Anormalidades neuromuscular no desuso, senilidade e caquexia

Kouyoumdjian, João Aris

doi:10.1590/S0004-282X1993000300001

Resumos

É feita revisão de literatura sobre as principais alterações do sistema neuromuscular no desuso, senilidade e caquexia no ser humano e em modelos animais. A diminuição do diâmetro das fibras musculares após período de inatividade/imobilidade (desuso) deve-se à perda de miofibrilas periféricas não ocorrendo formação de core-targetóides ou diminuição da atividade da miofosforilase, próprias da desnervação; mantêm-se a liberação espontânea de acetilcolina e fatores tróficos na junção mio-neural; em geral são afetadas preferencialmente fibras II, que podem assumir forma angular. Existe um processo contínuo intrínseco de envelhecimento de nervos e músculos, com desnervação e reinervação lenta e progressiva; o número de unidades motoras se reduz após 60 anos, sem ocorrência de atividade elétrica desnervatória; a quantidade de acetilcolina liberada nos neurônios terminais e a capacidade máxima de utilização de oxigênio estão diminuídas; a redução da capacidade oxidativa mitocondrial pode explicar o aumento de fibras I, mantendo-se o equilíbrio energético. Após poucas semanas de caquexia as fibras musculares podem ter o diâmetro reduzido em 30%, essa redução ocorre em ordem decrescente nos músculos dos membros inferiores, superiores e tronco; existe atrofia II preferencial com fibras angulares ocasionais, redução de RNA/síntese proteica, mantendo-se DNA normal.

caquexia; envelhecimento; imobilização; doenças neuromusculares

Cachexia, ageing and disuse and their effects on the human and animals neuromuscular system are reviewed. Disuse induces reduction of muscle fibers (mainly II) diameter with peripheral myofibrils lost; there is no core-targetoid or even reduction on myophosphorilase activity, both typical of denervation; the acetylcholine spontaneous release and trophic factors on myoneural junction are maintained; muscle fibers could change to angular shape. Ageing affects nerve and muscle by a continuous and progressive process of denervation and reinner-vation; the number of motor units diminishes in sixties without any denervation electric activity; there is also reduction on the amount of ACh release on terminal neurons and mitochondrial oxidative capacity leading to compensatory type I muscle fiber number increase. Cachexia also induces reduction on muscle fibers diameter first on legs and then on arms and trunk; there is type II atrophy with occasional angular fibers, RNA/proteic synthesis reduction and normal DNA.

cachexia; ageing; immobilization; neuromuscular diseases

João Aris Kouyoumdjian

Professor Assistente da Disciplina de Neurologia da Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto

RESUMO

É feita revisão de literatura sobre as principais alterações do sistema neuromuscular no desuso, senilidade e caquexia no ser humano e em modelos animais. A diminuição do diâmetro das fibras musculares após período de inatividade/imobilidade (desuso) deve-se à perda de miofibrilas periféricas não ocorrendo formação de core-targetóides ou diminuição da atividade da miofosforilase, próprias da desnervação; mantêm-se a liberação espontânea de acetilcolina e fatores tróficos na junção mio-neural; em geral são afetadas preferencialmente fibras II, que podem assumir forma angular. Existe um processo contínuo intrínseco de envelhecimento de nervos e músculos, com desnervação e reinervação lenta e progressiva; o número de unidades motoras se reduz após 60 anos, sem ocorrência de atividade elétrica desnervatória; a quantidade de acetilcolina liberada nos neurônios terminais e a capacidade máxima de utilização de oxigênio estão diminuídas; a redução da capacidade oxidativa mitocondrial pode explicar o aumento de fibras I, mantendo-se o equilíbrio energético. Após poucas semanas de caquexia as fibras musculares podem ter o diâmetro reduzido em 30%, essa redução ocorre em ordem decrescente nos músculos dos membros inferiores, superiores e tronco; existe atrofia II preferencial com fibras angulares ocasionais, redução de RNA/síntese proteica, mantendo-se DNA normal.

Palavras-chave: caquexia, envelhecimento, imobilização, doenças neuromusculares.

SUMMARY

Cachexia, ageing and disuse and their effects on the human and animals neuromuscular system are reviewed. Disuse induces reduction of muscle fibers (mainly II) diameter with peripheral myofibrils lost; there is no core-targetoid or even reduction on myophosphorilase activity, both typical of denervation; the acetylcholine spontaneous release and trophic factors on myoneural junction are maintained; muscle fibers could change to angular shape. Ageing affects nerve and muscle by a continuous and progressive process of denervation and reinner-vation; the number of motor units diminishes in sixties without any denervation electric activity; there is also reduction on the amount of ACh release on terminal neurons and mitochondrial oxidative capacity leading to compensatory type I muscle fiber number increase. Cachexia also induces reduction on muscle fibers diameter first on legs and then on arms and trunk; there is type II atrophy with occasional angular fibers, RNA/proteic synthesis reduction and normal DNA.

Key words: cachexia, ageing, immobilization, neuromuscular diseases.

Full text available only in PDF format.

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Aceite: 3-março-1903.

Dr. João Aris Kouyoumdjian Av. Bady Bassitt 3896 - 15026-000 Sao José do Rio Preto SP -Brasil.

1. Adams RD. Diseases of muscle: a study in pathology. Ed 3. Hagerstown: Harper & Row, 1975, pp 100-102, 139-140, 457-460.
2. Astrom KB, Adams RD. The pathological reactions of the skeletal muscle fiber. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland, 1979, Vol 40, p 197-200.
3. Bari and Andrew. In: McComas AJ. Neuromuscular function and disorders. London: Butterworths, 1977, p 106.
4. Booth FW. Time course of muscular atrophy during immobilization of hindlimbs in rats. J Appl Physiol 1977, 43:656-661.
5. Brooke MH, Kaplan H. Muscle pathology in rheumatoid arthritis, polymyalgia rheuma-tica and polymyositis. Arch Pathol 1972, 94:101-118.
6. Bundschun HD, Suchenwirth R, Davis W. Histochemical changes in disuse atrophy of human skeletal muscle. In: Kakulas BA. Basic research in myology, part I. Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress on Muscle Diseases. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica Internal Congr Series 294, 1973, p 108.
7. Campbell MJ, McComas AJ, Petito F. Physiological changes in ageing muscles. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1973, 36:174-182.
8. Cooper RR. Alterations during immobilization and regenerating of skeletal muscle in cats. J Bone Joint Surg 1972, 54-A:919-953.
9. Dastur DK, Gagrat BM, Manghani DK. Human muscle in disuse atrophy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1979, 5:85-91.
10. Edstrom L. Selective changes in the sizes of red and white muscle fibres in upper motor lesions and parkinsonism. J Neurol Sci 1970, 11:537-550.
11. Edstrom L. Selective atrophy of red muscle fibers in the Quadriceps in long-standing knee joint dysfunction: injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament. J Neurol Sci 1970, 11:551-558.
12. Engel WK. Histochemistry of neuromuscular disease: significance of muscle fiber types. Proceedings of the International Congress of Neurology 2. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1965, p 67.
13. Engel WK, Brooke MH, Nelson PG. Histochemical studies of denervated or tenotomized cat muscle: illustrating difficulties in relating experimental animal conditions to human neuromuscular diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1966, 138:160-185.
14. Jennekens FGI. Disuse, cachexia land ageing. In: Mastaglia F, Walton J. Skeletal muscle pathology. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1982, p 605-620.
15. Jennekens FGI, Tomlinson BE, Walton JN. Histochemical aspects of five limb muscles in old age: an autopsy study. J Neurol Sci 1971, 14:259-276.
16. Jenkyn LR, Reeves AG, Warren T, Whiting RK, Clayton RJ, Moore WW, Rizzo A, Tuzun IM, Bonnett JC, Culpepper BW. Neurologic signs in senescence. Arch Neurol 1985, 42:1154-1157.
17. Karpati G, Engel WK. Correlative histochemical study of skeletal muscle after supra-segmental denervation, peripheral nerve section and skeletal fixation. Neurology 1968, 18:681-692.
18. Klinkerfuss GH, Haugh MJ. Disuse atrophy of muscle. Histochemistry and electron microscopy. Arch Neurol 1970, 22:300-320.
19. Larsson L, Sjodin B, Karlsson J. Histochemical and biochemical changes in human skeletal muscle with age in sedentary males, age 22-65 years. Acta Physiol Scand 1978, 103:31-39.
20. Larsson L, Grimby G, Karlsson J. Muscle strenght and speed of movement in relation to age and muscle morphology. J Appl Physiol (Respiratory, Environment and Exercise Physiology) 1979, 46:451-456.
21. McComas AJ. Neuromuscular function and disorders. London: Butterworths, 1977, pp 80-88, 101-108.
22. Mendell JR. Experimental myopathies. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Amsterdam: Elsevier North-Holland 1979, Vol 40, Bart I, p 133-148.
23. Mendell JR., Engel WK. The fine structure of type II muscle fiber atrophy. Neurology 1971, 21:358-365.
24. Orlander J, Kiessling K-H, Larsson L, Aniansson A. Skeletal muscle metabolism and ultrastructure in relation to age in, sedentary men. Acta Physiol Scand 1978, 104:249-261.
25. Patel AN, Razzak ZA, Dastur DK. Disuse atrophy of human skeletal muscles. Arch Neurol 1969, 20:413-421.
26. Riley DA, Allin EF. The effects of inactivity, programmed stimulation and dennervation on the histochemistry of skeletal fiber types. Exp Neurol 1973, 40:391-413.
27. Spence CA, Hansen-Smith FM. Comparison of the chemical and biochemical composition of thirteen muscles of the rat after dietary protein restriction. B Nutrition 1977, 39: 647-658.
28. Tomlinson BE, Irving D. The number of limb motor neurons in the human lumbosacral cord thoughtout life. J Neurol Sci, 1977, 34:213-219.
29. Tomlinson BE, Walton JN, Rebeiz JJ. The effects of ageing and cachexia upon skeletal muscle: a histopathological study. J Neurol Sci 1969, 9:321-346.
30. Tzankoff SP, Norris AH. Effects of muscle mass decrease on age-related BMR changes. Appl Physiol (Respiratory, Enviroment and Exercise Physiology) 1977, 43:1001-1006.
31. Walsh G, DeVivo D, Olson W. Histochemical and ultrastructunal changes in rat muscles: occurrence following adrenal corticotrophic hormone, glucocorticoids and starvation. Arch Neurol 1971, 24-83-93.
32. Williams PE, Goldspink G. Changes in sarcomere lenght and physiological properties in immobilized muscle. J Anatomy 1978, 127:459-468.
33. Williams JPG, Hughes PCR. Muscle growth during neonatal undernutrition and subsequent rehabilitation in the rat. Acta Anatomica 1978, 101:249-254.
34. Wright EA, Spink JM. A study of the loss of nerve cells in the central nervous system in relation to age. Gerontologia 1959, 3:277-287.

Anormalidades neuromuscular no desuso, senilidade e caquexia

Neuromuscular abnormalities in disuse, cachexia and ageing

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
19 Jan 2011
Data do Fascículo
Set 1993

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] 1. Adams RD. Diseases of muscle: a study in pathology. Ed 3. Hagerstown: Harper & Row, 1975, pp 100-102, 139-140, 457-460.

[2] 2. Astrom KB, Adams RD. The pathological reactions of the skeletal muscle fiber. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland, 1979, Vol 40, p 197-200.

[3] 3. Bari and Andrew. In: McComas AJ. Neuromuscular function and disorders. London: Butterworths, 1977, p 106.

[4] 4. Booth FW. Time course of muscular atrophy during immobilization of hindlimbs in rats. J Appl Physiol 1977, 43:656-661.

[5] 5. Brooke MH, Kaplan H. Muscle pathology in rheumatoid arthritis, polymyalgia rheuma-tica and polymyositis. Arch Pathol 1972, 94:101-118.

[6] 6. Bundschun HD, Suchenwirth R, Davis W. Histochemical changes in disuse atrophy of human skeletal muscle. In: Kakulas BA. Basic research in myology, part I. Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress on Muscle Diseases. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica Internal Congr Series 294, 1973, p 108.

[7] 7. Campbell MJ, McComas AJ, Petito F. Physiological changes in ageing muscles. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1973, 36:174-182.

[8] 8. Cooper RR. Alterations during immobilization and regenerating of skeletal muscle in cats. J Bone Joint Surg 1972, 54-A:919-953.

[9] 9. Dastur DK, Gagrat BM, Manghani DK. Human muscle in disuse atrophy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1979, 5:85-91.

[10] 10. Edstrom L. Selective changes in the sizes of red and white muscle fibres in upper motor lesions and parkinsonism. J Neurol Sci 1970, 11:537-550.

[11] 11. Edstrom L. Selective atrophy of red muscle fibers in the Quadriceps in long-standing knee joint dysfunction: injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament. J Neurol Sci 1970, 11:551-558.

[12] 12. Engel WK. Histochemistry of neuromuscular disease: significance of muscle fiber types. Proceedings of the International Congress of Neurology 2. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1965, p 67.

[13] 13. Engel WK, Brooke MH, Nelson PG. Histochemical studies of denervated or tenotomized cat muscle: illustrating difficulties in relating experimental animal conditions to human neuromuscular diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1966, 138:160-185.

[14] 14. Jennekens FGI. Disuse, cachexia land ageing. In: Mastaglia F, Walton J. Skeletal muscle pathology. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1982, p 605-620.

[15] 15. Jennekens FGI, Tomlinson BE, Walton JN. Histochemical aspects of five limb muscles in old age: an autopsy study. J Neurol Sci 1971, 14:259-276.

[16] 16. Jenkyn LR, Reeves AG, Warren T, Whiting RK, Clayton RJ, Moore WW, Rizzo A, Tuzun IM, Bonnett JC, Culpepper BW. Neurologic signs in senescence. Arch Neurol 1985, 42:1154-1157.

[17] 17. Karpati G, Engel WK. Correlative histochemical study of skeletal muscle after supra-segmental denervation, peripheral nerve section and skeletal fixation. Neurology 1968, 18:681-692.

[18] 18. Klinkerfuss GH, Haugh MJ. Disuse atrophy of muscle. Histochemistry and electron microscopy. Arch Neurol 1970, 22:300-320.

[19] 19. Larsson L, Sjodin B, Karlsson J. Histochemical and biochemical changes in human skeletal muscle with age in sedentary males, age 22-65 years. Acta Physiol Scand 1978, 103:31-39.

[20] 20. Larsson L, Grimby G, Karlsson J. Muscle strenght and speed of movement in relation to age and muscle morphology. J Appl Physiol (Respiratory, Environment and Exercise Physiology) 1979, 46:451-456.

[21] 21. McComas AJ. Neuromuscular function and disorders. London: Butterworths, 1977, pp 80-88, 101-108.

[22] 22. Mendell JR. Experimental myopathies. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Amsterdam: Elsevier North-Holland 1979, Vol 40, Bart I, p 133-148.

[23] 23. Mendell JR., Engel WK. The fine structure of type II muscle fiber atrophy. Neurology 1971, 21:358-365.

[24] 24. Orlander J, Kiessling K-H, Larsson L, Aniansson A. Skeletal muscle metabolism and ultrastructure in relation to age in, sedentary men. Acta Physiol Scand 1978, 104:249-261.

[25] 25. Patel AN, Razzak ZA, Dastur DK. Disuse atrophy of human skeletal muscles. Arch Neurol 1969, 20:413-421.

[26] 26. Riley DA, Allin EF. The effects of inactivity, programmed stimulation and dennervation on the histochemistry of skeletal fiber types. Exp Neurol 1973, 40:391-413.

[27] 27. Spence CA, Hansen-Smith FM. Comparison of the chemical and biochemical composition of thirteen muscles of the rat after dietary protein restriction. B Nutrition 1977, 39: 647-658.

[28] 28. Tomlinson BE, Irving D. The number of limb motor neurons in the human lumbosacral cord thoughtout life. J Neurol Sci, 1977, 34:213-219.

[29] 29. Tomlinson BE, Walton JN, Rebeiz JJ. The effects of ageing and cachexia upon skeletal muscle: a histopathological study. J Neurol Sci 1969, 9:321-346.

[30] 30. Tzankoff SP, Norris AH. Effects of muscle mass decrease on age-related BMR changes. Appl Physiol (Respiratory, Enviroment and Exercise Physiology) 1977, 43:1001-1006.

[31] 31. Walsh G, DeVivo D, Olson W. Histochemical and ultrastructunal changes in rat muscles: occurrence following adrenal corticotrophic hormone, glucocorticoids and starvation. Arch Neurol 1971, 24-83-93.

[32] 32. Williams PE, Goldspink G. Changes in sarcomere lenght and physiological properties in immobilized muscle. J Anatomy 1978, 127:459-468.

[33] 33. Williams JPG, Hughes PCR. Muscle growth during neonatal undernutrition and subsequent rehabilitation in the rat. Acta Anatomica 1978, 101:249-254.

[34] 34. Wright EA, Spink JM. A study of the loss of nerve cells in the central nervous system in relation to age. Gerontologia 1959, 3:277-287.