeastern-Southern Brazilian region (COSS-Brasil) held at the Instituto Oceanográfico - USP (IOUSP). Now the collection contains 51.886 pairs of otoliths from 66 families, 24 orders and 202 species (ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI et al., 2016)ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B.; CHALOM, A.; SILIPRANDI, C. C.; BRENHA-NUNES, M. R.; CONVERSANI, V. R. M.; SANTIFICETUR, C.; GIARETTA, M. B. COSS-Brasil: Coleção de Otólitos de Peixes Marinhos da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. São Paulo: Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo, 2016.. Furthermore, we started to publish results on the shape of those otoliths (ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI et al., 2014ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B.; CHALOM, A.; SILIPRANDI, C. C.; BRENHA-NUNES, M. R.; CONVERSANI, V. R. M.; SANTIFICETUR, C.; GIARETTA, M. B. COSS-Brasil: Coleção de Otólitos de Peixes Marinhos da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. São Paulo: Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo, 2016.; SILIPRANDI et al., 2016SILIPRANDI, C. C.; BRENHA-NUNES, M. R.; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B.; SANTIFICETUR, C.; CONVERSANI, V. R. M. Atlas of marine bony fish otoliths (sagittae) of Southeastern-Southern Brazil Part III: Clupeiformes (Clupeidae, Engraulidae, Pristigasteridae). Braz. J. Oceanogr., v. 64, n. spe. 3, p. 1-22, 2016.; BRENHA-NUNES et al., 2016)BRENHA-NUNES, M. R.; SANTIFICETUR, C.; CONVERSANI, V. R. M.; GIARETTA, M. B.; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B.; SILIPRANDI, C. C. Atlas of marine bony fish otoliths (sagittae) of Southeastern-Southern Brazil Part IV: Perciformes (Centropomidae, Acropomatidae, Serranidae, Priacanthidae, Malacanthidae, Pomatomidae, Carangidae, Lutjanidae, Gerreidae and Haemulidae). Braz. J. Oceanogr., v. 64, n. sp.3, p. 23-75, 2016.. Together, these publications will constitute an Atlas of Otoliths of the Southeastern-Southern Brazilian region. Now we present results of morphologic and morphometric analyses of species remaining to the orders Albuliformes (1), Anguiliformes (4), Osmeriformes (1), Stomiiformes (1), Aulopiformes (5), Myctophiformes (9), Ophidiiformes (3), Polimixiiformes (1), Batrachoidiformes (1) and Lophiformes (3).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The sampled area and the methodology of this study followed that presented in ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI et al. (2014)ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B.; SILIPRANDI, C. C.; BRENHA, M. R.; GONSALES, S. A.; SANTIFICETUR, C.; VAZ-DOS-SANTOS, A. M. Atlas of marine bony fish otoliths (Sagittae) of Southeastern - Southern Brazil Part I: Gadiformes (Macrouridae, Moridae, Bregmacerotidae, Phycidae and Merlucciidae); Part II: Perciformes (Carangidae, Sciaenidae, Scombridae and Serranidae. Braz. J. Oceanogr., v. 62, n. spe 1, p. 1-103, 2014., SILIPRANDI et al. (2016)SILIPRANDI, C. C.; BRENHA-NUNES, M. R.; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B.; SANTIFICETUR, C.; CONVERSANI, V. R. M. Atlas of marine bony fish otoliths (sagittae) of Southeastern-Southern Brazil Part III: Clupeiformes (Clupeidae, Engraulidae, Pristigasteridae). Braz. J. Oceanogr., v. 64, n. spe. 3, p. 1-22, 2016., BRENHA-NUNES et al. (2016)BRENHA-NUNES, M. R.; SANTIFICETUR, C.; CONVERSANI, V. R. M.; GIARETTA, M. B.; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B.; SILIPRANDI, C. C. Atlas of marine bony fish otoliths (sagittae) of Southeastern-Southern Brazil Part IV: Perciformes (Centropomidae, Acropomatidae, Serranidae, Priacanthidae, Malacanthidae, Pomatomidae, Carangidae, Lutjanidae, Gerreidae and Haemulidae). Braz. J. Oceanogr., v. 64, n. sp.3, p. 23-75, 2016..
The acronyms present in the shape indices tables are: TL = total fish length, OL = otolith length, OH = otolith height and OT = otolith thickness.
RESULTS
Order ALBULIFORMES
Family ALBULIDAE
Shape: oblong. Anterior region: round. Posterior region: round (62%), peaked, peaked-round. Dorsal edge: sinuate (59%), entire. Ventral edge: lobed (69%), lobed to sinuate, lobed to entire, crenate. Profile: concave-convex. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: does not apply. Rostrum: absent. Antirostrum: absent. Pseudorostrum: absent. Pseudoantirostrum: absent.Sulcus acusticus: position: supramedian; orientation: descending; opening: ostial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: tubular (90%), funnel-like; cauda: tubular markedly curved (76%), tubular slightly curved, tubular strongly curved.
Statistical differences (p ˂ 0.05) within some length classes were obtained for dorsal and ventral edges, posterior region and ostium and cauda morphology. Along the fish’s growth statistical differences were found for dorsal edge and posterior region.
Order ANGUILIFORMES
Family CONGRIDAE
The anterior region is always round, the cauda is frequently tubular straight and rostrum, antirostrum, pseudorostrum and pseudoantirostrum are always absent.
Shape: oval.Anterior region: round. Posterior region: peaked round. Dorsal edge: entire. Ventral edge: entire. Profile: plane-convex. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: does not apply.Rostrum: absent. Antirostrum: absent. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: ascending (71%), horizontal; opening: para-ostial (57%), mesial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: oval (71%), elliptic; cauda: tubular straight (86%), tubular slightly curved.
The small number of otoliths examined did not permit the statistical analysis of the data but its morphometric characteristics are shown below:
Shape: oblong.Anterior region: round. Posterior region: round. Dorsal edge: sinuate to entire (67%), entire. Ventral edge: entire (67%), lobed to entire. Profile: concave-convex. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: does not apply.Rostrum: absent. Antirostrum: absent. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: descending; opening: ostial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: funnel-like; cauda: tubular straight.
The small number of otoliths examined did not allow the statistical analysis of the data but its morphometric characteristics are present below:
Family MURAENIDAE
The otolith shape is mostly cuneiform, the ostium is funnel-like and the cauda is tubular straight in most of cases or slightly curved. Pseudorostrum and pseudoantirostrum are absent.
Shape: cuneiform. Anterior region: blunt (46%), oblique-round, oblique, blunt-round. Posterior region: peaked-round (54%), peaked, blunt-round. Dorsal edge: sinuate to entire (46%), entire (38%), lobed to entire. Ventral edge: entire (69%), sinuate to entire, lobed to sinuate. Profile: concave-convex (92%), plane-convex. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: does not apply (69%), in agreement. Rostrum: absent (69%), underdeveloped. Antirostrum: underdeveloped (77%), developed. Sulcus acusticus: position: median (92%), inframedian; orientation: horizontal; opening: ostial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: funnel-like; cauda: tubular straight (69%), tubular slightly curved.
Statistical differences (p ˂ 0.05) within some length classes were obtained only for ventral edge. No differences were found during the fish development.
Shape: cuneiform (69%), elliptic to cuneiform, elliptic. Anterior region: double-peaked (41%), double-peaked-round (34%), blunt, round. Posterior region: oblique-round (21%), peaked-round (21%), peaked (17%), oblique to peaked (17%). Dorsal edge: sinuate to entire (38%), entire, lobed to sinuate, serrate to entire. Ventral edge: lobed to sinuate (34%), sinuate to entire (34%), entire (31%). Profile: plane-convex. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: in agreement (90%), does not apply. Rostrum: underdeveloped (59%), developed, absent. Antirostrum: underdeveloped (52%), developed (45%), absent. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: horizontal; opening: ostial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: funnel-like; cauda: tubular straight (62%), tubular slightly curved.
Statistical differences (p ˂ 0.05) within some length classes were obtained for shape, rostrum and antirostrum orientation and development. No differences were found during the fish’s development.
Order OSMERIFORMES
Family ARGENTINIDAE
Shape: pentagonal (47%), trapezoidal, elliptic to trapezoidal. Anterior region: peaked (69%), oblique to peaked. Posterior region: flattened (53%), round, oblique to peaked, oblique. Anterior dorsal edge: sinuate (53%), entire, lobed to sinuate, lobed. Posterior dorsal edge: (55%), lobed, sinuate, serrate to sinuate. Anterior ventral edge: sinuate (53%), serrate to sinuate, lobed to sinuate, entire. Posterior ventral edge: sinuate (39%), entire, round, lobed. Central ventral edge: sinuate (64%), round, entire. Profile: plane-convex. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: does not apply. Rostrum: developed. Antirostrum: absent. Pseudorostrum: absent. Pseudoantirostrum: absent. Sulcus acusticus: position: supramedian; orientation: descending; opening: ostial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: funnel-like (70%), elliptic; cauda: tubular straight.
Statistical differences (p ˂ 0.05) within some length classes were obtained for shape, dorsal, posterior dorsal, ventral, central ventral and posterior ventral edges, anterior and posterior regions and ostium morphology. Along the fish’s development statistical differences were found for shape, dorsal, posterior dorsal, ventral, central ventral and posterior ventral edges, anterior and posterior regions and ostium morphology.
Order STOMIIFORMES
Family STERNOPTYCHIDAE
Shape: pyriform. Anterior region: peaked. Posterior region: round. Dorsal edge: sinuate (65%), entire, lobed. Ventral edge: lobed to entire (70%), lobed, sinuate, sinuate to entire. Profile: flattened. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: does not apply (75%), in agreement. Rostrum: developed. Antirostrum: absent (75%), underdeveloped. Pseudorostrum: absent. Pseudoantirostrum: absent.Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: horizontal; opening: ostial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: funnel-like (85%), tubular; cauda: tubular straight.
Statistical differences (p ˂ 0.05) within some length classes were obtained for dorsal and ventral edges and ostium morphology. No differences were found during the fish’s development.
Order AULOPIFORMES
Family CHOLOROPHTHALMIDAE
The sulcus acusticus opening is frequently ostial, the ostium is frequently funnel-like and pseudorostrum and pseudoantirostrum are always absent.
Shape: oblong (92%), rectangular to oblong. Anterior region: round (89%), oblique-round, angled-round. Posterior region: round (65%), oblique-round, angled-round, flattened. Dorsal edge: sinuate to entire. Ventral edge: entire (70%), sinuate to entire. Profile: flattened. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: does not apply. Rostrum: absent (95%), underdeveloped. Antirostrum: absent. Sulcus acusticus: position: supramedian; orientation: descending; opening: ostial (97%), ostiocaudal; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: funnel-like; cauda: tubular slightly curved (92%), tubular strongly curved.
Statistical differences (p ˂ 0.05) within some length classes were obtained for shape, ventral edge, anterior and posterior regions, rostrum development, sulcus acusticus opening and cauda morphology. No differences were found during the fish’s development.
Shape: elliptic (53%), elliptic to rectangular, rectangular. Anterior region: peaked-round (48%), angled, oblique, angled-round. Posterior region: peaked-round (52%), flattened, oblique, angled-round.Dorsal edge: sinuate (76%), entire, lobed, lobed to sinuate.Ventral edge: lobed to sinuate (47%), dentate to lobed, lobed, sinuate.Profile: flattened. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: in agreement (74%), does not apply. Rostrum: developed. Antirostrum: underdeveloped (66%), absent, developed. Sulcus acusticus: position: median (93%), supramedian; orientation: horizontal (73%), descending; opening: ostial (93%), para-ostial. morphology: pseudo-archaesulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: funnel-like (93%), elliptic; cauda: tubular straight (90%), elliptic.
Statistical differences (p ˂ 0.05) within some length classes were obtained for shape, ventral and dorsal edges, anterior and posterior regions, sulcus acusticus opening, orientation and position, cauda and ostium morphology and rostrum and antirostrum orientation. Along the otolith’s growth statistical differences were found for shape, ventral edge, anterior and posterior regions.
Order AULOPIFORMES
Family SYNODONTIDAE
The otolith shape is frequently fusiform or fusiform to laceolate, the anterior region is lanceolate or peaked, the posterior region is round or flattened and the sulcus acusticus opening is always ostial. Pseudorostrum and pseudoantirostrum are always absent.
Shape: fusiform to lanceolate (51%), fusiform, oblong, lanceolate. Anterior region: lanceolate (57%), peaked, peaked-round. Posterior region: round (46%), flattened, oblique-round, double-peaked-round.Dorsal edge: lobed to sinuate (51%), sinuate to entire, entireVentral edge: sinuate to entire (46%), entire (43%), lobed to sinuate.Profile: plane-convex. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: does not apply (86%), in agreement.Rostrum: developed. Antirostrum: absent (86%), underdeveloped. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: horizontal (73%), descending; opening: ostial; morphology: pseudo-archaesulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: tubular; cauda: tubular straight.
Statistical differences (p ˂ 0.05) within some length classes were obtained for shape, dorsal edge, anterior and posterior regions, sulcus acusticus orientation, antirostrum development and rostrum and antirostrum orientation. Along the fish’s growth statistical differences were found for shape, anterior and posterior regions and sulcus acusticus orientation.
Shape: fusiform to lanceolate (70%), fusiform, oblong. Anterior region: lanceolate (70%), peaked. Posterior region: flattened (45%), round (36%), oblique-round (15%), blunt-round.Dorsal edge: sinuate to entire (47%), lobed to sinuate (47%), entire.Ventral edge: sinuate to entire (40%), lobed to sinuate, entire. Profile: plane-convex. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: does not apply (64%), in agreement. Rostrum: developed. Antirostrum: absent (64%), underdeveloped. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: descending (74%), horizontal; opening: ostial; morphology: pseudo-archaesulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: funnel-like (49%), tubular (45%), elliptic; cauda: tubular straight.
Statistical differences (p ˂ 0.05) within some length classes were obtained for shape, dorsal edge, anterior and posterior regions, sulcus acusticus orientation, ostium morphology, antirostrum development and rostrum and antirostrum orientation. Along the fish’s development statistical differences were found for shape, dorsal edge and anterior region.
Shape: fusiform (69%), elliptic, rectangular to elliptic, fusiform to lanceolate. Anterior region: peaked (96%), lanceolate.Posterior region: round (71%), flattened, angled, oblique.Dorsal edge: lobed to sinuate (51%), dentate to lobed, sinuate, entire.Ventral edge: sinuate to entire (41%), lobed to sinuate (39%), entire, lobedProfile: concave-convex (69%), plane-convex. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: in agreement (59%), does not apply. Rostrum: developed. Antirostrum: underdeveloped (59%), absent. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: horizontal; opening: ostial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: funnel-like; cauda: tubular strongly curved (84%), tubular markedly curved, tubular slightly curved.
Statistical differences (p ˂ 0.05) within some length classes were obtained for shape, dorsal and ventral edges, anterior and posterior regions, profile, cauda morphology, antirostrum development and sulcus acusticus orientation. Along the otolith’s growth statistical differences were found for shape, dorsal edge and profile.
Order MYCTOPHIFORMES
Family MYCTOPHIDAE
The most species present the otolith shape is elliptic, except to those who have shape discoidal or oval. The anterior region is double peaked or peaked and the posterior region is always round. The ostium is bigger than cauda. Pseudorostrum and pseudoantirostrum are always absent.
Shape: elliptic. Anterior region: double-peaked (78%), peaked. Posterior region: round. Dorsal edge: entire (51%), sinuate to entire (46%), lobed to sinuate. Ventral edge: serrate to sinuate (95%), lobed to sinuate, sinuate to entire. Profile: flattened. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: in agreement. Rostrum: developed. Antirostrum: developed (88%), underdeveloped. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: horizontal (95%), ascending; opening: ostial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: tubular; cauda: round-oval (85%), elliptic.
Statistical differences (p ˂ 0.05) within some length classes were obtained for dorsal and ventral edges, anterior region, antirostrum development, cauda morphology and sulcus acusticus orientation. Along the fish’s growth statistical differences were found only for anterior region.
Shape: discoidal (80%), discoidal to elliptic, elliptic. Anterior region: peaked (80%), double-peaked, angled. Posterior region: round. Dorsal edge: sinuate to entire (85%), entire. Ventral edge: serrate to sinuate (75%), serrate. Profile: flattened.Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: in agreement (95%), does not apply. Rostrum: developed. Antirostrum: developed (50%), underdeveloped (45%), absent. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: horizontal (80%), descending; opening: ostial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: tubular (95%), funnel-like; cauda: round-oval (70%), elliptic.
Statistical differences (p ˂ 0.05) within some length classes were obtained for shape, dorsal and ventral edges, anterior region, antirostrum development, rostrum and antirostrum orientation, ostium morphology and sulcus acusticus orientation. Along the otolith’s development statistical differences were found for antirostrum development.
Shape: elliptic (58%), elliptic to discoidal, discoidal. Anterior region: angled (48%), double-peaked (42%), peaked. Posterior region: round (74%), blunt-round, angled-round. Dorsal edge: sinuate to entire (84%), entire. Ventral edge: serrate to sinuate (77%), serrate, crenate to sinuate, dentate to sinuate. Profile: flattened. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: in agreement (97%), does not apply. Rostrum: developed (58%), underdeveloped. Antirostrum: underdeveloped (55%), developed (42%), absent.Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: ascending (81%), horizontal; opening: ostial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: tubular; cauda: round-oval.
Statistical differences (p ˂ 0.05) within some length classes were obtained for dorsal and ventral edges, anterior and posterior regions, antirostrum development and rostrum, antirostrum and sulcus acusticus orientation. Along the fish’s growth statistical differences were found only for posterior region.
Shape: oval (52%), discoidal (48%). Anterior region: double-peaked (96%), blunt to angled. Posterior region: round. Dorsal edge: lobed to sinuate (48%), sinuate to entire (39%), sinuate. Ventral edge: lobed to sinuate (48%), sinuate to entire (39%), sinuate. Profile: plane-convex. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: in agreement. Rostrum: developed (70%), underdeveloped. Antirostrum: developed (83%), underdeveloped.Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: horizontal (83%), ascending, descending; opening: ostial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: tubular; cauda: round-oval.
Statistical differences (p˂0.05) within some length classes were obtained for shape, dorsal and ventral edges, anterior region, antirostrum development and sulcus acusticus orientation. Along the otolith’s development statistical differences were found for shape, dorsal and ventral edges.
Shape: discoidal (68%), oval. Anterior region: oblique-round (32%), peaked, oblique to peaked, double-peaked. Posterior region: round. Dorsal edge: entire (64%), sinuate to entire. Ventral edge: sinuate to entire (59%), entire, serrate to sinuate.Profile: plane-convex. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: does not apply. Rostrum: underdeveloped (59%), developed. Antirostrum: absent (41%), underdeveloped (32%), developed. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: descending; opening: ostial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: funnel-like (77%), tubular; cauda: round-oval (91%), elliptic.
Statistical differences (p˂0.05) within some length classes were obtained for ventral edge, anterior region, rostrum and antirostrum development and cauda morphology. Along the fish’s development statistical differences were found for ventral edge, anterior region and rostrum and antirostrum orientation.
Shape: discoidal (80%), discoidal to rhomboidal.Anterior region: double-peaked. Posterior region: round. Dorsal edge: sinuate to entire (60%), lobed to sinuate. Anterior ventral edge: lobed to sinuate (60%), sinuate to entire, lobed to entire. Posterior ventral edge: round (80%), sinuate to entire. Anterior edge: round. Posterior edge: round (80%), lobed. Profile: flattened. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: in agreement. Rostrum: developed. Antirostrum: developed. Sulcus acusticus: position: supramedian; orientation: ascending; opening: ostial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: tubular; cauda: round-oval.
The small number of otoliths examined did not permit the statistical analysis of the data but its morphometric characteristics are shown below:
Shape: elliptic. Anterior region: angled (67%), peaked. Posterior region: round. Dorsal edge: entire. Ventral edge: serrate to sinuate (67%), lobed to sinuate.Profile: flattened. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: in agreement (67%), does not apply. Rostrum: underdeveloped. Antirostrum: underdeveloped (67%), absent. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: horizontal; opening: ostial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: tubular; cauda: round-oval.
The small number of otoliths examined did not allow the statistical analysis of the data but its morphometric characteristics are shown below:
Shape: elliptic. Anterior region: angled (60%), peaked. Posterior region: round (95%), flattened. Dorsal edge: lobed to entire (60%), lobed. Ventral edge: lobed to entire (85%), sinuate, lobed. Profile: flattened. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: in agreement (75%), does not apply. Rostrum: underdeveloped (55%), developed. Antirostrum: underdeveloped (45%), absent, developed. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: horizontal; opening: ostial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: tubular; cauda: round-oval.
Statistical differences (p˂0.05) within some length classes were obtained for ventral edge and posterior region. No differences were found during the fish development.
Family NEOSCOPELIDAE
Shape: kidney-shaped (92%), kidney-shaped to rectangular. Anterior region: round. Posterior region: round. Dorsal edge: entire. Ventral edge: entire. Profile: flattened. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: does not apply. Rostrum: developed. Antirostrum: underdeveloped. Pseudorostrum: absent. Pseudoantirostrum: absent. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: descending; opening: ostial (85%), pseudo-ostial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: funnel-like (69%), oval; cauda: tubular straight.
The small number of otoliths examined did not permit the statistical analysis of the data but its morphometric characteristics are shown below:
Order OPHIDIIFORMES
Family OPHIDIIDAE
Otoliths with similarities in sulcus acusticus: the ostium is tubular and the cauda is round-oval. Pseudorostrum and pseudoantirostrum are always absent.
Shape: elliptic. Anterior region: round (63%), oblique-round, blunt to peaked. Posterior region: blunt to lanceolate (63%), oblique to peaked, oblique to lanceolate, double-peaked. Dorsal edge: lobed. Ventral edge: entire (50%), lobed to entire, sinuate to entire. Profile: concave-convex. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: does not apply. Rostrum: absent. Antirostrum: absent. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: ascending; opening: ostial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: tubular; cauda: round-oval.
The small number of otoliths examined did not permit the statistical analysis of the data but its morphometric characteristics are shown below:
Shape: elliptic. Anterior region: round (63%), oblique-round, blunt to peaked. Posterior region: blunt to lanceolate (63%), oblique to peaked, oblique to lanceolate, double-peaked. Dorsal edge: lobed. Ventral edge: entire (50%), lobed to entire, sinuate to entire. Profile: concave-convex. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: does not apply. Rostrum: absent. Antirostrum: absent. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: horizontal; opening: ostial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: tubular; cauda: round-oval.
The small number of otoliths examined did not the statistical analysis of the data but its morphometric characteristics are shown below:
Shape: rhomboidal (78%), oval to rhomboidal. Anterior region: round (74%), angled-round. Posterior region: peaked. Dorsal edge: entire (46%), lobed to sinuate, sinuate to entire, lobed to entire. Ventral edge: entire (87%), sinuate to entire, lobed to sinuate. Profile: plane-convex. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: does not apply. Rostrum: absent. Antirostrum: absent. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: horizontal; opening: para-ostial (57%), pseudo-ostial, ostial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: tubular; cauda: round-oval.
Statistical differences (p˂0.05) within some length classes were obtained for shape, dorsal and ventral edges, anterior region and sulcus acusticus opening. Along the otolith’s growth statistical differences were found for dorsal edge, anterior region and sulcus acusticus opening.
Order POLIMIXIIFORMES
Family POLIMIXIIDAE
Shape: pentagonal. Anterior region: angled. Posterior region: oblique to flattened (84%), angled, oblique-round.Anterior dorsal edge: sinuate (89%), lobed.Posterior dorsal edge: lobed (53%), lobed to sinuate, sinuate to entire. Central dorsal edge: lobed (95%), lobed to sinuate. Anterior ventral edge: sinuate to entire (84%), entire, sinuate. Posterior ventral edge: sinuate to entire (68%), lobed to sinuate, entire, sinuate. Profile: concave-convex. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: in agreement. Rostrum: underdeveloped. Antirostrum: underdeveloped. Pseudorostrum: absent. Pseudoantirostrum: absent. Sulcus acusticus: position: supramedian; orientation: horizontal; opening: ostial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: funnel-like; cauda: tubular markedly curved (89%), tubular curled.
Statistical differences (p˂0.05) within some length classes were obtained for dorsal, central dorsal, ventral and posterior ventral edges, posterior region and cauda morphology. Along the fish’s development statistical differences were found for dorsal edge, anterior region and sulcus acusticus opening.
Order BATRACHOIDIFORMES
Family BATRACHOIDIDAE
Shape: elliptic (86%), cuneiform, discoidal. Anterior region: blunt-round (89%), oblique-round. Posterior region: round (90%), oblique-round. Dorsal edge: irregular (23%), lobed to sinuate (18%), dentate to lobed, sinuate to entire. Ventral edge: entire (49%), sinuate to entire, lobed to sinuate, lobed. Profile: plane-convex. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: does not apply. Rostrum: absent (77%), developed. Antirostrum: absent. Pseudorostrum: absent. Pseudoantirostrum: absent. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: horizontal; opening: mesial (76%), para-ostial, ostio-caudal, caudal; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: round-oval; cauda: elliptic.
Statistical differences (p˂0.05) within some length classes were obtained for shape, dorsal and ventral edges, anterior and posterior regions, rostrum development and sulcus acusticus opening. Along the fish’s development statistical differences were found for dorsal and ventral edges.
Order LOPHIFORMES
Family OGCOCEPHALIDAE
The sulcus acusticus morphology is always archaesulcoid and ventral edge frequently entire for the species analysed. Ventral edge with little variation is atypical in other families. Pseudorostrum and pseudoantirostrum are always absent.
Shape: semicircular (47%), rectangular, elliptic to rectangular. Anterior region: round (80%), flattened. Posterior region: round (53%), flattened, oblique-round. Dorsal edge: lobed (47%), dentate, entire, dentate to entire.Ventral edge: entire.Profile: plane-convex. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: does not apply. Rostrum: absent. Antirostrum: absent. Sulcus acusticus: position: inframedian; orientation: descending (67%), horizontal, ascending; opening: mesial; morphology: archaesulcoid (93%), homosulcoid; colliculum: monomorphic (93%), homomorphic; ostium: absent (93%), oval; cauda: absent (93%), round-oval.
Statistical differences (p˂0.05) within some length classes were obtained for dorsal edge, anterior region, sulcus acusticus morphology and orientation, colicullum, ostium and cauda morphology. No differences were found during the fish’s development.
Shape: elliptic. Anterior region: angled-round (52%), round, oblique-round, angled.Posterior region: angled-round (44%), round, oblique-round. Dorsal edge: sinuate (68%), entire. Ventral edge: entire (72%), sinuate.Profile: plane-convex (60%), biconvex.Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: does not apply. Rostrum: absent. Antirostrum: absent. Sulcus acusticus: position: inframedian (56%), median. orientation: descending (60%), horizontal, ascending; opening: mesial; morphology: archaesulcoid; colliculum: homomorphic; ostium: absent; cauda: absent.
Statistical differences (p˂0.05) within some length classes were obtained for dorsal and ventral edges, anterior region, sulcus acusticus orientation and position and profile. Along the otolith’s development statistical differences were found for posterior region, profile and sulcus acusticus position.
Family LOPHIDAE
Shape: semicircular (80%), discoidal. Anterior region: round (55%), oblique-round, oblique to irregular.Posterior region: round (65%), oblique-round, irregular, oblique to peaked.Dorsal edge: lobed (75%), dentate to lobed.Ventral edge: entire (45%), lobed, sinuate.Profile: plane-convex. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: does not apply. Rostrum: absent. Antirostrum: absent. Pseudorostrum: absent. Pseudoantirostrum: absent. Sulcus acusticus: position: median (50%), inframedian; orientation: horizontal; opening: mesial; morphology: archaesulcoid; colliculum: homomorphic; ostium: absent; cauda: absent.
Statistical differences (p˂0.05) within some length classes were obtained for dorsal edge, anterior and posterior regions and sulcus acusticus position. No differences were found during the fish’s development.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Special thanks are due to Thiago José Balbi for some otoliths measurements and to Alexandre Arackawa, Laura Montserrat and Michelle Konig for the otoliths drawings. This paper received substantial financial support from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP Process numbers- 2010/51631-2 and 2014/03764-4).
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Illustration (above) and photographs (below) of Albula vulpes otoliths from fish with total length of A. 32 mm; B. 86 mm; C. 153 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; C1; the lateral face in A2; B2; C2; the ventral profile in A3; B3; C3 (Illustration: Laura Montserrat; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).
Illustration (above) and photographs (below) of Ariosoma opistophthalmum otoliths from fish with total length of A. 215 mm; B. 335 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; the lateral face in A2; B2; the ventral profile in A3; B3 (Illustration: Laura Montserrat; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).
Illustration (above) and photographs (below) of Conger orbignyanus otoliths from fish with total length of A. 454 mm; B. 953 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; the lateral face in A2; B2; the ventral profile in A3; B3 (Illustration: Laura Montserrat; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).
Illustration (above) and photographs (below) of Gymnothorax conspersus otoliths from fish with total length of A. 482 mm; B. 750 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; the lateral face in A2; B2; the ventral profile in A3; B3 (Illustration: Laura Montserrat; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).
Illustration (above) and photographs (below) of Gymnothorax ocellatus otoliths from fish with total length of A. 341 mm; B. 550 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; the lateral face in A2; B2; the ventral profile in A3; B3 (Illustration: Laura Montserrat; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).
Illustration (above) and photographs (below) of Argentina striata otoliths from fish with total length of A. 55mm; B. 137 mm; C. 220 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; C1; the lateral face in A2; B2; C2; the ventral profile in A3; B3; C3 (Illustration: Laura Montserrat and Michelle Konig; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).
Illustration (above) and photographs (below) of Maurolicus stehmanni otoliths from fish with total length of A. 55 mm; internal side A1. The medial face is shown in A2; the ventral profile in A3 (Illustration: Michelle Konig; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).
Illustration (above) and photographs (below) of Chlorophthalmus agassizi otoliths from fish with total length of A. 88 mm; B. 167 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; the lateral face in A2; B2; the ventral profile in A3; B3 (Illustration: Laura Montserrat; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).
Illustration (above) and photographs (below) of Parasudis truculenta otoliths from fish with total length of A. 91 mm; B. 188 mm; C. 296 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; C1; the lateral face in A2; B2; C2; the ventral profile in A3; B3; C3 (Illustration: Laura Montserrat; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).
Illustration (above) and photographs (below) of Saurida brasiliensis otoliths from fish with total length of A. 45 mm; B. 87 mm; C. 128 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; C1; the lateral face in A2; B2; C2; the ventral profile in A3; B3; C3 (Illustration: Laura Montserrat; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).
Illustration (above) and photographs (below) of Saurida caribbaea otoliths from fish with total length of A. 37 mm; B. 92 mm; C. 146 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; C1; the lateral face in A2; B2; C2; the ventral profile in A3; B3; C3 (Illustration: Laura Montserrat; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).
Illustration (above) and photographs (below) of Synodus foetens otoliths from fish with total length of A. 106 mm; B. 214 mm; C. 375 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; C1; the lateral face in A2; B2; C2; the ventral profile in A3; B3; C3 (Illustration: Laura Montserrat; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).
Illustration (above) and photographs (below) of Diaphus dumerilii otoliths from fish with total length of A. 28 mm; B. 65 mm; C. 102 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; C1; the lateral face in A2; B2; C2; the ventral profile in A3; B3; C3 (Illustration: Alexandre Arackawa; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).
Illustration (above) and photographs (below) of Diaphus hudsoni otoliths from fish with total length of A. 94 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; the lateral face in A2; the ventral profile in A3 (Illustration: Alexandre Arackawa; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).
Illustration (above) and photographs (below) of Diaphus perspicillatus otoliths from fish with total length of A. 49 mm; B. 75 mm; C. 104 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; C1; the lateral face in A2; B2; C2; the ventral profile in A3; B3; C3 (Illustration: Alexandre Arackawa; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).
Illustration (above) and photographs (below) of Hygophum hygomii otoliths from fish with total length of A. 38 mm; B. 74 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; the lateral face in A2; B2; the ventral profile in A3; B3 (Illustration: Alexandre Arackawa; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).
Illustration (above) and photographs (below) of Lepidophanes guentheri otoliths from fish with total length of A. 30 mm; B. 77 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; the lateral face in A2; B2; the ventral profile in A3; B3 (Illustration: Alexandre Arackawa; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).
Illustration (above) and photographs (below) of Myctophum obtusirostre otoliths from fish with total length of A. 69 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; the lateral face in A2; the ventral profile in A3 (Illustration: Alexandre Arackawa; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).
Illustration (above) and photographs (below) of Notoscopelus resplendens otoliths from fish with total length of A. 82 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; the lateral face in A2; the ventral profile in A3 (Illustration: Alexandre Arackawa; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).
Illustration (above) and photographs (below) of Notoscopelus caudispinosus otoliths from fish with total length of A. 43 mm; B. 78 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; the lateral face in A2; B2; profile of the ventral region A3; B3 (Illustration: Alexandre Arackawa; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).
Illustration (above) and photographs (below) of Neoscopelus macrolepidotus otoliths from fish with standard length of A. 45 mm; B. 102 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; the lateral face in A2; B2; the ventral profile in A3; B3 (Illustration: Alexandre Arackawa; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).
Illustration (above) and photographs (below) of Genypterus brasiliensis otoliths from fish with total length of A. 402 mm; B. 601 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; the lateral face in A2; B2; the ventral profile in A3; B3 (Illustration: Laura Montserrat; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).
Illustration (above) and photographs (below) of Ophidion holbrookii otoliths from fish with total length of A. 242 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; the lateral face in A2; the ventral profile in A3 (Illustration: Laura Montserrat; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).
Illustration (above) and photographs (below) of Raneya brasiliensis otoliths from fish with total length of A. 75 mm; B. 198 mm; C. 286 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; C1; the lateral face in A2; B2; C2; the ventral profile in A3; B3; C3 (Illustration: Laura Montserrat; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).
Illustration (above) and photographs (below) of Polymixia lowei otoliths from fish with total length of A. 175 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; the lateral face in A2; the ventral profile in A3 (Illustration: Silvia de Almeida Gonsales; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).
Illustration (above) and photographs (below) of Porichthys porosissimus otoliths from fish with total length of A. 62 mm; B. 183 mm; C. 307 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; C1; the lateral face in A2; B2; C2; the ventral profile in A3; B3; C3 (Illustration: Laura Montserrat; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).
Illustration (above) and photographs (below) of Dibranchus atlanticus otoliths from fish with total length of A. 88 mm; B. 188 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; the lateral face in A2; B2; the ventral profile in A3; B3 (Illustration: Laura Montserrat; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).
Illustration (above) and photographs (below) of Ogcocephalus vespertilio otoliths from fish with total length of A. 56 mm; B. 116 mm; C. 176 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; C1; the lateral face in A2; B2; C2; the ventral profile in A3; B3; C3 (Illustration: Laura Montserrat; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).
Illustration (above) and photographs (below) of Lophius gastrophysus otoliths from fish with total length of A. 59 mm; B. 384 mm; C. 720 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; C1; the lateral face in A2; B2; C2; the ventral profile in A3; B3; C3 (Illustration: Laura Montserrat; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
Apr-Jun 2017
History
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Received
04 Aug 2016 -
Accepted
06 Sept 2016