First record of Juan Fernández Petrel Pterodroma externa (Salvin, 1875) in BrazilAbstract
We document the first recorded occurrence of a Juan Fernández Petrel Pterodroma externa specimen in São Paulo State, South Atlantic, Brazil. This finding improves our understanding of the distribution of this pelagic species, which is rarely observed along the coast. It also suggests that unusual oceanographic conditions may disorient seabirds, causing them to appear in atypical areas.
Keywords
Procellariidae; Southwestern Atlantic; New occurrence.
INTRODUCTION
Procellariiformes constitutes an order of about 150 species of pelagic birds (Gill & Donsker, 2024), with a wide variety of forms and habits (aerial versus aquatic) but with a similar biology (Marchant & Higgins, 1990). Birds belonging to the Procellariidae are cosmopolitan and essentially pelagic, represented by the “true petrels”. The genus Pterodroma, with 35 currently accepted species (Gill & Donsker, 2024), is one of the four main groups of this family.
The Juan Fernandez Petrel (Pterodroma externa) is approximately 43 cm long with a wingspan of 95 to 97 cm (Onley & Scofield, 2007). It has a crown, nape sides of the head, and an area around and immediately below the eye dark brown-grey, forming a brown cap; the upper parts are silvery-grey with darker wings and tail, a distinct “M” pattern visible from one wingtip to the other across the lower back, the underparts are white, except for the dark wingtips and the trailing edge. A small, variable black carpal bar is like a small, black “comma” in front of the elbow joint. The tail feathers have dark tips; the upper tail is slate grey with white feather bases, which show as a white “U” shaped mark on the rump when worn. Legs pinkish-flesh with fleshy outer webs and dark outer webs and toes (Imber et al., 1991; Spear et al., 1992; Onley & Scofield, 2007).
The breeding range of this species is restricted to the Alejandro Selkirk Island (formerly Más Afuera) in the Juan Fernández Archipelago, off the central coast of Chile in the Pacific Ocean (Brooke, 1987). During the breeding season, from December to May, P. externa nests on grassy slopes at altitudes between 600 and 1,150, using burrows or areas under tufts of vegetation (Reyes-Arriagada et al., 2012). Outside of the breeding season, the species is almost exclusively marine and rarely seen on land, sailing widely across the Pacific Ocean. The species has been recorded from waters off Mexico to near Japan, indicating a wide distribution in high seas (Santaella & Sada, 1991; Mochizuki, 1996; Carboneras et al., 2020).
During the breeding season, the species is frequently recorded in the Pacific Islands, which, according to Flood et al. (2021), would indicate that some individuals are non-breeders, probably immature, while breeders may be visiting, for example, during the pre-laying exodus. This species has been recorded in Manoa Valley, Oahu, Hawaii (Clapp, 1984). Moderate numbers of P. externa have been recorded around Rapa and Marotiri, the Austral Islands, and East Polynesia, mainly over seamounts and often associated with seabird feeding frenzies, providing evidence that the species also regularly migrates westwards at mid-latitudes (Flood et al., 2021). Other records include the south-west Pacific Ocean in the Chatham Islands (Imber et al., 1991) and the Waikato District, New Zealand (Reed, 1976); and Tristan da Cunha and Gough in the South Atlantic (Mathews, 1931, 1932; Speight, 2010). Valdebenito et al. (1990) cites P. externa as one of the likely species dispersing plants of the genus Peperomia (Piperaceae) from Más Afuera Island to Inaccessible in Tristan da Cunha, probably accidentally touching this island during their circumpolar migrations. Other records of P. externa in South America include a vagrant specimen in Ecuador (Galapagos) and hypothetical records at sea off Colombia and Peru (Sánchez-Nivicela et al., 2023; Echeverry-Galvis et al., 2024). According to the IUCN Red List (BirdLife International, 2018), P. externa is classified as Vulnerable despite having an estimated population of around 3 million individuals with no apparent decline. Shirihai et al. (2015) counted approximately 85,000 individuals recorded at sea. The species is considered vulnerable due to its extremely restricted breeding area, indicating that it faces a high risk of extinction in the near future mainly due to the impacts of invasive species introductions and habitat degradation (Bourne et al., 1992; Hahn & Römer 2002; Reyes-Arriagada et al., 2012; Shirihai et al., 2015).
Here, we present the first record of P. externa in Brazil (see Pacheco et al., 2021), based on a specimen recently found in São Paulo State. We suggest grazina-das-juan-fernández as the common name in Portuguese.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The Record
On February 18, 2024, a live specimen of P. externa was seen in a schoolyard in the city of São José dos Campos, São Paulo State, Brazil (23°11′19.1″S, 45°53′25.6″W, Fig. 1), above 568 m above sea level, and approximately 63 km away from the coast. On the next day, the bird was handed over to the Environmental Military police, who tried unsuccessfully to take the animal to a Wildlife Rehabilitation Center (CRAS) in the city. On February 20, 2024, and after contact with the Argonauta Institute team, the bird was transferred to the Rehabilitation and Depetrolization Center in Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil (Fig. 1). The Argonauta Institute monitors the section 10 (between São Sebastião and Ubatuba) of the Santos Basin Beach Monitoring Project (PMP BS). The project is carried out from Laguna/SC to Saquarema/RJ and is divided into 15 sections. The aim of this project is to assess the potential impacts of oil production and flow activities on seabirds, turtles, and marine mammals through beach monitoring, veterinary care of live animals, and necropsy of dead animals.
Location of the initial record of the Pterodroma externa and the rehabilitation center where the bird underwent treatment. Note the location of Ilhas Juan Fernández (left upper corner), showing how the specimen was far from the natural occurrence area.
Complete biometrics data were recorded on admission (Table 1). The petrel was kept in treatment until May 06, 2024, when it died. It was then submitted to necropsy, with samples collected for histopathology and additional studies (including DNA analyses and samples stored at the Argonauta Institute and MZUSP). The specimen was deposited in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (accession number MZUSP 116.128).
Complete biometrics of the Pterodroma externa in the admission to the Rehabilitation and Depetrolization Center in Ubatuba/SP.
RESULTS
After analyzing the external characteristics, the individual was identified as P. externa (Fig. 2). The necropsy revealed that the individual was an adult female, which was confirmed by histopathology.
Juan Fernandez Petrel Pterodroma externa specimen found in São Paulo state, South Atlantic, Brazil. (A) Right lateral view, note dark panda eye-patch typical of the species. (B) Right lateral view, the entire body. Note an obvious blackish mask grading into a more contrasting cap than its mantle (F). (C, D) Dorsal view, note large white bases on primaries and tail feathers, posterior aspect of wings and tail (C), and left wing (D). (E) Underwing pattern with a black comma (variable black carpal bar) in the bend of the wing. (F) Mantle, note a silvery-gray cap, with darker wings and tail. (G, H) Legs displaying pinkish-flesh with fleshy outer webs and dark outer webs and toes, dorsoplantar aspect (G), and plantar dorsal aspect (H).
DISCUSSION
Pterodroma externa and White-necked Petrel Pterodroma cervicalis are similar in mass, wingspan, and tail length, have similar flight behavior, and overlap in their distributions in the eastern Pacific (Spear et al., 1992); therefore, these species are distinguished by specific external characters. The Vanuatu petrel Pterodroma occulta is likely to be very difficult to separate from Pterodroma cervicalis (Onley & Scofield, 2007). Criteria for distinguishing P. externa from P. cervicalis and P. occulta, include the white collar (nape) separating the black cap and gray back (Fig. 2), except in a few cases of birds within very worn plumage when the larger dark underwing patch from the carpal should help (Spear et al., 1992; Onley & Scofield, 2007). The black cap of P. cervicalis contrasts sharply with the white nape. On the other hand, the cap of P. externa is sooty, or brownish gray. In white-naped P. externa the contrast was less striking than in P. cervicalis (Spear et al., 1992), and the larger dark bar on the underwing margin of P. cervicalis, compared to the gray nape, smaller underwing bar (Fig. 2), or spot, and the gray cap of P. externa (Spear et al., 1992; Onley & Scofield, 2007). The field identification characteristics of the specimen in this study are compatible with those reported for the species P. externa regarding length (43 cm), wingspan (97 cm), and weight (310-555 g) (Marchant & Higgins, 1990; Spear et al., 1992; Onley & Scofield, 2007), very similar to the description reported by Murphy (1936). Biological variations in weight and biometrics could be attributed to sex, as females are, on average, smaller than males (Onley & Scofield, 2007).
It is worth highlighting that this individual, an adult female, was found in Brazil in February, during the breeding season, when it was expected to occur close to the reproductive colony. The movements of P. externa are considered trans-equatorial migrants from the breeding grounds to the North Pacific from October to June (Marchant & Higgins, 1990). Some birds, presumably vagrants, may disperse farther West than usual (Marchant & Higgins, 1990). The specimen observed here was probably a vagrant found in an area outside the known or usual range of the species. Long-distance vagrancy may be related to abnormal disturbances in the oceanic and atmospheric circulations, particularly cyclonic storms, and inefficient orientation and navigation in the larger and more robust migratory species, which may continue to wander in search of congenial areas until they die a very long way from home (Bourne, 1967). They are particularly vulnerable to being blown westwards and to higher latitudes in the subtropical zone and sometimes back eastwards again along the paths of hurricanes and other tropical storms (Bourne, 1967). The estimated speed of P. externa in strong winds is approximately 200 km/h, similar to that of the Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus (Shirihai et al., 2015), enhancing the possibilities for this species to be far away from its original location as observed in this vagrant specimen. Extreme climatic events have already been responsible for unusual records of another Pterodroma species (P. incerta) on the interior of Brazil, in eastern Brazilian Amazonia, at least 400 km away from the nearest open sea (Marajó Bay) (Teixeira et al., 1986) and in Southern Brazil, after Hurricane Catarina, with at least 354 petrels found in 26 different locations up to 420 km from the coast and up to 1,100 m above sea level (Bugoni et al., 2007).
Regarding the meteorological context, in southern South America, jet streams (JS) are known to be associated with blockages, frontal systems, and convective systems. In Brazil, jet streams are responsible for the development or intensification of convection in the south and southeast of the country (Kousky & Cavalcanti, 1984). Jet stream climatology shows seasonal variations in the Southern Hemisphere (Gallego et al., 2005). For the subtropical jet (SJ), which typically forms on the poleward side of the Hadley cell due to angular momentum transport (Hoskins et al., 1983), wind speed has generally increased in winter and decreased in summer (Manney & Hegglin, 2018). In El Niño years, such as 2023-2024, the tropical troposphere warms, and the Hadley circulation strengthens and contracts, causing the SJ to move towards the equator (Choudhury et al., 2021). Global warming increases the intensity of El Niño and reduces the pressure difference between the poles and the equator, which also affects the jet stream. According to the Brazilian National Meteorological Institute, February 2024 was marked by heat typical of the austral summer and the continuing influence of El Niño. In El Niño years, the Atlantic jet stream tends to become more intense near South America. These variations in position and intensity affect other meteorological systems, such as the passage of cold fronts. On 16 February, the Marine Meteorological Service (https://community.wmo.int/en/marine-services) warned of the formation of the oceanic cyclone Akará, classified as a tropical storm, off the north coast of Rio de Janeiro (24.5°S, 40.0°W) moving south towards São Paulo and beyond, with winds of up to 40 knots (75 km/h).
Other factors influencing weather patterns to be considered include the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO). This tropical phenomenon may affect the circulation and composition of the global atmosphere through a variety of mechanisms. The QBO also directly affects tropospheric variability by influencing the Pacific subtropical jet and tropical convention on both seasonal mean and subseasonal timescales (Garfinkel et al., 2022). According to the NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory (https://psl.noaa.gov/data/correlation/qbo.data), in February 2024, the QBO was in an easterly phase, which is generally stronger (30-35 m/s) than the westerly phase (15-20 m/s). According to Madden & Julian, 1994, the vertical influence of the QBO on modes of equatorial tropospheric variability, such as the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), has recently been observed (Toms et al., 2020). The MJO is the largest source of subseasonal (20-60 days) tropical variability, propagating pulses of large-scale organized deep convection and precipitation eastward (Andrews et al., 2024). According to the NOAA Climate Prediction Center (NOAA, 2024), the upper-level velocity potential anomaly fields showed continued MJO activity in mid-February, with eastward propagation of the enhanced convection centered over the Americas.
It is also worth noting that the US Weather Service reported that winds in the mid-Atlantic reached speeds of 265 mph at about 35,000 feet, the cruising altitude for aircraft, as a powerful JS swept through the region on 18 February 2024. This speed was the second-highest recorded since records began in the 1950s. These winds enabled at least three commercial aircraft to reach speeds of 800 mph (Samenow, 2024). It is, therefore, possible that this Petrel was able to take advantage of the strong winds passing over the Andes (Jet Stream) through the continental region of South America. In addition to the convergence of other climate events during this period, which could be worth highlighting, such as El Niño (mainly). An additional hypothesis of this bird’s path would be bordering the ocean of the South of South America, rising to the north, and later being displaced to the interior of Brazil by the aforementioned phenomena.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this first record of Pterodroma externa in Brazil raises discussion on how extreme weather events, such as severe storms and abrupt changes in oceanographic conditions, can disorient seabirds and lead them to unusual areas. Continuous monitoring of pelagic seabird groups such as Procellariiformes, including vagrant individuals, is necessary to better understand distribution patterns (Soares-Santos et al., 2024).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
We are deeply indebted to Professor Luís Fábio Silveira of the Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo (MZUSP) for his contributions and manuscript revision. We acknowledge the PMP BS, an activity developed to meet the requirements of the Federal Environmental Permit of Petrobras’ activities in the production and flow of oil and natural gas in the Santos Basin, conducted by IBAMA.
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FUNDING INFORMATION:
Santos Basin Beach Monitoring Project (PMP BS), through Mineral Engenharia e Meio Ambiente.
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Published with the financial support of the “Programa de Apoio às Publicações Científicas Periódicas da Universidade de São Paulo”
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Edited by:
Luís Fábio Silveira
