Phytotoxicity in two sugarcane cultivars in the initial development as affected by selectivity to herbicides

Fitotoxidez em dois cultivares de cana-de-açúcar no desenvolvimento inicial em função da seletividade a herbicidas

ABSTRACT

Sugarcane is a crop of great importance for human consumption, either for the production of sucrose or for the production of ethanol fuel. The objective of this work was to evaluate the phytotoxicity caused by the herbicides, the agronomic components in two sugarcane cultivars, at five evaluation times, during the 12-month and 18-month cultivation periods. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replicates, in a 10 x 2 factorial scheme, with nine herbicides (tembotrione, mesotrione, clomazone, saflufenacil, 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic, fluroxypyr + picloram, metribuzin, isoxaflutole, sulfentrazone), two sugarcane cultivars (RB006995 and RB036153), and five evaluation times (7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after application – DAA). The most phytotoxic herbicides for the 12-month cultivation period in the cultivars RB036153 and RB006995 were clomazone and sulfentrazone. For 18-month cultivation period, the herbicides isoxaflutole, clomazone and sulfentrazone were the most phytotoxic, mainly for the cultivar RB006995. For most herbicides, phytotoxicity decreased along the days after application. The most selective herbicides for both cultivars and cultivation periods were tembotrione, mesotrione and fluroxypyr + picloram.

KEYWORDS
phytotoxicity; Saccharum officinarum ; sprouting; 12-month cultivation period; 18-month cultivation period

RESUMO

A cana-de-açúcar é uma cultura de grande importância para alimentação humana, tanto para a produção de sacarose quanto para a produção de combustível etanol. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a fitotoxidade causada pelos herbicidas, nos períodos de cultivo de cana de ano e cana de ano-e-meio durante o estádio de brotação e perfilhamento de dois cultivares de cana-de-açúcar. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, em um esquema fatorial 10 x 2, sendo os fatores compostos por nove herbicidas (tembotriona, mesotriona, clomazona, saflufenacil, 2,4 diclorofenoxiacético, fluroxipir + picloram, metribuzin, isoxaflutol, sulfentrazona) mais uma testemunha, dois cultivares de cana-de-açúcar (RB006995, RB036153) e cinco épocas de avaliação (7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 DAA). Os herbicidas mais fitotóxicos para a cana de ano nos cultivares RB036153 e RB006995 foram clomazona e sulfentrazona. Para a cana de ano-e-meio, os herbicidas isoxaflutol, clomazona e sulfentrazona foram os mais fitotóxicos, principalmente no cultivar RB006995. Para a maioria dos herbicidas houve decréscimo da fitotoxidez com o passar dos dias após a aplicação. Os herbicidas mais seletivos para ambos os cultivares e períodos de cultivo foram tembotriona, mesotriona e fluroxipir + picloram.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE
fitotoxidez; Saccharum officinarum ; brotação; cana-de-ano; cana-de-ano-e-meio

INTRODUCTION

Considering the use of chemicals in the main crops, soybean was in first place with 52%, followed by maize and sugarcane with approximately 10%, of the national total commercialized in 2015. In Brazil, 540,000 tons of phytosanitary products were used in 2017, of which 58% corresponded to sales of herbicides, 12% to fungicides and 10% to insecticides (SINDIVEG, 2017).

Considering the chemical control method in the management of weed in the sugarcane crop, it is still necessary to expand the study of some herbicide molecules in relation to phytotoxicity caused to the crop. There are studies indicating that plant height is an intrinsic characteristic of each sugarcane cultivar and that all herbicides tested were selective for sugarcane (SOUZA et al., 2009).

After herbicide application, it is common to observe visual symptoms of phytotoxicity in the crop, but herbicide application does not always interfere with the production and technological quality of sugarcane. Application with herbicides in the crop have shown that atrazine and S-metolachlor applied in postemergence of sugarcane are selective the crop, with 1.50 and 9.25% phytotoxicity, respectively, at 30 days after application (DAA) (GIROTTO et al., 2010).

The symptoms of phytotoxicity or damage to the agronomic components are due to an interference in plant metabolism, which differs according to the mechanism of action of the herbicide. The literature reports the action of some herbicide, such as metribuzin, which is the inhibition of photosystem II, through the binding of the atrazine molecule to the quinone-B binding site in D1 protein, stopping the electron flow between quinone A and B (TORRES et al., 2012).

The symptoms of phytotoxicity caused by herbicides in sugarcane plants usually decrease along the time after application, which has already been observed by SIMÕES et al. (2016). In this study, the electron transport rate showed recovery after 14 DAA, but the phytotoxicity caused by herbicides and the reduction in electron transport until 14 DAA did not interfere in stalk yield and technological quality of sugarcane.

There are differences regarding the susceptibility to herbicides depending on the cultivar planted, and it is appropriate to verify the susceptibility of the material used, which has already been observed in the genotypes RB72454 and RB835486, which were more affected than the others in the presence of trifloxysulfuron-sodium compared to the control, i.e. each cultivar has its own characteristics with regard to herbicide selectivity (GALON et al., 2013).

Application of herbicides in postemergence in sugarcane plants can cause phytotoxicity, which varies with the cultivar and cultivation period.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects caused by herbicides in terms of phytotoxicity in the 12-month and 18-month cultivation periods during the sprouting and tillering stage of two sugarcane cultivars.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, 24°33’28” S latitude and 54°02’44” W longitude, from March to July 2017 for the 18-month cultivation period and from September to December 2017 for the 12-month cultivation period. Meteorological data of air temperature were recorded with a datalogger and can be seen in Figures 1 and 2. Soil moisture was measured with a probe installed in the profile of two pots and kept close to field capacity, ensuring adequate moisture for plant development according to Figures 3 and 4.

Figure 1
Maximum and minimum temperatures in 10-day periods from April to July 2017.

Figure 2
Maximum and minimum temperatures in 10-day periods from November to December 2017.

Figure 3
Soil moisture content in 10-day periods from April to July 2017.

Figure 4
Soil moisture content in 10-day periods from October to December 2017.

The soil used as substrate was an eutroferric red latosol (oxisol), according to SANTOS et al. (2018), which was collected from the 0-20 cm layer and subjected to chemical analysis.

Soil chemical characteristics were: P = 32.39 mg_·dm^-3;pH CaCl₂ = 5.53; organic matter (OM) = 12.30 g_·dm^-3; H + Al = 4.05 cmol_c·dm^-3; Al³⁺ = 0.00 cmol_c·dm^-3; K = 0.27 cmol_c·dm^-3; Ca²⁺ = 3.47 cmol_c·dm^-3; Mg²⁺ = 0.86 cmol_c·dm^-3; cation exchange capacity (CEC) = 8.66 cmol_c·dm^-3; Al = 0.00%; V%: 53%.

The soil substrate was prepared, being sieved, homogenized with a concrete mixer and limed using dolomitic limestone to increase base saturation to 70%. Fertilization was performed with single superphosphate, potassium chloride and ammonium sulfate, respectively, raising the levels to: P = 300 mg_·dm^-3, K = 150 mg_·dm^-3 and S = 40 mg_·dm^-3 (ALVAREZ et al., 1991).

The experimental design used was randomized blocks, with four replicates in a 10 × 2 factorial scheme, with five split plots in time, consisting of the combination of nine herbicides (tembotrione, mesotrione, clomazone, saflufenacil, 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic, fluroxypyr + picloram, metribuzin, isoxaflutole, sulfentrazone) plus one control, two sugarcane cultivars (RB006995 and RB036153) and five evaluation times (7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after application).

The sugarcane cultivar RB006995 is characterized by rapid initial growth, medium interrow closure, tall size, good tillering, semi-erect growth habit, high agricultural yield and sucrose content, tolerance to the main diseases and medium restriction regarding the requirement for environments, and maturity for harvest at the beginning of the season.

The cultivar RB036153 shows maturity for harvest in the middle of the season, good maturation curve, similar to that of cultivar RB867515, high rusticity, good adaptability and stability, and high stalk yield.

The commercial products used and their respective doses are presented in Table 1.

Table 1
Commercial products, common names and doses used.

Commercial product	Common name	Dose (g a.i./ g a.e.·ha-1)
Soberan	Tembotrione	100.8
Callisto	Mesotrione	144.0
Gamit	Clomazone	1000.0
Heat	Saflufenacil	49.0
2,4 D Atanor	2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic	967.2
Planador	Fluroxypyr + Picloram	120 + 120
Sencor	Metribuzin	1440
Provence	Isoxaflutole	75
Boral	Sulfentrazone	600

Herbicides were applied at 9:00 a.m., approximately 30 days after sprouting of the buds, in postemergence, in a period comprising the critical period to prevent interference of sugarcane. Application was carried out with a constant-pressure CO₂-pressurized sprayer, calibrated with 32 psi pressure, equipped with 110.02 flat fan spray nozzles with flow rate calibrated to 200 L_·ha^-1.

The experiment was installed in 7-L polypropylene pots filled with soil, spaced apart by 10 cm. To install the experiment, the stalks were cut into single-budded setts, which were planted in the pots at a depth of 4 to 5 cm and covered with soil.

Weed management, despite the study of herbicide selectivity, was performed by manual uprooting. Management of diseases and pests was not necessary. The experiment was irrigated with the aid of a watering can, aiming to maintain the moisture content close to field capacity.

Phytotoxicity was quantified using a percentage score scale from 0 to 100 (VELINI et al., 1995), in which 0 corresponded to the absence of injury and 100 to plant death.

The data were subjected to analysis of variance by F-test at 5% probability level. In cases of significant effects, the means were compared by Tukey’s test at 5% probability level. Regression analysis was performed for the evaluation times. Cultivation periods were compared using a joint analysis. The data met the assumptions of the ANOVA by the Shapiro–Wilk normality test. Statistical analyses were performed using the statistical software SAS University Edition (SAS, 2013).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In the 18-month cultivation period in Figure 5, at 6 DAA when the herbicide clomazone was applied in the cultivar RB006995, it caused phytotoxicity of 36%, much higher when compared to the 12-month cultivation period in Figure 6, where the injuries were approximately 12% for this cultivar. For the cultivar RB036153 in Figures 7 and 8, when the herbicide clomazone was applied, there was phytotoxicity of 18% at 7 DAA, for the 12-month cultivation period and 6% for 18-month cultivation period.

Figure 5
Phytotoxicity as a function of evaluation times in the cultivar RB006995 under application of different herbicides, during the 18-month cultivation period.

Figure 6
Phytotoxicity as a function of evaluation times in the cultivar RB006995 under application of different herbicides, during the 12-month cultivation period.

Figure 7
Phytotoxicity as a function of evaluation times in the cultivar RB036153 under application of different herbicides, during the 12-month cultivation period.

Figure 8
Phytotoxicity as a function of evaluation times in the cultivar RB036153 under application of different herbicides, during the 18-month cultivation period.

In the 12-month cultivation period, for the cultivar RB036153, when the herbicide sulfentrazone was applied, there was the highest phytotoxicity, reaching 19% at 7 DAA, with reduction to 11 and 9% at 21 and 35 DAA, respectively. In sugarcane plants subjected to the application of the herbicide clomazone, there was a reduction in phytotoxicity only from 28 DAA, reaching 14% at 35 DAA, with a linear behavior over time.

One possibility for the occurrence of more pronounced injuries in the 18-month cultivation period when compared to the 12-month cultivation period for both sugarcane cultivars evaluated was the occurrence of cloudy days after herbicide application in the 12-month cultivation period. A cause for higher phytotoxicity in treatments with the herbicide clomazone is the fact that it is indicated for application in preemergence or at the beginning of the sprouting of the ratoon cane.

Results similar to those of the present study were found by SABBAG et al. (2017), who observed phytotoxicity levels of 24% caused by the herbicide clomazone at 7 DAA, but the phytotoxicity still remained at 25% at 60 DAA.

Likewise, SOARES et al. (2011) also found higher phytotoxicity caused by isoxaflutole, sulfentrazone and clomazone at 13 DAA when compared to the other herbicides. This is consistent with the results found by SILVA et al. (2013), who reported that the herbicide clomazone and diuron + hexazinone caused the highest intoxication in the plants at 14 DAA, reaching 40% phytotoxicity for the treatment with clomazone without fertilization. GALON et al. (2009, 2013) found different levels of phytotoxicity according to cultivars, equal to 11% in the cultivar RB855113 and to 5% in the cultivar RB947520, at 14 DAA.

ZENI NETO et al. (2008) found behavioral differences between the various clones tested in the analyzed environments. Therefore, the cultivars do not always behave similarly in different production environments, as occurs with the 12-month and 18-month cultivation periods.

When the herbicide 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic was applied, low phytotoxicity was found at 7 DAA, when there was phytotoxicity of 3%, reducing to 1% at 35 DAA. This is probably due to anatomical structures existing in grasses like nodes, intercalary meristem, which enable the crop to reduce its absorption and translocation in the stem and leaves and metabolize the herbicide.

The other herbicide treatments caused in the sugarcane phytotoxicity below 6.7% in all evaluations, which demonstrates a high selectivity to the crop, enabling the management of broad- and narrow-leaf weeds in the case of mesotrione and tembotrione, but these are used to control weeds in early stages of development. In the case of the herbicides 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic and fluroxypyr + picloram, these are used to control broad-leaf plants in a more advanced stage of development and are selective to grasses in general, as their mechanism of action is auxin mimicking.

Similar data were reported by CARVALHO et al. (2010), who found that the treatment with mesotrione caused phytotoxicity of 4% at 15 DAA, which decreased to 1.8% at 30 DAA and injuries were no longer found in any herbicide treatment at 45 DAA. CORREIA; KRONKA (2010) found no phytotoxicity in the treatment with mesotrione at any time of evaluation, when it was used alone.

When the herbicide isoxaflutole was applied in the cultivar RB006995, at 7 DAA the phytotoxicity was equal to 33% for the 18-month cultivation period and to approximately 1% for the 12-month cultivation period. For the cultivar RB036153 in the 18-month cultivation period, the herbicide isoxaflutole caused phytotoxicity of 11%, much higher when compared to the 12-month cultivation period, when phytotoxicity was close to zero.

As observed for the 12-month cultivation period, SOARES et al. (2011) found that the highest levels of phytotoxicity were caused by the herbicide isoxaflutole, reducing the yield and technological quality of sugarcane.

The higher phytotoxicity caused by the herbicides isoxaflutole and sulfentrazone may be related to the fact that these herbicides are indicated for application in pre-emergence and early post-emergence in the sugarcane plant, which may have aggravated the symptoms of phytotoxicity, because they were applied at 30 days after sprouting.

Similarly, FERREIRA et al. (2012) found difference between the cultivars for the herbicide sulfentrazone, in which the cultivar RB925345 at 21 and 35 DAA showed phytotoxicity above 40%, while RB867515 showed phytotoxicity of 20%. BERTOLINO et al. (2014) found higher toxicity caused by the herbicides amicarbazone, isoxaflutole and diuron + hexazinone, but reduction in phytotoxicity from 45 DAA in sugarcane subjected to these herbicides.

SABBAG et al. (2017) do not restrict the use of saflufenacil in presprouted sugarcane seedlings when used alone without mixture with another herbicide.

COSTA et al. (2012) initially found more severe symptoms of injuries for the mixture of saflufenacil + Assist, followed by saflufenacil + Break Thru, at 3 and 7 DAA, whereas from 15 DAA the injuries began to decrease in treatments with saflufenacil in all cultivars.

CONCLUSIONS

The most phytotoxic herbicides for the 12-month cultivation period in the cultivars RB036153 and RB006995 were clomazone and sulfentrazone. For the 18-month cultivation period, the herbicides isoxaflutole, clomazone and sulfentrazone were the most phytotoxic, mainly for the cultivar RB006995. For most herbicides, there was reduction in phytotoxicity along the days after application. The most selective herbicides, which had low phytotoxicity and rapid detoxification in the crop for both cultivars and cultivation periods were tembotrione, mesotrione and fluroxypyr + picloram.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors thank and to UNIOESTE.

• FUNDING

  This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) Finance Code 001.

• ETHICAL APPROVAL

  Not applicable.

• AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL

  The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study areavailable from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  16 Sept 2020
• Date of issue
  2020

History

• Received
  01 Nov 2018
• Accepted
  19 July 2020