Early changes in serum albumin: impact on 2-year mortality in incident hemodialysis patients

Abstract

Introduction/objective:  We evaluated the predictability of early changes in serum albumin (sAlb) on the two-year mortality of incident hemodialysis patients.

Methods:  Observational, longitudinal retrospective study using the database of Fresenius Medical Care of Latin America. Adult patients starting dialysis from January/2000 to June/2004, from 25 centers were included. Changes in sAlb during the first 3 months on hemodialysis were used as the main predictor. The outcome was death from any cause.

Results:  1,679 incident patients were included. They were 52 ± 15 years old, 58.7% male and 21.5% diabetic, with a median sAlb of 38 g/L (bromocresol green). 923 patients had sAlb < 38 g/L (Low sAlb Group) and 756 ones had sAlb > 38.0 g/L (Adequate sAlb Group). The mortality was significantly higher in Low sAlb Group (17% vs. 11%, p < 0.001). Early changes in sAlb significantly affected two-year mortality. Factoring the Kaplan Meier curve of Low sAlb Group by the presence of an increase in sAlb uncovered of a statistically significant difference in mortality favoring the ones whose sAlb went up (19% vs. 15%, p = 0.043). Differently, patients from Adequate sAlb Group with a decrease in their sAlb had a statistically higher mortality rate (13% vs. 8%, p = 0.029).

Conclusions:  Early sAlb changes showed a significant predictive power on mortality at 2 years in incident hemodialysis patients. Those with low initial sAlb may have a better prognosis if their sAlb rises. In contrast, patients with satisfactory initial levels can have a worsening of their prognosis in the case of an early reduction in sAlb.

Keywords: kidney failure, chronic; mortality; renal dialysis; serum albumin

Resumo

Introdução/objetivo:  Avaliou-se o impacto das alterações precoces na albumina sérica (sAlb) na mortalidade em 2 anos de hemodialisados incidentes.

Métodos:  Estudo longitudinal retrospectivo usando o banco de dados da Fresenius Medical Care da América Latina. Adultos iniciando diálise de janeiro de 2000 a junho de 2004, originados de 25 centros de diálise foram incluídos. Mudanças na sAlb durante os primeiros 3 meses em hemodiálise foram usadas como a variável de principal interesse. O desfecho foi morte por qualquer causa.

Resultados:  Um total de 1.679 pacientes incidentes foi incluído. Eles tinham 52 ± 15 anos, 58,7% eram do sexo masculino e 21,5%, diabéticos, com sAlb mediana de 38,0 g/L (bromocresol verde). Novecentos e vinte e três pacientes tiveram sAlb ≤ 38,0 g/L (Grupo sAlb baixa) e 756, sAlb > 38,0 g/L (Grupo sAlb adequada). A mortalidade foi significativamente maior no Grupo sAlb baixa (17% vs. 11%, p < 0,001). Alterações precoces na sAlb afetaram significativamente a mortalidade em dois anos. Fatoração da curva de Kaplan-Meier do Grupo sAlb baixa pela presença de um aumento na sAlb revelou uma diferença na mortalidade favorecendo aqueles cuja sAlb subiu (19% vs. 15%, p = 0,043). Em contraste, pacientes do Grupo sAlb adequada que mostraram diminuição na sAlb tiveram maior taxa de mortalidade (13% vs. 8%, p = 0,029).

Conclusão:  Alterações precoces na sAlb mostraram um poder previsor significativo sobre a mortalidade em 2 anos em hemodialisados incidentes. Casos com sAlb inicial baixa melhoraram seu prognóstico quando houve elevação na sAlb, enquanto que aqueles com níveis iniciais satisfatórios tiveram um agravamento de seu prognóstico quando houve redução na sAlb.

Palavras-chave: albumina sérica; diálise renal; falência renal crônica; mortalidade

Introduction

Patients on hemodialysis (HD) are subject to an unacceptably high mortality rate, predominantly from cardiovascular causes.^1-3 In the last decade, a new acronym was coined, "MIA syndrome", which indicates malnutrition, inflammation and atherosclerosis,^4,5 highlighting the link between these disorders. The association of each respective variable of this triad with the mortality rate in HD patients has been the focus of several studies. Thus, an elevation in the serum level of C-reactive protein (CRP),^6,7 reduction in serum albumin (sAlb)^8,9 and increased intimal media thickness, an early marker of atherosclerosis,^10,11 are all individually associated with a higher mortality in the course of dialysis.

Most of chronic kidney disease patients are hypoalbuminemic at entrance on dialysis, with a trend to increase sAlb level over time.¹² However, the nutritional profile is not much better among prevalent patients. Kalantar-Zadeh et al.¹³ found a prevalence of hypoalbuminemia, defined as sAlb < 38 g/L by bromocresol green method, in over of 50% of patient on maintenance hemodialysis, and an optimum sAlb level > 40 g/L was present in only 28% of those patients. Hypoalbuminemia is associated with a poor outcome in hemodialysis. Because of the close association of inflammation and hypoalbuminemia, it is unclear whether nutritional interventional could change the prognosis of malnourished patients on dialysis. An observational study suggested that the provision of oral nutritional supplements during dialysis improves survival in hypoalbuminemic maintenance hemodialysis patients.¹⁴

Of special relevance for the present study, two previous reports comprising predominantly prevalent patients have suggested that the longitudinal changes in nutritional parameters may exert an effect on dialysis that impacts mortality in HD patients.^13,15 Based on these concepts, we assessed the impact of longitudinal changes in sAlb over the first three months of HD treatment on the two-year mortality rate in a cohort of incident HD patients.

Materials and methods

This is a retrospective analysis of the entire adult (> 20 years old) incident patients on HD at every dialysis center franchised by Fresenius Medical Care in Brazil, from January 1, 2000 to June 30, 2004. Data were censored at two years of follow-up. The protocol was approved by the ethical committee of Pedro Ernesto University Hospital. The twenty-five dialysis facilities were located in 7 out of the 26 states that comprise the country. Data were collected at two years of follow-up. Patients were censored at time they left dialysis for any reason other than death. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Laboratory measurements were centrally performed (NefroLab, Belo Horizonte, MG). Serum albumin was measured by bromocresol green method (Bioclin, Belo Horizonte, MG). Patients whose sAlb levels at baseline or at the end of the third month of HD treatment were not available were excluded from the analysis.

Dialysis procedures

Hemodialysis sessions were carried out using proportional mixture machines (Model 4008B or 4008S, Fresenius Medical Care AG, Bad Homburg, Germany), with settings of blood flow of 300-450 ml/min, bicarbonate buffered dialysate ([Ca] = 2.5-3.0 mEq/L) at 500 ml/min and high flux polysulfone hollow-fiber dialyzers. Reverse osmosis was used to provide water treatment. Dialyzers were reprocessed with peracetic acid as the sterilant and discarded after the 12^th use or as needed if the internal volume of the hollow fibers decreased more than 20%.

Parameters

Demographics and routine laboratorial measurements were analyzed. Blood sample collection was performed predialysis in a non-fasting state before a midweek session, except for the initial sampling, which occurred on the day the patient initiated regular dialysis therapy. The dialysis dose was measured monthly by the equilibrated urea Kt/V.¹⁶

For the purpose of the study, patients were dichotomized according to their initial sAlb as belonging to Low sAlb Group (the ones whose initial sAlb was < median value) and Adequate sAlb Group (patients whose sAlb was > median value). Thereafter, patients from each group were divided according to the variation of sAlb during the first 3 months on dialysis. Patients from the Low sAlb Group were dichotomized as presenting or not an elevation in sAlb, and the ones in the Adequate sAlb Group as showing or not a decrease in sAlb. Percent changes in sAlb were calculated by differences between the value at the third month on HD and the initial value. To account for the intra-and inter-assay variation coefficient of the sAlb determination, only percent changes in sAlb > 3% were taken in consideration.

Statistical analysis

Continuous variables are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Differences between Low sAlb and Adequate sAlb groups were analyzed using an unpaired t test or Mann Whitney test as appropriate. Categorical variables are presented as frequencies. The mortality rate was calculated with the Kaplan-Meier method and the curves were compared using the Log-Rank test. The hazard ratio for mortality was estimated by Cox proportional models in which the variable of primary interest was the sAlb changes at the first 3 months inserted as a dichotomic variable and controlled for demographics, comorbidities, laboratory findings, and dialysis-related parameters. Effective inclusion of the variable in the multivariate model required a high probability of association with mortality in the univariate analysis (p < 0.10). Multivariate analysis was carried out step-by-step through the progressive inclusion of independent variables that could influence mortality. p values lower than 0.05 were considered significant. Changes in serum albumin (elevation in the Low sAlb Group and reduction in the Adequate sAlb Group) were binned into tertiles and their impact upon mortality was evaluated in separate models.

The software SPSS, version 18.0 for Windows (IBM, Chicago, IL, USA), was used for statistical analysis.

Results

From 1,834 adult incident HD patients, 1,679 met the selection criteria (availability of serum albumin at entrance and at the end of the third month on dialysis) and were included in the study. The median sAlb of the study population was 38 g/L. Nine-hundred and twenty-three patients had sAlb < 38 g/L (Low sAlb Group) and 756 ones had sAlb > 38 g/L (Adequate sAlb Group). A flow chart of the study until the third month is showed in Figure 1. The general characteristics of patients are presented in Table 1. Patients with initial adequate sAlb were more likely to be male and young and less likely to be diabetic or have hepatitis C than those with initial low sAlb. A total of 489 patients did not complete the 2-year follow-up period, 206 of them because of death. Of the remaining 281 out for other reasons, 141 were transferred to other centers, 101 had a kidney transplant, 16 were in the process of recovering renal function, 12 left the treatment center and 11 were shifted to peritoneal dialysis. At the end of two years, the whole cumulative mortality rate was 12.5%. When the Kaplan-Meier mortality curve was factored by the median sAlb, patients from Low sAlb Group had a significantly higher cumulative mortality rate (17%) compared to Adequate sAlb Group (11%), p < 0.001, Figure 2.

Figure 1.
Enrolled patients, stratification according to initial serum albumin (sAlb), and status after three months on hemodialysis.

Table 1
Characteristics of the incident patients

	Initial albumin
	All	< 38 g/L	> 38 g/L	p valuea
	(N = 1679)	(N = 923)	(N = 756)
Gender (% males)	58.7	55.3	63.1	0.01
Age, years	52 ± 15b	54 ± 15	50 ± 15	< 0.001
> 65 years old, %	20.0	23.0	15.3	< 0.001
Primary renal disease, %
Diabetes	21.5	25.4	16.8	< 0.001
Hypertension	18.0	19.9	15.6	0.027
Chronic glomerulonephritis	79	70	8.9	0.190
Adult polycystic kidney	2.8	2.7	2.9	0.910
Others	19.8	19.6	20.0	0.880
Unknown	30.1	25.4	35.8	< 0.001
Body mass index (Kg/m2)	22.8 ± 4.4	22.7 ± 4.6	23.0 ± 4.1	0.10
Positive anti-HCV (%)	4.5	5.9	2.7	0.01
Positive HBsAg (%)	1.3	1.7	0.8	0.11
Positive HIV (%)	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.73
Hematocrit (%)	30.9 ± 6.1	34.0 ± 6.2	31.1 ± 5.9	0.29
sAlbi (g/L)c	38.0 ± 5.3	3.4 ± 0.4	4.2 ± 0.3	< 0.001
Changes in sAlb (g/L)d	0.3 ± 5.5	2.2 ± 4.9	-2.1 ± 5.4	< 0.001
Vascular catheter at start, %	48.2	49.4	46.9	0.414
Kt/V e	1.36 ± 0.25	1.37 ± 0.25	1.35 ± 0.25	< 0.322

• ^a
  > 38 g/L vs. ≤ 38 g/L;
• ^b
  Mean ± S.D.;
• ^c
  sAlb_i = Initial serum albumin;
• ^d
  Calculated as sAlb₃ - sAlb_i in which sAlb₃ is the serum albumin collected at the end of the third month on regular hemodialysis;
• ^e
  Mean of the first 3 months on hemodialysis.

Figure 2.
Kaplan-Meyer cumulative mortality rate of incident hemodialysis patients with initial serum albumin > 38 g/L (dashed line) or < 38 g/L (continuous line) along 24 months (p < 0.001). ª Number entering the interval.

Additional analyses were performed to assess the influence of longitudinal changes in the serum levels of albumin during the first three months of dialysis treatment on the two-year mortality in each group. Factoring the Kaplan Meier curve of Low sAlb Group into two subsets by the presence of an increase in sAlb in the first 3 months on dialysis allowed detection of a statistically significant difference in mortality favoring the ones whose sAlb went up (19% vs. 15%, p = 0.043), Figure 3A. Mean changes in serum albumin in these subgroups were -2 ± 3 g/L and 5 ± 4 g/L. In contrast, patients from Adequate sAlb Group who showed a decrease in their sAlb had a statistically significant higher mortality (13% vs. 8%, p = 0.029), Figure 3B. Mean changes in serum albumin of subgroups of Adequate sAlb Group were 2 ± 3 g/dL and -6 ± 4g/dL.

Figure 3.
Kaplan-Meyer cumulative mortality rate of incident hemodialysis patients with initial serum albumin < 38 g/L (factored by the occurrence of a serum albumin elevation in 3 months, panel 3A) or > 38 g/dL (factored by the occurrence of a serum albumin reduction in 3 months, panel 3B).

The patients in Low sAlb Group who did not have any increase in their sAlb levels had a higher proportion of serum positivity for hepatitis C (8.3% vs. 4.9%, p = 0.04). In this group, the proportion of patients who started dialysis with an intravenous catheter was similar between those that exhibited increased sAlb and those that did not (48.8% vs. 50.5.4%, p = 0.701). Similarly, the numbers regarding catheter use in Adequate sAlb Group did not differ between those who had a decrease in their sAlb compared to those who did not (47.1% vs. 46.5%, p = 0.896).

In a univariate analysis in Low sAlb Group, increase in sAlb, sAlb at entrance, age, diabetes, and mean Kt/V were all found to have a high probability of association with two-year mortality, Table 2. When these parameters were step-by-step inserted in a series of multivariate models, an increase in sAlb in the first three months was associated with lower mortality until the last model, Table 3. At this point, higher values of both sAlb at entrance and mean Kt/V of the first three months were also associated with reduced risk of mortality whereas older age, as expected, increased the risk of death.

Table 2
Cox proportional hazard ratios (H.R.) and 95% confidence intervals in a univariate analysis for factors associated with two-year mortality in low salb group (initial serum albumin ≤ 38 g/l)

	H.R. (95% C.I.)	P
Increase in sAlb (y/n)a	0.707 (0.505-0.990)	0.044
sAlb (g/L) at entrance	0.66 7 (0.441-1.009)	0.055
Age, years	1.032 (1.019-1.044)	< 0.001
Male gender	1.041 (0.741-1.461)	0.818
Body mass index (Kg/m2)	0.991 (0.952-1.031)	0.670
Diabetes	1.629 (1.146-2.315)	0.007
Hematocrit at entrance (%)	0.989 (0.962-1.016)	0.415
Positive hepatitis C serology	1.566 (0.842-2.911)	0.156
% Variation in dry weight at the 3rd month	0.987 (0.968-1.007)	0.210
Kt/Vb	0.236 (0.118-0.472)	< 0.001

• ^a
  Calculated as a percent increase > 3% at the 3^rd month of hemodialysis;
• ^b
  Mean of the first 3 months on hemodialysis.

Table 3
Adjusted hazard ratio (H.R.) and 95% confidence interval (C.I.) for association of increase in serum albumin with mortality in low salb group (initial serum albumin ≤ 38 g/l)

	MODEL 1		MODEL 2		MODEL 3		MODEL 4
VARIABLES	H.R.	p	H.R.	p	H.R.	p	H.R.	p
	(C.I.95%)	value	(C.I. 95%)	value	(C.I. 95%)	value	(C.I.95%)	value
Increase in sAlb (y/n)	0.579 (0.399-0.838)	0.004	0.592 (0.410-0.856)	0.005	0.602 (0.416-0.872)	0.007	0.586 (0.405-0.847)	0.005
sAlb at entrance (g/L)	0.514 (0.334-0.792)	0.003	0.484 (0.309-0.758)	0.002	0.493 (0.312-0.779)	0.002	0.526 (0.336-0.823)	0.005
Age (years)			1.032 (1.019-1.045)	< 0.001	1.031 (1.018-1.044)	< 0.001	1.031 (1.018-1.044)	< 0.001
Diabetes (y/n)					1.396 (0.980-1.988)	0.065	1.311 (0.919-1.871)	0.135
Mean Kt/V							0.261 (0.130-0.526)	< 0.001

• Cox proportional models with progressive inclusion of the independent variables with p values < 0.10 in the univariate analysis.

At the univariate analysis in Adequate sAlb Group, sAlb reduction, age, diabetes, and %variation in dry weight were the factors identified as having an association with two-year mortality, Table 4. At the multivariate analysis, after the progressive inclusion of the independent variables with p values < 0.10 in the univariate analysis, a reduction in sAlb in three months had a high probability of association with a higher mortality until the model 2, Table 5. After the insertion of the other controlling variables, only age and diabetes remained as factors independently associated with a higher risk of mortality in this group.

Table 4
Cox proportional hazard ratios (H.R.) and 95% confidence intervals in a univariate analysis for factors associated with two-year mortality in adequate salb group (initial serum albumin > 38 g/l)

	H.R. (95% C.I.)	p
Reduction in sAlb (Y/N)a	1.716 (1.051-2.804)	0.031
sAlb at entrance (g/L)	1.033 (0.510-2.089)	0.929
Age, years	1.039 (1.021-1.057)	< 0.001
Male gender	1.041 (0.541-1.415)	0.586
Body mass index at entrance (Kg/m2)	1.022 (0.966-1.081)	0.452
Diabetes	2.337 (1.408-3.877)	0.001
Hematocrit at entrance (%)	0.994 (0.955-1.035)	0.774
Positive hepatitis C serology	1.182 (0.289-4.831)	0.816
%Variation in dry weight at the 3rdmonth	0.954 (0.908-1.002)	0.061
Kt/Vb	0.851 (0.328-2.210)	0.741

• ^a
  Calculated as a percent reduction > 3% at the 3rd month of hemodialysis;
• ^b
  Mean of the first 3 months on hemodialysis. Cox proportional models with progressive inclusion of the independent variables with p values < 0.10 in the univariate analysis Cox proportional models with progressive inclusion of the independent variables with p values < 0.10 in the univariate analysis

Table 5
adjusted hazard ratio (H.R.) and 95% confidence interval (C.I.) For association of reduction in serum albumin with mortality in adequate salb group (initial serum albumin > 38 g/l)

VARIABLES		MODEL 1		MODEL 2		MODEL 3
		H.R. (C.I. 95%)	p value	H.R. (C.I. 95%)	p value	H.R. (C.I. 95%)	p value
Reduction in sAlb (y/n)		1.642 (1.005-2.683)	0.048	1.600 (0.979-2.617)	0.061	1.360 (0.818-2.261)	0.236
Age (years)		1.038 (1.021-1.056)	< 0.001	1.036 (1.018-1.054)	0.000	1.036 (1.017-1.055)	< 0.001
Diabetes (y/n)				1.864 (1.118-3.107)	0.017	1.870 (1.094-3.196)	0.022
%Variation in dry weight						0.956 (0.909-1.005)	0.077

• Cox proportional models with progressive inclusion of the independent variables with p values < 0.10 in the univariate analysis.

We analyzed the mortality risk according to the magnitude of early sAlb change in each group. In the Low sAlb Group, the mortality risk was statistically lower for patients in the middle and higher tertiles of serum albumin elevation after 3 months on hemodialysis, but only after adjustment, Figure 4A. In the Adequate sAlb Group, the unadjusted mortality risk was statistically higher in the middle and higher tertiles. After adjustment, statistical significance was no longer present, Figure 4B.

Figure 4.
Risk of death according to the tertiles of the magnitude of the initial 3-month percent change in sAlb. For the elevations in sAlb in the Low sAlb Group (Panel A): no change (reference), mild increase (> 3.0%-9.1%), moderate increase (> 9.1%-17.7%), and high increase (> 17.7%). For the reductions in sAlb in the Adequate sAlb Group (Panel B): no change (reference), mild decrease (> 3.0%-8.3%), moderate decrease (> 8.3%-17.5%), and high decrease (> 17.5%). Adjustments were performed for variables with p < 0.10 in the univariate analysis from tables 2 and 4.

Discussion

The main objective of the present study was to determine whether the early changes in sAlb could be used as a marker of the long-term prognosis for incident HD patients. Data for analysis were derived from 25 centers of a major dialysis provider in the country with standardized handling practices and centrally performed laboratory measurements.

As a whole, the study patients were younger and with a lower proportion of diabetes in comparison to the data reported on dialysis populations in developed nations.¹⁷ These differences may have contributed to the relatively low two-year cumulative mortality rate of 12.5% found in the study. The low mortality rate could also be accounted for by the exclusion of fatalities taking place before the completion of 3 months on dialysis, owing to the required availability of the sAlb levels at the start and at 3 months of treatment.

To address our main objective we resorted to a strategy of dividing the study population according the median initial sAlb into Low sAlb Group (< 38 g/L) and Adequate sAlb Group (38 g/L) given that low serum levels of albumin at entrance are a well-recognized risk factor for mortality.^8,9

Patients belonging to Low sAlb Group of our study were probably those who arrived with a more severe degree of malnutrition/inflammation, conditions associated with an increased risk of both hospitalization and mortality.^17-21 They were older, had a higher proportion of diabetes, and consistent to previous reports,^22,23 had a higher prevalence of seropositivity for hepatitis C. This group should conceivably enclose the major fraction of patients with a poor predialysis care. In contrast, Adequate sAlb Group, which was composed by presumably healthier patients, had a higher proportion of males, a lower fraction of patients older than 65 years, and the cause of their primary renal disease was predominantly unknown. In support to previous studies,^24-26 the 17% two-year mortality rate found for the Low sAlb Group in the Kaplan Meier curve was significantly higher than the 11% found for the remaining cases.

Given the differences found between groups at entrance on dialysis and in the mortality rate at two years, we resort to a strategy in which every further analysis was performed keeping low and adequate serum albumin groups separately. When analyzing changes in sAlb, only modifications above the intra-and inter-assay variation coefficient of the technique were taken into account. Interestingly, despite a generally poorer prognosis for patients with low baseline sAlb, a good outcome was still seen in the Kaplan Meier curves for those within that group when an increase in sAlb occurred in the first 3 months on dialysis. Of note, patients who failed to have an elevation in their sAlb exhibited a higher prevalence of seropositivity for hepatitis C suggesting that the presence of infection perturbs the recovery of the nutritional state in these patients. On the other hand, the risk of death increased significantly for those patients whose sAlb was above the median at baseline, but dropped soon after initiation on dialysis. The use of an intravenous catheter did not seem to affect the changes in sAlb levels in any group, but the selective inclusion of patients who survived the first 3 months on dialysis may have partially obviated the impact of catheter use in this regard.

When the association of the changes in sAlb with mortality was controlled for albumin at entrance, demographics, co-morbidities, and dialysis related-variables, provocative results emerged. In Low sAlb Group, the beneficial effect of an increase in sAlb at the first three months on dialysis exhibited a statistically significant association with mortality until the model 4. Interestingly, sAlb at entrance, age, and elevations in Kt/V, a definitely modifiable variable, also remained as independently associated with mortality in this group. These results indicate that in Low sAlb Group, the two potentially modifiable risk factors associated with mortality were the sAlb changes at three months and dialysis quality. However, we cannot define whether the early elevation in sAlb, which was associated with a lower mortality risk, was due to improvement of nutrition parameters or could be at least partially secondary to the correction of the initial fluid overload that was causing albumin dilution.

When looking at the results in Adequate sAlb Group, it was found that the initial association of sAlb reduction in three months with poor prognosis was no longer present after controlling for the variables derived from the univariate analysis. At the end, only age and diabetes were independently associated with mortality in this group. These results suggest that much of the mortality in Adequate sAlb Group was related to underlying characteristics of patients.

Our results confirm that early sAlb changes are indeed a marker of long-term prognosis and are consistent with two previous studies that addressed the impact of longitudinal variations in sAlb on mortality in samples predominantly consisting of prevalent HD patients.^13,15

Some limitations of our study deserve comments. It would certainly be interesting to know the cause of death, to have information about co-morbidities other than diabetes, the measurements of parameters that could more reliably diagnose inflammation, and the evaluation of residual kidney function. However, the data available for analyses were limited given they were derived from a database. On the other side, the sample size, the use of standardized dialysis practices and the centrally determination of the laboratory measurements can be seen as points that strengthen our conclusions.

In summary, early longitudinal changes in the sAlb levels were able to predict long-term prognosis of HD patients. The ones who exhibited an increase in their sAlb in the first three months on dialysis in spite of an initial low albumin had a better prognosis. In contrast, those with sAlb within acceptable levels whose sAlb levels dropped had a dismal prognosis.

Acknowledgments

This study was in part presented at Kidney Week 2011 (November 8-13), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Apr-Jun 2015

History

• Received
  29 Apr 2014
• Accepted
  05 Oct 2014