Abstract
Objective
identify in the literature how care-educational gerontechnologies have been constructed and validated and recommended propositions for their development.
Method
integrative literature review carried out in the Web of Science, LILACS, CINAHL, BDENF, MEDLINE and SciELO databases following the recommendation of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). We selected studies that presented the construction and validation of gerontechnologies. For data extraction, we used an instrument adapted from the international RedENSO. We also classified the level of evidence of the studies according to Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt
Results
We analyzed 17 studies. The year 2019 had the highest number of publications on the subject, with the majority coming from Brazil. The development of material gerontechnologies, as booklets, leaflets, manuals, games, software and multimedia materials, was more reported. Regarding the method of construction of gerontechnologies adopted in the studies, situational diagnosis through interviews, dialogues and scales, and literature reviews on the themes stood out. In most studies, validation was performed with the elderlies and, in some studies, validation was also performed with specialists.
Conclusion
We found that the process of development of care-educational gerontechnologies is recent and requires improvement in the validation stage and not always performed by researchers. Regarding the recommendations for their development, we highlight the use of language accessible to older people and the association of theoretical and practical knowledge.
Keywords
Educational Technology; Elderly; Validation Study; Review; Evidence-Based Nursing
Resumo
Objetivo
identificar na literatura como as gerontecnologias cuidativo-educacionais (GTEC) têm sido construídas e validadas, e propor recomendações para o seu desenvolvimento.
Método
revisão integrativa da literatura realizada nas bases de dados Web of Science, LILACS, CINAHL, BDENF, MEDLINE e SciELO seguindo a recomendação Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Selecionaram-se estudos com os objetivos de construir e/ou validar gerontecnologias disponíveis na íntegra. Para extração dos dados, utilizou-se instrumento contendo variáveis acerca do nível de evidência dos estudos, ano de publicação e país de origem, objetivos, tipo de gerontecnologia desenvolvida e métodos de construção e validação.
Resultados
foram analisados 17 estudos. O ano de 2019 obteve maior número de publicações sobre a temática, sendo a maioria proveniente do Brasil. Evidenciou-se o desenvolvimento das gerontecnologias materiais, representadas por cartilhas, folhetos, manuais, jogos, softwares e materiais multimídia. Em relação ao método de construção das gerontecnologias adotado nos estudos destacaram-se diagnóstico situacional por meio de entrevistas, diálogos e escalas, e revisões da literatura acerca das temáticas. Na maioria dos estudos a validação foi realizada junto às pessoas idosas e, em alguns artigos, realizou-se a validação também com especialistas.
Conclusão
constatou-se que o processo de desenvolvimento de GTEC é recente e requer aprimoramento quanto à etapa de validação, a qual nem sempre é realizada pelos pesquisadores. Com relação às recomendações para o seu desenvolvimento, destacam-se o uso da linguagem acessível aos idosos e a associação de conhecimentos teóricos e práticos.
Palavras-Chave:
Tecnologia Educacional; Idoso; Estudos de Validação; Revisão; Enfermagem Baseada em Evidências
INTRODUCTION
Population aging is a global concern that involves issues about health, financial security and the distribution of families’ financial resources to care for the older person. The Decade of Healthy Aging (2021-2030) was declared by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in May 2020, with the aim of improving the lives of older people, their families and communities11 Organização Panamericana da Saúde. Década do envelhecimento saudável nas américas (2021-2030) [Internet]. Brasília, DF: OPAS; 2021 [acesso em 04 jan. 2022]. Disponível em: https://www.paho.org/pt/decada-do-envelhecimento-saudavel-nas-americas-2021-2030.
https://www.paho.org/pt/decada-do-envelh...
.
In Brazil, the strategic agenda of the Ministry of Health has among its objectives the guarantee of comprehensive health care for older people and those with chronic diseases at all levels of health care22 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Diretrizes para o cuidado das pessoas idosas no SUS: proposta de modelo de atenção integral [Internet]. Brasília, DF: MS; 2014 [acesso 15 jul. 2020]. Disponível em: https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/diretrizes_cuidado_pessoa_idosa_sus.pdf.
https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicaco...
. Meeting the demands caused by aging proves to be a challenge for the health system, since assisting this specific public requires a new form of health care and humanization of the care provided33 Borba EL, Medonça FM, Torres KA, Martins PL. A política Nacional da Saúde do Idoso em perspectiva. Rev. Adm. Soc. Inov. 2019;5(1):41-56. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.20401/rasi.5.1.266..
Comprehensive health care for the older person seeks to maintain functional capacity, promote autonomy and, consequently, quality of life. It is important to consider that aging does not mean being disabled. All assistance provided to older people must take into account their ability to judge and make decisions. It is important to encourage and ensure the exercise of autonomy in the older person’s health care relationships44 Paranhos DGAM, Albuquerque A. A autonomia do paciente idoso no contexto dos cuidados em saúde e seu aspecto relacional. Rev. Direito Sanit. 2018;19(1):32-49. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9044.v19i1p32-49..
In this sense, there are gerontechnologies, which seek to assist in the older person’s daily activities55 Antunes MD, Santos AJ, Oliveira DV, Bertolini SMMG, Nishida FS, Oliveira LP, et al. Gerontecnologia: o que mostra a produção científica nos últimos 20 anos? Bol Inf Unimotrisaúde Sociogerontol. 2019;13(6):1-10. Disponível em: https://www.periodicos.ufam.edu.br/index.php/BIUS/article/view/6517.. It is an interdisciplinary field of study, as it involves technology, gerontology and aging, encompassing the development of techniques, products and services based on knowledge of the aging process66 Olympio PCAP, Alvim NAT. Jogo de tabuleiro: uma gerontotecnologia na clínica do cuidado de enfermagem. Rev. Bras. Enferm. 2018;71:871-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0365..
Gerontechnologies have a vast field of action, including research, design and development of various technologies aimed at promoting the older person’s quality of life. The possibility of action is wide, as in health, safety, assistance, communication and stimulation, for example55 Antunes MD, Santos AJ, Oliveira DV, Bertolini SMMG, Nishida FS, Oliveira LP, et al. Gerontecnologia: o que mostra a produção científica nos últimos 20 anos? Bol Inf Unimotrisaúde Sociogerontol. 2019;13(6):1-10. Disponível em: https://www.periodicos.ufam.edu.br/index.php/BIUS/article/view/6517..
Several types of gerontechnologies can be developed to expand the possibilities of health professionals in carrying out innovative and care-producing practices. Among them, care-educational gerontechnologies (CEGT) stand out, known as extremely important resources to complement health care and encourage patient participation, by encouraging self-care, and the family in the care process77 Benevides JL, Coutinho JFV, Pascoal LC, Joventino ES, Martins MC, Gubert FA, et al. Construção e validação de tecnologia educativa sobre cuidados com úlcera venosa. Rev. Esc. Enferm. USP. 2016;50(2):309-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-623420160000200018.
8 D’avilla CG, Puggina AC, Fernandes RAQ. Construção e validação de jogo educativo para gestantes. Esc. Anna Nery. Ref. Enferm. 2018;22(3):1-8. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-9465-EAN-2017-0300.-99 Linard LLP, Silva RCR, Alves SSS, Fernandes MC, Freitas FFQ. Tecnologia educativa como estratégia de incentivo cognitivo ao idoso. In: Moreira TMM, Pinheiro JAM, Florêncio RS, Cestari VRF. Tecnologias para a promoção e o cuidado em saúde [Internet]. Fortaleza: EdUECE; 2018 [acesso em 15 jul. 2020]. p. 178-90. Disponível em: http://www.uece.br/eduece/dmdocuments/TECNOLOGIAS_PARA_A_PROMOCAO_E_O_CUIDADO_EM_SAUDE.pdf.
http://www.uece.br/eduece/dmdocuments/TE...
. Some examples are: manuals, booklets, games, workshops, educational programs and software1010 Moreira APA, Saboia VM, Camacho ACLF, Daher DV, Teixeira E. Jogo educativo de administração de medicamentos: um estudo de validação. Rev. Bras. Enferm. 2014;67(4):528-34. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167.2014670405..
The CEGT enable the dissemination of knowledge, cause changes and influence the older person’s health standard, in addition to increasing the possibilities of using new resources for care practices and health education1111 Lima AMC, Piagge CSLD, Silva ALO, Robazzi MLCC, Melo CB, Vasconcelos SC. Tecnologias educacionais na promoção da saúde do idoso. Enferm. Foco. 2020;11(4):87-96. Disponível em: http://revista.cofen.gov.br/index.php/enfermagem/article/view/3277/956.. From the shared construction of knowledge and the development of cognitive and affective skills, they encourage the patient to use their senses to think and relate these activities to their reality77 Benevides JL, Coutinho JFV, Pascoal LC, Joventino ES, Martins MC, Gubert FA, et al. Construção e validação de tecnologia educativa sobre cuidados com úlcera venosa. Rev. Esc. Enferm. USP. 2016;50(2):309-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-623420160000200018.
8 D’avilla CG, Puggina AC, Fernandes RAQ. Construção e validação de jogo educativo para gestantes. Esc. Anna Nery. Ref. Enferm. 2018;22(3):1-8. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-9465-EAN-2017-0300.-99 Linard LLP, Silva RCR, Alves SSS, Fernandes MC, Freitas FFQ. Tecnologia educativa como estratégia de incentivo cognitivo ao idoso. In: Moreira TMM, Pinheiro JAM, Florêncio RS, Cestari VRF. Tecnologias para a promoção e o cuidado em saúde [Internet]. Fortaleza: EdUECE; 2018 [acesso em 15 jul. 2020]. p. 178-90. Disponível em: http://www.uece.br/eduece/dmdocuments/TECNOLOGIAS_PARA_A_PROMOCAO_E_O_CUIDADO_EM_SAUDE.pdf.
http://www.uece.br/eduece/dmdocuments/TE...
.
The development of these technologies in everyday practice should be encouraged, but they must be valid to prove their effectiveness before using them with the target audience1212 Melo IA, Andrade JS, Otero LM. Construção e validação de tecnologias educacionais desenvolvidas por enfermeiros para pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus: uma revisão integrativa. In: International Nursing Congress; 27 maio; Barcelona; 2017. Disponível em: https://eventos.set.edu.br/cie/article/download/6032/2020.
https://eventos.set.edu.br/cie/article/d...
. Understanding how CEGTs are constructed and validated is useful for professionals who seek to develop them or who use them to support the care provided to the older person, using scientifically based materials with real results.
The present study aimed to identify in the literature how CEGTs have been constructed and validated and to propose recommendations for their development.
METHOD
This is an Integrative Review (IR), which plays a fundamental role in the development of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)1313 Polit DF, Beck CT. Fundamentos de pesquisa em enfermagem: avaliação de evidências para a prática da enfermagem. 7ª. ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed; 2011.. It was conducted in six steps: identification of the theme and selection of the research question; criteria for inclusion and exclusion of studies/literature search; categorization of studies; evaluation of included studies; evaluation of results and synthesis of knowledge. The period from study planning to completion was from June to October 20201414 Mendes KDS, Silveira RCCP, Galvão CM. Revisão integrativa: método de pesquisa para a incorporação de evidências na saúde e na enfermagem. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2008 ;17(4):758-64. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072008000400018.,1515 Mendes KDS, Silveira RCCP, Galvão CM. Uso de gerenciador de referências bibliográficas na seleção dos estudos primários em revisão integrativa. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2019; 28:1-13. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265X-TCE-2017-0204.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265X-TCE-20...
.
The route taken to define the procedures for searching, selecting and analyzing articles followed the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol1616 Page MJ, Moher D, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372(160):1-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160..
The theme was the development and validation of gerontechnologies, aiming to answer the following guiding question: “What do methodological research articles reveal about the construction and validation of gerontechnologies?”. For its elaboration, the PICo1717 Araújo WCO. Recuperação da informação em saúde: construção, modelos e estratégias. Conci: Conv. Ciênc. Inform. 2020;3(2):100-34. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.33467/conci.v3i2.13447. strategy was used, acronym for population (older people), interest (methodological research articles on the construction and validation of care-educational gerontechnologies) and context (health care), adapted for use in non-clinical research.
Inclusion criteria were defined as being an original research article related to the construction and validation of care-educational gerontechnology, which was available in full online and free of charge, published in Portuguese, English and/or Spanish, with no time frame. Duplicate articles, other reviews and studies in which older people were not the target population were excluded.
The search for articles included in the review was carried out from secondary sources. Descriptors and Boolean terms were used in each database in a standardized way. To search for articles, the Web of Science, Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences Information (LILACS), Database on Nursing (BDENF), Medical Literature Online (MEDLINE) and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) databases were selected.
The descriptors used for the search were consulted in the Descriptors in Health Sciences (DeCS) and their synonyms or equivalents in the English language in the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and CINAHL Titles. These were combined with the Boolean operators AND and OR, according to the systematic search strategy presented in Table 1.
Two reviewers independently gave their opinion on the inclusion of each study, and those that reached mutual agreement were selected, in order to avoid biased results. In this study, there was no need for a third reviewer to resolve conflicts. This step took place during the month of August 2020.
For data collection, an instrument composed of two sections was used, adapted from the form of the Red de Enfermería em Salud Ocupacional (RedENSO Internacional)1818 Marziale MH. Instrumento para recolección de datos revisión integrativa [Internet]. [s.l.]: RedENSO; 2015 [acesso em 10 jun. 2020]. Disponível em: http://gruposdepesquisa.eerp.usp.br/sites/redenso/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2019/09/Instrumiento_revision_litetarura_RedENSO_2015.pdf.
http://gruposdepesquisa.eerp.usp.br/site...
, the first consisting of basic information about the publications, such as: title, name and training of the authors, year, country, database, language, journal, study type and level of evidence. The second part of the instrument contains questions related to the topic of interest, consisting of questions that addressed the name, type, classification, objective and content of the technology developed, essential characteristics for its development and validation and/or evaluation process.
The level of evidence (LE) was determined according to the classification by Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt1919 Melnyk BM, Fineout-Overholt E. Making the case for evidence-based practice. In: Melnyk BM, Fineout-Overholt E. (Eds.). Evidence-based practice in nursing and healthcare: a guide to best practice. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2005. p. 3-24. in: level I – systematic review or meta-analysis; level II – randomized controlled trial; level III – controlled study without randomization; level IV - case-control study or cohort study; level V – systematic review of qualitative or descriptive studies; level VI – qualitative or descriptive study; and level VII – opinion or consensus.
The gerontechnologies found in the studies were determined according to the classification of educational health technologies by Teixeira2020 Teixeira E. Interfaces participativas na pesquisa metodológica para as investigações em enfermagem. Rev. Enferm. UFSM. 2019; 9(1):1-3. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5902/2179769236334.
https://doi.org/10.5902/2179769236334...
,2121 Lucca DC, Hammerschmidt KSA, Girondi JBR, Fernandez DLR, Carvalho AB, Rosa SS, et al. Jogo das Atitudes: gerontotecnologia educacional para idosos em tratamento hemodialítico. Rev. Bras. Enferm. 2020;73(suppl.3):e20180694. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0694. into material educational technologies – which are products, and intangible educational technologies – dynamic processes.
The selected studies were critically analyzed, and the extracted information was categorized according to the objects of interest and presented in tables containing the profile of the publications, the characterization of the gerontechnologies constructed, the methodological validation processes and the main recommendations for the development of gerontechnologies.
RESULTS
A total of 242 studies were retrieved, and 215 publications were excluded after reading the title and abstract because they did not answer the research question or because older people were not the target audience. Consequently, 27 publications were read in full, of which 10 articles were excluded, resulting in the composition of 17 primary studies for this integrative review, as detailed in Figure 1.
Flowchart for the selection of primary studies, adapted from the PRISMA recommendation. Picos - PI, Brazil, 2020.
Among the studies analyzed, most did not exceed the limit of 10 years of publication, with 2019 being the year with the most publications. As for the place where the studies were carried out, Brazil was the outstanding country. The professionals who stood out in the construction of care-educational gerontechnologies were nurses, with a significant number of published studies.
Material gerontechnologies predominated, represented by booklets, leaflets, manuals, games, even software and multimedia materials. Immaterial gerontechnologies were also contemplated with the development of empowerment techniques and socio-educational groups. Table 2 was constructed by the authors to present the synthesis of data from each primary study included in the review.
As for the methodological characteristics for the construction and validation of the CEGT identified in the studies, they are presented in Table 3. Regarding the construction method, different processes performed by the authors were observed. Common points were found, such as the older people’s situational diagnosis, reported by eleven studies, guided by the application of semi-structured interviews2424 Barros EJL, Santos SSC, Gomes GC, Erdmann AL. Gerontotecnologia educativa voltada ao idoso estomizado à luz da complexidade. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2012;33(2):95-101. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-14472012000200014.,2525 Pennafort VPS, Lobo FLM, Barbosa TO, Pontes FG. Tecnologia educacional para orientação de idosos nos cuidados com a fístula arteriovenosa. Enferm. Foco. 2019;10(6):79-84. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.21675/2357-707X.2019.v10.n6.2467.,2727 Throfast V, Hellström L, Hovstadius B, Petersson G, Ericson L. e-Learning for the elderly on drug utilization: A pilot study. Health Informat J. 2017;25(2):227-39. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177/1460458217704245.,3030 Ferreira JM, Hammerschmitdt KSA, Siewert JS, Alvarez AM, Locks MOH, Heidmann ITSB. Gerontotechnology for the prevention of falls of the elderly with Parkinson. Rev. Bras. Enferm. 2019; 72(Suppl 2):243-50. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0704.,3535 Delatorre PG, Sá SPC. Tecnologia educacional para a alta hospitalar do idoso submetido à angioplastia coronariana transluminal percutânea. Rev. Enferm. UFPE on Line. 2013;7(esp):5040-3. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963-v7i7a11768p5040-5043-2013.,3636 Campos K, Oliveira JRM, Blasca WQ. Processo de adaptação de aparelho de amplificação sonora individual: elaboração de um DVD para auxiliar a orientação a indivíduos idosos. Rev. Soc. Bras. Fonoaudiol. 2010;15(1):19-25. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-80342010000100006., dialogue66 Olympio PCAP, Alvim NAT. Jogo de tabuleiro: uma gerontotecnologia na clínica do cuidado de enfermagem. Rev. Bras. Enferm. 2018;71:871-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0365.,2222 Gonçalves LHT, Schier J. “Grupo Aqui e Agora” : uma tecnologia leve de ação sócio-educativa de enfermagem. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2005;14(2):271-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072005000200016.,3131 Carvalho KM, Figueiredo MLF, Galindo Neto NM, Sá GGM. Construction and validation of a sleep hygiene booklet for the elderly. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):214-20. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0603. and scales2626 Goes TM, Polaro SHI, Gonçalves LHT. Cultivo do bem viver das pessoas idosas e tecnologia cuidativo-educacional de enfermagem. Enferm. Foco. 2016;7(2):47-51. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.21675/2357-707X.2016.v7.n2.794.,2929 Costa NP, Polaro SHI, Vahl EAC, Gonçalves LHT. Storytelling: a care technology in continuing education for active ageing. Re.v Bras. Enferm. 2016;69(6):1068-75. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0390.,3030 Ferreira JM, Hammerschmitdt KSA, Siewert JS, Alvarez AM, Locks MOH, Heidmann ITSB. Gerontotechnology for the prevention of falls of the elderly with Parkinson. Rev. Bras. Enferm. 2019; 72(Suppl 2):243-50. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0704., selected according to the purpose of each research. Six studies report carrying out a literature review on the topic to be addressed to support the subsequent elaboration of the technology content2121 Lucca DC, Hammerschmidt KSA, Girondi JBR, Fernandez DLR, Carvalho AB, Rosa SS, et al. Jogo das Atitudes: gerontotecnologia educacional para idosos em tratamento hemodialítico. Rev. Bras. Enferm. 2020;73(suppl.3):e20180694. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0694.,2424 Barros EJL, Santos SSC, Gomes GC, Erdmann AL. Gerontotecnologia educativa voltada ao idoso estomizado à luz da complexidade. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2012;33(2):95-101. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-14472012000200014.,2525 Pennafort VPS, Lobo FLM, Barbosa TO, Pontes FG. Tecnologia educacional para orientação de idosos nos cuidados com a fístula arteriovenosa. Enferm. Foco. 2019;10(6):79-84. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.21675/2357-707X.2019.v10.n6.2467.,3131 Carvalho KM, Figueiredo MLF, Galindo Neto NM, Sá GGM. Construction and validation of a sleep hygiene booklet for the elderly. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):214-20. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0603.,3434 Nakamura MY, Almeida K. Desenvolvimento de material educacional para orientação de idosos candidatos ao uso de próteses auditivas. Audiol. Commun. Res. 2018;23(e1938):1-8. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-6431-2017-1938.,3636 Campos K, Oliveira JRM, Blasca WQ. Processo de adaptação de aparelho de amplificação sonora individual: elaboração de um DVD para auxiliar a orientação a indivíduos idosos. Rev. Soc. Bras. Fonoaudiol. 2010;15(1):19-25. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-80342010000100006..
Methodological path for the construction and validation of care-educational gerontechnologies of the analyzed studies. Picos – PI, Brazil, 2020.
Regarding the validation process, six studies present gerontechnologies validated by specialists and older people2424 Barros EJL, Santos SSC, Gomes GC, Erdmann AL. Gerontotecnologia educativa voltada ao idoso estomizado à luz da complexidade. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2012;33(2):95-101. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-14472012000200014.,2727 Throfast V, Hellström L, Hovstadius B, Petersson G, Ericson L. e-Learning for the elderly on drug utilization: A pilot study. Health Informat J. 2017;25(2):227-39. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177/1460458217704245.,2828 Rocha GS, Oliveira APP, Teixeira E, Nemer CRB. Validação de manual de cuidados de idosos após cirurgia cerebral. Rev. Enferm. UFPE on line. 2019;13:e243025. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963.2019.243025.,3131 Carvalho KM, Figueiredo MLF, Galindo Neto NM, Sá GGM. Construction and validation of a sleep hygiene booklet for the elderly. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):214-20. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0603.,3333 Macedo MLM, Chaves SPL, Amaral AKFJ, Pontes ES, Silva DN, Cruz RL, et al. Construção e validação de conteúdo e aparência de um guia de saúde vocal para a pessoa idosa. Rev. CEFAC. 2020;22(1):e6619. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0216/20202216619.,3535 Delatorre PG, Sá SPC. Tecnologia educacional para a alta hospitalar do idoso submetido à angioplastia coronariana transluminal percutânea. Rev. Enferm. UFPE on Line. 2013;7(esp):5040-3. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963-v7i7a11768p5040-5043-2013., seven were validated only by older people66 Olympio PCAP, Alvim NAT. Jogo de tabuleiro: uma gerontotecnologia na clínica do cuidado de enfermagem. Rev. Bras. Enferm. 2018;71:871-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0365.,2121 Lucca DC, Hammerschmidt KSA, Girondi JBR, Fernandez DLR, Carvalho AB, Rosa SS, et al. Jogo das Atitudes: gerontotecnologia educacional para idosos em tratamento hemodialítico. Rev. Bras. Enferm. 2020;73(suppl.3):e20180694. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0694.,2222 Gonçalves LHT, Schier J. “Grupo Aqui e Agora” : uma tecnologia leve de ação sócio-educativa de enfermagem. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2005;14(2):271-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072005000200016.,2525 Pennafort VPS, Lobo FLM, Barbosa TO, Pontes FG. Tecnologia educacional para orientação de idosos nos cuidados com a fístula arteriovenosa. Enferm. Foco. 2019;10(6):79-84. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.21675/2357-707X.2019.v10.n6.2467.,2626 Goes TM, Polaro SHI, Gonçalves LHT. Cultivo do bem viver das pessoas idosas e tecnologia cuidativo-educacional de enfermagem. Enferm. Foco. 2016;7(2):47-51. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.21675/2357-707X.2016.v7.n2.794.,2929 Costa NP, Polaro SHI, Vahl EAC, Gonçalves LHT. Storytelling: a care technology in continuing education for active ageing. Re.v Bras. Enferm. 2016;69(6):1068-75. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0390.,3030 Ferreira JM, Hammerschmitdt KSA, Siewert JS, Alvarez AM, Locks MOH, Heidmann ITSB. Gerontotechnology for the prevention of falls of the elderly with Parkinson. Rev. Bras. Enferm. 2019; 72(Suppl 2):243-50. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0704., and four were not validated by the authors2323 Hammerschmidt KSA, Lenardt MH. Tecnologia educacional inovadora para o empoderamento junto a idosos com diabetes mellitus. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2010;19(2):358-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072010000200018.,3232 Santos CMVT, Andrade JA, Amorim AC, Garcia PA, Carvalho GA, Vilaça KHC. Application on mobile platform “Idoso Ativo” (Active Aging): exercises for lower limbs combining technology and health. Fisioter. Mov. 2018; 31:e003117. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.031.AO17.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.031....
,3434 Nakamura MY, Almeida K. Desenvolvimento de material educacional para orientação de idosos candidatos ao uso de próteses auditivas. Audiol. Commun. Res. 2018;23(e1938):1-8. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-6431-2017-1938.,3636 Campos K, Oliveira JRM, Blasca WQ. Processo de adaptação de aparelho de amplificação sonora individual: elaboração de um DVD para auxiliar a orientação a indivíduos idosos. Rev. Soc. Bras. Fonoaudiol. 2010;15(1):19-25. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-80342010000100006.. Regarding the methodological approach, qualitative studies stood out (n=15)66 Olympio PCAP, Alvim NAT. Jogo de tabuleiro: uma gerontotecnologia na clínica do cuidado de enfermagem. Rev. Bras. Enferm. 2018;71:871-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0365.,2121 Lucca DC, Hammerschmidt KSA, Girondi JBR, Fernandez DLR, Carvalho AB, Rosa SS, et al. Jogo das Atitudes: gerontotecnologia educacional para idosos em tratamento hemodialítico. Rev. Bras. Enferm. 2020;73(suppl.3):e20180694. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0694.
22 Gonçalves LHT, Schier J. “Grupo Aqui e Agora” : uma tecnologia leve de ação sócio-educativa de enfermagem. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2005;14(2):271-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072005000200016.
23 Hammerschmidt KSA, Lenardt MH. Tecnologia educacional inovadora para o empoderamento junto a idosos com diabetes mellitus. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2010;19(2):358-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072010000200018.
24 Barros EJL, Santos SSC, Gomes GC, Erdmann AL. Gerontotecnologia educativa voltada ao idoso estomizado à luz da complexidade. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2012;33(2):95-101. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-14472012000200014.
25 Pennafort VPS, Lobo FLM, Barbosa TO, Pontes FG. Tecnologia educacional para orientação de idosos nos cuidados com a fístula arteriovenosa. Enferm. Foco. 2019;10(6):79-84. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.21675/2357-707X.2019.v10.n6.2467.
26 Goes TM, Polaro SHI, Gonçalves LHT. Cultivo do bem viver das pessoas idosas e tecnologia cuidativo-educacional de enfermagem. Enferm. Foco. 2016;7(2):47-51. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.21675/2357-707X.2016.v7.n2.794.
27 Throfast V, Hellström L, Hovstadius B, Petersson G, Ericson L. e-Learning for the elderly on drug utilization: A pilot study. Health Informat J. 2017;25(2):227-39. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177/1460458217704245.
28 Rocha GS, Oliveira APP, Teixeira E, Nemer CRB. Validação de manual de cuidados de idosos após cirurgia cerebral. Rev. Enferm. UFPE on line. 2019;13:e243025. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963.2019.243025.
29 Costa NP, Polaro SHI, Vahl EAC, Gonçalves LHT. Storytelling: a care technology in continuing education for active ageing. Re.v Bras. Enferm. 2016;69(6):1068-75. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0390.-3030 Ferreira JM, Hammerschmitdt KSA, Siewert JS, Alvarez AM, Locks MOH, Heidmann ITSB. Gerontotechnology for the prevention of falls of the elderly with Parkinson. Rev. Bras. Enferm. 2019; 72(Suppl 2):243-50. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0704.,3232 Santos CMVT, Andrade JA, Amorim AC, Garcia PA, Carvalho GA, Vilaça KHC. Application on mobile platform “Idoso Ativo” (Active Aging): exercises for lower limbs combining technology and health. Fisioter. Mov. 2018; 31:e003117. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.031.AO17.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.031....
,3434 Nakamura MY, Almeida K. Desenvolvimento de material educacional para orientação de idosos candidatos ao uso de próteses auditivas. Audiol. Commun. Res. 2018;23(e1938):1-8. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-6431-2017-1938.,3636 Campos K, Oliveira JRM, Blasca WQ. Processo de adaptação de aparelho de amplificação sonora individual: elaboração de um DVD para auxiliar a orientação a indivíduos idosos. Rev. Soc. Bras. Fonoaudiol. 2010;15(1):19-25. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-80342010000100006., of which six were guided by the principles of Convergent Care Research66 Olympio PCAP, Alvim NAT. Jogo de tabuleiro: uma gerontotecnologia na clínica do cuidado de enfermagem. Rev. Bras. Enferm. 2018;71:871-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0365.,2121 Lucca DC, Hammerschmidt KSA, Girondi JBR, Fernandez DLR, Carvalho AB, Rosa SS, et al. Jogo das Atitudes: gerontotecnologia educacional para idosos em tratamento hemodialítico. Rev. Bras. Enferm. 2020;73(suppl.3):e20180694. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0694.,2222 Gonçalves LHT, Schier J. “Grupo Aqui e Agora” : uma tecnologia leve de ação sócio-educativa de enfermagem. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2005;14(2):271-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072005000200016.,2626 Goes TM, Polaro SHI, Gonçalves LHT. Cultivo do bem viver das pessoas idosas e tecnologia cuidativo-educacional de enfermagem. Enferm. Foco. 2016;7(2):47-51. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.21675/2357-707X.2016.v7.n2.794.,2929 Costa NP, Polaro SHI, Vahl EAC, Gonçalves LHT. Storytelling: a care technology in continuing education for active ageing. Re.v Bras. Enferm. 2016;69(6):1068-75. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0390.,3030 Ferreira JM, Hammerschmitdt KSA, Siewert JS, Alvarez AM, Locks MOH, Heidmann ITSB. Gerontotechnology for the prevention of falls of the elderly with Parkinson. Rev. Bras. Enferm. 2019; 72(Suppl 2):243-50. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0704., on the other hand, three studies had a quantitative approach, of the methodological research type2828 Rocha GS, Oliveira APP, Teixeira E, Nemer CRB. Validação de manual de cuidados de idosos após cirurgia cerebral. Rev. Enferm. UFPE on line. 2019;13:e243025. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963.2019.243025.,3131 Carvalho KM, Figueiredo MLF, Galindo Neto NM, Sá GGM. Construction and validation of a sleep hygiene booklet for the elderly. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):214-20. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0603.,3535 Delatorre PG, Sá SPC. Tecnologia educacional para a alta hospitalar do idoso submetido à angioplastia coronariana transluminal percutânea. Rev. Enferm. UFPE on Line. 2013;7(esp):5040-3. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963-v7i7a11768p5040-5043-2013., and two studies were quantitative-qualitative2828 Rocha GS, Oliveira APP, Teixeira E, Nemer CRB. Validação de manual de cuidados de idosos após cirurgia cerebral. Rev. Enferm. UFPE on line. 2019;13:e243025. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963.2019.243025.,3434 Nakamura MY, Almeida K. Desenvolvimento de material educacional para orientação de idosos candidatos ao uso de próteses auditivas. Audiol. Commun. Res. 2018;23(e1938):1-8. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-6431-2017-1938..
Considering the particularities of each study in the elaboration of gerontechnologies, respecting the peculiarities of the target audience, the recommendations considered essential for the construction process were summarized in Table 4, noting that they refer mainly to language, content and appearance. Level IV evidence was found on the construction and validation of gerontechnologies, being classified as such because they come from descriptive or qualitative studies.
Essential recommendations for the construction of a care-educational gerontechnology. Picos, PI, Brazil, 2020.
DISCUSSION
The findings of the study demonstrate that the scientific production on care-educational gerontechnologies is recent. Brazil was highlighted and the nurse was the professional with a significant number of publications. Studies with a qualitative approach and the construction of material technologies predominated. The technologies were built after carrying out a situational diagnosis and literature review, respecting important recommendations for the particularities of older people. Most studies carried out the validation process only with the target audience.
Brazil was the country where almost all the analyzed productions were carried out, which can be explained by the fact that the search was carried out mostly in electronic databases in Latin America and the Caribbean. Even so, this situation is connected with the care model adopted by the Unified Health System (SUS), which is based on the guidance of care practices and the search for a care model focused on health promotion and disease prevention3737 Silva MCN, Machado MH. Sistema de Saúde e Trabalho: desafios para a Enfermagem no Brasil. Ciênc. Saúde Colet. 2020;25(1):7-13. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020251.27572019..
The findings highlight the nurse as the professional with the greatest participation and contribution in the development of CEGT, which is related to the competences inherent to the profession, such as being responsible for guiding and educating, encouraging self-care. Nursing is usually surrounded by various educational practices, ranging from the communication and empowerment of older people to the development of software and educational materials3838 Odebrecht CO, Gonçalves LO, Sell I. Da gerontologia a gerontecnologia. [s.l.]: Portal do envelhecimento; 2000. Disponível em: http://www.portaldoenvelhecimento.com/acervo/artieop/Geral/artigo140.htm.
http://www.portaldoenvelhecimento.com/ac...
.
The participation of nursing professionals in the development of CEGT corroborates the review study3939 Frota KC, Santos LTS, Oliveira LS, Marques MF, Ponte KMA. Tecnologias educativas: estratégias eficientes para a promoção da saúde de idosos. Rev. Saúde.Com. 2019;15(2):1531-7. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.22481/rsc.v15i2.4401. in which Brazilian and nursing productions were highlighted. Another literature review3838 Odebrecht CO, Gonçalves LO, Sell I. Da gerontologia a gerontecnologia. [s.l.]: Portal do envelhecimento; 2000. Disponível em: http://www.portaldoenvelhecimento.com/acervo/artieop/Geral/artigo140.htm.
http://www.portaldoenvelhecimento.com/ac...
found advances in the development of technologies by these professionals in favor of care for older people, which leads us to perceive the insertion of this class both in the use and in the development of CEGT.
It is noticed that the field of study of care-educational gerontechnologies is in development when analyzing the timeline of the analyzed articles. This condition may be related to the decrease in reproductive rates and the decrease in the mortality of adults and older people, characterizing the population aging phenomenon. With the increase in life expectancy, chronic degenerative diseases are more frequent, which presses for new forms of care that preserve older people’s autonomy and functionality4040 Oliveira AS. Transição demográfica, transição epidemiológica e envelhecimento populacional no brasil. Hygeia. 2019;15(31):69-79. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.14393/Hygeia153248614..
It was possible to observe that for the construction of the CEGTs, a path formed by three stages was followed: situational diagnosis, literature review/planning and technology development. In the first stage, the researcher is inserted in the chosen place to seek information about the health situation of the population in question4141 Mendonça GJMG, Albuquerque CCP, Lima EGDP, Rocha GD, Pereira SF, Melo AMB. A utilização do diagnóstico situacional para o planejamento das ações na ESF. Braz J Health Rev. 2021;4(2):8170-84. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv4n2-346.. In the second stage, the search for scientific references that can support the writing of content and appropriate recommendations for the appearance of technologies aimed at older people is carried out3434 Nakamura MY, Almeida K. Desenvolvimento de material educacional para orientação de idosos candidatos ao uso de próteses auditivas. Audiol. Commun. Res. 2018;23(e1938):1-8. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-6431-2017-1938.. After these two steps, the actual elaboration of the material takes place.
There are no specific methods, consolidated in the literature, for the construction of CEGT, however, based on what has been analyzed, the aforementioned steps are a path that can be followed by researchers, as some similarity in the conduct of the studies can be affirmed. They are important, because by following them, they allow the development of CEGT suited to the needs of the target audience, with language, content and appearance that allow older people to access true and current information and that are applicable during the care and self-care process3434 Nakamura MY, Almeida K. Desenvolvimento de material educacional para orientação de idosos candidatos ao uso de próteses auditivas. Audiol. Commun. Res. 2018;23(e1938):1-8. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-6431-2017-1938., 4141 Mendonça GJMG, Albuquerque CCP, Lima EGDP, Rocha GD, Pereira SF, Melo AMB. A utilização do diagnóstico situacional para o planejamento das ações na ESF. Braz J Health Rev. 2021;4(2):8170-84. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv4n2-346..
Regarding the characteristics of CEGT, there was a predominance of material gerontechnologies, among these, printed technologies were the most frequent, developed in six studies2424 Barros EJL, Santos SSC, Gomes GC, Erdmann AL. Gerontotecnologia educativa voltada ao idoso estomizado à luz da complexidade. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2012;33(2):95-101. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-14472012000200014.,2828 Rocha GS, Oliveira APP, Teixeira E, Nemer CRB. Validação de manual de cuidados de idosos após cirurgia cerebral. Rev. Enferm. UFPE on line. 2019;13:e243025. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963.2019.243025.,3030 Ferreira JM, Hammerschmitdt KSA, Siewert JS, Alvarez AM, Locks MOH, Heidmann ITSB. Gerontotechnology for the prevention of falls of the elderly with Parkinson. Rev. Bras. Enferm. 2019; 72(Suppl 2):243-50. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0704.,3131 Carvalho KM, Figueiredo MLF, Galindo Neto NM, Sá GGM. Construction and validation of a sleep hygiene booklet for the elderly. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):214-20. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0603.,3333 Macedo MLM, Chaves SPL, Amaral AKFJ, Pontes ES, Silva DN, Cruz RL, et al. Construção e validação de conteúdo e aparência de um guia de saúde vocal para a pessoa idosa. Rev. CEFAC. 2020;22(1):e6619. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0216/20202216619.,3535 Delatorre PG, Sá SPC. Tecnologia educacional para a alta hospitalar do idoso submetido à angioplastia coronariana transluminal percutânea. Rev. Enferm. UFPE on Line. 2013;7(esp):5040-3. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963-v7i7a11768p5040-5043-2013. and, although they bring different nomenclatures (manuals, guides, booklets), they are considered equivalent due to its printed form. In a review4242 Maniva SJCF, Carvalho ZMF, Gomes RKG, Carvalho REFL, Ximenes LB, Freitas CHA. Tecnologias educativas para educação em saúde no acidente vascular cerebral: revisão integrativa. Rev. Bras. Enferm. 2018;71(suppl.4):1724-31. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0041. carried out to identify educational technologies in health related to Cerebral Vascular Accident in the literature, there was also a higher frequency of use of printed materials.
Another review3838 Odebrecht CO, Gonçalves LO, Sell I. Da gerontologia a gerontecnologia. [s.l.]: Portal do envelhecimento; 2000. Disponível em: http://www.portaldoenvelhecimento.com/acervo/artieop/Geral/artigo140.htm.
http://www.portaldoenvelhecimento.com/ac...
points to the use of printed material as an effective technological tool by enabling the apprehension, exchange of knowledge and development of skills at home. A study3131 Carvalho KM, Figueiredo MLF, Galindo Neto NM, Sá GGM. Construction and validation of a sleep hygiene booklet for the elderly. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):214-20. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0603. developed an educational booklet to mediate guidance on care for the peristomal skin of people with stomas, and they corroborate by highlighting that printed educational materials play an important role in health education, as they favor learning by having the possibility of being available to the patient and his family whenever doubts arise.
Two studies developed educational games, one with board66 Olympio PCAP, Alvim NAT. Jogo de tabuleiro: uma gerontotecnologia na clínica do cuidado de enfermagem. Rev. Bras. Enferm. 2018;71:871-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0365. and the other with cards2121 Lucca DC, Hammerschmidt KSA, Girondi JBR, Fernandez DLR, Carvalho AB, Rosa SS, et al. Jogo das Atitudes: gerontotecnologia educacional para idosos em tratamento hemodialítico. Rev. Bras. Enferm. 2020;73(suppl.3):e20180694. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0694.. The use of the game as a gerotechnological product represents a break with the concept of educational activities based on the centrality of the disease, and emerges as a playful, natural and motivating strategy to promote self-determination, psychological, cognitive and social development, enhance self-esteem, exchanged experiences and shared learning among older people.
Still in relation to the material CEGT, it is possible to observe the production of digital educational technologies (DET), such as e-learning modules2727 Throfast V, Hellström L, Hovstadius B, Petersson G, Ericson L. e-Learning for the elderly on drug utilization: A pilot study. Health Informat J. 2017;25(2):227-39. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177/1460458217704245., multimedia materials (interactive archive and film)3434 Nakamura MY, Almeida K. Desenvolvimento de material educacional para orientação de idosos candidatos ao uso de próteses auditivas. Audiol. Commun. Res. 2018;23(e1938):1-8. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-6431-2017-1938.,3636 Campos K, Oliveira JRM, Blasca WQ. Processo de adaptação de aparelho de amplificação sonora individual: elaboração de um DVD para auxiliar a orientação a indivíduos idosos. Rev. Soc. Bras. Fonoaudiol. 2010;15(1):19-25. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-80342010000100006. and a software3232 Santos CMVT, Andrade JA, Amorim AC, Garcia PA, Carvalho GA, Vilaça KHC. Application on mobile platform “Idoso Ativo” (Active Aging): exercises for lower limbs combining technology and health. Fisioter. Mov. 2018; 31:e003117. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.031.AO17.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.031....
. What these gerontechnologies have in common is that they need to be associated with Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), such as internet access and a smartphone, DVD or computer, to be used.
Therefore, the advantages of developing DET for older people involve visual, tactile and auditory stimuli that allow the use of several simultaneous and playful resources, instigating the construction of mental images, facilitating the memorization of information4343 Sá GGM, Silva FL, Santos AMR, Noleto JS, Gouveia MTO, Nogueira LT. Tecnologias desenvolvidas para a educação em saúde de idosos na comunidade: revisão integrativa da literatura. Rev. Latinoam. Enferm. 2019;27(e3186):1-12. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.3171.3186.. The studies that developed and used DET obtained satisfactory results in relation to the objective of the technology, in addition to the approval of its use by the target audience2727 Throfast V, Hellström L, Hovstadius B, Petersson G, Ericson L. e-Learning for the elderly on drug utilization: A pilot study. Health Informat J. 2017;25(2):227-39. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177/1460458217704245.,3232 Santos CMVT, Andrade JA, Amorim AC, Garcia PA, Carvalho GA, Vilaça KHC. Application on mobile platform “Idoso Ativo” (Active Aging): exercises for lower limbs combining technology and health. Fisioter. Mov. 2018; 31:e003117. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.031.AO17.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.031....
.
Regarding immaterial care-educational gerontechnologies, the development of educational actions was identified in four studies that carried out educational programs/group activities2222 Gonçalves LHT, Schier J. “Grupo Aqui e Agora” : uma tecnologia leve de ação sócio-educativa de enfermagem. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2005;14(2):271-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072005000200016.,2626 Goes TM, Polaro SHI, Gonçalves LHT. Cultivo do bem viver das pessoas idosas e tecnologia cuidativo-educacional de enfermagem. Enferm. Foco. 2016;7(2):47-51. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.21675/2357-707X.2016.v7.n2.794.,2929 Costa NP, Polaro SHI, Vahl EAC, Gonçalves LHT. Storytelling: a care technology in continuing education for active ageing. Re.v Bras. Enferm. 2016;69(6):1068-75. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0390.,4444 Berardinelli LMM, Guedes NAC, Ramos JP, Silva MGN. Tecnologia educacional como estratégia de empoderamento de pessoas com enfermidades crônicas. Rev Enferm. UERJ. 2014;22(5):603-9. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/reuerj.2014.15509. and one study carried out individualized action, associated with the assistance provided2323 Hammerschmidt KSA, Lenardt MH. Tecnologia educacional inovadora para o empoderamento junto a idosos com diabetes mellitus. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2010;19(2):358-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072010000200018.. Immaterial CEGTs work as instruments that favor autonomy and improve the living conditions of older people and contribute to the maintenance of biopsychosocial balance4545 Gonçalves KD, Soares MC, Bielemann VLM. Grupos com idosos: estratégia para (re)orientar o cuidado em saúde. Rev. Conexão UEPG. 2013;9(2):218-25. Disponível em: http://www.revistas2.uepg.br/index.php/conexao. through dialogic relationships between the educational and care process, which are essential to gerontechnology, humanizing relationships and promoting health care for the older person.
Regarding the development of care-educational gerontechnology, the validation process is essential, as it guarantees the quality and effectiveness of the product, which enhances health education carried out through technology. Validation is almost always done by specialists in the field to suit the material for the target audience. It can be carried out in line with the target audience or just with it depending on the type of technology and the researcher’s objectives2020 Teixeira E. Interfaces participativas na pesquisa metodológica para as investigações em enfermagem. Rev. Enferm. UFSM. 2019; 9(1):1-3. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5902/2179769236334.
https://doi.org/10.5902/2179769236334...
.
In this review, we observed a prioritization of validation with the target audience. The option of using an interview instead of a questionnaire for the validation of the CEGT by older people is very common and happens because it allows greater flexibility considering the specificities of this public. The interview is less tiring and when working with older people, the influence of limitations that may interfere with the success of data collection, such as decreased visual acuity and low level of education, must be mitigated, so that such factors do not mask the results of the technological intervention4646 Gomes MC, Oliveira, AA, Alcará AR. Entrevista: um relato de aplicação da técnica. In: Anais do 6º Seminário em Ciência da Informação; Ago 3-5 2016 ; Londrina, Brasil. Londrina: UEL; 2016. p. 1-13. Disponível em: http://www.uel.br/eventos/cinf/index.php/secin2016/secin2016/paper/viewFile/359/175
http://www.uel.br/eventos/cinf/index.php...
.
Regarding quantitative research for the creation and validation of CEGTs, it is considered that they have a more structured process that can be reproduced by researchers. This research method favors the availability of numerical measures that are more easily comparable to those of other validation studies. The three studies2828 Rocha GS, Oliveira APP, Teixeira E, Nemer CRB. Validação de manual de cuidados de idosos após cirurgia cerebral. Rev. Enferm. UFPE on line. 2019;13:e243025. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963.2019.243025.,3131 Carvalho KM, Figueiredo MLF, Galindo Neto NM, Sá GGM. Construction and validation of a sleep hygiene booklet for the elderly. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):214-20. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0603.,3333 Macedo MLM, Chaves SPL, Amaral AKFJ, Pontes ES, Silva DN, Cruz RL, et al. Construção e validação de conteúdo e aparência de um guia de saúde vocal para a pessoa idosa. Rev. CEFAC. 2020;22(1):e6619. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0216/20202216619. that used it, validated gerontechnology both with specialists and the target audience, and used corresponding assessment instruments for each stage, such as the Educational Content Validation Instrument (ECVI) and the Suitability Assessment of Materials (SAM), very common in ET validation for other audiences.
It is necessary to draw the attention of researchers who develop gerontechnologies to the importance of validating these materials. Four studies2323 Hammerschmidt KSA, Lenardt MH. Tecnologia educacional inovadora para o empoderamento junto a idosos com diabetes mellitus. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2010;19(2):358-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072010000200018.,3232 Santos CMVT, Andrade JA, Amorim AC, Garcia PA, Carvalho GA, Vilaça KHC. Application on mobile platform “Idoso Ativo” (Active Aging): exercises for lower limbs combining technology and health. Fisioter. Mov. 2018; 31:e003117. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.031.AO17.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.031....
,3434 Nakamura MY, Almeida K. Desenvolvimento de material educacional para orientação de idosos candidatos ao uso de próteses auditivas. Audiol. Commun. Res. 2018;23(e1938):1-8. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-6431-2017-1938.,3636 Campos K, Oliveira JRM, Blasca WQ. Processo de adaptação de aparelho de amplificação sonora individual: elaboração de um DVD para auxiliar a orientação a indivíduos idosos. Rev. Soc. Bras. Fonoaudiol. 2010;15(1):19-25. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-80342010000100006. did not adopt any form of evaluation of the technology developed or applied, which becomes a risk, since in the case of older people, the adequacy of these materials must be even more careful and directed, taking into consideration the possible decay related to aging3434 Nakamura MY, Almeida K. Desenvolvimento de material educacional para orientação de idosos candidatos ao uso de próteses auditivas. Audiol. Commun. Res. 2018;23(e1938):1-8. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-6431-2017-1938..
In view of the essential recommendations for the development of materials for older people, in terms of language and content, intelligibility and accessibility should be prioritized, with the content being written in a simple, easy to understand way. The suggestions are that the language used should be simple and clear, compatible with the older person’s understanding. One should opt for short phrases or key concepts, avoid the use of jargon or technical terms, use verbal and non-verbal communication, and when using images and symbols, prioritize the most familiar ones, which are related to the older person’s routine66 Olympio PCAP, Alvim NAT. Jogo de tabuleiro: uma gerontotecnologia na clínica do cuidado de enfermagem. Rev. Bras. Enferm. 2018;71:871-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0365., 2424 Barros EJL, Santos SSC, Gomes GC, Erdmann AL. Gerontotecnologia educativa voltada ao idoso estomizado à luz da complexidade. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2012;33(2):95-101. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-14472012000200014.,2828 Rocha GS, Oliveira APP, Teixeira E, Nemer CRB. Validação de manual de cuidados de idosos após cirurgia cerebral. Rev. Enferm. UFPE on line. 2019;13:e243025. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963.2019.243025.,3131 Carvalho KM, Figueiredo MLF, Galindo Neto NM, Sá GGM. Construction and validation of a sleep hygiene booklet for the elderly. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):214-20. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0603.
32 Santos CMVT, Andrade JA, Amorim AC, Garcia PA, Carvalho GA, Vilaça KHC. Application on mobile platform “Idoso Ativo” (Active Aging): exercises for lower limbs combining technology and health. Fisioter. Mov. 2018; 31:e003117. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.031.AO17.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.031....
33 Macedo MLM, Chaves SPL, Amaral AKFJ, Pontes ES, Silva DN, Cruz RL, et al. Construção e validação de conteúdo e aparência de um guia de saúde vocal para a pessoa idosa. Rev. CEFAC. 2020;22(1):e6619. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0216/20202216619.-3434 Nakamura MY, Almeida K. Desenvolvimento de material educacional para orientação de idosos candidatos ao uso de próteses auditivas. Audiol. Commun. Res. 2018;23(e1938):1-8. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-6431-2017-1938..
If the purpose of creating an educational technology is to facilitate the apprehension of information, then readability and legibility must be taken into account in the construction process, as this will make it as easy as possible for readers to understand even when they have lower levels of literacy. It is reinforced that when it comes to materials aimed at older people, the possible sensory and cognitive decay of this audience must be considered77 Benevides JL, Coutinho JFV, Pascoal LC, Joventino ES, Martins MC, Gubert FA, et al. Construção e validação de tecnologia educativa sobre cuidados com úlcera venosa. Rev. Esc. Enferm. USP. 2016;50(2):309-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-623420160000200018..
One of the recommendations highlighted in this study refers to the alternation between verbal (written or spoken language) and non-verbal (illustrations) languages. A study3434 Nakamura MY, Almeida K. Desenvolvimento de material educacional para orientação de idosos candidatos ao uso de próteses auditivas. Audiol. Commun. Res. 2018;23(e1938):1-8. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-6431-2017-1938. reinforces that the illustrations increase the attention and understanding of the material, even by people with low levels of literacy. They also demonstrate that the recommendations regarding the design provide a greater understanding and help in the correct decision making. Thus, clear and understandable illustrations that are familiar to older people should be incorporated.
Abreu et al.4747 Abreu ACS, Marinho DF, Cardoso IAP. Tecnologia educativa para os cuidadores de pacientes submetidos a traqueostomia: estudo de validação. Rev. Aten. Saúde. 2019;17(59):19-32. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.13037/ras.vol17n59.5730. demonstrated that the structure and presentation of the technology is the most complex stage of the material because it involves aspects such as: layout, graphics, design and appropriate language for the target audience. The authors emphasize that the technology must present an adequate layout, appropriate colors and adequacy of scientific language to the language of the target audience, in addition to attractive and adequate illustrations so that the material is considered suitable for older people. As for immaterial technologies, they should stimulate social interaction and knowledge sharing and provide group coexistence2929 Costa NP, Polaro SHI, Vahl EAC, Gonçalves LHT. Storytelling: a care technology in continuing education for active ageing. Re.v Bras. Enferm. 2016;69(6):1068-75. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0390..
Other recommendations found refer to playfulness and interactivity, factors that facilitate learning4848 Barbosa AS, Feitoza AR, Bessa MEP, Souza SMF, Lopes MPS, Torres CSR. Construção e validação de jogo educativo para prevenção do HIV/AIDS em idosos. In: da Silva Neto BR, org. Saúde pública e saúde coletiva: dialogando sobre interfaces temáticas 3. Ponta Grossa : Atena Editora; 2019., and the type of material to be used for the preparation of care-educational gerontechnology, as it is recommended that the material allows asepsis before and after use, such as the Contact-type coating2121 Lucca DC, Hammerschmidt KSA, Girondi JBR, Fernandez DLR, Carvalho AB, Rosa SS, et al. Jogo das Atitudes: gerontotecnologia educacional para idosos em tratamento hemodialítico. Rev. Bras. Enferm. 2020;73(suppl.3):e20180694. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0694..
In the board game that was developed for older people4848 Barbosa AS, Feitoza AR, Bessa MEP, Souza SMF, Lopes MPS, Torres CSR. Construção e validação de jogo educativo para prevenção do HIV/AIDS em idosos. In: da Silva Neto BR, org. Saúde pública e saúde coletiva: dialogando sobre interfaces temáticas 3. Ponta Grossa : Atena Editora; 2019., the researchers made it out of vinyl, with the application of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) and transparent lamination to protect the images. In addition, the game is stored inside a wooden box to ensure the durability of the material.
As for the level of evidence, the studies analyzed are categorized as descriptive or qualitative, being considered, by the tool used, as low level. However, this classification should not be associated with the poor quality of the method used, but with the nature of the construction and validation studies. It is essential that, for the development of CEGT, researchers take into account the level of evidence of the method used, developing research that can actually support the clinical practice of the health professional, considering the safety and ethics of the actions4949 da Silva Neto BR, org. Dialogando sobre Interfaces Temáticas 3. Ponta Grossa: Atena Editora; 2019..
As limitations of the study, we point out the influence of the bases used, which are mostly from Latin America and the Caribbean, in relation to the scarcity of international studies on the subject; the low level of evidence by the classification of the evaluation tool used, since it only qualifies the methodological design used, but other points such as risk of bias and methodological quality were not evaluated in this review.
Even so, this research is relevant because it shows current knowledge about the construction and validation of CEGT, which will serve as a theoretical subsidy for nurses and other health professionals who seek to develop new instruments for the care of older people, associating scientific knowledge with dialogic educational care.
CONCLUSION
It was found that the process of developing care-educational gerontechnologies is recent and requires improvement in terms of the validation stage, which is not always performed by researchers.
As for the construction method, the common point was the realization of the older people’s situational diagnosis, guided by the application of interview, dialogue and scales. The validation step, when carried out, was conducted most of the time with the target audience, and in some studies this process was also carried out with specialists.
The main gerontechnologies are of the material type, such as booklets, leaflets, manuals, games, software, multimedia materials. Still, immaterial technologies are present, such as empowerment techniques and socio-educational groups. Regarding recommendations for the development of gerontechnologies, aspects such as accessible language and the association of theoretical and practical knowledge stand out.
It is noteworthy, therefore, that this study presents a current synthesis on the subject, and shows the reader important information about the methodological path to be followed, contributing to the development of care-educational gerontechnologies that meet the specificities of the target audience and are validated by specialists and older people, with the aim of being accessible and reliable educational materials.
-
There was no funding for the execution of this work.
REFERÊNCIAS
-
1Organização Panamericana da Saúde. Década do envelhecimento saudável nas américas (2021-2030) [Internet]. Brasília, DF: OPAS; 2021 [acesso em 04 jan. 2022]. Disponível em: https://www.paho.org/pt/decada-do-envelhecimento-saudavel-nas-americas-2021-2030
» https://www.paho.org/pt/decada-do-envelhecimento-saudavel-nas-americas-2021-2030 -
2Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Diretrizes para o cuidado das pessoas idosas no SUS: proposta de modelo de atenção integral [Internet]. Brasília, DF: MS; 2014 [acesso 15 jul. 2020]. Disponível em: https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/diretrizes_cuidado_pessoa_idosa_sus.pdf
» https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/diretrizes_cuidado_pessoa_idosa_sus.pdf -
3Borba EL, Medonça FM, Torres KA, Martins PL. A política Nacional da Saúde do Idoso em perspectiva. Rev. Adm. Soc. Inov. 2019;5(1):41-56. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.20401/rasi.5.1.266.
-
4Paranhos DGAM, Albuquerque A. A autonomia do paciente idoso no contexto dos cuidados em saúde e seu aspecto relacional. Rev. Direito Sanit. 2018;19(1):32-49. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9044.v19i1p32-49.
-
5Antunes MD, Santos AJ, Oliveira DV, Bertolini SMMG, Nishida FS, Oliveira LP, et al. Gerontecnologia: o que mostra a produção científica nos últimos 20 anos? Bol Inf Unimotrisaúde Sociogerontol. 2019;13(6):1-10. Disponível em: https://www.periodicos.ufam.edu.br/index.php/BIUS/article/view/6517.
-
6Olympio PCAP, Alvim NAT. Jogo de tabuleiro: uma gerontotecnologia na clínica do cuidado de enfermagem. Rev. Bras. Enferm. 2018;71:871-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0365.
-
7Benevides JL, Coutinho JFV, Pascoal LC, Joventino ES, Martins MC, Gubert FA, et al. Construção e validação de tecnologia educativa sobre cuidados com úlcera venosa. Rev. Esc. Enferm. USP. 2016;50(2):309-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-623420160000200018.
-
8D’avilla CG, Puggina AC, Fernandes RAQ. Construção e validação de jogo educativo para gestantes. Esc. Anna Nery. Ref. Enferm. 2018;22(3):1-8. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-9465-EAN-2017-0300.
-
9Linard LLP, Silva RCR, Alves SSS, Fernandes MC, Freitas FFQ. Tecnologia educativa como estratégia de incentivo cognitivo ao idoso. In: Moreira TMM, Pinheiro JAM, Florêncio RS, Cestari VRF. Tecnologias para a promoção e o cuidado em saúde [Internet]. Fortaleza: EdUECE; 2018 [acesso em 15 jul. 2020]. p. 178-90. Disponível em: http://www.uece.br/eduece/dmdocuments/TECNOLOGIAS_PARA_A_PROMOCAO_E_O_CUIDADO_EM_SAUDE.pdf
» http://www.uece.br/eduece/dmdocuments/TECNOLOGIAS_PARA_A_PROMOCAO_E_O_CUIDADO_EM_SAUDE.pdf -
10Moreira APA, Saboia VM, Camacho ACLF, Daher DV, Teixeira E. Jogo educativo de administração de medicamentos: um estudo de validação. Rev. Bras. Enferm. 2014;67(4):528-34. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167.2014670405.
-
11Lima AMC, Piagge CSLD, Silva ALO, Robazzi MLCC, Melo CB, Vasconcelos SC. Tecnologias educacionais na promoção da saúde do idoso. Enferm. Foco. 2020;11(4):87-96. Disponível em: http://revista.cofen.gov.br/index.php/enfermagem/article/view/3277/956.
-
12Melo IA, Andrade JS, Otero LM. Construção e validação de tecnologias educacionais desenvolvidas por enfermeiros para pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus: uma revisão integrativa. In: International Nursing Congress; 27 maio; Barcelona; 2017. Disponível em: https://eventos.set.edu.br/cie/article/download/6032/2020
» https://eventos.set.edu.br/cie/article/download/6032/2020 -
13Polit DF, Beck CT. Fundamentos de pesquisa em enfermagem: avaliação de evidências para a prática da enfermagem. 7ª. ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed; 2011.
-
14Mendes KDS, Silveira RCCP, Galvão CM. Revisão integrativa: método de pesquisa para a incorporação de evidências na saúde e na enfermagem. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2008 ;17(4):758-64. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072008000400018.
-
15Mendes KDS, Silveira RCCP, Galvão CM. Uso de gerenciador de referências bibliográficas na seleção dos estudos primários em revisão integrativa. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2019; 28:1-13. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265X-TCE-2017-0204
» https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265X-TCE-2017-0204 -
16Page MJ, Moher D, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372(160):1-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160.
-
17Araújo WCO. Recuperação da informação em saúde: construção, modelos e estratégias. Conci: Conv. Ciênc. Inform. 2020;3(2):100-34. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.33467/conci.v3i2.13447.
-
18Marziale MH. Instrumento para recolección de datos revisión integrativa [Internet]. [s.l.]: RedENSO; 2015 [acesso em 10 jun. 2020]. Disponível em: http://gruposdepesquisa.eerp.usp.br/sites/redenso/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2019/09/Instrumiento_revision_litetarura_RedENSO_2015.pdf
» http://gruposdepesquisa.eerp.usp.br/sites/redenso/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2019/09/Instrumiento_revision_litetarura_RedENSO_2015.pdf -
19Melnyk BM, Fineout-Overholt E. Making the case for evidence-based practice. In: Melnyk BM, Fineout-Overholt E. (Eds.). Evidence-based practice in nursing and healthcare: a guide to best practice. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2005. p. 3-24.
-
20Teixeira E. Interfaces participativas na pesquisa metodológica para as investigações em enfermagem. Rev. Enferm. UFSM. 2019; 9(1):1-3. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5902/2179769236334
» https://doi.org/10.5902/2179769236334 -
21Lucca DC, Hammerschmidt KSA, Girondi JBR, Fernandez DLR, Carvalho AB, Rosa SS, et al. Jogo das Atitudes: gerontotecnologia educacional para idosos em tratamento hemodialítico. Rev. Bras. Enferm. 2020;73(suppl.3):e20180694. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0694.
-
22Gonçalves LHT, Schier J. “Grupo Aqui e Agora” : uma tecnologia leve de ação sócio-educativa de enfermagem. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2005;14(2):271-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072005000200016.
-
23Hammerschmidt KSA, Lenardt MH. Tecnologia educacional inovadora para o empoderamento junto a idosos com diabetes mellitus. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2010;19(2):358-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072010000200018.
-
24Barros EJL, Santos SSC, Gomes GC, Erdmann AL. Gerontotecnologia educativa voltada ao idoso estomizado à luz da complexidade. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2012;33(2):95-101. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-14472012000200014.
-
25Pennafort VPS, Lobo FLM, Barbosa TO, Pontes FG. Tecnologia educacional para orientação de idosos nos cuidados com a fístula arteriovenosa. Enferm. Foco. 2019;10(6):79-84. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.21675/2357-707X.2019.v10.n6.2467.
-
26Goes TM, Polaro SHI, Gonçalves LHT. Cultivo do bem viver das pessoas idosas e tecnologia cuidativo-educacional de enfermagem. Enferm. Foco. 2016;7(2):47-51. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.21675/2357-707X.2016.v7.n2.794.
-
27Throfast V, Hellström L, Hovstadius B, Petersson G, Ericson L. e-Learning for the elderly on drug utilization: A pilot study. Health Informat J. 2017;25(2):227-39. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177/1460458217704245.
-
28Rocha GS, Oliveira APP, Teixeira E, Nemer CRB. Validação de manual de cuidados de idosos após cirurgia cerebral. Rev. Enferm. UFPE on line. 2019;13:e243025. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963.2019.243025.
-
29Costa NP, Polaro SHI, Vahl EAC, Gonçalves LHT. Storytelling: a care technology in continuing education for active ageing. Re.v Bras. Enferm. 2016;69(6):1068-75. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0390.
-
30Ferreira JM, Hammerschmitdt KSA, Siewert JS, Alvarez AM, Locks MOH, Heidmann ITSB. Gerontotechnology for the prevention of falls of the elderly with Parkinson. Rev. Bras. Enferm. 2019; 72(Suppl 2):243-50. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0704.
-
31Carvalho KM, Figueiredo MLF, Galindo Neto NM, Sá GGM. Construction and validation of a sleep hygiene booklet for the elderly. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):214-20. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0603.
-
32Santos CMVT, Andrade JA, Amorim AC, Garcia PA, Carvalho GA, Vilaça KHC. Application on mobile platform “Idoso Ativo” (Active Aging): exercises for lower limbs combining technology and health. Fisioter. Mov. 2018; 31:e003117. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.031.AO17
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.031.AO17 -
33Macedo MLM, Chaves SPL, Amaral AKFJ, Pontes ES, Silva DN, Cruz RL, et al. Construção e validação de conteúdo e aparência de um guia de saúde vocal para a pessoa idosa. Rev. CEFAC. 2020;22(1):e6619. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0216/20202216619.
-
34Nakamura MY, Almeida K. Desenvolvimento de material educacional para orientação de idosos candidatos ao uso de próteses auditivas. Audiol. Commun. Res. 2018;23(e1938):1-8. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-6431-2017-1938.
-
35Delatorre PG, Sá SPC. Tecnologia educacional para a alta hospitalar do idoso submetido à angioplastia coronariana transluminal percutânea. Rev. Enferm. UFPE on Line. 2013;7(esp):5040-3. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963-v7i7a11768p5040-5043-2013.
-
36Campos K, Oliveira JRM, Blasca WQ. Processo de adaptação de aparelho de amplificação sonora individual: elaboração de um DVD para auxiliar a orientação a indivíduos idosos. Rev. Soc. Bras. Fonoaudiol. 2010;15(1):19-25. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-80342010000100006.
-
37Silva MCN, Machado MH. Sistema de Saúde e Trabalho: desafios para a Enfermagem no Brasil. Ciênc. Saúde Colet. 2020;25(1):7-13. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020251.27572019.
-
38Odebrecht CO, Gonçalves LO, Sell I. Da gerontologia a gerontecnologia. [s.l.]: Portal do envelhecimento; 2000. Disponível em: http://www.portaldoenvelhecimento.com/acervo/artieop/Geral/artigo140.htm
» http://www.portaldoenvelhecimento.com/acervo/artieop/Geral/artigo140.htm -
39Frota KC, Santos LTS, Oliveira LS, Marques MF, Ponte KMA. Tecnologias educativas: estratégias eficientes para a promoção da saúde de idosos. Rev. Saúde.Com. 2019;15(2):1531-7. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.22481/rsc.v15i2.4401.
-
40Oliveira AS. Transição demográfica, transição epidemiológica e envelhecimento populacional no brasil. Hygeia. 2019;15(31):69-79. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.14393/Hygeia153248614.
-
41Mendonça GJMG, Albuquerque CCP, Lima EGDP, Rocha GD, Pereira SF, Melo AMB. A utilização do diagnóstico situacional para o planejamento das ações na ESF. Braz J Health Rev. 2021;4(2):8170-84. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv4n2-346.
-
42Maniva SJCF, Carvalho ZMF, Gomes RKG, Carvalho REFL, Ximenes LB, Freitas CHA. Tecnologias educativas para educação em saúde no acidente vascular cerebral: revisão integrativa. Rev. Bras. Enferm. 2018;71(suppl.4):1724-31. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0041.
-
43Sá GGM, Silva FL, Santos AMR, Noleto JS, Gouveia MTO, Nogueira LT. Tecnologias desenvolvidas para a educação em saúde de idosos na comunidade: revisão integrativa da literatura. Rev. Latinoam. Enferm. 2019;27(e3186):1-12. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.3171.3186.
-
44Berardinelli LMM, Guedes NAC, Ramos JP, Silva MGN. Tecnologia educacional como estratégia de empoderamento de pessoas com enfermidades crônicas. Rev Enferm. UERJ. 2014;22(5):603-9. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/reuerj.2014.15509.
-
45Gonçalves KD, Soares MC, Bielemann VLM. Grupos com idosos: estratégia para (re)orientar o cuidado em saúde. Rev. Conexão UEPG. 2013;9(2):218-25. Disponível em: http://www.revistas2.uepg.br/index.php/conexao.
-
46Gomes MC, Oliveira, AA, Alcará AR. Entrevista: um relato de aplicação da técnica. In: Anais do 6º Seminário em Ciência da Informação; Ago 3-5 2016 ; Londrina, Brasil. Londrina: UEL; 2016. p. 1-13. Disponível em: http://www.uel.br/eventos/cinf/index.php/secin2016/secin2016/paper/viewFile/359/175
» http://www.uel.br/eventos/cinf/index.php/secin2016/secin2016/paper/viewFile/359/175 -
47Abreu ACS, Marinho DF, Cardoso IAP. Tecnologia educativa para os cuidadores de pacientes submetidos a traqueostomia: estudo de validação. Rev. Aten. Saúde. 2019;17(59):19-32. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.13037/ras.vol17n59.5730.
-
48Barbosa AS, Feitoza AR, Bessa MEP, Souza SMF, Lopes MPS, Torres CSR. Construção e validação de jogo educativo para prevenção do HIV/AIDS em idosos. In: da Silva Neto BR, org. Saúde pública e saúde coletiva: dialogando sobre interfaces temáticas 3. Ponta Grossa : Atena Editora; 2019.
-
49da Silva Neto BR, org. Dialogando sobre Interfaces Temáticas 3. Ponta Grossa: Atena Editora; 2019.
-
50Machado RC. Níveis de evidência para a prática clínica. Rev. Sobecc. 2015;20(3):127-9. Disponível em: https://revista.sobecc.org.br/sobecc/article/view/115/86.
Edited by
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
27 Apr 2022 -
Date of issue
2021
History
-
Received
12 July 2021 -
Accepted
14 Feb 2022