New insights into a poorly known parasite, Dero lutzi (Oligochaeta: Naididae), associated with tree frogs of the genus Scinax: morphological evaluation and genotypic data

Novas perspectivas sobre o parasito pouco conhecido Dero lutzi (Oligochaeta: Naididae) associado a rãs arborícolas do gênero Scinax: avaliação morfológica e dados genotípicos

Abstract

The oligochaete Dero lutzi follows a life strategy that alternates between free-living periods in aquatic environments and endoparasitic phases. Most occurrences of D. lutzi in anurans are reported in species with arboreal habits, with studies limited to the recording of the oligochaete’s presence in the host. Our study recovered specimens of D. lutzi from the tree frogs Scinax fuscovarius and Scinax. nasicus. We performed a morphological assessment of the parasite using light microscopy, for the first time, scanning electron microscopy. Molecular characterization of D. lutzi was carried out using the mitochondrial gene 16S rRNA and the nuclear gene 28S rRNA. Additionally, a phylogenetic tree was constructed to assess the species´position in relation to other group members. In our results, we confirmed the phenotypic morphological characteristics of the endoparasitic phase of D. lutzi. We also presented its phylogenetic position with other oligochaetes in the group, demonstrating the proximity between the endoparasite D. lutzi and the free-living oligochaete D. superterrenus.

Keywords:
Anura; genetic data; morphology; oligochaete; parasite

Resumo

O oligoqueta Dero lutzi possui uma estratégia de vida que alterna entre períodos de vida livre em ambientes aquáticos e fases endoparasitárias. A maioria das ocorrências de D. lutzi em anfíbios anuros é relatada em espécies com hábitos arborícolas, com estudos que se restringem a registros da presença do oligoqueta no hospedeiro. Este estudo recuperou espécimes de D. lutzi das pererecas Scinax fuscovarius e Scinax nasicus. Foi realizada uma avaliação morfológica do parasito por microscopia de luz e, pela primeira vez, por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A caracterização molecular de D. lutzi foi realizada com o gene mitocondrial 16S rRNA e o gene nuclear 28S rRNA. Além disso, uma árvore filogenética foi construída para avaliar a posição da espécie em relação a outros membros do grupo. Os resultados deste estudo confirmaram as características morfológicas fenotípicas da fase endoparasitária de D. lutzi. Também foi apresentada sua posição filogenética com outros oligoquetas do grupo, o que permitiu demonstrar a proximidade entre o endoparasito D. lutzi e o oligoqueta de vida livre D. superterrenus.

Palavras-chave:
Anura; dados genéticos; morfologia; oligoqueta; parasito

Introduction

Some species of Oligochaetes from the family Naididae have interspecific commensal, phoretic and parasitic relationships (Harman, 1971; Pinder et al., 1998; Gorni & Alves, 2006). Parasitic associations have been documented in aquatic animals, such as amphibians, fish, gastropods (Learner et al., 1978; Morais et al., 2017; Ingram et al., 2020). Oligochaetes of the genus Dero are known to have two types of associations with amphibians: phoresy (in which amphibians play a role in dispersion) and endoparasitic (Lopez et al., 1999; Sinsch et al., 2019). According to Andrews et al. (2015), the oligochaete Allodero hylae in its endoparasitic stage, can lead to intense infections that result in physical damage through the dilation of the kidneys and ureters.

Dero lutzi Michaelsen, 1926 is an endoparasite of frogs in Neotropical regions, with its free-living phases in exclusively aquatic environments (Oda et al., 2015; Morais et al., 2017). During the free-living period, Dero has gills at the posterior end of the body, in addition to dorsal bristles. The gills are usually enclosed in a chamber called the gill fossa, and they are essential structures for life in the aquatic environment (Harman & Lawler, 1975). When oligochaete species enter the host, the gills disappear, as they are structures unsuitable for the way of life as an endoparasite (Harman & Lawler, 1975; Oda et al., 2015). During the parasitic period, some oligochaetes can reproduce asexually within the host, and absorb resources for their survival (Pinder et al., 1998; Andrews et al., 2015). In this way, they can be expelled by the frog during the time of urination (Andrews et al. 2015).

Existing records of D. lutzi in tree frogs are restricted to South American countries (Brazil and Venezuela), with Brazilian occurrences in hosts in the states of Ceará, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina and São Paulo (Rodrigues & Maldonado, 1982 cited by Morais et al., 2017; Prado et al., 2003; Oda et al., 2015; Morais et al., 2017; Cañizales, 2020; Oliveira et al., 2022; Silva et al., 2022; Vrcibradic et al., 2023). In this study, we recorded D. lutzi in two tree frog species of the family Hylidae, which are Scinax fuscovarius Lutz, 1925 and Scinax nasicus Cope, 1862. They were captured in different regions of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. These species are widely distributed in South American countries, commonly found in areas of pastures, swamps and lakes in the rainy and dry seasons (Souza et al., 2017; Uetanabaro et al., 2007). In this context, we present complementary information on the morphological description of D. lutzi in its parasitic phase, using light microscopy and, for the first time, scanning electron microscopy. We also performed a molecular characterization of the species, using the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene and the nuclear 28S rRNA gene.

Material and Methods

Collecting sites

The captures were carried out in three distinct regions of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil (Serra da Bodoquena, Pantanal Sul-matogrossense and the Parque Estadual das Nascentes do Rio Taquari). Serra da Bodoquena is located on the edge of the Pantanal, in the mountainous region. In this location, we used the area of ​​Fazenda Estância Mimosa in the municipality of Bonito as one of the collection points (-20.980278°, -56.508889°, datum: WGS84). The site is of great conservation interest due to the partially preserved forest cover composed of several phytophysiognomies that provide shelter for many species, as well as the regional geomorphological feature represented by its altitude (Boggiani, 1999; Uetanabaro et al., 2007). In the Pantanal region, the collections were made in the sub-region of Nhecolândia, with searches carried out in the area of ​​Fazenda Nhumirim, in the municipality of Corumbá (-18.593556°, -56.371208°, datum: WGS84). The area is characterized by the predominant vegetation of savannas, floodplains, areas with ponds and extensive areas of pastures (Mioto et al., 2012). The third collection region was Parque Estadual das Nascentes do Rio Taquari, which is an Environmental Conservation Unit located in the northern region of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul (-17.98333°, 53.16666°, datum: WGS84). The Cerrado preserved area has grassland, forested regions and swampy areas (Felfili et al., 2004).

In the Serra da Bodoquena region, tree frog collections were carried out between October and November 2015 and between April and May 2016. In the Pantanal, they were collected in December 2014, March 2015, April and November 2016 and November 2017. In the Parque Estadual das Nascentes do Rio Taquari, samples were collected in January 2018 and January 2020.

Sample processing

After capture, the specimens were transported to the laboratory and euthanized with 5% lidocaine (Xylocaina®, Aspen Pharma Indústria Farmacêutica Ltda, Serra, State of Espirito Santo, Brazil), which was distributed over the abdomen and absorbed through the skin. The sex of each tree frog was recorded and the snout–vent length (SVL) was measured with a digital caliper (accuracy of 0.1 mm). The body surface of each individual, the coelomic cavities and all internal organs were inspected under a stereomicroscope. The necropsied tree frogs were fixed in 10% formaldehyde, preserved in 70% alcohol and later deposited in the Zoological Reference Collection of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (Scinax fuscovarius: ZUFMS-AMP 04110- 04184, ZUFMS-AMP 13653- 13672; Scinax nasicus: ZUFMS-AMP 12365- 12422). The oligochaetes found were removed and stored in 70% alcohol for later identification steps, and after being identified they were also deposited in the zoological collection (Dero lutzi: ZUFMS- ANN00001).

Morphological evaluation

For morphological diagnosis, the oligochaetes were mounted on temporary slides with Amann's lactophenol for clarification and visualization of their external characteristics and internal organs. The specimens were measured and photographically documented using a DM5500B LEICATM light microscope (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany) with a digital image capture system using the LAS 3.8™ Leica® system software (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany). The samples were identified by light microscopy and subjected to scanning electron microscopy (SEM), previously dehydrated with ethanol in progressive concentrations. Then, the samples were dried to a critical point, mounted on carbon tape and observed in a Hitachi model TM-3000™ scanning electron microscope (Hitachi, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan). All measurements of the oligochaetes were in millimeters, and the following characteristics were considered: total body length and width, number and length of body segments, locations of the mouth and anus as well as the shape, distribution, number and length of ventral bristles.

Molecular evaluation

For DNA extraction, the DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) was used following the manufacturer's procedures and instructions. Extracted DNA was quantified using a NanoDrop™ 2000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific®, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States). Two genes were partially amplified: mitochondrial 16S rRNA and nuclear 28S rRNA. The following pairs of primers were used: 16S Ann16SF (5′-GCGGTATCCTGACCGTRCWAAGGTA-3′) and Ann16SR (5′-TCCTAAGCCAACATCGAGGTGCCAA-3′) (Sjölin et al., 2005), and 28S 28SCI (5′-ACCCGCTGAATTTAAGCAT-3′) and 28SC2 (5′ GAACTCTCTCTTCAAAGTTCTTTTC-3′) (Dayrat et al., 2001). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) parameters performed followed Sinsch et al. (2019). PCR products purified by enzymatic treatment with ExoProStar^TM (Cytiva©, Global Life Sciences Solutions USA LLC, Marlborough, MA, 01752, United States of America) and then sequenced by ACTGene (Ludwig Biotec, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) using the same sets of primers used in the PCR reactions.

The sequences were aligned and analyzed using the software Geneious™ version 9.1.5 (Geneious, 2020) and deposited in GenBank with accession numbers 16S rRNA MW027347 and 28S rRNA MW027615. A preliminary BLAST was performed on the GenBank database (Benson et al., 2013) in order to verify the relationship of proximity with other organizations representing Dero. The sequences used for the construction of a phylogenetic tree to estimate the positions of each species were those with the greatest similarity resulting from the BLAST performed initially, based on the choice of sequences and the study of Sinsch et al. (2019) (Table 1). The tree was rooted with Trieminentia corderoi based on the phylogeny of the group proposed by Sinsch et al. (2019). Sequences isolated from the same organism or clones with 100% genetic similarity were not included.

Table 1
Number of Genbank accessions in the 28S and 16S regions of endoparasite oligochaete species of the Naididae family.

Species of parasitic oligochaetes	28S	16S
Allonais gwaliorensis	KY633416.1	KY633311.1
Allonais inaequalis	KY633417.1	DQ459952.1
Allonais paraguayensis	GQ355439.1	GQ355399.1
Branchiodrilus hortensis	KY633420.1	KY633312.1
Branchiodrilus semperi	KY633421.1	KY633315.1
Dero borellii	KY633428.1	KY633324.1
Dero digitata	KY633425.1	DQ459954.1
Dero furcata	KY633427.1	KY633325.1
Dero rwandae	MN555443.1	MN215405.1
Dero sp.	GQ355446.1	GQ355407.1
Dero superterrenus	KY633429.1	KY633326.1
Dero vaga	KY633426.1	DQ459953.1
Nais barbata	KY633430.1	JQ424993.1
Nais communis	GQ355448.1	JQ424986.1
Nais elinguis	KY633443.1	JQ424980.1
Rhyacodrilus coccineus	GU902025.1	DQ459931.1
Rhyacodrilus falciformis	KX618795.1	KX618764.1
Trieminentia corderoi	KY633463.1	GU002447.1

The primers used in the study were chosen in accordance with Sinsch et al. (2019). Phylogenetic analyzes were based on the sequences formed by the concatenated 16S rRNA and 28S rRNA regions. The sequences were aligned using M-Coffee (Notredame et al., 2000) and then evaluated by the Transitive Consistency Score (TCS) (Chang et al., 2014). To verify the reliability of the aligned positions based on the values of the scores, the ambiguous aligned positions were adjusted. A partition homogeneity test was performed with PAUP software (Swofford, 2003) to verify whether the reconstruction could be elaborated with an evolutionary model for both concatenated regions. Due to the test result (p= 0.07), the regions were analyzed in a partitioned way, and thus, the data were subjected to analysis using MrBayes, to make Bayesian inferences (Huelsenbeck & Ronquist, 2001).

Evolutionary models and fixed parameters were chosen and estimated using Akaike’s information criterion with the jModelTest (Guindon & Gascuel, 2003; Darriba et al., 2012). Nodal supports were determined using the Markov Monte Carlo chain (2 runs, 4 chains) for 4 × 10⁶ generations with sampling every 4 ×10³ generations, and the first 25% of the sampled trees were discarded.

Results

In the Serra da Bodoquena region, 75 specimens of S. fuscovarius were collected (males = 38, females = 31, juveniles = 6); in the Pantanal, there were 58 specimens of S. nasicus (males = 32, females = 20, juveniles = 6) and in the Parque Estadual das Nascentes do rio Taquari, there were 24 specimens of S. fuscovarius (males = 19, females = 3, juveniles = 2). All oligochaete specimens found were present in the urinary tract organs of the hosts, such as the bladder, kidneys and urethra. The tree frogs captured in the Serra da Bodoquena region showed a parasite prevalence of 2.66%, with an average intensity of 1,5. Specimens from the Pantanal Sul-matogrossense showed a prevalence of 5.7% and a mean intensity of 1.67 ± 0.35. In individuals captured in the Parque Estadual das Nascentes do Rio Taquari, the prevalence was 4.16%, with an average intensity of 5 ± 1.38. The largest number of oligochaetes found was 117 individuals present in the kidneys of a female specimen of S. fuscovarius (SVL = 37.73 mm) from the Serra da Bodoquena region. This outlier value has been excluded from the calculation of the average intensity to avoid skewing the values with unrepresentative heights.

Morphological analysis

All oligochaetes found (n= 127) in the three collection areas were measured. The total body length of the specimens ranged from 3.85 to 5.49 mm, with a maximum width of 0.22 to 0.24 mm. The numbers of body segments ranged from 24 to 60, with widths from 0.24 to 0.26 mm. The mouth was located ventrally on body segment I; this segment does not contain ventral bristles, as they start from segment II. The bifid bristles had lengths of 0.08 to 0.09 mm and were organized into groups, with two groups in each body segment, in the amount of 4 to 6 bristles per group. These distributions were maintained until the posterior end of the body, where the anus is located (Figure 1). There were no dorsal bristles, gill fossae or even gills in the oligochaete when in a parasitic stage, which is a common characteristic among endoparasitic Nadidae (Harman & Lawler, 1975). There were also no eyes or internal organs in the endoparasite (Figure 2). The morphometric measurements and the characteristics observed in the examined specimens coincided with the diagnostic characteristics of previous studies for D. lutzi when it was found as an endoparasite in S. fuscovarius (Oda et al., 2015).

Figure 1
Light microscopy images of Dero lutzi in its endoparasitic stage. a Ventro-lateral view of the body of the endoparasite. b View of the posterior region. c View of the anterior region. All photos taken in Phase Interferential Contrast. Scale bar = 300 µm.

Figure 2
Scanning electron microscopy images of Dero lutzi in its endoparasitic stage. a Side view of the anterior portion (scale bar = 100 µm). b Posterior lateral view of the body (scale bar = 250 µm). c Detail of the pairs of setae distributed by the body segments (scale bar = 30 µm). d Oral opening and anterior region in apical view (scale bar = 25 µm). e Detail of the posterior region of the body (scale bar = 200 µm).

Molecular analysis

The phylogenetic construction was performed based on Bayesian inference, with a total of 640 base pairs of the 16S rRNA (319 bp) and 28S rRNA (321 bp) regions concatenated. In this analysis, D. lutzi positioned itself as a sister group of D. superterrenus (Figure 3). Dero formed a non-monophyletic grouping with the genus Allonais, which is closely related to Branchiodrilus, Dero borelli and Rhyacodrilus, and formed two separate groupings of Dero and Allonais (Figure 3).

Figure 3
Phylogenetic tree of the regions 16S rRNA and 28S rRNA concatenated species of the family Naididae, generated with inference analysis Bayesiana.

Discussion

In this study, we documented additional information regarding the morphology and genotypic characterization of D. lutzi in its endoparasitic stage in anurans. The Serra da Bodoquena region exhibited a host with a high infection intensity in their kidneys, and the highest prevalence was found in the tree frogs collected in the Pantanal. In terms of morphological and morphometric characters, all observed measurements and features are consistent with previous records characterizing D. lutzi in its endoparasitic stage. Genotypic characterization analyses revealed the formation of distinct groups for Dero and Allonais, and also indicated that D. lutzi and D. superterrenus as sister groups.

When established as an endoparasite, the anatomical changes that allow infections to occur derive from the loss of characteristics used in the free-living environment, such as gills, dorsal bristles and gill fossae (Harman & Lawler, 1975). When the oligochaete comes into contact with its host, the parasite typically prefers to colonize the organs of the amphibian's urinary system, such as the urinary bladder, Wolffian duct, kidneys, and ureters (Pinder et al., 1998). During this stage, the oligochaete can feed on the host’s cells and multiply asexually by body fragmentation (Andrews et al., 2015). Massive post-infection multiplication can lead to high parasitic intensities in colonized organs, causing inflammation in the kidneys, ureters, and Wolffian duct (Andrews et al., 2015). This can result in the rupture of these organs due to the accumulation of parasites (Andrews et al. 2015). Although oligochaetes have found suitable habitats for their endoparasitic establishment in amphibians, their reproduction can be lethal to the host (Andrews et al., 2015).

In this study, an adult female S. fuscovarius collected in the Serra da Bodoquena region exhibited high intensity of D. lutzi in the kidneys, which may result from the seasonal multiplication of the parasites. According to Andrews et al. (2015), seasonal trends with peaks and decreases in abundance were observed for the endoparasite Allodero hylae. The age of the host is also a known characteristic that can lead to higher parasitic intensities. Adult individuals can provide larger spaces for parasite colonization, which contributes to a greater number of parasites in the host's organs (Ibrahim, 2008; Campião et al., 2015).

For the taxonomic classification of Dero, there are some controversies in the literature (Sinsch et al., 2019). Dero previously contained three subgenera (Allodero, Aulophorus and Dero); however in the study of Erséus et al. (2017), there was the inclusion of Aulophorus as a subgenus of Dero, and thus Dero was kept as a single genus. Recently Sinsch et al. (2019) described a new species of the putative subgenus Allodero in Rwanda in Africa by exploring the use of morphological and molecular data. The authors suggested that Allodero did not represent a separate evolutionary lineage from Dero, which invalidated this subgenus. Thus Dero does not have any valid subgenera. In our study, the results reinforced the invalidity of Allodero. They also corroborated the phylogenetic hypothesis of Erséus et al. (2017) and Sinsch et al. (2019), which showed Dero forming a non-monophyletic cluster with Allonais.

Another result obtained showed D. lutzi sharing its ancestry with the species D. superterrenus (Figure 3). Dero superterrenus Michaelsen, 1912 is a free-living oligochaete, with distribution in the Americas and Asia, and with records in Brazil in the states of Paraná, Pernambuco and São Paulo (Di Persia, 1980; Lopez et al., 2005; Christoffersen, 2007). The species is known to be widely found in bromeliad, and has been recorded in phoretic associations with amphibians inhabiting pond bromeliads and tree holes (Lopez et al., 1999, 2005). In this way, anurans can be used by the oligochaete so that it can disperse in some environments that are difficult to access, as several species of hylids use these places as shelter (Lopez et al., 1999; 2005; Moravec & Campos, 2020).

The free-living ancestor of D. lutzi and D. superterrenus may have displayed parasitic and/or phoric behaviors while exploiting the anurans. In addition, these behaviors are considered one of the routes that provide pathways for the establishment of parasitic associations (Roberts & Janovy, 2008). The constant exploitation of one organism by another, through its use as transport to disperse between habitats or even the use of this organism as a source of resources, can be considered factors that precede potential parasitic adaptations (Anderson, 2000; Morand et al., 2015).

Conclusion

In this study, we confirmed the phenotypic morphological characteristics of the endoparasite stage of D. lutzi. We also present its phylogenetic position with the other oligochaetes of the group, a result that allowed the visualization of the existing proximity between D. lutzi and D. superterrenus.

Acknowledgements

We thank all the entire staff of Fazendas Embrapa Pantanal and Fazenda Estância Mimosa. Also to Martha Gutierrez, manager of the Parque Estadual das Nascentes do Rio Taquari, and her entire team for their support during the fieldwork.

• How to cite: Silva ICO, Soares P, Malta L, Paiva F, Ferreira VL, Oliveira CE, et al. New insights into a poorly known parasite, Dero lutzi (Oligochaeta: Naididae), associated with tree frogs of the genus Scinax: morphological evaluation and genotypic data. Braz J Vet Parasitol 2024; 33(1): e015323. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612024005
• Financial support: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) n. de proc. 88887.357822/2019-00; Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (FUNDECT) n. de proc. 88882.176596/2018-01, and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) n. de proc. 313292/2018–3.

References

• Anderson RC. Nematode parasites of vertebrates. Their development and transmission 2nd ed. London: CABI Publishing; 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9780851994215.0000
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9780851994215.0000
• Andrews JM, Childress JN, Iakovidis TJ, Langford GJ. Elucidating the life history and ecological aspects of Allodero hylae (Annelida: Clitellata: Naididae): a parasitic oligochaete of invasive Cuban tree frogs in Florida. J Parasitol 2015; 101(3): 275-281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/14-608.1 PMid:25730299.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/14-608.1
• Benson DA, Cavanaugh M, Clark K, Karsch-Mizrachi I, Lipman DJ, Ostell J, et al. GenBank. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41(Database issue): D36-D42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gks1195 PMid:23193287.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gks1195
• Boggiani PC. Geologia da Bodoquena: Por que Bonito é bonito? In: Scremin-Dias E, Pott VJ, Hora RC, Souza PR. Nos jardins submersos da Bodoquena: um guia de identificação de plantas aquáticas de Bonito e região Campo Grande: Ed. UFMS; 1999. p. 10-23.
• Campião KM, Ribas ACA, Morais DH, Silva RJ, Tavares LER. How many parasites species a frog might have? Determinants of parasite diversity in South American anurans. PLoS One 2015; 10(10): e0140577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140577 PMid:26473593.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140577
• Cañizales I. Helmintos endoparásitos en anuros de Venezuela: revisión sistemática y análisis de diversidad. Acta Biol Venez 2020; 40(1): 109-127.
• Chang JM, Di Tommaso P, Notredame C. TCS: a new multiple sequence alignment reliability measure to estimate alignment accuracy and improve phylogenetic tree reconstruction. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31(6): 1625-1637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu117 PMid:24694831.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu117
• Christoffersen ML. A catalogue of aquatic microdrile oligochaetes (Annelida: Clitellata) from South America. Shui Sheng Sheng Wu Hsueh Bao 2007; 31(12): 59-86.
• Darriba D, Taboada GL, Doallo R, Posada D. jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nat Methods 2012; 9(8): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2109 PMid:22847109.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2109
• Dayrat B, Tillier A, Lecointre G, Tillier S. New clades of Euthyneuran gastropods (Mollusca) from 28S rRNA sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2001; 19(2): 225-235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mpev.2001.0926 PMid:11341805.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mpev.2001.0926
• Di Persia DH. The aquatic oligochaeta of Argentina: the current status of knowledge. In: Brinkhurst RO, Cook DG. Aquatic Oligochaeta biology Boston MA: Springer; 1980. p. 79-113.. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3048-6_7
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3048-6_7
• Erséus C, Envall I, De Wit P, Gustavsson LM. Molecular data reveal a tropical freshwater origin of Naidinae (Annelida, Clitellata, Naididae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 115: 115-127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2017.07.016 PMid:28743643.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2017.07.016
• Felfili JM, Silva MC Jr, Sevilha CA, Fagg CW, Walter BMT, Nogueira PE, et al. Diversity, floristic and structural patterns of cerrado vegetation in Central Brazil. Plant Ecol 2004; 175(1): 37-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:VEGE.0000048090.07022.02
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:VEGE.0000048090.07022.02
• Geneious. Geneious 9.1.5 [online]. 2020 [cited 2020, Feb 20]. Available from:https://www.geneious.com
  » https://www.geneious.com
• Gorni GR, Alves RG. Naididae (Annelida, Oligochaeta) associated with Pomacea bridgesii (Reeve) (Gastropoda, Ampullaridae). Rev Bras Zool 2006; 23(4): 1059-1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752006000400011
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752006000400011
• Guindon S, Gascuel O. A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood. Syst Biol 2003; 52(2): 696-704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10635150390235520 PMid:14530136.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10635150390235520
• Harman WJ, Lawler AR. Dero (Allodero) hylae, an oligochaete symbiont in hylid frogs in Mississippi. Trans Am Microsc Soc 1975; 94(1): 38-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3225530
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3225530
• Harman WJ. A review of the subgenus Allodero (Oligochaeta: Naididae: Dero) with a description of D. (A.) floridana n. sp. from Bufo terrestris. Trans Am Microsc Soc 1971; 90(2): 225-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3225029
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3225029
• Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F. MrBayes: bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 2001; 17(8): 754-755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/17.8.754 PMid:11524383.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/17.8.754
• Ibrahim MMI. Helminth infracommunities of the maculated toad Amietophrynus regularis (Anura: Bufonidae) from Ismailia, Egypt. Dis Aquat Organ 2008; 82(1): 19-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao01963 PMid:19062749.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao01963
• Ingram BA, McCowan C, Bradley T, Pinder AM. First record of an aquatic oligochaete infesting fish. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2020; 13: 248-251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.11.001 PMid:33294363.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.11.001
• Learner MA, Lochhead G, Hughes BD. A review of the biology of British Naididae (Oligochaeta) with emphasis on the lotic environment. Freshw Biol 1978; 8(4): 357-375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1978.tb01457.x
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1978.tb01457.x
• Lopez LCS, Filizola B, Deiss I, Rios RI. Phoretic behaviour of bromeliad annelids (Dero) and ostracods (Elpidium) using frogs and lizards as dispersal vectors. Hydrobiologia 2005; 549(1): 15-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-005-1701-4
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-005-1701-4
• Lopez LCS, Rodrigues PJFP, Rios RI. Frogs and snakes as phoretic dispersal agents of bromeliad ostracods (Limnocytheridae: Elpidium) and annelids (Naididae: Dero). Biotropica 1999; 31(4): 705-708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.1999.tb00421.x
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.1999.tb00421.x
• Mioto CL, Filho ACP, Albrez EA. Contribuição à caracterização das sub-regiões do Pantanal. Rev Entre-Lugar 2012; 3(6): 165-180.
• Morais DH, Aguiar A, Campião KM, Tavares LER, Ávila RW, Silva RS. New records of Dero (Allodero) lutzi, an oligochaete parasite of the urinary tract of South American anurans. Herpetol Rev 2017; 48(4): 739-743.
• Morand S, Krasnov BR, Littlewood DTJ. Parasite diversity and diversification: evolutionary ecology meets phylogenetics United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press; 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139794749
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139794749
• Moravec J, Campos Z. Anuran interactions with the bromeliad Bromelia balansae in the Brazilian Pantanal. J Nat Hist Mus 2020; 189(1): 5-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/jnmpnhs.2020.002
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/jnmpnhs.2020.002
• Notredame C, Higgins DG, Heringa J. T-Coffee: A novel method for fast and accurate multiple sequence alignment. J Mol Biol 2000; 302(1): 205-217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmbi.2000.4042 PMid:10964570.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmbi.2000.4042
• Oda FH, Petsch DK, Ragonha FH, Batista VG, Takeda AM, Takemoto RM. Dero (Allodero) lutzi Michaelsen, 1926 (Oligochaeta: Naididae) associated with Scinax fuscovarius Lutz, 1925 (Anura: Hylidae) from semi-deciduous Atlantic Rain Forest, southern Brazil. Brazi J Biol 2015; 75(1): 86-90. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.07613
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.07613
• Oliveira CR, Mascarenhas W, Batista-Oliveira D, Araújo KC, Ávila RW, Borges-Nojosa DM. Endoparasite community of anurans from an altitudinal rainforest enclave in a Brazilian semiarid area. J Helminthol 2022; 96: e62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X22000499 PMid:35983730.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X22000499
• Pinder AM, Hill BD, Green PE. A new species of Dero (Allodero) (Naididae: Oligochaeta) inhabiting the wolffian ducts of the green tree frog (Litoria caerula) in Queensland. Mem Queensl Mus 1998; 42(2): 559-564.
• Prado GM, Borgo JH, Abrunhosa PA, Wogel H. Comportamento reprodutivo, vocalização e redescrição do girino de Phrynohyas mesophaea (Hensel, 1867) do sudeste do Brasil (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae). Bol Mus Nac N S Zool 2003; 510: 1-11.
• Roberts LS, Janovy J Jr. Foundations of parasitology 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2008.
• Silva ICO, Soares P, Ribas ACA, Santana DJ, Campião KM, Tavares LER. Rich but random: parasite communities of snouted treefrog, Scinax fuscovarius (Anura: Hylidae), in Bodoquena Mountains, western Brazil. Parasitol Res 2022; 121(1): 11-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-021-07378-3 PMid:34820717.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-021-07378-3
• Sinsch U, Dehling JM, Scheid P, Balczun C. A new African species of parasitic Dero (Annelida, Clitellata, Naididae) in the urinary tract of reed frogs. Parasitol Res 2019; 118(12): 3359-3370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06532-2 PMid:31729575.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06532-2
• Sjölin E, Erséus C, Källersjö M. Phylogeny of Tubificidae (Annelida, Clitellata) based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2005; 35(2): 431-441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.018 PMid:15804413.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.018
• Souza FL, Prado CPA, Sugai JLMM, Ferreira LV, Aoki C, Landgref-Filho PC, et al. Diversidade de anfíbios do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia Ser Zool 2017; 107(suppl): e2017152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017152
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017152
• Swofford DL. PAUP. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony [online]. 2003 [cited 2020, Feb 20]. Available from: http://phylosolutions.com/paup-test
  » http://phylosolutions.com/paup-test
• Uetanabaro M, Souza FL, Landgref-Filho P, Beda AF, Brandão RA. Anfíbios e répteis do Parque Estadual da Serra da Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Biota Neotrop 2007; 7(3): 279-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032007000300030
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032007000300030
• Vrcibradic D, Carmo W, Carvalho EFF, Domingues MV. New records of endoparasites for the Casque-headed Treefrog Trachycephalus nigromaculatus (Anura: hylidae). Herpetol Notes 2023; 16: 271-273.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  08 Jan 2024
• Date of issue
  2024

History

• Received
  17 Sept 2023
• Accepted
  05 Dec 2023