II DIRETRIZES EM CARDIOGERIATRIA DA SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE CARDIOLOGIA
Cláudia F. Gravina; Roberto Franken; Nanette Wenger; Elizabete Viana de Freitas; Michel Batlouni; Michel Rich; Alberto Liberman; Amit Nussbacher; Daniel Forman; Martino Martinelli; Silvio Carlos Santos; Gilson Soares Feitosa; Zilda Machado Meneghello; Ronaldo F. Rosa; Maurício Wajngarten; Jeanne Wei
Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.
Referências
1. Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS. (eds.). To err is human: building a safer health system. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine/National Academy Press; 2000.
2. Committee on Quality of Health Care in America. Crossing the Quality Chasm: a New Health System for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine/National Academy Press; 2001.
3. Lohr KN, Schroeder SA. A strategy for quality assurance in medicare. N Engl J Med. 1990; 322: 707-12.
4. Califf RM, Peterson ED, Gibbons RJ, Garson A Jr, Brindis RG, Beller GA, et al. Integrating quality into the cycle of therapeutic development. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 40: 1895-901.
5. Garson A. President's page: a target for better patient care. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999; 34: 294-5.
6. Ford ES, Ajani UA, Croft JB, Critchley JA, Labarthe DR, Kottke TE, et al. Explaining the decrease in U.S. deaths from coronary disease, 1980-2000. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356: 2388-98.
7. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ôunpuu S, on behalf of the INTERHEART Study Investigators. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004; 364: 937-52.
8. Cabana MD, Rand CS, Powe NR, Wu, AW, Wilson MH, Abboud PA, et al. Why don't physicians follow clinical practice guidelines? A framework for improvement. JAMA. 1999; 282 (15): 1458-65.
9. Tricoci P, AllenJM, Kramer JM, Calliff RM, Smith SC Jr. Scientific evidence underlying the ACC/AHA clinical practice guidelines. JAMA. 2009; 301 (8): 831-41.
10. Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med. 3(11): e442.
11. Drucker P. The practice of management. New York: Harper & Row; 1954.
12. Barr E, Zimmet PZ, Welborn TA, Jolley D, Magliano DJ, Deenstan DW, et al. Risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance. The Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle Study. Circulation. 2007; 116: 151-7.
13. Dale AC, Nilsen TI, Vatten L, Midthjell K, Wiseth R. Diabetes mellitus and risk of fatal ischaemic heart disease by gender: 18 years follow-up of 74914 individuals in the HUNT 1 Study. Eur Heart J. 2007; 28: 2924-9.
14. Ryden L, Standl E, Bartnik M, Van den Berghe G, Betteridge J, de Moer MJ. Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases: executive summary. The Task Force on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases of the ESC, and EASD. Eur Heart J. 2007; 28 (1): 88-136.
15. Haffner SM, Letho S, Ronnemaa T, Pyorala K, Laakso M. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in non-diabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1998; 339: 229-34.
16. Brown AF, Mangione CM, Saliba D, Sarkisian CA. California Healthcare Foundation / American Geriatrics Society Panel and Improving Care for Elders with Diabetes. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003; 51 (5 Suppl): 5265-80.
17. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complication in patients with type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 1998; 352: 837-53.
18. Shorr RI, Franse LV, Resmick HE, Di Bari M, Johnson KC, Pahor M. Glycemic control of older adults with type 2 diabetes: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1998-94. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000; 48: 264-7.
19. Hornick T, Aron DC. Managing diabetes in the elderly: go easy, individualize. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 2008; 75 (1): 70-8.
20. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes .BMJ. 1998; 317: 703-13.
21. Consenso da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes: diagnóstico e classificação do diabetes melito e tratamento do diabetes melito Tipo 2. Arq Bras Endocrinol e Metab. 2000; 44 (supl. 1): S8-S35.
22. Grover SA, Coupal L, Zowall H, Dorais M. Cost-effectiveness of treating hyperlipidemia in the presence of diabetes: Who should be treated? Circulation. 2000; 102: 722-7.
23. Gregoratos G. Diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2000; (Suppl. 9): 49-60.
24. Abraira C, Colwell J, Nutall F, Sawin CT, Henderson W, Comstock JP, et al. Cardiovascular events and correlates in the Veteran Affairs diabetes feasibility trial. VA cooperative study on glicemic control and complications in type II diabetes. Arch Intern Med. 1997; 157: 181-8.
25. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28: S4-S36.
26. American Diabetes Association: Standards of medical care in diabetes-2008. Diabetes Care. 2008; 31 (Suppl 1): 512-54.
27. Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, Ferrannini E, Holman RR, Sherwin R, et al. Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 Diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32: 193-203.
28. Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes. Diretrizes sobre o tratamento e acompanhamento do Diabete mellitus. Rio de Janeiro: Diagraphic Editora; 2007.
29. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28: S4-S36.
30. Brown AF, Mangione CM, Saliba D, Sarkisian CA, California Healthcare Foundation/American Geriatrics Society Panel on Improving Care for Elders with Diabetes. Guidelines for improving the care of the older person with diabetes mellitus. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003; 51: S265-S280.
31. Pogach LM, Brietzke SA, Cowan CL Jr, Conlin P, Walder DJ, SawinCT. VA/DoD Diabetes Guideline Development Group. Development of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for diabetes: the Department of Veterans Affairs/ Department of Defense guidelines initiative. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27: B82-B89.
32. Tovi J, Engfeld P. Well being and symptoms in elderly type 2 diabetes patients with poor metabolic control: effect of insulin treatment. Practical Diabetes. 1998; 15: 73-7.
33. Reza M, Taylor CD, Towse K, Ward JD, Hendra TJ. Insulin improves well-being for selected elderly type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2002; 55: 201-7.
34. Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes. Atualização Brasileira sobre Diabetes 2005. Síndrome metabólica. Rio de Janeiro: Diagraphic Editora; 2005.
35. Miettinen OS, Neff RK, Jick H. Cigarette smoking and non-fatal myocardial infarction: Rate ratio in relation to age, sex and predisponning conditions. Am J Epidemiol 1976;103:30-36.
36. Seltzer CC. Smoking and coronary heart disease in the elderly. Am J Med Sc. 1975; 269: 309-15.
37. Miettinen OS, Neff RK, Jick H. Cigarette smoking and non-fatal myocardial infarction: rate-ratio in relation to age, sex and predisponing conditions. Am J Epidemiol. 1976; 103: 30-6.
38. Jajich CL, Ostfeld AM, Freeman DH Jr. Smoking and CHD: mortality in the elderly. JAMA. 1984; 252: 2831-4.
39. Siegel, Kuller L, Lazarus NB, Black D, Feigal D, Hughes G, et al. Predictors of cardiovascular events and mortality in the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program Pilot Project. Am J Epidemiol. 1987; 16: 385-99.
40. LaCroix AZ, Lang J, Scherr P, Wallace RB, Cornoni-Huntley J, Berkman L, et al. Smoking and mortality among older men and women in three communities. N Eng J Med. 1991; 324: 1619-25.
41. Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Speltzer FE, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, et al. A prospective study of passive smoking and coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1997; 95: 2574-9.
42. Dwyer J. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and coronary risk. Circulation. 1997; 96: 1367-9.
43. Hall SM, Humfleet GL, Gorecki JA, Muñoz RF, Reus VI, Prochaska JJ. Older versus younger treatment-seeking smokers: differences in smoking behavior, drug and alcohol use, and psychosocial and physical functioning. Nicotine Tob Res. 2008; 10 (3): 463-70.
44. Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 Update U.S. Public Health Service Clinical Practice Guideline executive summary 2008. PHS Guideline Update Panel, Liaisons, and Staff. Respir Care. 2008; 53: 1217-22.
45. Bratzler DW, et al. Smoking in the elderly-it's never too late to quit. J.Okla State Med Assoc 2002; 95(3): 185-91.
46. Buckland A, Connolly MJ. Age-related differences in smoking cessation advice and support given to patients hospitalized with smoking-related illness. Age Ageing. 2005; 34 (6): 639-42.
47. Andrews JO, Heath J, Graham-Garcia J. Management of tobacco dependence in older adults: using evidence-based strategies J Gerontol Nurs. 2004; 30: 13-24.
48. Tait RJ, Hulse GK, Waterreus A, Flicker L, Lautenschlager NT, Jamrozik K, et al. Effectiveness of a smoking cessation intervention in older adults. Addiction. 2007; 102: 148-55.
49. Burton LC, Paglia MJ, German PS, Shapiro S, Damiano AM. The effect among older persons of a general preventive visit on three health behaviors: smoking, excessive alcohol drinking, and sedentary lifestyle. The Medicare Preventive Services Research Team. Prev Med. 1995; 24: 492-7.
50. Morgan GD, Noll EL, Orleans CT, Rimer BK, Amfoh K, Bonney G. Reaching midlife and older smokers: tailored interventions for routine medical care. Prev Med. 1996; 25: 346-54.
51. Gravina Taddei CF, Ramos LR, Moraes C. Estudo multicêntrico em idosos atendidos em ambulatórios de cardiologia e geriatria de instituições brasileiras. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1997; 69 (5): 327-33.
52. Pi-Sunyer FX. Medical hazards of obesity. Ann Intern Med. 1993; 119: 655-63.
53. US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services. Nutrition and Your Health. Dietary guidelines for Americans. 3rd ed. Washington DC. US Dept of Agriculture and US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1990.
54. Health implications of Obesity: National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement. Ann Intern Med. 1995; 103: 1073-7.
55. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Diretrizes para cardiologistas sobre excesso de peso e doença cardiovascular. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2002; 78 (supl 1):1-14.
56. Tsigos C, Hainer V, Basclevant A, Finer N, Fried M, Mathus-Vliegen E, et al. Management of obesity in adults: European Clinical Practice Guidelines. Obesity Facts. 2008; 1: 106-16.
57. Heiat A, Vaccarino V, Krumholz HM. An evidence-based assessment of federal guidelines for overweight and obesity as they apply to elderly persons. Arch Intern Med. 2001; 161: 1194-203.
58. Diehr P, O'Meara ES, Fitzpatrick A, Newman AB, Kuller L, Burke G. Weight, mortality, years of health life, and active life expectancy in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008; 56 (1): 76-83.
59. Villareal D, Miller B, Banks M, Fontana L, Sinacore DR, Klein S. Effect of lifestyle on metabolic coronary heart disease risk factors in obese older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 84 (6): 1317-23.
60. Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia. Projeto diretrizes. Sobrepeso e obesidade: Diagnóstico. 2004. [Acesso em 2008 set 10]. Disponível em http://www.projetodiretrizes.org.br/projeto_diretrizes/089.pdf
61. Bouchard C, Bray GA, Hubbard VS. Basic and clinical aspects of regional fat distribution. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990; 52: 946-50.
62. Han TS, van Leer EM, Seidell JC, Lean ME. Waist circumference action levels in the identification of cardiovascular risk factors: prevalence study in a random sample. BMJ. 1995; 311: 1401-5.
63. Cabrera M, Wajngarten M, Gebara O, Diament J. Relação do índice de massa corporal, da relação cintura-quadril e da circunferência abdominal com a mortalidade em mulheres idosas: seguimento de 5 anos. Cad Saúde Pública. 2005; 21 (3): 767-75.
64. Price GM, Uauy R, Breeze E, Bulpitt CJ, Fletcher AE. Weight, shape and mortality risk in older person: elevated waist-hip ratio, not high body mass index, is associated with a greater risk of death. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 84: 449-60.
65. Freitas EV. Epidemiologia e demografia do envelhecimento. In: Liberman A, Freitas EV, Neto FS, Gravina Taddei CF. Cardiologia geriátrica - DECAGE. Barueri, SP: Manole; 2005.
66. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Walker M. Physical activity and mortality in older men with diagnosed coronary heart disease. Circulation. 2000; 102: 1358-63.
67. Pitanga, FJG. Epidemiologia, atividade física e saúde. Rev Bras Cien Mov. 2002; 10 (3): 49-54.
68. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008. Washington, DC: U.S.Department of Health and Human Services, 2008.
69. Public health focus: physical activity and the prevention of coronary artery disease. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1993; 42: 669-72.
70. Powell KE, Thompson PD, Caspersen CJ, Kandrick JS. Physical activity and the incidence of coronary heart disease. Ann Rev Public Health. 1987; 8: 253.
71. Florindo AA, Latorre MRDO, Tanaka T, Jaime PC, Zerbini CAF. Fatores associados à prática de exercícios físicos em homens voluntários adultos e idosos residentes na Grande São Paulo, Brasil. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2001; 4 (2): 105-13.
72. Gravina CF, Grespan SM, Araújo N. Envelhecimento e risco cardiovascular. In: Tratado de Cardiologia da SOCESP. São Paulo: Manole; 2009.
73. DiPietro L. The epidemiology of physical activity and physical function in older people. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996; 28 (5): 596-600.
74. Janssen I, Jolliffe CJ. Influence of physical on mortality in elderly with coronary artery disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006; 38 (3): 418-23.
75. Wenger NK. Physical inactivity and coronary artery disease in elderly patients. In: Aronow W, Tresch D. Coronary artery disease in the elderly: clincs in geriatric cardiology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 1996. p. 79-88.
76. Janssen I, Jolliffe CJ. Influence of physical on mortality in elderly with coronary artery disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006; 38 (3): 418-23.
77. McDermott MM, Liu K, Ferrucci L, Criqui MH, Greenland P, Green D, et al. Physical performance in peripheral arterial disease: a slower rate of decline in patients who walk more. Ann Intern Med. 2006; 144 (1): 10-20.
78. Vivacqua RC, Serra S. Teste ergométrico em idosos. In: Freitas EV, Py L, Cançado FAX, Doll J, Gorzoni ML. Tratado de geriatria e gerontologia. 2ª ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 2006. p. 425-8.
79. Mozaffarian D, Furberg CD, Psaty BM, Siscovick D. Physical activity and incidence of atrial fibrillation in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation. 2008; 118: 800-7.
80. Nelson ME, Rejeski WJ, Blair SN, Duncan PW, Judge JO, King AC, et al. Physical activity and public health in older adults: recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2007; 116: 1-12.
81. Miettinen T, Pyorala K, Olsson A, Musliner TA, Cook TJ, Faergeman O, et al. Cholesterol-lowering theraphy in women and elderly patients with myocardial infarction or angina pectoris: findings from the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Circulation. 1997; 96: 4211-8.
82. Lewis S, Moye L, Sacks F, Johnstone DE, Timmins G, Mitchell J, et al. Effect of pravastatin on cardiovascular events in older patients with myocardial infarction and cholesterol levels in the average range. Results of the Cholesterol and recurrents events (CARE) trial. Ann Intern Med. 1998; 129: 681-9.
83. Rubins HB, Robins S, Collins D, Fye CL, Anderson JW, Elan MB, et al. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341: 410-8.
84. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002; 360: 7-22.
85. Shepherd J, Blauw G, Murphy M, Bollen EL, Buckley BM, Cobbe SM, et al. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002: 360: 1623-30.
86. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabeCH, Rader DJ, Rouleau JL, Belder R, et al. Comparison of intensive and moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Eng J Med. 2004; 350: 1495-504.
87. PROVE-IT TIMI 22: Large benefit in elderly ACS patients treated to low LDL cholesterol levels. [Acessed on 2008 Sep 20]. Available from: http:www.theheart.org/article/404557.
88. La Rosa J, Grundy S, Waters D, Shear C, Barter P, Fruchart JC, et al. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352: 14.
89. Deedwania P, Stone P, Merz NB, Cosin-Aguillar J, Koylan N, Luo D, et al. Effects of intensive versus moderate lipid-lowering therapy on myocardial ischemia in older patients with coronary heart disease: results of the Study Assessing Goals in the Elderly (SAGE). Circulation. 2007; 115: 700-7.
90. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, Genest J, Gotto AM Jr, Kastelein JJ, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med. 2008; 359 (21): 2195-207.
91. Grundy S, Cleeman J, Merz C, Brewer HB Jr, Clark LT, Aunninghake DB, et al. Implications of recent clinical trial for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines. Circulation. 2004; 110: 227-39.
92. Lemaitre R, Psaty B, Heckbert S, Kronmal RA, Newman AB, Burke GL. Therapy with Hydroxymethylglutary Coenzime A Reductase Inhibitors (Statins) and associated risk of incident cardiovascular events in older adults: evidence from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Intern Med. 2002; 162: 1395-400.
93. Gordon T, Castelli WP, Hjortland MC, Kannel WB, Dawber TR. High density lipoprotein as a protective factor against coronary heart disease. The Framingham Study. Am J Med. 1977; 62: 707-14.
94. de Goma EM, Leeper NJ, Heidenreich PA. Clinical significance of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 51: 49-55.
95. Hully SB, Rosenman RH, Bawol RD, Brand RJ. Epidemiology as a guide to clinical decisions: the association between triglyceride and coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 1980; 302: 1383-9.
96. Austin MA. Plasma triglyceride and coronary heart disease. Arteriocler Thromb. 1991; 11: 2-14.
97. Miller M, Cannon CP, Murphy SA, Qin J, Ray KK, Braunwald E; PROVE IT-TIMI 22 Investigators. Impact of triglyceride levels beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol after acute coronary syndrome in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 51: 724-30.
98. Wang TJ, Gona P, Larson MG, Tofler GH, Levy D, Newton-Chech C, et al. Multiple biomarkers for the prediction of first major cardiovascular events and death. N Engl J Med. 2006; 355 (25): 2631-9.
99. Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander EW et al. Markers of inflamation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American heart Association. Circulation 2003;107:499-511.
100. NACB LMPG Committee Members. Myers GL, Christenson RH, Cushman M, Ballantyne CN, Cooper GR, Pfeiffer CM, et al. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice guidelines: emerging biomarkers for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Clin Chem. 2009; 55 (2): 378-84.
101. Davidson MH, Corson MA, Alberts MJ, Anderson JL, Gorelick PB, Jones PH, et al. Consensus panel recommendation for incorporating lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 testing into cardiovascular disease risk assessment guidelines. Am J Cardiol. 2008; 101 (12A): 51F-57F.
102. Gaw A, Murray HM, Brown EA. Plasma lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] concentrations and cardiovascular events in the elderly: evidence from the prospective study of pravastatin in the elderly at risk (PROSPER). Atherosclerosis. 2005; 180 (2): 381-8.
103. Gravina CF, Batlouni M, Sarteschi C, Sousa AG, Sousa JE, Piegas L. Influence of age and coronary artery disease on homocysteine levels in the young old compared with the old and the oldest old. Am J Ger Cardiol. 2006; 15 (3): 165-73.
104. McCully KS. Homocysteine, vitamins, and vascular disease prevention. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007; 86 (5): 1563S-8S.
105. Bruckdorfer KR. Antioxidants and CVD. Proc Nutr Soc. 2008; 67 (2): 214-22.
106. Kuller LH, Arnold A, Psaty BM, Manolio TA, Kuller LH, Burke GL, et al. 10-year follow-up of subclinical cardiovascular disease and risk of coronary heart disease in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166: 71-8.
107. Naghavi M, Falk E, Hecht HS, Jamieson MJ, Kaul S, Berman D, et al. From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient--Part III: Executive summary of the Screening for Heart Attack Prevention and Education (SHAPE) Task Force report. Am J Cardiol. 2006; 98 (2A): 2H-15H.
108- Makdisse MRP. Doença arterial obstrutiva periférica. In: Liberman A, Freitas EV, Savioli Neto F, Taddei CFG. (eds.). Diagnóstico e tratamento em cardiologia geriátrica. São Paulo: Editora Manole; 2005. p. 343-5.
109. Van Kuijk JP, Flu WJ, Dunckelgrun M, Bax JJ, Poldermans D. Coronary artery disease in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm: a review article. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 2009; 50 (1): 93-107.
110. Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2005; 142 (3): 198-202.
111. American Heart Association. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics - 2007 Update. Dallas, Texas. American Heart Association; 2007. [Access in 2009 Feb. 15]. Available from http://www.americanheart.org.
112. Lerner DJ, Kannel WB. Patterns of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality in the sexes: a 26-year follow-up of the Framingham population. Am Heart J. 1986; 111: 383-90.
113. Colditz GA, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH. Menopause and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med. 1987; 316: 1105-10.
114. Eaker ED, Chesebro JH, Sacks FM, Wenger NK, Whisnant JP, Winston M. Cardiovascular disease in women. Circulation. 1993; 88: 1999-2009.
115. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ. Trends in the incidence of coronary heart disease and changes in diet and lifestyle in women. N Engl J Med. 2000; 343: 530-7.
116. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Rifai N, Cook NR. Development and validation of improved algorithms for the assessment of global cardiovascular risk in women: the Reynolds Risk Score. JAMA. 2007; 297: 611-9.
117. Sposito A, Caramelli B, Fonseca FAH, et al. IV Diretriz brasileira sobre dislipidemia e prevenção da aterosclerose. Arq Brás Cardiol 2007;88.
118. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. I Diretriz Brasileira sobre prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares em mulheres climatéricas e a influência da Terapia de Reposição Hormonal (TRH) da SBC - Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia e da SOBRAC - Associação Brasileira do Climatério. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2008; 91 (supl 1): 1-23.
119. Hochman JS, Tamis JE, Thompson TD, Weaver WD, White HD, Van der Werf F, et al. Sex, clinical presentation, and outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Arteries in Acute Coronary Syndromes IIb Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341: 226-32.
120. Goldberg RJ, O'Donnell, Yarzebski J, Begelow C, Savageau J, Gore JM. Sex differences in symptom presentation associated with acute myocardial infarction: a population-based perspective. Am Heart J. 1998; 136: 189-95.
121. Mosca L, Ferri A, Fabunmi R, Robertson RM. Tracking women's awareness of heart disease: an American Heart Association National Study. Circulation. 2004; 109: 573-9.
122. Mosca L, Banka CL, Benjamin EJ, Berra K, Bushnell C, Dolos R, et al. Evidence based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women: 2007 update. Circulation. 2007; 115: 1-21.
123. Chambers BR, Donnan GA. Carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005; 4: CD001923.
124. Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study: endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA. 1995; 273: 1421-8.
125. Halliday A, Mansfield A, Marro J, Peto C, Peto R, Potter J, et al. Prevention of disabling and fatal strokes by successful carotid endarterectomy in patients without recent neurological symptoms: randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004; 363: 1491-502.
126. Baker WH, Howard VJ, Howard G, Toole JF: Effect of contralateral occlusion on long-term efficacy of endarterectomy in the asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis study (ACAS). ACAS Investigators. Stroke. 2000; 31: 2330-4.
127. Straus SE, Majumdar SR, McAlister FA. New evidence for stroke prevention: scientific review. JAMA. 2002; 288: 1388-95.
128. The European Carotid Surgery Trialists Collaborative Group: risk of stroke in the distribution of an asymptomatic carotid artery. Lancet. 1995; 345: 209-12.
129. European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group: endarterectomy for moderate symptomatic carotid stenosis: Interim results from the MRC European carotid surgery trial. Lancet. 1996; 347: 1591-3.
130. Cina C, Clase C, Haynes R. Carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. 1999; 3: CD 001081.
131. Rothwell P, Eliasziw M, Gutnikov S, Warlow C, HJM B, for the Carotid Endarterectomy Trialists Collaboration: Endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis in relation to clinical subgroups and timing of surgery. Lancet. 2004; 363: 915-24.
132. Rothwell PM, Eliasziw M, Gutnikov SA, Warlow CP, Barnett HJ. Sex difference in the effect of time from symptoms to surgery on benefit from carotid endarterectomy for transient ischemic attack and nondisabling stroke. Stroke. 2004; 35: 2855-61.
133. Inzitari D, Eliasziw M, Sharpe BL, Fox AJ, Barnett HJ. Risk factors and outcome of patients with carotid artery stenosis presenting with lacunar stroke. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Group. Neurology. 2000; 54: 660-6.
134. Streifler JY, Eliasziw M, Benavente OR, Alamowitch S, Fox AJ, Hachinski VC, et al. Prognostic importance of leukoaraiosis in patients with symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis. Stroke. 2002; 33: 1651-5.
135. Yadav J, Sholey M, Kuntz R, Fayad P, Katzen B, Mishkel G, et al. for the Stending and Angioplasty with Protection in Patients at High Risk for Endarterectomy Investigators. Protected carotid-artery stending versus endarterectomy in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2004; 351: 1493-501.
136. Ringleb PA, Allenberg JR, Berger J, Brückmann H, Eckstein HH, Fraedrich G, et al. 30 day results from the SPACE trial of stent-protected angioplasty versus carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2006; 368: 1239-47.
137. Mas JL, Chatellier G, Beyssen B, Branchereau A, Moulin T, Becquemin JP, et al, for the EVA-3S Investigators. Endarterectomy versus stenting in patients with symptomatic severe carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2006; 355: 1660-71.
138. Gillum RF. Epidemiology of aortic aneurysms in the United States. J Clin Epidemiol. 1995; 48: 1289-98.
139. Isselbacher EM. Thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms. Circulation. 2005; 111: 816-28.
140. Sá M, Moshkovitz Y, Butany J, David TE. Histologic abnormalities of the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk in patients with bicuspid aortic valve disease: clinical relevance to the Ross procedure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1999; 118 (4): 588-94.
141. Crawford ES, Crawford JL, Safi HJ, Coselli JS, Hess KR, Brooks B, et al. Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms: preoperative and intraoperative factors determining immediate and long-term results of operation in 605 patients. J Vasc Surg. 1986; 3: 389-404.
142. Coady MA, Rizzo JA, Goldstein LJ, Elefteriades JA. Natural history, pathogenesis and etiology of thoracic aortic aneurism and dissections. Cardiol Clin. 1999; 17: 615-35.
143. Clouse WD, Hallett JW Jr, Schaff HV, Gayari MM, Ilstrup DM, Melton JL 3rd. Improved prognosis of thoracic aortic aneurysms: a population-based study. JAMA. 1998; 280: 1926-9.
144. Elefteriades JA. Natural history of thoracic aortic aneurysms: indications for surgery, and surgical versus nonsurgical risks. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002; 74: S1877-S1880.
145. Ince H, Nienaber CA. Etiology, pathogenesis and management of thoracic aortic aneurysm. Cardiovasc Med. 2007; 4 (8): 418-27.
146. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions; Society of Thoracic Surgeons, Bonow RO et al. ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. Circulation. 2006; 114 (5): e84-231.
147. Shores J. Progression in aortic dilatation and the benefit of long-term beta adrenergic blockade in Marfan's Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1994; 330 (19): 1335-41.
148. Hackam DG, Thiruchelvam D, Redelmeier DA. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and aortic rupture: population based case control study. Lancet. 2006; 368: 659-65.
149. Vahanian A, Baumgartner H, Bax J, Butchart E, Dion R, Filippatos G, et al. Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines. Guideline for Management of Valvular heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2007; 28 (2): 230-68.
150. Bavária JE, Apoo JJ, Makaroun MS, Verter J, Yu ZF, Mutchell R. Endovascular stent grafting versus open surgical repair of descending aortic thoracic aneurysms in low-risk patients: a multicenter comparative trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007; 133: 369-77.
151. Cho JS, Haider SE, Makaroun MS. Endovascular therapy of thoracic aneurysms: GORE TAG trial results. Seminn Vasc Surg. 2006; 19: 18-24.
152. Leurs LJ, Bell R, Degrieck Y, Thomaz S, Hobo R, Lundbom J. Endovascular treatment of thoracic aortic diseases: combined experience from the EUROSTAR and United Kingdom Thoracic Endigraft registries. J. Vasc Surg. 2004; 40: 670-9.
153. Lederle FA, Johnson GR, Wilson SE, Chute EP, Hye RJ, Makaroun MS, et al. The aneurysm detection and management study screening program: detection and management Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Investugation. Arch Intern Med. 2000; 160: 1425-30.
154. Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care of Toronto. Health, technology scientific literature review. Policy review: Endovascular repair of AAA. March. 2002 [Cited on 2008 Dec 20]. Available from: http://www.health.gov.on.ca
155. Verloes A, Sakalihansan N, Koulischer L, Limet R. Aneurysm of the abdominal aorta: familial and genetic aspects in three hundred thirteen pedigrees. J Vasc Surg. 1995; 21: 646.
156. Lee AJ, Fowkes FG, Carson MN, Leng GC, Allan PL. Smoking, atherosclerosis, and risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur Heart J.1997; 18: 671-6.
157. Singh K, Bonaa KH, Jacobsen BK, Bjork KL, Solberg S. Prevalence of and risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysms in a population-based study: the Tromsø Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2001; 154: 236-44.
158. Brewster DC, Cronewett JL, Hallet JW Jr, Johnston KW, Krupski WC, Matsumara JS. Guidelines for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm: report of a subcommittee of the Joint Council of the American Association for Vascular Surgery and Society for vascular. Surgery. 2003; 37: 247.
159. The UK Small Aneurysm Trial Participants. Mortality results for randomized controlled trial of early elective surgery or ultrassonographic surveillance of small abdominal aortic aneurysm. Lancet. 1998; 352: 1649-56.
160. Lederle FA, Wilson SE, Johnson GR, Reinke DB, Littooy FN, Acher CW, et al. Immediate repair compared with surveillance of small abdominal aortic aneurysms. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346: 1437-44.
161. Fleming C, Whirlock EP, Beil TL, Lederle FA. Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: a best- evidence systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2005; 142: 203-11.
162. Wilmink TBM, Quick CR, Hubbard CS, Day NE. The influence of screening on the incidence of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg. 1999; 30: 203.
163. Ashton HA, Buxton MJ, Day NE, Kim LG, Marteau TM, Scott RA, et al. Multicenter Aneurysm Screening Study (MASS) into the effect of abdominal aortic aneurysm screening on mortality in men: a randomized contolled trial. Lancet. 2002; 360: 1531-9.
164. Scott RA, Bridgewater SG, Ashton HA. Randomized clinical trial of screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm in women. Br J Surg. 2002; 89: 283-5.
165. Lindholt JS, Juul S, Fasting H, Hennemberg EW. Hospital costs and benefits of screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: results from a randomized population screening trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2002; 23: 55-60.
166. Norman PE, Jamrozik K, Lawrence-Brown MM, Le MT, Spencer CA, Tuohy RJ,et al. Population-based randomized controlled trial on impact of screening on mortality from abdominal aortic aneurysm. BMJ. 2004; 329: 1259.
167. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2005; 142: 198-200.
168. Criqui MH, Alberts MJ, Fowkes GR, Hirsch AT, O'Gara PT, Olin JW, for Writing Group 2. Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Symposium II: Screening for Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: Should Nationwide Programs Be Instituded? Circulation. 2008; 118: 2830-6.
169. Dimick JB, Cowan JA Jr, Stanley JC, Henke PK, Pronovost PJ, Upchurc GR Jr. Surgeon specialty and provider volumes are related to outcome of intact abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in the United States. J Vasc Surg. 2003; 38: 739-44.
170. Huber TS, Wang JG, Darrow AE, Dame DA, Ozaki CK, Zelenock GB, et al. Experience in the United States with intact abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. J Vasc Surg. 2001; 33 (2): 304-10.
171. Lederle FA, Kane RL, MacDonald R, Wilt TJ. Systematic review: repair of unrupted abdominal aortic aneurysm. Ann Intern Med. 2007; 146: 735-41.
172. EVAR Trial Participants. Endovascular aneurysm repair versus open repair in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (EVAR trial 1): randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2005; 365: 2179-86.
173. Dutch Randomized Endovascular Aneurysm Management (DREAM) Trial Group. Two-year outcomes after conventional or endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352: 2398-405.
174. Cuypers PW, Gardien M, Buth J, Peels CH, Charbon JA, Hop WC. Randomized study comparing cardiac response in endovascular and open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Br J Surg. 2001; 88:1059-65.
175. Soulez G, Thérasse E, Monfared AA, Blair JF, Choiniére M, Elkouri S, et al. Pain and quality of life assessment after endovascular versus open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms in patients at low risk. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2005; 16: 1093-100.
176. EVAR Trial Participants. Endovascular aneurysm repair and outcome in patients unfit for open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm (EVAR trial 2): randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2005; 365: 2187-92.
177. Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, Bakal CW, Creager MA, Halperin JL, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 Practice Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease (Lower Extremity, Renal, Mesenteric, and Abdominal Aortic): A Collaborative Report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery,* Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease): Endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation. Circulation. 2006; 113: e463-e465.
178. Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, Nehler MR, Harris KA, Fowkes FGR on behalf of the TASC II Working Group. Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007; 33 (Suppl. 1): S1-S70.
179. Makdisse M, Ramos LR, Moreira F, Oliveira A, Berwanger O, Moscardi A, et al. A risk score for predicting peripheral arterial disease in individuals 75 years or older. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007; 88 (6): 630-6.
180. Meijer WT, Grobbee DE, Hunink MGM, Hofman A, Hoes AW. Determinants of peripheral arterial disease in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study. Arch Intern Med. 2000; 160: 2934-8.
181. Weitz JI, Byrne J, Clagett GP, Farkouh ME, Porter JM, Sackett DL, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic arterial insufficiency of the lower extremities: a critical review. Circulation. 1996; 94: 3026-49.
182. Murabito JM, Evans JC, Larson MG, Nieto K, Levy D, Wilson PWF. The ankle-brachial index in the elderly and risk of stroke, coronary disease, and death: the Framingham Study. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163: 1939-42.
183. Makdisse M, Pereira AC, Brasil DP, Borges JL, Machado-Coelho GL, Krieger JE, et al. Prevalência e fatores de risco associados à doença arterial periférica no Projeto Corações do Brasil. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2008; 91 (6): 402-14.
184. Farinon AM, Marbini A, Gemignani F, Govoni E, Bragaglia MM, Sianesi M, et al. Skeletal muscle and peripheral nerve changes caused by chronic arterial insufficiency - significance and clinical correlations - histological, histochemical and ultrastructural study. Clin Neuropathol. 1984; 3: 240-52.
185. McDermott MM, Fried L, Simonsick E, Ling S, Guralnik JM. Asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease is independently associated with impaired lower extremity functioning: the Women's Health and Aging Study. Circulation. 2000; 101: 1007-12.
186. Makdisse M, Nascimento Neto R, Chagas ACP, Brasil D, Borges JL, Oliveira A, et al. Versão em português, adaptação transcultural e validação do questionário de claudicação de Edimburgo. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007; 88 (5): 501-6.
187. McGee SR, Boyko EJ. Physical examination an chronic lower extremity ischaemia: a critical review. Arch Intern Med. 1998; 158: 1357-64.
188. Schroll M, Munck O. Estimation of peripheral arteriosclerotic disease by ankle blood pressure measurements in a population study of 60-year-old men ands women. J Chron Dis. 1981; 34: 261-9.
189. Fowkes FG. The measurement of atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease in epidemiological surveys. Int J Epidemiol. 1988; 17: 248-54.
190. Ankle Brachial Index Collaboration. Ankle Brachial Index Combined With Framingham Risk Score to Predict Cardiovascular Events and Mortality - A Meta-analysis. JAMA. 2008; 300 (2): 2197-208.
Referências
1. Ho KK, Pinsky JL, Kannel WB, Levy D. The epidemiology of heart failure: the Framingham Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993; 22: 6A-13A.
2. Haney S, Sur D, Xu Z. Diastolic heart failure: a review and primary care perspective. J Am Board Fam Med. 2005; 18 (3): 189-98.
3. Paulus WJ, Tschöpe C, Sanderson JE, Rusconi C, Flachskampf FA, Rademakers FE, et al. How to diagnose diastolic heart failure: a consensus statement on the diagnosis of heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction by Heart Failure and Echocardiography Associations of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2007; 28 (20): 2539-50.
4. Gottdiener JS, McClelland RL, Marshall R, Shemanski L, Furberg CD, Kitzman DW, et al. Outcome of congestive heart failure in elderly persons: influence of left ventricular systolic function: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Ann Intern Med. 2002; 137: 631-9.
5. Masoudi FA, Havranek EP, Smith G, Fish RH, Steiner JF, Ordin DL, et al. Gender, age, and heart failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function. J Am Col Cardiol. 2003; 41: 217-23.
6. Ministério da Saúde. DATASUS. Morbidade hospitalar do SUS. [Acesso em 2009 fev 20]. Disponível em http://www.datasus.gov.br.
7. Albanesi F FM. O que vem ocorrendo com a insuficiência cardíaca no Brasil. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005; 85: 155-6.
8. Abraham WT, Fonarow GC, Albert NM, Stough WG, Gheorghiade M, Greenberg BH, et al. on behalf of the OPTIMIZE-HF investigators and coordinators. Predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients hospitalized for heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 52 (5): 347-56.
9. Weir RAP, Mcmurray JJV, Taylor J, Brady AJB. Heart failure in older patients. Br J Cardiol. 2006; 13 (4): 257-66.
10. Franklin SS, Gustin W, Wong ND, Larson MG, Weber MA, Kannel WB, et al. Hemodynamic patterns of age-related changes in blood pressure: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1997; 96: 308-15.
11. Abdelhafz AH. Heart failure in older people: causes, diagnosis and treatment. Age Ageing. 2002; 31: 29-36.
12. Gillespie ND. The diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in older patient. Br Med Bull. 2006; 75/76: 49-62.
13. Rutten FH, Cramer MM, Grobbee DE, Sachs APE, Kirkels JH, Lammers JJ, et al. Unrecognized heart failure in elderly patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Heart J. 2005; 26: 1887-94.
14. Senni M, Redfield MM. Congestive heart failure in elderly patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 1997; 72: 453-60.
15. Serro-Azul JB, Savioli Neto F, Wajngarten M. Problemática do manuseio cardiológicodo indivíduo idoso. In: Pereira-Barretto AC, Sousa AGMR. Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado de Säo Paulo. Cardiologia: atualizaçäo e reciclagem. São Paulo: Atheneu; 1994. p. 783-9.
16. Dayer M, Cowie MR. Heart failure: diagnosis and healthcare burden. Clin Med. 2004; 4: 13-8.
17. Batlouni M, Freitas EV, Savioli Neto F. Insuficiência cardíaca no idoso. In: Freitas EV, Doll J, Gorzoni ML. (eds.). Tratado de geriatria e gerontologia. 2ª ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 2006. p. 480-98.
18. McKee PA, Castelli WP, McNamara P, Kannel WB. The natural history of congestive heart failure: the Framingham study. N Engl J Med. 1971; 285: 1441-6.
19. Harlan WR, Oberman A, Grimm R, Rosati RA. Chronic congestive heart failure in coronary artery disease: clinical criteria. Ann Intern Med. 1977; 86: 133-8.
20. Marantz PR, Tobin JN, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Steingart RM, Wexler JP, Budner N, et al. The relationship between left ventricular systolic function and congestive heart failure diagnosed by clinical criteria. Circulation. 1988; 77: 607-12.
21. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008. The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2008 of the European Society of Cardiology.Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association of the ESC (HFA) and endorsed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM). Eur Heart J. 2008; 29: 2388-442.
22. Davie AP, Francis CM, Love MP, Caruana L, Starkey IR, Shaw TRD, et al. Value of the electrocardiogram in identifying heart failure due to left ventri-cular systolic dysfunction. Br Med J. 1996; 312: 222-7.
23. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure). Circulation. 2005; 112: 1825-52.
24. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. II Diretrizes para o diagnóstico e tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2002; 79 (supl. 4): 1-30.
25. McCcullough PA, Nowak RM, McCord J, Hollander JE, Hermann HC,Steg PG, et al. B-type natriuretic peptide and clinical judgment in emergency diagnosis of heart failure: analysis from Breathing Not Properly (BNP) Multinational Study. Circulation. 2002; 106: 416-22.
26. Wright SP, Doughty RN, Pearl A, Gamble GD, Whalley GA, Walsh HJ, et al. Plasma amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and accuracy of heart failure diagnosis in primary care: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am CollCardiol. 2003; 42: 1793-800.
27. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure: executive summary (update 2005). Eur Heart J. 2005; 26: 1115-40.
28. Working Group on Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and Working group on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. Recommendations for exercise testing in chronic heart failure patients. Eur Heart J. 2001; 22: 37-45.
29. Batlouni M, Savioli Neto F, Magalhães HM. Alterações farmacocinéticas e farmacodinâmicas relacionadas à idade: terapêutica cardiovascular no idoso. In: Batlouni M, Ramires JAF. Farmacologia e terapêutica cardiovascular. São Paulo: Atheneu; 1999. p. 27-46.
30. Rich MW. Heart failure: epidemiology, pathophysiology and management. In: Wenger NK. Cardiovascular disease in the octogenarium and beyond. London: Martin Dunitz; 1999. p. 73-91.
31. Anderson GJ. Clinical clues to digitalis toxicity. Geriatrics. 1980; 35: 57-65.
32. Slatton ML, Irani WN, Hall AS, Marcoux LG, Page RL, Grayburn PA, et al. Does digoxin provide additional hemodynamic and autonomic benefit at higher doses in patients with mild to moderate heart failure and normal sinus rhytm? J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997; 29: 1206-13.
33. Ewi GA, Kapadia CG, Yao L, Lullin M, Marcus FI. Digoxin metabolism in the elderly. Circulation. 1969; 39: 449-53.
34. Aronson JK. Clinical pharmacokinetics of digoxin. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1980; 5: 137-49.
35. Goldsmith S, Marx S. Update use of digitalis and nitrates in the elderly. Geriatrics. 1988; 43: 71-6.
36. Uretrsky BF, Young JB, Sahidi FE, Yellen LG, Harrison MC, Jolly MK. Randomized study assessing the effect of digoxin withdrawal in patients with mild to moderate chronic congestive heart failure: results of the PROVED trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993; 22: 955-62.
37. Packer M, Gheorghiade M, Young JB, Constantini PJ, Adams KF, Cody RJ, et al. Withdrawal of digoxin from patients with chronic heart failure treated with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (RADIANCE/ Study). N Engl J Med. 1993; 329: 1-7.
38. The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. The Digitails Investigation Group. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336: 525-33.
39. The Xamoterol in Severe Heart Failure Study Group. Lancet. 1990; 336: 1-6.
40. Packer M, Carver JR, Rodeheffer RI, Ivanhoe RJ, DiBianco R, Zeldis SM, et al. Effect of oral milrinone on mortality in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1991; 325: 1468-75.
41. Hampton JR, Valdhuisen DJ, Kleber FX, Cowley AJ, Ardia A, Block P, et al. Randomized study of effects of ibopamine on survival in patients with advanced severe heart failure (PRIME II) investigators. Lancet. 1997; 349: 971-7.
42. Cohn JN, Goldenstein SO, Greenberg BH, Lorell BH, Bourge RC, Jaski BE, et al. A dose-dependent increase in mortality with vesnarinone among patients with severe heart failure. For the Vesnarinone Trial Investigators. N Eng J Med. 1998; 339: 1810-6.
43. Yussuf S, Teo K. Inotropic agents increase mortality in congestive heart failure. Circulation. 1990; (Suppl III): 673-6.
44. Wenger NK, Gregoratos G, Kitzman DW, Scheidt S, Weber MA, Alpert JS, Editorial Board Members of The American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology. Guidelines of the Cardiogeriatrics Department of the Brazilian Cardiology Society: commentary by Editorial Board Members of The American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2004; 13 (4): 209-16.
45. Juurlink D, Mamdani M, Kopp A, Laupacis A, Redelmeier DA. Drug-drug interactions among elderly patients hospitalized for drug toxicity. JAMA. 2003; 289: 1652.
46. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme W, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, et al. for the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study (RALES) investigators. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341: 709-17.
47. Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, Neaton J, Martinez F, Roniker B, et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker,in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348: 1309-21.
48. Schwartz S, Zipes DP. Doença cardiovascular em populações especiais. In: Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow R, Braunwand E. Tratado de doenças cardiovasculares. New York: Saunders; 2006. p. 1925-49.
49. Savioli Neto F, Borges JL, Araújo NNF. Insuficiência cardíaca no idoso: qual a diferença? In: Serrano Junior CV, Timerman A, Stefanini E. Tratado de cardiologia Socesp. Barueri: Manole; 2008. p. 2308-18.
50. Cody RJ. Characteristics of the elderly patient with congestive heart failure. Am J Geriatric Card. 1992; 68: 30-41.
51. Baruch L, Glazer RD , Aknay ET, Vanhaecke J, Heywood JT, Anand I, et al. Morbidity, mortality, physiological and functional parameters in elderly and non-elderly in Valsartan-Heft Trial. Am Heart J. 2004; 148: 951-7.
52. Shlipak M: Pharmacotherapy for heart failure in patients with renal insufficiency. Ann Intern Med. 2003; 139: 917-24.
53. Wang T, Levy D, Benjamin E, Vasan R. The epidemiology of " asymptomatic" left ventricular systolic dysfunction: implications for screening. Ann Intern Med. 2003; 138: 907.
54. Packer M, Poole-Wilson PA, Armstrong PW, Cleland JG, Horowitz JD, Massie BM, et al. Comparative effects of low and high doses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure. Circulation. 1999; 100 (23): 2312-8.
55. ACC/AHA Chronic Heart Failure Evaluation and Management guidelines: relevance to the geriatric practice. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003; 51: 123-6.
56. Nohria A, Lewis E, Stevenson LW. Medical management of advanced heart failure. JAMA. 2002; 287 (5): 628-40.
57. Opie LH, Poole-Wilson PA, Pfeffer MA. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-II receptors blockers and aldosterone antagonists. In: Opie L. Drugs for the heart. 6th ed. New York: Saunders; 2006. p. 104-48.
58. Pfisterer M, Buser P, Rickli H, Gutmann M, Eme P, Rickenbacher P, et al. BNP-guided vs symptom-guided heart failure therapy: the Trial of Intensified vs Standard Medical Therapy in Elderly Patients with Congestive Heart Failure (TIME-CHF) randomized trial. JAMA. 2009; 301: 383-92.
59. Gandhi TK, Weingart SN, Borus J, Seger AC, Peterson J, Burdick E, et al. Adverse drug events in ambulatory care. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348:1556.
60. López-Sendón J, Sweldberg K, McMurray J, Tamargo J, Maggioni AP, Dargie H, et al. Expert consensus document on angiotensin converting enzyme in cardiovascular disease. The task force on ACE-inhibitors of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2004; 25: 1454-70.
61. Pfeffer MA, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ, Rouleau JL, Køber L, Maggioni AP, et al. Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial Investigators. Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N Engl J Med. 2003; 349: 1893-906.
62. Granger CB, McMurray JJ, Yusuf S, Held P, Michelson EL, Olofsson B, et al. CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Alternative trial. Lancet. 2003; 362: 772-6.
63. Flather M, Yusuf S, Kober L, Pfeffer M, Hall A, Murray G, et al. for the ACE-inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group. Long-term ACE-inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure or left-ventricular dysfunction: a systematic overview of data from individual patients. Lancet. 2000; 355: 1575.
64. Hall S, Cigarroa CG, Marxoux L, Risser RC, Grayburn PA, Eichhorn EJ. Time course of improvement in left ventricular function, mass and geometry in patients with congestive heart failure treated with b-adrenergic blockade. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995; 25: 1154-61.
65. Sabbah HN, Shimoyama H, Kono T, Gupta RC, Sharov VG, Scicli G, et al. Effects of long-term monotherapy with enalapril, metoprolol and digoxin on the progression of left ventricular dysfunction and dilation in dogs with reduced ejection fraction. Circulation. 1994; 89: 2852-9.
66. McDonald KM, Rector R, Carlyle PF, Francis GS, Cohn JN. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and beta-adrenoceptor blockade regress established ventricular remodeling in a canine model of discrete myocardial damage. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994; 24: 1762-8.
67. Waagstein F, Bristow MR, Swedberg, Camerini F, Fowler MB, Silver MA, et al. for the Metoprolol in Dilated Cardiomyopathy (MDC) Trial Study Group. Beneficial effects of metoprolol in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Lancet. 1993; 342: 1141-6.
68. Doughty RN, Mac-Mahon S, Sharpe N. Beta-blockers in heart failure: promising or proved? J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994; 23: 814-21.
69. Krum H, Sackner-Bernstein JD, Goldsmith RL, Kukin ML, Shwartz B, Penn J, et al. Double-blind, placebo controlled study of the long-term efficacy of carvedilol in patients with severe chronic heart failure. Circulation. 1995; 92: 1499-506.
70. Packer M, Collucci WS, Sackner-Bernstein JD, Liang CS, Goldscher DA, Freeman I, et al. for the PRECISE Study Group. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of carvedilol in patients with moderate to severe heart failure: The PRECISE trial. Circulation. 1996; 94: 2793-9.
71. Colucci WS, Packer M, Bristow MR, Gilbert EM, Cohn JN, Fowler MB, et al. for the US Carvedilol Study Group. Carvedilol inhibits clinical progression in patients with mild symptoms of heart failure. Circulation. 1996; 94: 2800-6.
72. Lowes BD, Gill EA, Abraham WT, Larrain JR, Robertson AD, Bristow MR, et al. Effects of carvedilol on left ventricular mass, chamber geometria, and mitral regurgitation in chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 1999; 83: 1201-5.
73. Hjalmarson A, Kneider M, Waagstein E. The role of b-blockers in left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure. Drugs. 1997; 54: 501-10.
74. Eichorn EJ, Bristow MR. Medical therapy can improve the biological properties of chronically failure heart: a new era in the treatment of heart failure. Circulation. 1996; 94: 2285-96.
75. Bristow MR. Pathophysiologic and pharmacologic rationales for clinical management of chronic heart failure with beta-blocking agents. Am J Cardiol. 1993; 71: 12C-22C.
76. Bristow MR, Roden R, Lowes BD, Gilbert EM, Eichorn EJ. The role of third-generation beta-blocking agents in chronic heart failure. Clin Cardiol. 1988; 21(Suppl I): I3-I13.
77. Bristow MR, Gilbert EM, Abraham WT, Adams KF, Fowler MB, Herswberger RE, et al. for the MOCHA Investigators. Carvedilol produces dose-related improvements in left ventricular function and survival in subjects with chronic heart failure. Circulation. 1996; 94: 2807-16.
78. MERIT-HF Study Group. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet. 1999; 353: 2001-7.
79. CIBIS-II Investigators and Committees. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study (CIBIS II): a randomized trial. Lancet. 1999; 353: 9-13.
80. Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN, Colucci WS, Fowler MB, Gilbert EM, et al. for the US Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. The effects of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334; 1349-55.
81. Packer M, Coats AJS, FowlerMB, Katus HA, Krum H, Mohacsi P, et al. for the Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival Study Group. Effect of Carvedilol in several chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344: 1651-8.
82. Flather MD, Shibata MC, Coats AJ, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Parkhomenko A, Borbola J, et al. Randomized trial to determine the effect of nebivolol on mortality and cardiovascular hospital admission in elderly patients with heart failure (SENIORS). Eur Heart J. 2005; 26: 215-25.
83. Packer M, Cohn JN, on behalf of the streering Committee and Membership of the Advisory Council to Improve Outcomes Natiowide in Heart Failure. Consensus Recommendations for the Mangement of Chronic Heart Failure. Am J Cardiol. 1999; 83: 1A-38A.
84. Eichorn EJ, Bristow MR. Practical guidelines for initiation of ß-adrenergic blockade in patients with cronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 1997; 79: 794-8.
85. Massie B, Chatterjee K, Werner J, Greenberg B, Hart R, Parmley WW. Haemodynamic advantage of combined administration of hydralazine orally and nitrates nonparenterally in the vasodilator therapy of chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 1977; 40: 794-801.
86. Pierpont GL, Cohn JN, Franciosa JA. Combined oral hydralazine-nitrate therapy in left ventricular failure. Hemodynamic equivalent to sodium nitroprusside. Chest. 1978; 73: 8-13.
87. Garg UC, Hassid A. Nitric oxide-generating vasodilators and 8-bromocyclic guanosine monophosphate inhibit mitogenesis and proliferation of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest. 1989; 83: 1774-7.
88. Gogia H, Mehra A, Parikh S, Raman M, Ajit-Uppal J, Johnson JV, et al. Prevention of tolerance to hemodynamic effects of nitrates with concomitant use of hydralazine in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995; 26: 1575-80.
89. Cohn JN, Archibald DG, Ziesche S, Franciosa JA, Harston WE, Tristani FE, et al. Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure: results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study - V-HeFT I Study. N Engl J Med. 1986; 314: 1547-52.
90. Cohn JN, Johnson G, Ziesche S, Cobbs F, Francis G, Tristani F, et al. A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isossorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure - V-HeFT II Study. N Engl J Med. 1991; 325: 303-10.
91. Taylor AL, Ziesche S, Yancy C, Carson P, D'Agostino R Jr, Ferdinand K, et al. Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure - A-HeFT Study. N Engl J Med. 2004; 351: 2049-57.
92. Taylor AL, Sabolinski ML, Tam SW, Worcel M, Cohn JN. Fixed-dose combination of isososrbide dinitrate / hydralazine improves outcomes im elderly heart failure pacients in the African-American Heart Failure Trial. J Card Fail. 2007; 13 (6): S136-S137.
93. Hunt SA, Baker DW, Chin MH, Cinquegrani MP, Feldman AM, Francis GS, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the evaluation and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: executive summary. A report of The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to revise the 1995 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure). Developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Endorsed by the Heart Failure Society of America. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 38: 2101-13.
94. Litwin SE, Grossman W. Diastolic dysfunction as a cause of heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993; 22: 49A-55A.
95. Smith GL, Masoudi FA, Vaccarino V, Radford MJ, Krumholz HM. Outcomes in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction: mortality, readmission, and functional decline. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 41: 1510-8.
96. Hogg K, Swedberg K, McMurray J. Heart failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 43: 317-27.
97. Redfield MM. Heart failure: an epidemic of uncertain proportions. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347: 1442-4.
98. Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ, Levy D. Congestive heart failure with normal left ventricular systolic function: clinical approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of diastolic heart failure. Arch Intern Med. 1996; 156: 146-57.
99. Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ, Levy D. Prevalence, clinical features and prognosis of diastolic heart failure: an epidemiologic perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995; 26: 1565-74.
100. Nishimura RA, Tajik AJ. Evaluation of diastolic filling of left ventricle in health and disease: Doppler echocardiography is the clinician's Rosetta Stone. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997; 30: 8-18.
101. Tresch DD. The clinical diagnosis of heart failure in older patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997; 45: 1128-33.
102. Ghali JK, Kadakia S, Cooper RS, Liao YL. Bedside diagnosis of preserved versus impaired left ventricular systolic function in heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 1991; 67: 1002-6.
103. Garcia MJ, Thomas JD, Klein AL. New Doppler echocardiographic applications for the study of diastolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998; 32: 865-75.
104. Lubien E, DeMaria A, Krishnaswamy P, Clopton P, Koon J, Kazanegra R, et al. Utility of B-natriuretic peptide in detecting diastolic dysfunction: comparison with Doppler velocity recordings. Circulation. 2002; 105: 595-601.
105. The Digitalis Investigation Group. The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336: 525-33.
106. Aronow WS, Kronzon I. Effect of enalapril on congestive heart failure treated with diuretics in elderly patients with prior myocardial infarction and normal left ventricular ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol. 1993; 71: 602-4.
107. Aronow WS, Ahn C, Kronzon I. Effect of propranolol versus no propranolol on total mortality plus nonfatal myocardial infarction in older patients with prior myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and left ventricular ejection fraction > or = 40% treated with diuretics plus angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Am J Cardiol. 1997; 80: 207-9.
108. Setaro JF, Zaret BL, Schulman DS, Black HR, Soufer R. Usefulness of verapamil for congestive heart failure associated with abnormal left ventricular diastolic filling and normal left ventricular systolic performance. Am J Cardiol. 1990; 66: 981-6.
109. Warner JG Jr, Metzger DC, Kitzman DW, Wesley DJ, Little WC. Losartan improves exercise tolerance in patients with diastolic dysfunction and a hypertensive response to exercise. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999; 33: 1567-72.
110. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green La, Izzo JL Jr, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003; 42: 1206-52.
111. Kjeldsen SE, Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Julius S, Aurup P, Edelman J, et al. Effects of losartan on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: a Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction (LIFE) substudy. JAMA. 2002; 288: 1491-8.
112. Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): Developed in Collaboration With the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society.
113. Howwell MD, Geraci JM, Knowlton AA. Congestive heart failure and outpatients risk of venous thromboembolism: a retrospective case-control study. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001; 54: 810-6.
114. Douketis JD, Foster GA, Crowther MA, Prins MH, Ginsberg JS. Clinical risk factors and timing of recurrent venous thromboembolism during the initial 3 months of anticoagulant therapy. Arch Intern Med. 2000; 160: 3431-6.
115. Belch JJ, Lowe GD, Ward AG, Forbes CD, Prentice CR. Prevention of deep vein thrombosis in medical patients by low-dose heparin. Scott Med J. 1981; 26:115-7.
116. Alikhan R, Cohen AT, Combe S, Samama MM, Desjardins L, Eldor A, et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism in medical patients with enoxaparin: a subgroup analysis of the MEDENOX study. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2003; 14: 341-6.
117. Krahn AD, Manfreda J, Tate RB, Mathewson FA, Cuddy TE. The natural history of atrial fibrillation: incidence, risk factors and prognosis in the Manitoba Follow-up study. Am J Med. 1995; 98: 476-84.
118. Hutten BA, Lensing AW, Kraaijenhagen RA, Prins MH. Safety of treatment with oral anticoagulants in the elderly: a systematic review. Drugs Aging. 1999; 14: 303-12.
119. Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation: analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 1994; 154: 1449-57.
120. Torn M, Bollen WLEM, Van der Meer FJM, Van der Wall EE, Rosendaal FR. Risks of oral anticoagulant therapy with increasing age. Arch Intern Med. 2005; 165: 1527-32.
121. Gage BF, Van Walraven C, Pearde L, Hart RG, Koudstaal PJ, Boode BSP, et al. Selecting patients with atrial fibrillation for anticoagulation: stroke risk stratification in patients taking aspirin. Circulation. 2004; 110: 2287-92.
122. Ansell J, Hirsh J, Hylek E, Jacobson A, Crowther M, Palareti G. Pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists. Chest. 2008; 133: 160S-98S.
123. Doval HC, Nul DR, Grancelli HO, Perrone SV, Bortman GR. GESICA TRIAL - Grupo de Estudio de la Sobrevida en la Insuficiencia Cardiaca en Argentina. Lancet. 1994; 344: 493-8.
124. Massie BM, Fisher SG, Deedwania PC, Singh BN, Fletcher RD, Singh SN. CHF STAT - Congestive heart failure: survival trial of antiarrhythmic therapy. Circulation. 1996; 93: 2128-34.
125. Leclercq C, Kass DA. Retiming the failing heart: principles and current clinical status of cardiac resynchronization. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 39: 194.
126. Leclercq C, Hare JM. Ventricular resynchronization: current state of the art. Circulation. 2004; 109: 296.
127. Sweeney MO, Hellkamp AS, Ellenbogen KA, Greenspon AJ, Freedman RA, Lee KL, et al. Adverse effect of ventricular pacing on heart failure and atrial fibrillation among patients with normal baseline QRS duration in a clinical trial of pacemaker therapy for sinus node dysfunction. Circulation. 2003; 107: 2932.
128. Higgins SL, Hummel JD, Niazi IK, Giudici MC, Worley SJ, Saxon LA, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy for the treatment of heart failure in patients with intraventricular conduction delay and malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 42: 1454-9.
129. Landolina M, Lunati M, Gasparini M, Santini M, Padeletti L, Achilli A, et al. InSync/InSync ICD Italian Registry Investigators. Comparison of the effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with class II versus class III and IV heart failure (from the InSync/InSync ICD Italian Registry). Am J Cardiol. 2007; 100 (6): 1007-12.
130. Aranda JM, Conti JB, Johnson JW, Petersen-Stejskal S. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with heart failure and conduction abnormalities other than left bundle-branch block: analysis of the Multicenter InSync Randomized Clinical Evaluation (MIRACLE). Clin Cardiol. 2004; 27: 678-82.
131. Leclercq C, Walker S, Linde C, Clementy J, Marshall AJ, Ritter P, et al. on behalf of the MUSTIC study group. Comparative effects of permanent biventricular and right-univentricular pacing in heart failure patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J. 2002; 23: 1780-7.
132. Cleland JGF, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, Freemantle N, Gras D, Kappenberger L, Tavazzi L, for the Cardiac Resynchronization - Heart Failure (CARE-HF) Study Investigators. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Eng J Med. 2005; 352: 1539-49.
133. Bristow MR, Feldman AM, Saxon LA, for the COMPANION steering committee and COMPANION clinical investigators. Heart failure management using implantable devices for ventricular resynchronization: comparison of medical therapy, pacing, and defibrillation in chronic heart failure (COMPANION) Trial. J Card Fail. 2000; 6: 276-85.
134. Molhoek SG, Bax JJ, Bleeker GB, Boersma E, van Erven L, Steendijk P, et al. Comparison of response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with sinus rhythm versus chronic atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2004; 94 (12): 1506-9.
135. Delnoy PP, Ottervanger JP, Luttikhuis HO, Elvan A, Misier AR, Beukema WP, et al. Comparison of usefulness of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure versus patients with sinus rhythm and heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2007; 99 (9): 1252-7.
136. Beshai JF, Grimm RA, Nagueh SF, Baker JH 2nd, Beau SL, Greenberg SM, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy in heart failure with narrow QRS complexes. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357: 2461-71.
137. Bleeker GB, Schalij MJ, Molhoek SG, Boersma E, Steendijk P, van der Wall EE, et al. Comparison of effectiveness of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients <70 versus > or =70 years of age. Am J Cardiol. 2005; 96 (3): 420-2.
138. Delnoy PP, Ottervanger JP, Luttikhuis HO, Elvan A, Misier AR, Beukema WP, et al. Clinical response of cardiac resynchronization therapy in the elderly. Am Heart J. 2008; 155 (4): 746-51.
Referências
1. American Heart Association. Older Americans and cardiovascular diseases- statistics. Available at: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3000936. Accessed June 10, 2005.
2. Kockanek DK. Smith BL. Deaths: preliminary data for 2002. In: National Vital Stastics: 2004: 52,No. 13.
3. Peterson E, Bensimhon BR. Coronary heart disease. In: Hazzard WR, Blas JP, Halter JB, Ouslander JG, Tinetti ME. Principles of geriatric medicine & gerontology. Ed. McGraw-Hill-Companies USA: 434-444, 2003.
4. Management of stable angina pectoris. Recommendations of the task force of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 1997; 18: 394-413.
5. Gibbons RJ, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Douglas JS, Fihn SD, Gardin JM, et al. ACC / AHA / ACP - ASSIM guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina. A report of the American College of Cardiology / American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Chronic Stable Angina). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999; 33: 2092-197.
6. Parker JO. Chronic angina pectoris: inadequacies of current therapy. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2004; 13: 261-6.
7. Coodley EL. Coronary artery disease in the elderly. Postgrad Med. 1990; 87: 223-8.
8. Wei JY, Gersh BJ. Heart disease in the elderly. Curr Probl Cardiol. 1987; 12: 1.
9. Mock MB. Prognosis of coronary heart disease in the elderly patient: the CASS experience. In: Voodley EL (ed). Geriatric heart disease. Littleton: PSG; 1983. p. 358-63.
10. Levine HJ. Difficult problems in the diagnosis of chest pain. Am Heart J. 1980; 100: 108-18.
11. Swan HJ, Gersh BJ, Graboys TB, Ullyot DJ. 27th Bethesda Conference: matching the intensity of risk factor management with the hazard for coronary disease events. Task Force 7. Evaluation and management of risk factors for the individual patient (case management). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996; 27: 1030-9.
12. Chun AA, McGee SR. Bedside diagnosis of coronary artery disease: a systemic review. Am J Med. 2004; 117: 334-43.
13. Morrow DA, Gersh BJ. Chronic coronary artery disease. In: Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL Zipes DP, Braunwald E. (eds.). Braunwald's heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2008. p. 1353-417.
14. Barreto-Filho JAS, Sousa ACS. Alterações cardiovasculares no traumatismo cranioencefálico. In: Pereira CU. (ed.). Neurotraumatologia. Revinter. 2000. p. 234-7.
15. Kannel WB, Abbott RD. Incidence and prognosis of unrecognized myocardial infarction: an update on the Framingham study. N Engl J Med. 1984; 311: 1144-7.
16. Fox K, Garcia MAA, Ardissino D, Buszman P, Camici PG, Crea F, et al. ESC Guidelines for the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris: Executive Summary. Eur Heart J. 2006; 27: 1341-81.
17. III Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre Teste Ergométrico. (a ser publicada brevemente, em revisão final com o Dr. Romeu Meneghelo e Dr Ricardo Vivacqua)
18. Costa RVC, Carreira MAMQ. Ergometria, ergoespirometria, cintilografia e ecocardiografia de esforço. São Paulo: Editora Atheneu; 2007.
19. Zellweger MJ, Kaiser C, Grize L, Osswald S, Buser PT, Pfisterer ME, Time Investigators. Prognostic value of stress testing in patients over 75 years of age with chronic angina. Chest. 2004; 125: 1124-31.
20. Gibbons RJ, Abrams K, Daley J, Chaterjee K, Deedwania PC, Douglas JS, et al. ACC/AHA/ACP-ASSIM guidelines for the manegement of patients with chronic stable angina: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Chronic Stable Angina). Circulation. 2003; 41: 159-68.
21. Campos Filho O, Zielinsky P, Ortiz J, Maciel BC, Andrade JL, Mathias W Jr, et al. Guideline for indication and utilization of echocardiography in clinical practice. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004; 82 (Suppl 2):11-34.
22. Cheitlin MD, Armstrong WF, Aurigemma GP, Beller GA, Bierman FZ, Davis JL, et al. ACC/AHA/ASE 2003 guideline update for the clinical application of echocardiography: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/ASE Committee to Update the 1997 Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Echocardiography). Circulation. 2003; 108: 1146-62.
23. Pellikka PA. Stress echocardiography for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease: progress towards quantification. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2005; 20: 395-8.
24. Sicari R, Nihoyannopoulos P, Evangelista A, Kasprzak J, Lancellotti P, Poldermans D, et al. Stress Echocardiography Expert Consensus Statement--Executive Summary: European Association of Echocardiography (EAE) (a registered branch of the ESC). Eur Heart J. 2009; 30: 278-89.
25. De Winter O, Van DV, Gemmel F, Goethals I, De Sutter J. Myocardial perfusion imaging in the elderly: a review. Nucl Med Commun. 2006; 27: 529-34.
26. Underwood SR, Anagnostopoulos C, Cerqueira M, Ell PJ, Flint EJ, Harbinson M, et al. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy: the evidence. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2004; 31: 261-91.
27. Navare SM, Kapetanopoulos A, Heller GV. Pharmacologic radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2003; 5: 16-24.
28. Frija G, Schouman-Claeys E, Lacombe P, Bismuth V, Ollivier JP. A study of coronary artery bypass graft patency using MR imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1989; 13: 226-32.
29. Mehta R, Ward RP, Chandra S, Agarwal R, Williams KA. Evaluation of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Society of Nuclear Cardiology appropriateness criteria for SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Cardiol. 2008; 15: 337-44.
30. Terashima M, Nguyen PK, Rubin GD, Iribarren C, Courtney BK, Go AS, et al. Impaired coronary vasodilation by magnetic resonance angiography is associated with advanced coronary artery calcification. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2008; 1: 167-73.
31. Bax JJ, Schuijf JD, van der Wall EE. Non-invasive imaging for the detection of coronary artery disease. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2007; 151: 799-804.
32. Nandalur KR, Dwamena BA, Choudhri AF, Nandalur MR, Carlos RC. Diagnostic performance of stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007; 50: 1343-53.
33. Barba I, de Leon G, Martin E, Cuervas A, Agreade S, Candell-Riera J, et al. Nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics predicts exercise-induced ischemia in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Magn Reson Med. 2008; 60 (1): 27-32.
34. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Diretrizes Ressonância e Tomografia Cardiovascular. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006; 87: e60-e100.
35. Pinto IM, Sousa AG, Sousa JE, Jatene A. Tomografia computadorizada por múltiplos detectores: nova forma de avaliação da doença coronária. Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de São Paulo. 2002; 12: 63-76.
36. Schroeder S, Kopp AF, Baumbach A, Kuettner A, Georg C, Ohnesorge B, et al. Non-invasive characterization of coronary lesion morphology by multi-slice computed tomography: a promising new technology for risk stratification of patients with coronary artery disease. Heart. 2001; 85: 576-8.
37. Eikelboom JW, Mehta SR, Anand SS, Xie C, Fox KA, Yusuf S. Adverse impact of bleeding on prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2006; 114: 774-8.
38. Manoukian SV, Feit F, Mehran R, Voetz MD, Ebrahimi R, Hamon M, et al. Impact of major bleeding on 30-day mortality and clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes: an analysis from the ACUITY trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007; 49: 1362-8.
39. Nelson MA, Voeltz MD, Feit F, Lincoff AM, Manoukian SV. Elderly patients with major bleeding or need for transfusion complicating percutaneous coronary intervention have an increased risk of 30-day and 1-year mortality. Circulation. 2006; 114: II-687.
40. Voeltz MD, Patel AD, Feit F, Fazel R, Lincoff AM, et al. Effect of anemia on hemorrhagic complications and mortality in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary Intervention. Am J Cardiol. 2007; 99: 1513-7.
41. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. IV Diretriz brasileira sobre dislipidemias e prevenção da aterosclerose do Departamento de Aterosclerose da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007; 88 (supl I): 1-19.
42. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Diretriz de Angina Estável da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004; 83 (supl II): 1-44.
43. 2007 Chronic Angina Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina. Circulation. 2007; 116: 2762-72.
44. Vitale C, Wajngaten M, Sposato B, Gebara O, Rossini P, Fini M, et al. Trimetazidine improves left ventricular function and quality of life in elderly patients with coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 2004; 25: 1814-21.
45. César LA, Gowdak LH, Mansur AP. The metabolic treatment of patients with coronary artery disease: effects on quality of life and effort angina. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2009; 15: 841-9.
46. Rogers WJ, Canto JG, Lambrew CT, Tiefenbrunn AJ, Kinkaid B, Shoultz DA, et al. Temporal trends in the treatment of over 1.5 million patients with myocardial infarction in the US from 1990 through 1999: the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 1, 2 and 3. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 36: 2056-63.
47. Eagle KA, Lim MJ, Dabbous OH, Pieper KS, Goldberg RJ, Van de Werf F, et al. GRACE Investigators. A validated prediction model for all forms of acute coronary syndrome: estimating the risk of 6-month postdischarge death in an international registry. JAMA. 2004; 291: 2727-33.
48. Mehta RH, Rathore SS, Radford MJ, Wang Y, Wang Y, Krumholz HM. Acute myocardial infarction in the elderly: differences by age. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 38: 736-41.
49. Braunwald E, Antman EM, Beasley JW. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-st-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology / American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines (committee on the management of patients with unstable angina). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 36: 970-1062.
50. Chung MK, Bosner MS, McKenzie JP, Shen J, Rich MW. Prognosis of patients > 70 years of age with non Q-wave infarction compared with younger patients with similar infarcts and with patients > 70 years of age with Q-wave acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1995; 75: 18-22.
51. Brieger D, Eagle KA, Goodman SG, Steg PG, Budaj A, White K, et al. Grace investigators. Acute coronary syndromes without chest pain, an underdiagnosed and undertreated high-risk group: insights from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events. Chest. 2004; 126: 461-9.
52. Alexander KP, Newby LK, Cannon CP, Aramstrong PW, Gibler WB, Rich MW, et al. Acute coronary care in the elderly, Part I. Non-ST-segment-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology: in Collaboration With the Society of Geriatric Cardiology. Circulation. 2007; 115: 2549-69.
53. Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, Bridges CR, Califf RM, Casey DE Jr, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction). Circulation. 2007; 116: e148-e304.
54. Nogueira PR, Nogueira CMO, Villafanha DF, Takeushi LF. Stable angina: clinical manifestation. Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de São Paulo. 2003; 2: 260-7.
55. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 1997; 349: 1269-76.
56. Serro-Azul JB, Nussbacher A. Síndromes coronárias agudas: qual a estratégia? In: Serrano Jr CV, Timerman A, Stefanini E. (eds.) Tratado de Cardiologia SOCESP. 2ª. ed. Barueri, SP: Editora Manole; 2008. p. 2291-6.
57. Macaciel RM, Mesquita ET, Vivacqua R, Serra S, Campos A, Miranda M, et al. Safety, feasibility, and results of exercise testing for stratifying patients with chest pain in the emergency room. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2003; 81: 174-73.
58. Arruda AM, Dias MK, Roger VL, Klarich KW, Mahoney DW, Pellikka PA. Prognostic value of exercise echocardiography in 2.632 patients older than 65 years. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 37: 1036-41.
59. Lin SS, Lauer MS, Marwick TH. Risk stratification of patients with medically treated unstable angina using exercise echocardiography. Am J Cardiol. 1998; 82: 720-4.
60. Shapiro MD, Guarraia DL, Moloo J, Cury RC. Evaluation of acute coronary syndromes by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2008; 19: 25-32.
61. Bach RG, Cannon CP, Weintraub WS, DiBattiste PM, Demopoulos LA, Anderson HV, et al. The effect of routine, early invasive management on outcome for elderly patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Ann Intern Med. 2004; 141: 186-95.
62. Chen ZM, Pan HC, Chen YP, Peto R, Collins R, Jiang LX, et al. Early intravenous then oral metoprolol in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2005; 366: 1622-32.
63. Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK, et al. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST - segment elevation. The CURE trial investigators. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345: 494-502.
64. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The HOPE study investigators. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342: 145-53.
65. Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Ezekowitz MD, Ganz P, Oliver MF, Waters D, et al. Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes. The MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001; 285: 1711-8.
66. Bhatt DL, Topol EJ. Current role of pltelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in acure coronary syndromes. JAMA. 2000; 284: 1549-58.
67. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of abciximab before and during coronary intervention in refractory unstable angina: the CAPTURE Study. Lancet. 1997; 349: 1429-35.
68. Cannon CP, Weintraub WS, Denopoulos LA, Vicari R, Frey MJ, Lakkis N, et al. Comparison of early invasive and conservative strategies in patients with ustable coronary sindroms treated with the glicoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition tirofiban. The TACTICS- TIMI 18 investigators. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344: 1879-87.
69. Goodman SG, Cohen M, Bigonzi F, Gurfinkel EP, Radley DR, Le IV, et al. Randomized trial of low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) versus unfractionated heparin for unstable coronary artery disease: one-year results of the ESSENCE Study. Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in Non-Q Wave Coronary Events. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 36: 693-8.
70. Antman EM, McCabe CH, Gurfinkel EP, Turpie AG, Bernink PJ, Salein D, et al. Enoxaparin prevents death and cardiac ischemic events in unstable angina/non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: results of the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) 11B trial. Circulation. 1999; 100: 1593-601.
71. Ferguson JJ, Califf RM, Antman EM, SYNERGY Trial Investigators. Enoxaparin vs unfractionated heparin in high-risk patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes managed with an intended early invasive strategy: primary results of the SYNERGY randomized trial. JAMA. 2004; 292: 45-54.
72. Antman EM, Morrow DA, McCabe CH, Murphy SA, Ruda M, Sadowski Z, et al. ExTRACT-TIMI25 Investigators. Enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin with fibrinolysis for STelevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2006; 354: 1477-88.
73. Libby: Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 8th ed. Braunwald's Heart Disease. A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 8 th Edition. Elsevier Saunders. 2008.
74. Alexander KP, Newby LK, Armstrong PW, Cannon CP, Gibler WB, Rich MW, et al. Acute coronary care in the elderly, Part II: ST-Segment-elevation myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2007; 115: 2570-89.
75. Culic V, Eterovic D, Miric D, Silic N. Symptom presentation of acute myocardial infarction: influence of sex, age and risk factors. Am Heart J. 2002; 144: 1012-7.
76. Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, Bates ER, Green LA, Hand M, et al. ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 44: E1-E211.
77. Bean DB, Roshon M, Garvey JL. Chest pain: diagnostic strategies to save lives, time, and money in the ED. Emergency Medicine Practice. 2003; 5: 1-32.
78. Boie ET. Initial evaluation of chest pain. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2005; 23: 937-57.
79. Yarzebski J, Goldberg RJ, Gore JM, Alpert JS. Temporal trends and acute myocardial infarction: the Worcester Heart Attack Study. Am Heart J. 1994; 128: 255-63.
80. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. III Diretriz sobre tratamento do infarto agudo do miocárdio. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004; 83 (supl IV): 2-69.
81. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Diretrizes sobre intervenção coronária percutânea e métodos adjuntos diagnósticos em cardiologia intervencionista. Rev Bras Cardiol Invas. 2008; 16 (supl II).
82. Devlin W, Cragg D, Jacks M, Friedman H, O'Neill W, Grines C. Comparison of outcome in patients with acute myocardial infarction aged > 75 years with that in younger patients. Am J Cardiol. 1995; 75: 573-6.
83. Indications for fibrinolytic therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction: collaborative overview of early mortality and major morbidity result from all randomized trials of more than1000 patients Fibrinolytic Therapy Trialists (FTT) Collaborative.Group . Lancet. 1994; 343 (8893): 311-22.
84. Berger AK, Radford MJ, Wang Y, Krumholz. Thrombolytic therapy in older patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 36: 366-74.
85. Thiemann DR, Coresh J, Schulman SP, Gerstenblith G, Detgen WJ, Powe NR. Lack of benefit for intravenous thrombolysis in patients with myocardial infarction who are older than 75 years. Circulation. 2000; 101: 2239-46.
86. White H. Thrombolytic therapy in the elderly. Lancet. 2000; 356 (9247): 2028-30.
87. Stenestrand U, Wallentin L. Fibrinolytic therapy in patients 75 years and older with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction: one year follow up of a large prospective cohort. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163: 965-71.
88. Ahmed S, Antman EM, Murphy AS, Giugliano RP, Canon CP, White H, et al. Poor outcomes after fibrinolytic terapy for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: impact of age - a Metanalysis of a decade of trials. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2006; 21: 119-29.
89. Keeley EC, Boura JA, Grines CL. Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review of 23 randomized trials. Lancet. 2003; 361: 13-20.
90. Stone GW, Grines CL, Browne KF, Marco J, Rothbaum D, O'Keefe J, et al. Predictors of in- hospital and 6 month outcome after acute myocardial infarction in the repefusion era; the Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction (PAMI) Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995; 25: 370-7.
91. de Bôer MJ, Ottervanger JP, vant Hof AW, Hoorntje JC, Suryapranata H, Zijlstra F, et al. Reperfusion therapy in the elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction: a randomized comparison of primary angioplasty and thrombolytic therapy.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 39: 1723-28.
92. Mehta RH, Sadiq I, Goldberg RJ, Gore JM, Avezum A, Spencer F, et al. for the GRACE Investigators. Effectiveness of primary percutaneous coronary intervention compared with that of thrombolytic therapy in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2004; 147: 253-9.
93. De Geare VS, Stone GW, Grines L, Brodie BR, Cox DA, Gardia E. Angiografic and clinical characteristics associated with increase in hospital mortality in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous intervention (a pooled analysis of the primary angioplasty in myocardial infarction trials). Am J Cardiol. 2000; 86: 30-4.
94. Sabatine MS, Camen CP, Gibson, Lopez-Sendón JL, Montalescot G, Theroux P, et al. Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin and fibrinolytic therapy for myocardial infarction with ST segment elevation. N Eng J Med. 2005; 352: 1179-89.
95. COMMIT (Clopidogrel and Metoprolol in Myocardial Infarction Trial) Collaborative group. Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin in 45852 patients with acute myocardial infarction randomized placebo- controlled trial. Lancet. 2005; 366: 1607-21.
96. Peters RJC, Mehta SP, Fox KAA, Zhao F, Lewis BS, Kopecky SL, et al. Effects of aspirin dose when used alone or in combination with clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndrome: observations from The Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events (CURE) study. Circulation. 2003; 108: 1682-7.
97. Cusset T, Frere C, Quilieu J, Morange PE, Nait-Saidi L, Carvajal J, et al. Benefit of a 600 mg loading dose of clopidogrel on platelet reactivity and clinical outcomes in patients with none ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome undergoing coronary stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 48: 1339-45.
98. Montalescot G, Sideris G, Meuleman C, Bal-dit-Sollier C, Lellouche N, Steg PG, et al. A randomized comparison with non ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: the ALBION trial.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 48: 931-8.
99. Gyongyosi M, Domanovits H, Benzer W, Haugk M, Heinisch B, Sodeck G, et al. Use of abciximab prior to primary angioplasty in STEMI results in early recanalization of the infarct related artery and improved myocardial tissue reperfusion: results of the Austrian multi-centre randomized reopro BRIDGING study. Eur Heart J. 2004; 25: 2125-33.
100. Simaeve PR, Kerang Y, Begaerts K, Vahanian A, Adgey J, Armstrong PW, et al. Age outcomes and treatment effects of fibrinolytics and antithrombotic combination: findings from assessment of the safety and efficacy of a new thrombolytic (ASSENT- 3) and ASSENT -3 PLUS. Am Heart J. 2006; 152: 684-9.
101. Simaeve PR, Alexander GM, Bagart K, Belmans A, Wallentin L, Armstrong P, et al. Efficacy of tenectplase in combination with enoxaparin abciximab or unfractionated heparin: one year follow up results of the assessment of the safety of a new thrombolytic 3 (ASSENT-3) randomized trial in acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2004; 147: 993-8.
102. De Luca G, Suryapranata M, Stane GW, Antoniucci D, Tcheng JE, Neumann FJ, et al. Abciximab as adjunctive therapy to reperfusion in acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction a metanalysis of randomized trials. JAMA. 2005; 293: 1754-65.
103. Topol EJ, Gusto Investigators. Reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction with fibrinolytic therapy or combination reduced fibrinolytic therapy and platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition: the GUSTO V randomized trial. Lancet. 2001; 357: 1905-14.
104. Shaun GG, Menon V, Cannon CP. Acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. American College de Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008; 133: 708s-75s.
105. Collins R, Mac Mahan S, Flather M, Baigent C, Remvig L, Mortensen S, et al. Clinical effects of anticoagulant therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction: systematic overview of randomized trials. BMJ. 1996; 313: 652-9.
106. Antmam EM, Morrow DA, MCCabe CH, Jiang F, White HD, Fox KA, et al. Enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin as antithrombin therapy in patients receiving fibrinolysis for ST elevation myocardial infarction. Design and rationale for the Enoxaparin and Thrombolysis Reperfusion for Acute Myocardial Infarction treatment thrombolysis in myocardial infarction study (EXTRACT- TIMI 25). Am Heart J. 2005; 149: 217-26.
107. Krumholz HM, Radford MJ, Wang Y, Chen J, Heiat A, Marciniak TA. National use and effectiveness of beta-blocker for the treatment of elderly patients after acute myocardial infarction: National Cooperative Cardiovascular Project. JAMA. 1998; 280: 623-9.
108. First International Study Of Infarct Collaborative Group. Randomized Trial of intravenous atenolol among 16027 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction; ISIS -1. Lancet. 1986; 11: 57-66.
109. Hjalmarson A, Elmfeldt D, Herlitz J, Holmberg S, Malek I, Nyberg G, et al. Effect on mortality of metropololin acute myocardial infarction: a Double-blind randomized Trial. Lancet. 1981; 11: 823-7.
110. Soumerai SB, Mclaughlin TJ, Spielgman D, Hertzmark E, Thibault G, Goldman L. Adverse outcomes of underuse of beta'blockers in elderly survivors of acute myocardial infarction. JAMA. 1997; 227: 115-21. Krumholz HM,Radford MJ, Wang Y et AL. Early beta-blocker therapy for acute myocardial infarction in elderly patients Ann Intern Med. 1999; 131:648-54.
111. Grupo Italiano per Le Studdio della Sopravvivenza nellÏnfarto miocárdico. Six month effects of lisinopril and transdermal glyceryl trinitratesingly and together on 6 week mortality and ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1994; 343: 1115-122.
112. ISIS-4 (fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group ISIS-4. A Randomized factorial Trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate and intravenous magnesium sulphatein 58050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1995; 345: 669-85.
113. ACE Inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group. Indications for ACE inhibitors in the early treatment of acute myocardial infarction systematic overview of individual data from 100000 patients in randomized trials .Circulation. 1998; 2202-12.
114. Krumholz HM, Chen YT, Wang Y, Radford MJ. Aspirin and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors among elderly survivors hospitalization for an acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med. 2001; 161: 538-44.
115. Gruentizig R, Senning A, Siegenthaler WE. Nonoperative dilatation of coronary artery stenosis: percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. N Engl J Med. 1979; 301: 61-8.
116. Gruentizig AR, Meier B. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: the first five years and the future. Int J Cardiol. 1983; 2: 319-23.
117. Sousa JEMR, Sousa AGMR, Feres F. Angioplastia transluminal coronária: indicações e resultados atuais. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1988; 51: 69-76.
118. Feres F, Tanajura LF, Pinto IMF, Cano MN, Maldonado G, Mattos LA, et al. Angioplastia coronária: eficácia dos novos cateteres-balão de baixo perfil. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1989; 53: 307-11.
119. Checchi H, Ariê S, Perin MA . Angioplastia em pacientes uniarteriais. Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de São Paulo. 1992; 2: 61-6.
120. Tanajura LFL, Sousa AGMR, Pinto IMF .. Angioplastia coronária: indicações, técnica, limitações e resultados. Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de São Paulo. 1992; 2: 7-12.
121. KING III SB. Angioplasty from bench to bedside to bench. Circulation. 1996; 93: 1621-29.
122. Tanajura LFL, Pinto IMF, Mattos LA, Feres F, Abizaid A, Staico R, et al. Percutaneous handling of coronary lesions > 20mm through stents: is there a first choice strategy? Arq Bras Cardiol. 1999; 73: 331-8.
123. Serruys PW, Unger F, Sousa JE, Jatene A, Bonnier HJ, Schonberger JP, et al. Comparison of coronary artery bypass surgery and stenting for the treatment of multivessel disease. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344: 1117-24.
124. Sousa AGMR, Staico R, Sousa JEMR. Revascularização miocárdica percutânea: dos balões aos stents farmacológicos. In: Sousa AGMR, Staico R, Sousa JEMR. (eds.). Stent coronário: aplicações clínicas. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2001. p. 1-9.
125. Thompson RC, Holmes DR, Gersh BJ, Mock MB, Bailey KR. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in the elderly: early and long- term results. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991; 17: 1245-50.
126. Holt GW, Sugrue DD, Bresnaham JF, Vliestra RE, Bresnahan DR, Reeder GS, et al. Results of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for unstable angina pectoris in patients 70 years of age or older. Am J Cardiol. 1988; 61: 994-7.
127. Buffet P, Danchin N, Juilliere Y, Feldmann L, Marie PY, Selton-Suty C, et al. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in patients more than 75 years old: early and long- term results. Int J Cardiol. 1992; 37: 33-9.
128. Thompson RC, Holmes DR, Grill DE, Mock MB, Bailey KR. Changing outcome of angioplasty in the elderly. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996; 27: 8-14.
129. Sousa JE, Costa MA, Abizaid AC, Rensing BJ, Abizaid AS, Tanajura LF, et al. Sustained suppression of neointimal proliferation by sirolimus-eluting stents: one-year angiographic and intravascular ultrasound follow-up. Circulation. 2001; 104: 2007-11.
130. Morice MC, Serruys PW, Sousa JE, Fajadet J, Ban Hayashi E, Perin M, et al. A randomized comparison of a sirolimus-eluting stent with a standard stent for coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346: 1773-80.
131. Holmes DR, Leon MB, Moses JW, Popma JJ, Cutlip D, Fitzgerald PJ, et al. Analysis of 1-year clinical outcomes in the SIRIUS trial: a randomized trial of a sirolimus-eluting stent versus a standard stent in patients at high risk for coronary restenosis. Circulation. 2004; 109: 634-40.
132. The TIME Investigators. Trial of invasive versus medical therapy in elderly patients with chronic symptomatic coronary- artery disease (TIME): a randomized trial. Lancet. 2001; 358: 951-7.
133. Claude J, Schindler C, Kuster GM, Schwenkglenks M, Szucs T, Buser P, et al. Cost-effectiveness of invasive versus medical management of elderly patients with chronic symptomatic coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 2004; 24: 2195-203.
134. Pfisterer M for the TIME Investigators. Long- term outcome in elderly patients with chronic angina managed invasively versus by optimized medical therapy. Four- year follow- up of the randomized trial of invasive versus medical therapy in elderly patients (TIME). Circulation. 2004; 110: 1213-8.
135. Boden WE, O'Rourke RA, Teo KK, Hartigan PM, Maron DJ, Kostuk WJ, et al. Optimal medical therapy with or without PCI for stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356: 1503-16.
136. Seto TB, Taira DA, Berezin R, Chauhan MS, Cutlip DE, Ho KK, et al. Percutaneous coronary revascularization in elderly patients: impact on functional and quality of life. Ann Intern Med. 2000; 132: 955-8.
137. Bassand JP, Hamm CW, Ardissino D, Boersma E, Budaj A, Fernández-Avilés F, et al. Task Force for Diagnosis and Treatment of Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes of European Society of Cardiology. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2007; 28: 1598-66.
138. Bavry AA, Kumbhani DJ, Rassi AN, Bhatt DL, Askari AT. Benefit of early invasive therapy in acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of contemporary randomized clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 48: 1319-25.
139. PCAT Collaborators. Primary coronary angioplasty compared with intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: six-month follow-up and analysis of individual patient data from randomized trials. Am Heart J. 2003; 145: 47-57.
140. Daemen J, Boersma E, Flather M, Booth J, Stables R, Rodriguez A, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting and coronary artery bypass surgery for multivessel coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis with 5-year patient-level data from the ARTS, ERACI-II, MASS-II, and SoS trials. Circulation. 2008; 118: 1146-54.
141. van Domburg RT, Takkenberg JJ, Noordzij LJ, Saia F, van Herwerden LA, Serruys PW, et al. Late outcome after stenting or coronary artery bypass surgery for the treatment of multivessel disease: a single-center matched-propensity controlled cohort study. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005; 79: 1563-9.
142. Javaid A, Steinberg DH, Buch AN, Corso PJ, Boyce SW, Pinto Slottow TL, et al. Outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting versus percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents for patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2007; 116 (11 Suppl): 1200-6.
143. Hannan EL, Racz MJ, Walford G, Jones RH, Ryan TJ, Bennett E, et al. Long-term outcomes of coronary-artery bypass grafting versus stent implantation. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352: 2174-83.
144. Hannan EL, Wu C, Walford G, Culliford AT, Gold JP, Smith CR, et al. Drug-eluting stents vs. coronary-artery bypass grafting in multivessel coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2008; 358: 331-41.
145. Francalancia N, LoCicero J 3rd. Geriatric cardiac surgery. In: Solomon DH, LoCicero J 3rd, Rosenthal RA. (eds). New frontiers in geriatrics research: an agenda for surgical and Re- 156 CHAPTER 6 lated Medical Specialties. New York: American Geriatrics Society; 2004. p.147-76.
Referências
1. Orejarena LA, Vidaillet H Jr, DeStefano F, Nordstrom DL, VierKant RA, Smith PN, et al. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in the general population. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998; 31: 150-7.
2. Ryder KM, Benjamin EJ. Epidemiology and significance of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 1999; 84: 13R-138R.
3. Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Vaziri SM, D'Agostino RB, Belanger AJ, Wolf PA. Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort. The Framingham Heart Study. JAMA. 1994; 271: 840-4.
4. Rajala AS, Geiger UK, Haavisto MV, Kaltiala KS, Mattila KJ. Electrocardiogram, clinical findings and chest x-ray in persons aged 85 years or older. Am J Cardiol. 1985; 55: 1175-8.
5. Kantelip JP, Sage E, Duchene-Marullaz P. Findings on ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in subjects older than 80 years. Am J Cardiol. 1986; 57: 398-401.
6. Manolio TA, Furberg CD, Rautaharju PM,Siscovick D, Newman AB, Borbani NO, et al.. Cardiac arrhythmias on 24-h ambulatory electrocardiography in older women and men: the Cardiovascular Health Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994; 23: 916-25.
7. Fleg JL, Kennedy HL. Long-term prognostic significance of ambulatory electrocardiographic findings in apparently healthy subjects greater than or equal to 60 years of age. Am J Cardiol. 1992; 70: 748-51.
8. Wei JY. Mechanisms of disease: age and the cardiovascular system. N Engl J Med. 1992; 327: 1735-9.
9. Lakatta EG. Cardiovascular regulatory mechanism in advanced age. Physiol Rev. 1993; 73: 413-67.
10. Ruoke GA. Autonomic and cardiovascular function in the geriatric patient. Anesthesiol Clin North Am. 2000; 18: 31-46.
11. Bigger JT Jr, Fleiss JL, Kleiger R, et al. The relationships among ventricular arrhythmias, left ventricular dysfunction, and mortality in the 2 years after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1984; 69: 250-8.
12. Crawford MH, Bernstein SJ, Deedwania PC, DiMarco JP, Ferrick KJ, Garson Jr A, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for ambulatory electrocardiography: a reporto of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, develope in collaboration with the North American Society for Pacing and Eletrophysiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999; 34: 912-48.
13. DiMarco JP, Philbrik JP. Use of ambulatory electrocardiographic (Holter) monitoring. Ann Intern Med. 1990; 113: 53-68.
14. Brignole M, Alboni P, Benditt DG, Bergfeldt L, Blanc JJ, Bloch Thomsen PE, et al. Guidelines on management (diagnosis and treatment) of syncope--update 2004. Europace. 2004; 6 (6): 467-537.
15. Fitzpatrick A, Sutton R. Tilting towards a diagnosis in recurrent unexplained syncope. Lancet. 1989; 1 (8639): 658-60.
16. Del Rosso A, Ungar A, Bartoli P, Cellai T, Mussi C, Marchionni N, et al. Usefulness and safety of shortened head-up tilt testing potentiated with sublingual glyceryl trinitrate in older patients with recurrent unexplained syncope. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002; 50 (8): 1324-8.
17. Natale A, Sra J, Akhtar M, Kusmirek L, Tomassoni G, Leonelli F, et al. Use of sublingual nitroglycerin during head-up tilt-table testing in patients > 60 years of age. Am J Cardiol. 1998; 82 (10): 1210-3.
18. de Castro RR, da Nobrega AC. Elderly patients with unexplained syncope: what should be considered a positive tilt test response? Auton Neurosci. 2006; 126-127: 169-73.
19. Rose KM, Eigenbrodt ML, Biga RL, Couper DJ, Light KC, Sharrett AR, et al. Orthostatic hypotension predicts mortality in middle-aged adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC) Study. Circulation. 2006; 114 (7): 630-6.
20. Munro NC, McIntosh S, Lawson J, Morley CA, Sutton R, Kenny RA. Incidence of complications after carotid sinus massage in older patients with syncope. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994; 42 (12): 1248-51.
21. Brady PA, Shen WK. When is intracardiac electrophysiologic evaluation indicated in the older or very elderly patiente? Complications rate and data. Clin Geriatr Med. 2002; 18: 339-60.
22. Zado ES, Callans DJ, Gottlieb CD, Kutalek SP, Wilbur SL, Samuels FL, et al. Efficacy and safety of catheter ablation in Octogenarians. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 35: 458.
23. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Diretrizes para avaliação e tratamento de pacientes com arritmias cardíacas Parte II - avaliação eletrofisiológica invasiva de pacientes com arritmias cardíacas. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2002; 79 (suplemento 5): 17.
24. Guidelines for clinical intracardiac electrophysiological and catheter ablation procedures: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 1995; 92: 673-91.
25. Kapoor WN, Karpf M, Wieand S, Peterson JR, Levey GS. A prospective evaluation and follow-up of patients with syncope. N Engl J Med. 1983; 309: 197-204.
26. Guidelines on management (diagnosis and treatment) of syncope-update 2004. (Executive Summary) Eur Heart J. 2004; 25: 2054-72.
27. Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death (Executive Summary). Eur Heart J. 2006; 27: 2099-140.
28. Kappor WN. Syncope. N Engl J Med. 2000; 343 (25): 1856-62.
29. Lipsitz L, Grubb BP. Syncope in the elderly. In: Grubb BP, Olshansky B. (eds). Syncope: mechanisms and management. 2nd. ed. Blackwell Futura Publishing; 2005. p. 301-14.
30. Savage DD, Corwin L, McGee DL, Kannel WB, Wolf PA. Epidemiologic features of isolated syncope: the Framingham Study. Stroke. 1985; 16: 626-9.
31. Soteriades ES, Evans JC, Larson MG, Chen MH, Chen L, Benjamin EJ, et al. Incidence and prognosis of syncope. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347: 878-85.
32. Lipsitz LA, Wei JY, Rowe JW. Syncope in elderly institutionalized population: prevalence, incidence and associated risk. QJM. 1985; 55: 45-55.
33. Smith JJ, Hughes CV, Ptacin MJ, Barney JA, Tristani FE, Ebert TJ. The effect of age on hemodynamic response to graded postural stress in normal men. J Gerontol. 1987; 42: 406-11.
34. Taylor JA, Hand GA. Sympathoadrenalcirculatory regulation of arterial pressure during orthostatic stress in young and older man. Am J Physiol. 1992; 263: R1147-55.
35. Mayhan WG; Faraci FM; Baumbach GL, Heistad DD. Effects of aging on responses of cerebral arterioles. Am J Physiol. 1990; 27: H1138-H1143.
36. Kaufmann H. Syncope: a neurologist viewpoint. Cardiol Clin. 1997; 15:194.
37. Jansen RM; Connelly M; Kelley M, et al. Postprandial hypotension in elderly patients with unexplained syncope. Arch Intern Med. 1995; 155: 945-52.
38. Morley CA, Sutton R. Carotid sinus syncope. Int J Cardiol. 1984; 6: 287-93.
39. Wagshal AB, Huang SKS. Carotid sinus hypersensitivity. In: Grubb BP, Olshansky B (eds). Syncope: Mechanisms and Management. Armonk, NY: Futura Publishing Co; 1998. p. 73-106.
40. Kapoor WN, Smith MA, Miller NL. Upright tilt testing in evaluating syncope: a comprehensive literature review. Am J Med. 1994; 97: 78-87.
41. Gubb BP. Neurocardiogenic syncope. In: Grubb BP, Olshansky B (eds). Syncope: Mechanisms and Management. Armonk, NY: Futura Publishing Co; 1998. p. 73-106.
42. Hachul D, Sosa EA, Consolim F, Magalhães L, Scanavacca M, Martineli M, et al. Valor diagnóstico do teste de inclinação na avaliação da síncope de origem indeterminada. Resultados preliminares. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1994; 62 (1): 7-9.
43. Lipsitz LA, Marks ER, Koestner JS. Reduced susceptibility to syncope during postural tilt in old age: is beta-blockade protective? Arch Intern Med. 1989; 149: 2709-12.
44. Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannon DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbagen KA, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 48:e-196.
45. van Walraven C, Hart RG, Connolly S, Austin PC, Mant J, Hobbs FD, et al. Effect of age on stroke prevention therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation: the Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Stroke. 2009; 40: 1410-6.
46. Connolly SJ, Pogue J, Eikelboom J, Flaker G, Commerford P, Franzosi MG, et al. and Active Investigators. Benefit of oral anticoagulant over therapy in atrial fibrillation depends on the quality of international normalized ratio control achieved by centers and countries as measured by time in therapeutic range. Circulation. 2008; 118: 2029-37.
47. Eckman MR, Rosand J, Groemberg SM, Gage BF. Cost-effectiveness of using pharmacogenetic information in warfarin with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med. 2009; 150 (2): 73-83.
48. Gage BF, Waterman AD,Shammon W, Boechler M, Rich MW, Radford MJ. Validation of clinical calcification schemes for predicting stroke: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation. JAMA. 2001; 285: 2864-70.
49. The ACTIVE Investigators. Effect of clopidogrel added to aspirin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009; 360 (20): 2127-9.
50. Zado ES, Callans DJ, Gottlieb CD, Kutalek SP, Wilbur SL, Samuels FL, et al. Efficacy an safety of catheter ablation inoctogenarians. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 35: 458-62.
51. Da Costa A, Thevenin J, Roche F, Romeyer-Bouchard C, Abdellaoui L, Messier M, et al. Results from the Loire-Ardeche-Drome-Isere-Puy-de-Dome (LADIP) trial on atrial flutter, a multicentric prospective randomized study comparing amiodarone and radiofrequency ablation after the first episode of symptomatic atrial flutter. Circulation. 2006; 114: 1676-81.
52. Haissaguerre M, Jais P, Shah DC, Takahashi A, Hocini M, Quiniou G, et al. Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins. N Engl J Med. 1998; 339: 659-66.
53. Bhargava M, Marrouche NF, Martin DO, Schweikert RA, Saliba W, Saad EB, et al. Impact of age on the outcome of pulmonary vein isolation for atrial fibrillation using circular mapping technique and cooled-tip ablation catheter. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2004; 15: 8-13.
54. Kusumoto F, Prussak K, Wiesinger M, Pullen T, Lynady C. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in older patients: outcomes and complications. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2009.
55. Amiodarone Trials Meta-Analysis Investigators. Effect of prophylactic amiodarone on mortality after acute myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure: meta-analysis of individual data from 6500 patients in randomized trials. Lancet. 1997; 350: 1417-24.
56. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, Poole JE, Packer DL, Boineau R, et al. Sudden cardiac death in heart failure trial (SCDHeFT) Investigators. Amiodarone or an Implantable Cardioverter-defibrillator for Congestive Heart Failure. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352: 225-37.
57. A Comparison of Antiarrythmic-drug Therapy with Implantable Defibrillators in Patients Resuscitated from Near-fatal Ventricular Arrythmias. The Antiarrythmics versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1997; 337: 1576-83.
58. Connolly SJ, Gent M, Roberts RS, Donian P, Roy D, Sheldon RS, et al. Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study (CIDS). A randomized trial of the Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator against Amiodarone. Circulation. 2000; 101: 1297-302.
59. Huan DT, Sesselberg HW, McNitt S, Noyes K, Andrews ML, Hall WJ, et al. Improval survival associated with prophylactyc implantabel desfibrillators in elderly patients with prior myocardial infarction and depressed ventricular function: A MADTI-II Substudy. J Cardiovasc Electrpophysiology. 2007; 8: 833-8.
60. Ermis C, Zhu AX, VanHeel L, Sakaguchi S, Lurie KG, Benditt DG. Comparison of ventricular arrythmia burden, therapeutic interventions, and survival, in patients < 75 and > 75 years of age treated with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. PACE. 2007; 9: 270-4.
61. Moss AJ. Treatment of arrythmias an use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators to improve survival in elderly with cardiac disease. Clin Geriatr. 2007; 23: 205-19.
62. Aronow WS. Treatment of ventricular arrythmias in the elderly. Geriatrics. 2008; 8: 20-8.
63. Hohnloser SH, Klingenheben T, Zabel M, Schoppert M, Mauss O. Prevalence, characteristics and prognostic value during long-term follow-up of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia after myocardial inarction in the thrombolitic era. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999; 33: 1895-902.
64. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet. 1999; 353: 913.
65. Cleland JG, Pennell DJ, Ray SG, Coats AJ, Macfarlane PW, Murray GD, et al. Myocardial viability as a determinant of the ejection fraction response to carvedilol in patients with heart failure (CHRISTMAS trial) randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2003; 362: 14-21.
66. Julian DJ, Prescott RJ, Jackson FS, Szekely P. Controlled trial of sotalol for one year after myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1982; 1: 1142-7.
67. Aronow WS. Treatment of ventricular arrhythmias in the elderly. Geriatrics. 2008; 63: 20-8.
68. Amiodarone Trials Meta-Analysis Investigators. Effect of prophylactic amiodarone on mortality after acute myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure: meta-analysis of individual data from 6500 patients in randomized trials. Lancet. 1997; 350: 1417-24.
69. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, Poole, JE, Packer DL, Boineau R, et al. Sudden cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial (SCDHeFT) Investigators. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352: 225-37.
70. Mason JW. A comparison of seven antiarrhythmic drugs in patients with ventricular tachyarrhymias. Electrophysiologic Study versus Electrocardiographic. Monitoring Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1993; 329: 452-8.
71. Greene HL: The CASCADE Study: Randomized antiarrhythmic drug therapy in survivors of cardiac arrest in Seathle. CASCADE Investigators. Am J Cardiol. 1993; 72: 70F-74F.
72. A comparison of antiarrhythmic-drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from near-fatal ventricular arrhythmias. The Antiarrhythmics versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1997; 337: 1576-83.
73. Connolly SJ, Hallstrom AP, Cappato R, Schron EB, Kuck KH, Zipes DP, et al. Meta-analysis of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator secondary prevention trials. AVID, CASH and CIDS studies. Antiarrhythmics vs Implantable Defibrillator study. Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg. Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study. Eur Heart J. 2000; 21: 2071-8.
74. Fleg J, Kennedy H. Cardiac arrhythmias in a healthy elderly population: detection by 24- hour ambulatory electrocardiography. Chest. 1982;81; 302-7.
75. Frishman WH, Heiman M, Karpenos A, Qoi WL, Mitzner A, Goldkom R, et al. Twentyfour hour ambulatory electrocardiography in elderly subjects: Prevalence of various arrhythmias and prognostic implications. Am Heart J. 1996; 132: 297-302.
76. Arritmias cardiacas en los ancianos. Lasses y Ojeda LA. Archivos de Cardiologia de México 2002; 72: S106-S110.
77. Wenger N, Helmy T Patal A, Hanna I. Approaching Cardiac Arrhythmias in the Elderly Patient. Medscape General Medicine. 2005; 7: 24.
78. Schmidt B, Brunner M, Olschewski M, et al. Pacemaker therapy in very elderly patients: long-term survival and prognostic parameters. Am Heart J. 2003; 146: 908-13.
79. Vassolo M, Lamas GA. Dual-chamber vs ventricular pacing in the elderly: quality of life and clinical outcomes. Eur Heart J. 1999; 20: 1607-8.
80. Lamas GA, Pashos CL, Normand SL, McNeil B. Permanent pacemaker selection and subsequent survival in elderly Medicare pacemaker recipients. Circulation. 1995; 91: 1063-9.
81. Lamas GA et al for the Pacemaker Selection in the Elderly Investigators. Quality of life and clinical outcomes in elderly patients treated with ventricular pacing as compared with dual-chamber pacing. N Engl J Med. 1998; 338: 1097-104.
82. Martinelli Filho M, Zimerman LI, Lorga AM, Vasconcelos JTM, Rassi A Jr. Guidelines for Implantable Electronic Cardiac Devices of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007; 89 (6): e210-e238.
83. Zipes DP, Wellens HJJ. Sudden cardiac death. Circulation. 1998; 98: 2334-51.
84. Myeburg RJ, Castellanos A. Cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death. In Braunwald E (ed). Heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co; 2001. p. 890-931.
85. Huikuri HV, Castellanos A, Myeburg RJ, et al. Sudden death due to cardiac arrhythmias. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345: 1473-82.
86. Buxton AE, Lee KL, Fisher JD, Josephson ME, Prystowsky EN, Hafley G. A randomized study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease. Multicenter Tachycardia Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med.1999; 341: 1882-90.
87. Myerburg RJ, Kessler KM, Estes D, Conde CA, Luceri RM, Zaman L, et al. Long-term survival after prehospital cardiac arrest: analysis of outcome during an 8 years study. Circulation. 1984; 70: 538-46.
88. Echt DS, Liebson PR, Mitchell LB, Peters RW, Obias-Manno D, Barker AH, et al. Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide or placebo: The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. N Engl J Med. 1991; 324: 781-8.
89. Hallstrom AP, Cobb LA, Yu BH, Weaver WD, Fahrenbruch CE. An antiarrhythmic drug experience in 941 patients resuscitated from an initial cardiac arrest between 1970 and 1985. Am J Cardiol. 1991; 68: 1025-31.
90. Reiter MJ, Reiffel JA. Importance of beta blockade in the therapy of serious ventricular arrhythmias. Am J Cardiol. 1998; 82: 9-1.
91. Epstein , Di Marco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NA 3rd, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, et al. ACC/AHA/HRS Guidelines for Device-Based Therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology AHA/Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC/AHA/NASPe 2002. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 51: e1-62.
Referências
1. Hinchman DA, Otto CM. Valvular disease in the elderly. Cardiol Clin. 1999; 17 (1): 137-58.
2. Kupari M, Lindroos M, Livanainen AM, Heikkila J, Tilvis R. Congestive heart failure in old age: prevalence, mechanisms and 4-year prognosis in the Helsinki Ageing Study. J Intern Med. 1997; 241 (5): 387-94.
3. Mistiaen W, Knaapen M. Evaluation of cell death markers in severe calcified aortic valves. Methods Enzymol. 2009; 453: 365-78.
4. Bocchi EA, Guimarães G, Tarasoutshi F, Spina S, Mangini S, Bacal F. Cardiomyopathy, adult valve disease and heart failure in South América. Heart. 2009; 95: 181-9.
5. Bell MH, Mintz GS. Mitral valve disease in the elderly. Cardiovasc Clin. 1986; 16 (2): 313-24.
6. Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, Flachs Kampof EA, Foster E, Pellikka PA, et al. Recommendations for chamber quantification; a report from the American Society of Echocardiography Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Chambers Quantification Writing Group, Developed in Conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography, a Branch of the European Society of Cardiology. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2005; 18: 1440-63.
7. Otto C. Textbook of clinical echocardiography. Philadelphia:Elsevier/Saunders; 2004.
8. Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, de Leon AC Jr, Faxon DP, Freed MD, et al. ACC/AHA 2006 Guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. TasK Force on Practice Guidelines developed in collaboration with SCA endorsed Society of Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 48 (3): e1-148.
9. Zoghbi WA, Enriquez-Sarano M, Foster E, Grayburn PA, Kraft CD, Lernie RA, et al. Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003; 16: 777-802.
10. Huep JC, Gonçalves RS, Ferreira RM. A importância do eletrocardiograma, da radiografia de tórax e dos testes de capacidade funcional na avaliação das valvopatias mitrais. Rev Soc Cardiol Estado São Paulo. 2008; 4: 319-27.
11. Sorrell VL, Nanda NC. Role of echocardiography in the diagnostic assessment and etiology of heart failure in the elderly--opacify, quantify, and rectify. Heart Fail Clin. 2007; 3 (4): 403-22.
12. Le Bihan DCS, Bruno CMF, Vilela AA, Assef JE. Informações relevantes da ecocardiografia para o manejo adequado das valvopatias mitrais. Rev Soc Cardiol Estado São Paulo. 2008; 4: 328-34.
13. Vahanian A, Ducrocq G. Emergencies in valve disease. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2008; 14 (5): 555-60.
14. Borer JS, Bonow RO. Contemporary approach to aortic and mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 2003; 108: 2432-8.
15. Sampaio RO, Grinberg M, Leite JJ, Tarasoutchi F, Chalela WA, Izaki M, et al. Effect of enalapril on left ventricular diameters and exercise capacity in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with regurgitation secondary to mitral valve prolapse or rheumatic heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2005; 96: 117-21.
16. American Heart Association/ American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) - 2006 Bonow et al. ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 48 (3): 598-675.
17. Gillinov AM, Blackstone EH, Nowicki ER, Slisatkom W, Al-Dossari G, Johnston DR, et al. Valve repair versus valve replacement for degenerative mitral valve disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008; 135 (4): 885-93.
18. Wilkins GT, Weyman AE, Abascal VM, Block PC, Palacius IF. Percutaneous balloon delatation of the mitral valve: an analysis of echocardiographic variables related to out come and the mechanism of delatation. Br Heart J. 1988; 60: 299-308.
19. Meister SG, Engel TR, Feitosa GS, Helfant RH, Frankl WS. Propranolol in mitral stenosis during sinus rhythm. Am Heart J. 1977; 94: 685-8.
20. Sutaria N, Elder AT, Shaw TR. Mitral balloon valvotomy for the treatment of mitral stenosis in octogenarians. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000; 48 (8): 971-4.
21. Sorrell VL, Nanda NC. Role of echocardiography in the diagnostic assessment and etiology of heart failure in the elderly--opacify, quantify, and rectify. Heart Fail Clin. 2007; 3 (4): 403-22.
22. Evangelista A, Tornos P, Sambola A, Permanyer-Miralda G, Soler J.. Long-term vasodilator therapy in patients withsevere aortic regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353: 1342-9.
23. Socgnamiglio R, Rahimtoola SH, Fasoli G, Nistri S, Dalla Volta S. Nifedipine in asymptomatic patients with severe aortic regurgitation and normal left ventricular function. N Engl J Med. 1994; 331: 689-94.
24. Accola KD, Scott ML, Palmer GJ, Thompson PA, Sand ME, Suarez-Cavalier JE, et al. Surgical management of aortic valve disease in the elderly: A retrospective comparative study of valve choice using propensity score analysis. J Heart Valve Dis. 2008; 17 (4): 355-64.
25. Pierri H, Nussbacher A, Decourt LV, Medeiros C, Cattani CA, Serro Azul JB, et al. Clinical predictors of prognosis in severe aortic stenosis in unoperated patients >75 years of age. Am J Cardiol. 2009; 86: 801-4.
26. O'Brien KD. Epidemiology and genetics of calcific aortic valve disease. J Investig Med. 2007; 55 (6): 284-91.
27. Otto CM. Aortic stenosis: clinical evaluation and optimal timing of surgery. Cardiol Clin. 1998; 16 (3): 353-73.
28. Sciomer S, Badagliacca R, Vizza CD, Fedele F. Echocardiography in aortic stenosis: new insights into challenging scenarios. Ital Heart J Suppl. 2004; 5 (6): 457-65.
29. Ghanbari H, Kidane AG, Burriesci G, Bonhoeffer P, Seifalian AM. Percutaneous heart valve replacement: an update. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2008; 18 (4): 117-25.
30. Kolh P, Kerzmann A, Honore C, Comte L, Limet R. Aortic valve surgery in octogenarians: predictive factors for operative and long-term results. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007; 31 (4): 600-6.
31. Wessler S, Gitel SN. Warfarin: from bedside to bench. N Engl J Med. 1984; 311: 645-52.
32. Hylek EM, Skates SJ, Sheehan MA, Singer DE. An analysis of the lowest effective intensity of prophylactic anticoagulation for patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 1997; 335: 540-6.
33. Levine MN, Raskob G, Landefeld S, Hirsch J. Hemmorrhage complications of anticoagulant treatment. Chest. 1995; 108 (Suppl 4): 276S-90S.
34. Landefield CS, Beyth HJ. Anticoagulant-related bleeding: clinical epidemiology, predictions, and preventio. Am J Med. 1993; 95: 315-28.
35. Vahanian A, Baumgartner H, Bax J, Butchart E, Dion R, Filippatos G, et al. European Society of Cardiology - 2007 Vahanian A et al. Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease - The task force on the management of valvular heart disease of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2007; 28: 230-68.
36. Eighth American College of Chest Physician (ACCP) 2008 Salem DN, O'Gara PT; Madias C, et al. Valvular and Structural Heart Disease. American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines . Chest. 2008; 133: 593S-629S.
37. Bayer AS, Bolger AF, Taubert KA, Wilson W, Steckelberg J, Karchmer AW, et al. Diagnosis and management of infective endocarditis and its complications. Circulation. 1998; 98: 2936-48.
38. Durante-Mangoni E, Bradley S, Selton-Suty C, Tripodi MF, Barsic B, Bouza E, et al. Current features of infective endocarditis in elderly patients. Results of the international collaboration on endocarditis prospective cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 2008; 168: 2095-103.
39. Di Salvo G, Thuny F, Rosenberg V, Pergola V, Belliard O, Derumeaux G, et al. Endocarditis in the elderly: clinical, echocardiographic, and prognostic features. Eur Heart J 2003; 24(17): 1539-40.
40. Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, Fowler VG Jr, Bolger AF, Levison ME, et al. Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the committee on rheumatic fever, endocarditis, and kawasaki disease, council on cardiovascular disease in the young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke and cardiovascular surgery and anesthesia, AHA: endorsed by the Infectous Diseases Society of America. Circulation. 2005; 111(23): 2394-434.
41. Nishimura RA, Carabello BA, Faxon DP, Freed MD, Litle BW, O'Gara PT. ACC/AHA 2008 Guideline Update on Valvular Heart Disease: Focused Update on Infective Endocarditis: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 52: 676-85.
42. Gregoratos G. Infective endocarditis in the elderly: diagnosis and management. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2003; 12 (3): 183-9.
43. Werner GS, Schultz R, Fuchs JB, Andreas S, Prange H, Ruschewski W, et al. Infective endocarditis in the elderly in the era of transesophageal echocardiograph: clinical features and prognosis compared with younger patients. Am J Med. 1996; 100 (1): 90-7.
44. Durack DT, Lukes AS, Bright DK. The Duke Endocarditis Service. New criteria for the diagnosis of Infective endocarditis: utilization of specific echocardiographic findings. Am J Med. 1994; 96: 200-9.
45. Li JS, Sexton DJ, Mick N, Nettles R, Fowler VG Jr, Ryan T, et al. Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 2000; 30: 633-8.
46. Wilson W, Taubert KA. Gewitz M, Lockhart PB, Baddour LM, Levison M, et al. Prevention of Infective Endocarditis: Guidelines From the American Heart Association: A Guideline From the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation. 2007; 116: 1736-54.
47. Wilson WR, Karchmer AW, Dajani AS, Taubert KA, Bayer A, et al. Antibiotic treatment of adults with infective endocarditis due to streptococci, enterococci, staphylococci, and HACEK microoorganisms: American Heart Association. JAMA. 1995; 274: 1706-13.
48. Sampaio RO. Accorsi TD, Tarasoutchi F. Prevenção da endocardite infecciosa. Einstein. 2008; 6 (4 Pt 2): 191-3.
49. Gould Fk, Elliot TSJ, Foweraker M, Fulford M, Perry JD, Roberts GJ, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of endocarditis: report of the Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrobial. Chemotherapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006; 57: 1035-42.
50. Strom BL, Abrutyn E, Berlin JA, Kenman JL, Feldman RS, Stolly PD, et al. Dental and cardiac risk factors for infective endocarditis: a population-based, case-control study. Ann Intern Med. 1998; 129: 761-9.
Referências
1. Taddei CFG, Ramos LR, de Moraes JC, Wajngarten M, Libberman A, Santos SC, et al. Estudo multicêntrico de idosos atendidos em ambulatórios de cardiologia e geriatria de instituições brasileiras. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1997; 69 (5): 327-33.
2. Ferreira C, Luna Filho B, Pinto ESAL, Fonseca FAH, Menendes G, Ito MT, et al. Estudo de prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares para servidores da Unifesp-2000 (Estudo PrevServ-UNIFESP- 2000). [Acesso em 2009 mai 10]. Disponível em: http://www.epm.br/medicina/cardio/ch/index.htm.
3. Zarnke KB. Recent developments in the assessment and management of hypertension: CHEP, ALLHAT and LIFE. Geriatrics & Aging. 2003; 6 (2): 14-20.
4. Gesa S. Hypertension in the elderly. In: Chesler E. Clinical cardiology in the elderly. 2nd ed. New York: Futura Corporation; 1999. p. 503-35.
5. Staessen J, Fagard R, Thijs L, Arabidze CG, Birkenhager WH, Bulpitt CJ, et al. for the Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators. Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension.. Lancet. 1997; 350: 757-64.
6. Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program. SHEP. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA. 1991; 265: 3255-64.
7. MRC Working Party. Medical Research Council trial of treatment of hypertension in older adults. BMJ. 1992; 304: 405-12.
8. Wei JK. Point/Counterpoint: Treatement of Hypertension in the Elderly. Annals of Long-term Care 2009;17:37-38.
9. Perllof DP, Grimm C, Flack J, Frohlich EO, Hill M, McDonand M, et al. Human blood pressure determination by sphygmomanometry. Circulation. 1993; 88 (part I): 2460-70.
10. Hiitola P, Enlund H, Kettunen R, Sulkava, Hartikainen RS. Postural changes in blood pressure and the prevalence of orthostatic hypotension among home-dwelling elderly aged 75 years or older. J Hum Hypertens. 2009; 23: 33-9.
11. Miranda RD, Perrotti TC, Bellinazzi VR, Nóbrega TM, Cendoroglo MS, Toniolo-Neto J. Hipertensão arterial no idoso: peculiaridades na fisiopatologia, diagnóstico e tratamento. Rev Bras Hipertens. 2002; 9 (3): 293-300.
12. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. V Diretriz brasileira de hipertensão arterial. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007; 89 (3): e24-e79.
13. Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, Greene T, Rogers N, Roth D. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation: modification of diet in renal disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1999; 130 (6): 461-70.
14. Sanaka M, Takano K, Shimakura K, Koike Y, Mineshita S. Serum albumin for estimating creatinine clearance in the elderly with muscle atrophy. Nephron. 1996; 73: 137-44.
15. Cockroft DW, Gault MH. Prediction of creatinine clearence from serum creatinine. Nephron. 1976; 16: 31-41.
16. Anderson KM, Wilson PW, Odell PM, Kannel WB. An updated coronary risk profile: a statement for health professionals. Circulation. 1991; 83: 356-62.
17. Bobrie G, Chatellier G, Genes N, Clerson P, Vaur L, Vaisse B, et al. Cardiovascular prognosis of "Masked Hypertension" detected by blood pressure self-measurement in elderly treated hypertensive patients. JAMA. 2004; 291: 1342-9.
18. Cuspidia C, Paratia G. Masked hypertension: an independent predictor of organ damage. J Hypertens. 2007; 25: 275-9.
19. Niiranen TJ, Jula AM, Kantola IM, Karanko H, Reunanen A. Home-measured blood pressure is more strongly associated with electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy than is clinic blood pressure: the Finn- Home study. J Hum Hypertens. 2007; 21: 788-94.
20. Stergiou GS, Kalogeropoulos PG, Baibas NM. Prognostic value of home blood pressure measurement. Blood Press Monit. 2007; 12: 391-2.
21. De Marco A, Feitosa AM, Gomes MM, Parente GB, Victor EG. Pressão de pulso obtida pela monitorização residencial da pressão arterial e sua relação com índice de massa do ventrículo esquerdo. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007; 88: 91-5.
22. Rosa RF, Franken RA. Fisiopatologia e diagnóstico da hipertensão arterial no idoso: papel da monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial e da monitorização residencial da pressão arterial. Rev Bras Hipertens. 2007; 14: 21-4.
23. O'Brien E, Asmar R, Beillin L, Imai Y, Mallion JM, Manáa G, et al. European Society of Hypertension recommendations for conventional, ambulatory and home blood pressure measurement. J Hypertens. 2003; 21: 821-48.
24. Bobrie G, Genès N, Vaur L, Clerson P, Vaisse B, Mallion JM, et al. "Is "Isolated Home" hypertension as opposed to "isolated office" hypertension a sign of greater cardiovascular risk? Arch Intern Med. 2001; 161: 2205-11.
25. Willem JV, Abraham AK, Kessels Afons GH, Leew Peter W. Home blood pressure measurement: a systematic review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 46: 743-51.
26. Obara T, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Metoki H, Saito S. Prevalence of masked uncontrolled and treated white-coat hypertension defined according to the average of morning and evening home blood pressure value: from the Japan Home versus Office Measurement Evaluation Study. Blood Press Monit. 2005; 10 (6): 311-6.
27. Waeber B. What stands behind masked hypertension? J Hypertens. 2008; 26: 1735-7.
28. Marquez-Contreras E, Martell-Claros N, Gil-Guillãn V, de la Figuera-Von Wichmann M, Casado-Martinez JJ, Martin de Pablos JL, et al. Efficacy of a home blood pressure monitoring programme on therapeutic compliance in hypertension: the EAPACUM-HTA study. J Hypertens. 2006; 24 (1): 169-75.
29. Abe K, Tsunoda K, Sato T. Measurement and evaluation of home blood pressure monitoring with particular emphasis on evaluating anti-hypertensive effects using a home blood pressure distribution diagram. Nippon Jinzo Gakkai Shi. 2006; 48 (4): 354-64.
30. Silva GV, Ortega KC, Mion Jr D. Monitorização residencial da pressão arterial (MRPA). Rev Bras Hipertens. 2008; 15 (4): 215-9.
31. Parati G, Stergiou GS, Asmar R, Bilo G, de Leew P, Imai Y, et al. European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring European Society of Hypertension guidelines for blood pressure monitoring at home: a summary report of the Second International Consensus Conference on Home Blood Pressure Monitoring. J Hypertens. 2008; 26: 1505-26.
32. Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Hirohito Metoki H, Obara T, Hashimoto J, Tatsune K, et al. Prognosis of "Masked" hypertension and "White-Coat" hypertension detected by 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring,10-year follow-up from the Ohasama Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 46: 508-15.
33. Ben-Dov IZ, Kark JD, Mekler J, Shaked E, Bursztyn M. The white coat phenomenon is benign in referred treated patients: a 14-year ambulatory blood pressure mortality study. J Hypertens. 2008, 26: 699-705.
34. Fagard RH, Van Den Broeke C, De Cort P. Prognostic significance of blood pressure measured in the office, at home and during ambulatory monitoring in older patients in general practice. J Hum Hypertens. 2005; 19 (10): 801-7.
35. Siennicki-Lantz A, Reinprecht F, Axelsson J, Elmstahl S. Cerebral perfusion in the elderly with nocturnal blood pressure fall. Eur J Neurol. 2007; 14 (7): 715-20.
36. Fagard RH, Celis H. Prognostic significance of various characteristics of out-of-the-office blood pressure. J Hypertens. 2004; 22: 1691-7.
37. O'Sullivan C; Duggan J, Atkins N, O'Brien E. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure in community-dwelling elderly men and women, aged 60-102 years. J Hypertens. 2003; 21: 1641-7.
38. Apple LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure: DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336: 1117-24.
39. Miranda RD. Dieta DASH. In: Brandão AA. (org.). Hipertensão. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier Brasil; 2006. p. 308-14.
40. Leonetti G, Zanchetti A. Results of antihypertensive treatment trial in the elderly. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2002; 11 (1): 41-7.
41. Ferruci L, Furberg CD, Penninx BW, DiBari M, Williamson JD, Guralnik JM, et al. Treatment of isolated systolic hypertension is most effective in older patients with hight-risk profile. Circulation. 2001; 104 (16): 1923-6.
42. Hyman DJ, Pavlik VN. Characteristics of patients with uncontrolled hypertension in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345: 479-86.
43. Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, Staessen JA, Liu L, Dumitrascu D, et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 2008; 358 (18): 1887-98.
44. Casas JP, Chua W, Loukogeorgakis S, Vallance P, Smeeth L, Hingorani AO. Effect of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system and other antihypertensive drugs on renal outcomes: systematic review and metaanalysis. Lancet. 2005; 366: 2026-33.
45. Jafar TH, Stark PC, Schmid CH, Landa M, Maschio G, de Jong PE, et al. Progression of kidney disease: the role of blood pressure control, proteinuria, and ACE inhibition: a patient-level metaanalysis. Ann Intern Med. 2003; 139: 244-52.
46. Cushman WC, Ford CE, Cutler JA, Margolis KL, Davis BR, Grimm RH, et al. Success and predictors of blood pressure control in diverse North American settings: the antihipertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial (ALLHAT). J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2002; 4 (6): 393-404.
47. Jammerson K, Weber MA, Bakris GL, Dahlöf B, Pitt B, Shi V, et al. Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients. (avoiding cardiovascular events through combination therapy in patients living with systolic hypertension - The ACCOMPLISH trial). N Engl J Med. 2008; 359: 2417-28.
48. Verdecchia P, Reboldi G, Angeli F, Gattobigio R, Bentivoglio M, Thys L, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and calcium channel blockers for coronary heart disease and stroke prevention. Hypertension. 2005; 46: 386-92.
49. Turnbull F, Neal B, Pfeffer M, Kostis J, Algert C, Woodward M, et al. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Blood pressure-dependent and independent effects of agents that inhibit the renin-angiotensin system. J Hypertens. 2007; 25 (5): 951-8.
50. Aronow WS, Ahn C. Incidence of new coronary events in older persons with prior myocardial infarction and systemic hypertension treated with beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, diuretics, calcium antagonists, and alpha blockers. Am J Cardiol. 2002; 89 (10): 1207-9.
51. Agostini E, Aliprandi A. Migraine and hypertension. Neurol Sci. 2008; 29 (Suppl 1): S37-S39.
52. Messerli FH, Grossman E, Goldbourt U. Are betablockers efficacious as first-line therapy for hypertension in the elderly? A systematic review. JAMA. 1998; 279: 1903-7.
53. Lindholm LH, Carlberg B, Samuelsson O. Should beta blockers remain first choice in the treatment of primary hypertension? A meta-analysis. Lancet. 2005; 366: 1545-53.
54. Bangalore S, Sawhney S, Messerli FH. Relation of beta-blocker-induced heart rate lowering and cardioprotection in hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 52 (18): 1482-9.
55. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341: 709-17.
56. Dahlöf B, Lindholm L, Hansson L, Schersten B, Ekbom T. Morbidity and mortality in the Swedish Trial in old patients with hypertension (STOP-Hypertension). Lancet. 1991; 338: 1281-5.
57. Medical Research Council Working Party. MRC trial of treatment of hypertension in older adults: principal results. BMJ. 1992; 304: 405-12.
58. Stassen JA, Fagard R, Thijs L. Randomized double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. The Systolic hypertension in Europe (SYST-EUR). Lancet. 1997; 350: 757-64.
59. Psaty BM, Smith NL, Siscovick DS, Koepsell TD, Weiss NS, Heckbert SR, et al. Health outcomes associated with antihipertensive therapies used as firstline agents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 1977; 277: 739-45.
60. The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients Randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic:The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA. 2002; 288: 2981-97.
61. Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, Staessen JA, Liu L, Dumitrascu D, et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 2008; 358 (18): 1887-98.
62. Hernandez RH, Armas-Hernandez MJ, Velasco M, Israili ZH, Armas-Padilha MC. Calcium antagonists and atherosclerosis protection in hypertension. Am J Ther. 2003; 10: 409-14.
63. Elliot WJ, Bandari A. The role of calcium antagonists in stroke prevention. J Clin Hypertens. 2005; 7: 5-8.
64. Forette F, Seux ML, Staessen JA, Thys L, Babarskiene MR. The prevention of dementia with antihypertensive treatment: new evidence from the Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) study. Arch Intern Med. 2002; 162: 2046-52.
65. Psaty BM, Lumley T, Furberg CD, Schellenbaum M, Pahor M, Alderman MH, et al. Health outcomes associated with various antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents: a network meta-analyses. JAMA. 2003; 289: 2534-44.
66. Staessen JA, Fagard R, Thijs L, Celis H, Arabidze GG. Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. The Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators. Lancet. 1997; 350: 757-64.
67. Kaplan NM. Clinical hypertension. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006. p. 245-252.
68. Neal B, MacMahon S, Chapman N, for the Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-pressure-lowering drugs: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet. 2000; 355: 1955-64.
69. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342 (3): 145-53.
70. Fox KM; European trial On reduction of cardiac events with Perindopril in stable coronary Artery disease Investigators. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomized double blind, placebo controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet. 2003; 362: 782-8.
71. PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomized Trial of a perindopril-based-blood pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet. 2001; 35: 1033-41.
72. Chiong JR, Aronow WS, Khan IA, Nair CK, Vijayaraghavan K, Dart RA, et al. Secondary hypertension: Current diagnosis and treatment. Int J Cardiol. 2008; 124: 6-21.
73. Lorell BH, Carabello BA. Left ventricular hypertrophy: pathogenesis, detection, and prognosis. Circulation. 2000; 102 (4): 470-9.
74. Verdecchia P, Carini G, Circo A, Dovellini E, Giovannini E, Lombardo M, et al. Left ventricular mass and cardiovascular morbidity in essential hypertension: the MAVI study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 38 (7): 1829-35.
75. Klingbeil AU, Schneider M, Martus P, Messerli FH, Schmieder RE. A meta-analysis of the effects of treatment on left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Am J Med. 2003; 115 (1): 41-6.
76. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, Ciucci A, Gattobigio R, Zampi I, et al. Prognostic significance of serial changes in left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Circulation. 1998; 97 (1): 48-54.
77. Mathew J, Sleight P, Lonn E, Johnstone D, Pogue J, Yi Q, et al. Reduction of cardiovascular risk by regression of electrocardiographic markers of left ventricular hypertrophy by the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril. Circulation. 2001; 104 (14): 1615-21.
78. Okin PM, Devereux RB, Jern S, Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Nieminen MS, et al. Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy during antihypertensive treatment and the prediction of major cardiovascular events. JAMA. 2004; 292 (19): 2343-9.
79. Devereux RB, Wachtell K, Gerdts E, Boman K, Nieminen MS, Papademetriou V, et al. Prognostic significance of left ventricular mass change during treatment of hypertension. JAMA. 2004; 292 (19): 2350-6.
80. Elias MF, Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, Cobb J, White LR. Untreated blood pressure level is inversely related to cognitive functioning: the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1993; 138: 353-64.
81. Launer LJ, Masaki K, Petrovitch H, Foley D, Havlik RJ. The association between midlife blood pressure levels and late-life cognitive function: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. JAMA. 1995; 274 (23): 1846-51.
82. Tzourio C, Dufouil C, Ducimetière P, Alpérovitch A. Cognitive decline in individuals with high blood pressure: a longitudinal study in the elderly. Neurology. 1999; 53: 1948-52.
83. Kivipelto M, Helkala EL, Laakso MP, Hanninen T, Halikainen M, Alhainen K, et al. Midlife vascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease in later life: longitudinal, population based study. BMJ. 2001; 322: 1447-51.
84. Prince MJ, Bird AS, Blizard RA, Mann AH. Is the cognitive function of older patients affected by antihypertensive treatment? Results from 54 months of the Medical Research Council's treatment trial of hypertension in older adults. BMJ. 1996; 312: 801-5.
85. Forette F, Seux ML, Staessen JA, Thys L, Birkenhager WH, Babarskene MR, et al. Prevention of dementia in randomized double-blind placebo-controlled Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) trial. Lancet. 1998; 352: 1347-51.
86. Guo Z, Fratiglioni L, Zhu L, Fastbom J, Winblad B, Viitanen M. Occurrence and progression of dementia in a community population aged 75 years and older: relationship to antihypertensive medication use. Arch Neurol. 1999; 56: 991-6.
87. Murray MD, Lane KA, Gao S, Evans RM, Unverzagt FW, Hall KS, et al. Preservation of cognitive function with antihypertensive medications: a longitudinal analysis of a community-based sample of African Americans. Arch Intern Med. 2002; 162: 2090-6.
88. Tzourio C, Anderson C, Chapman N, Woodward M, Neal B, MacMahon S, PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Effects of blood pressure lowering with perindopril and indapamide therapy on dementia and cognitive decline in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163: 1069-75.
89. Skoog I, Lithell H, Hansson L, Elmfeldt D, Hofman A, Olofsson B, et al. Effect of baseline cognitive function and antihypertensive treatment on cognitive and cardiovascular outcomes: Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE). Am J Hypertens. 2005; 18: 1052-9.
90. Peters R, Beckett N, Forette F, Tuomilehto J, Clarke R, Ritchie C, et al. for the HYVET investigators. Incident dementia and blood pressure lowering in the Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial cognitive function assessment (HYVET-COG): a double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2008; 7: 683-9.
91. Gill SS, Anderson GM, Fischer HD, Bell CM, Li P, Normand SL, et al. Syncope and Its consequences in patients with dementia receiving cholinesterase inhibitors: a population-based cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 2009; 169 (9): 867-73.
92. Dahlström U. Frequent non-cardiac comorbidities in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2005; 7: 309-16.
93. Pistelli R, Lange P, Miller DL. Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity. Eur Respir J. 2003; 21:10S-14S.
94. Kotlyar E, Keogh AM, MacDonald PS, Arnold RH, McCaffrey DJ, Glanville AR. Tolerability of carvedilol in patients with heart failure and concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2002; 21: 1290-5.
95. Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE. Cardioselective beta-blockers in patients with reactive airway disease: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2002; 137: 715-25.
96. Whelton PK, Appel LJ, Espeland MA. Sodium reduction and weight loss in the treatment of hypertension in older persons: a randomized controlled trial of nonpharmacologic interventions in the elderly (TONE). TONE Colllaborative Research Group. JAMA. 1998; 279: 839-46.
97. Roriz-Cruz MR, Rosset I, Wada T, Sakagami T, Ishine M, De Sá Roriz Fº J, et al. Cognitive impairment and frontal-subcortical geriatric syndrome are associated with metabolic syndrome in a stroke-free population. Neurobiol aging. 2007; 28 (11): 1723-36.
98. Tight blood pressure control and the risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type diabetes. UKPDS 38. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. BMJ. 1998; 317: 703-13.
99. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, Dahlof B, Elmfeldt D, Julius S, et al. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomized trial. Lancet. 1998; 351: 1755-62.
100. Coresh J, Byrd-Holt D, Astor BC, Briggs JP, Eggers PW, Lacher DA, et al. Chronic kidney disease awareness, prevalence and trends among U.S. adults, 1999 to 2000. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005; 16 (1): 180-8.
101. Coresh J, Selvin E, Stevens LA, Manzi J, Kusek JW, Eggers P, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA. 2007; 298 (17): 2038-47.
102. Baylis C. Changes in renal hemodynamics and structure in the aging kidney; sexual dimorphism and the nitric oxide system. Exp Gerontol. 2005; 40 (4): 271-8.
103. Keith DS, Nichols GA, Gullion CM, Brown JB, Smith DH. Longitudinal follow-up and outcomes among a population with chronic kidney disease in a large managed care organization. Arch Intern Med. 2004; 164: 659-63.
104. Levin A, Hemmelgarn B, Culleton B, Tobe S, McFarlane P, Ruzicka M, et al, Guidelines for the management of chronic kidney disease. CMAJ. 2008; 179 (11): 1154-62.
105. Levington S, Clarke R, Qizilbach N, Peto R, Collins R, Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002; 360: 1903-13.
106. Staessen JA, Wang JG, Thijs L. Cardiovascular prevention and blood pressure reduction: a quantitative overview updated until 1 March 2003. J Hipertens. 2003; 21: 1055-76.
107. Lavin P. Management of hypertension in patients with acute stroke. Arch Intern Med. 1986; 146 (1): 66-8.
108. Qureshi AI. Acute hypertensive response in patients with stroke: pathophysiology and management. Circulation. 2008; 118 (2): 176-87.
109. Schrader J, Luders S, Kulschewski A, Hammersen F, Plate K, Berger J, et al. Eprosartan compared with nitrendipine for secondary prevention: principal results of a prospective randomized controlled study (MOSES). Stroke. 2005; 36: 1218-26.
110. Yusuf S, Diener HC, Sacco RL, Cotton D, Ounpuu S, Lawton WA, et al. Telmisartan to prevent recurrent stoke and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2008; 359: 1225-37.
111. Arima H, Chalmers J, Woodward M, Anderson C, Rodgers A, Davis S, et al. Lower target blood pressures are safe and effective for the prevention of recurrent stroke: the PROGRESS trial. J Hypertens. 2006; 24 (6): 1201-8.
112. Adams R, Albers G, Alberts MJ, Benavente O, Furie K, Goldstein LB, et al. Update to the AHA / ASA recommendations for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack. Stroke. 2008; 39: 1647-52.
113. Gifford RW Jr. Management of hypertensive crises. JAMA. 1991; 266 (6): 829-35.
114. Immink RV, van den Born BJ, van Montfrans GA, Koopmans RP, Karemaker JM, van Lieshout JJ. Impaired cerebral autoregulation in patients with malignant hypertension. Circulation. 2004; 110: 2241-5.
115. Haas AR, Marik PE. Current diagnosis and management of hypertensive emergency. Semin Dial. 2006, 19 (6): 502-12.
116. Vaidya CK, Oullette JR. Hypertensive urgency and emergency. Hospital Physician. 2007; 3: 43-50.
117. Lip GY, Beevers M, Beevers G. The failure of malignant hypertension to decline: a survey of 24 years' experience in a multiracial population in England. J Hypertens. 1994; 12 (11): 1297-305.
118. Kitiyakara C, Guzman NJ. Malignant hypertension and hypertensive emergencies. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998; 9: 133-42.
119. Vidt DG. Emergency room management of hypertensive urgencies and emergencies. J Clin Hypertens. 2001; 3 (3): 158-64.
120. Franklin SS, Weber MA. Measuring hypertensive cardiovascular risk: the vascular overload concept. Am Heart J. 1994; 128 (4): 793-803.
121. Fong R, Norris KC. Hypertensive crises. In: Yoshikawa TT, Norman DC (editors). Acute emergencies and critical care of the geriatric patient. New York: Headquarters; 2000. p. 229.
122. Strandgard S, Paulson OB. Cerebral autoregulation. Stroke. 1984; 15: 413-5.
123. Felstein C. Management of hypertensive crises. Am J Therap. 2007; 14: 135-9.
124. Broderick JP, Adams HP Jr, Barsan W, Feinberg W, Feldmann E, Grotta J, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American heart Association. Stroke. 1999; 30 (4): 905-15.
125. Ohwaki K, Yano E, Nagashima H, Hirata M, Nakogomi T, Tamura A. Blood pressure in acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2004; 35: 1364-7.
126. Lalouschek WL, Lang W. Blood pressure and clinical outcome in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2002; 33: 2548.
127. Leonardi-Bee J, Bath PMW, Phillips SJ, Sandercock AO, IST Collaborative Group. Blood pressure and clinical outcomes in the international stroke trial. Stroke 2002; 33 (5):1315-20.
128. Ram CV. Management of hypertensive emergencies: changing therapeutic options. Am Heart J. 1991; 122: 356-63.
129. Shayne PH, Pitts SR. Severely increased blood pressure in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2003; 41: 513-29.
130. Kaplan NM. Hypertensive crises. In: Kaplan NM. Clinical hypertension. 6th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1994. p. 281-97.
131. Calhoun DA, Oparil S. Treatment of hypertensive crises. N Engl J Med. 1990; 323 (17): 1177-83.
132. Slama M, Modeliar SS. Hypertension in the intensive care unit. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2006; 21: 279-87.
- 1. Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS. (eds.). To err is human: building a safer health system. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine/National Academy Press; 2000.
-
2Committee on Quality of Health Care in America. Crossing the Quality Chasm: a New Health System for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine/National Academy Press; 2001.
- 3. Lohr KN, Schroeder SA. A strategy for quality assurance in medicare. N Engl J Med. 1990; 322: 707-12.
- 4. Califf RM, Peterson ED, Gibbons RJ, Garson A Jr, Brindis RG, Beller GA, et al. Integrating quality into the cycle of therapeutic development. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 40: 1895-901.
- 5. Garson A. President's page: a target for better patient care. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999; 34: 294-5.
- 6. Ford ES, Ajani UA, Croft JB, Critchley JA, Labarthe DR, Kottke TE, et al. Explaining the decrease in U.S. deaths from coronary disease, 1980-2000. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356: 2388-98.
- 7. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ôunpuu S, on behalf of the INTERHEART Study Investigators. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004; 364: 937-52.
- 8. Cabana MD, Rand CS, Powe NR, Wu, AW, Wilson MH, Abboud PA, et al. Why don't physicians follow clinical practice guidelines? A framework for improvement. JAMA. 1999; 282 (15): 1458-65.
- 9. Tricoci P, AllenJM, Kramer JM, Calliff RM, Smith SC Jr. Scientific evidence underlying the ACC/AHA clinical practice guidelines. JAMA. 2009; 301 (8): 831-41.
- 10. Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med. 3(11): e442.
- 11. Drucker P. The practice of management. New York: Harper & Row; 1954.
- 12. Barr E, Zimmet PZ, Welborn TA, Jolley D, Magliano DJ, Deenstan DW, et al. Risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance. The Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle Study. Circulation. 2007; 116: 151-7.
- 13. Dale AC, Nilsen TI, Vatten L, Midthjell K, Wiseth R. Diabetes mellitus and risk of fatal ischaemic heart disease by gender: 18 years follow-up of 74914 individuals in the HUNT 1 Study. Eur Heart J. 2007; 28: 2924-9.
- 14. Ryden L, Standl E, Bartnik M, Van den Berghe G, Betteridge J, de Moer MJ. Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases: executive summary. The Task Force on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases of the ESC, and EASD. Eur Heart J. 2007; 28 (1): 88-136.
- 15. Haffner SM, Letho S, Ronnemaa T, Pyorala K, Laakso M. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in non-diabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1998; 339: 229-34.
- 16. Brown AF, Mangione CM, Saliba D, Sarkisian CA. California Healthcare Foundation / American Geriatrics Society Panel and Improving Care for Elders with Diabetes. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003; 51 (5 Suppl): 5265-80.
- 17. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complication in patients with type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 1998; 352: 837-53.
- 18. Shorr RI, Franse LV, Resmick HE, Di Bari M, Johnson KC, Pahor M. Glycemic control of older adults with type 2 diabetes: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1998-94. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000; 48: 264-7.
- 19. Hornick T, Aron DC. Managing diabetes in the elderly: go easy, individualize. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 2008; 75 (1): 70-8.
- 20. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes .BMJ. 1998; 317: 703-13.
-
21Consenso da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes: diagnóstico e classificação do diabetes melito e tratamento do diabetes melito Tipo 2. Arq Bras Endocrinol e Metab. 2000; 44 (supl. 1): S8-S35.
- 22. Grover SA, Coupal L, Zowall H, Dorais M. Cost-effectiveness of treating hyperlipidemia in the presence of diabetes: Who should be treated? Circulation. 2000; 102: 722-7.
- 23. Gregoratos G. Diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2000; (Suppl. 9): 49-60.
- 24. Abraira C, Colwell J, Nutall F, Sawin CT, Henderson W, Comstock JP, et al. Cardiovascular events and correlates in the Veteran Affairs diabetes feasibility trial. VA cooperative study on glicemic control and complications in type II diabetes. Arch Intern Med. 1997; 157: 181-8.
- 25. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28: S4-S36.
- 26. American Diabetes Association: Standards of medical care in diabetes-2008. Diabetes Care. 2008; 31 (Suppl 1): 512-54.
- 27. Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, Ferrannini E, Holman RR, Sherwin R, et al. Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 Diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32: 193-203.
- 28. Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes. Diretrizes sobre o tratamento e acompanhamento do Diabete mellitus. Rio de Janeiro: Diagraphic Editora; 2007.
- 29. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28: S4-S36.
- 30. Brown AF, Mangione CM, Saliba D, Sarkisian CA, California Healthcare Foundation/American Geriatrics Society Panel on Improving Care for Elders with Diabetes. Guidelines for improving the care of the older person with diabetes mellitus. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003; 51: S265-S280.
- 31. Pogach LM, Brietzke SA, Cowan CL Jr, Conlin P, Walder DJ, SawinCT. VA/DoD Diabetes Guideline Development Group. Development of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for diabetes: the Department of Veterans Affairs/ Department of Defense guidelines initiative. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27: B82-B89.
- 32. Tovi J, Engfeld P. Well being and symptoms in elderly type 2 diabetes patients with poor metabolic control: effect of insulin treatment. Practical Diabetes. 1998; 15: 73-7.
- 33. Reza M, Taylor CD, Towse K, Ward JD, Hendra TJ. Insulin improves well-being for selected elderly type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2002; 55: 201-7.
-
34Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes. Atualização Brasileira sobre Diabetes 2005. Síndrome metabólica. Rio de Janeiro: Diagraphic Editora; 2005.
- 35. Miettinen OS, Neff RK, Jick H. Cigarette smoking and non-fatal myocardial infarction: Rate ratio in relation to age, sex and predisponning conditions. Am J Epidemiol 1976;103:30-36.
- 36. Seltzer CC. Smoking and coronary heart disease in the elderly. Am J Med Sc. 1975; 269: 309-15.
- 37. Miettinen OS, Neff RK, Jick H. Cigarette smoking and non-fatal myocardial infarction: rate-ratio in relation to age, sex and predisponing conditions. Am J Epidemiol. 1976; 103: 30-6.
- 38. Jajich CL, Ostfeld AM, Freeman DH Jr. Smoking and CHD: mortality in the elderly. JAMA. 1984; 252: 2831-4.
- 39. Siegel, Kuller L, Lazarus NB, Black D, Feigal D, Hughes G, et al. Predictors of cardiovascular events and mortality in the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program Pilot Project. Am J Epidemiol. 1987; 16: 385-99.
- 40. LaCroix AZ, Lang J, Scherr P, Wallace RB, Cornoni-Huntley J, Berkman L, et al. Smoking and mortality among older men and women in three communities. N Eng J Med. 1991; 324: 1619-25.
- 41. Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Speltzer FE, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, et al. A prospective study of passive smoking and coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1997; 95: 2574-9.
- 42. Dwyer J. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and coronary risk. Circulation. 1997; 96: 1367-9.
- 43. Hall SM, Humfleet GL, Gorecki JA, Muñoz RF, Reus VI, Prochaska JJ. Older versus younger treatment-seeking smokers: differences in smoking behavior, drug and alcohol use, and psychosocial and physical functioning. Nicotine Tob Res. 2008; 10 (3): 463-70.
- 44. Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 Update U.S. Public Health Service Clinical Practice Guideline executive summary 2008. PHS Guideline Update Panel, Liaisons, and Staff. Respir Care. 2008; 53: 1217-22.
- 45. Bratzler DW, et al. Smoking in the elderly-it's never too late to quit. J.Okla State Med Assoc 2002; 95(3): 185-91.
- 46. Buckland A, Connolly MJ. Age-related differences in smoking cessation advice and support given to patients hospitalized with smoking-related illness. Age Ageing. 2005; 34 (6): 639-42.
- 47. Andrews JO, Heath J, Graham-Garcia J. Management of tobacco dependence in older adults: using evidence-based strategies J Gerontol Nurs. 2004; 30: 13-24.
- 48. Tait RJ, Hulse GK, Waterreus A, Flicker L, Lautenschlager NT, Jamrozik K, et al. Effectiveness of a smoking cessation intervention in older adults. Addiction. 2007; 102: 148-55.
- 49. Burton LC, Paglia MJ, German PS, Shapiro S, Damiano AM. The effect among older persons of a general preventive visit on three health behaviors: smoking, excessive alcohol drinking, and sedentary lifestyle. The Medicare Preventive Services Research Team. Prev Med. 1995; 24: 492-7.
- 50. Morgan GD, Noll EL, Orleans CT, Rimer BK, Amfoh K, Bonney G. Reaching midlife and older smokers: tailored interventions for routine medical care. Prev Med. 1996; 25: 346-54.
- 51. Gravina Taddei CF, Ramos LR, Moraes C. Estudo multicêntrico em idosos atendidos em ambulatórios de cardiologia e geriatria de instituições brasileiras. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1997; 69 (5): 327-33.
- 52. Pi-Sunyer FX. Medical hazards of obesity. Ann Intern Med. 1993; 119: 655-63.
-
53US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services. Nutrition and Your Health. Dietary guidelines for Americans. 3rd ed. Washington DC. US Dept of Agriculture and US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1990.
- 54. Health implications of Obesity: National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement. Ann Intern Med. 1995; 103: 1073-7.
- 55. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Diretrizes para cardiologistas sobre excesso de peso e doença cardiovascular. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2002; 78 (supl 1):1-14.
- 56. Tsigos C, Hainer V, Basclevant A, Finer N, Fried M, Mathus-Vliegen E, et al. Management of obesity in adults: European Clinical Practice Guidelines. Obesity Facts. 2008; 1: 106-16.
- 57. Heiat A, Vaccarino V, Krumholz HM. An evidence-based assessment of federal guidelines for overweight and obesity as they apply to elderly persons. Arch Intern Med. 2001; 161: 1194-203.
- 58. Diehr P, O'Meara ES, Fitzpatrick A, Newman AB, Kuller L, Burke G. Weight, mortality, years of health life, and active life expectancy in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008; 56 (1): 76-83.
- 59. Villareal D, Miller B, Banks M, Fontana L, Sinacore DR, Klein S. Effect of lifestyle on metabolic coronary heart disease risk factors in obese older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 84 (6): 1317-23.
-
60Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia. Projeto diretrizes. Sobrepeso e obesidade: Diagnóstico. 2004. [Acesso em 2008 set 10]. Disponível em http://www.projetodiretrizes.org.br/projeto_diretrizes/089.pdf
- 61. Bouchard C, Bray GA, Hubbard VS. Basic and clinical aspects of regional fat distribution. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990; 52: 946-50.
- 62. Han TS, van Leer EM, Seidell JC, Lean ME. Waist circumference action levels in the identification of cardiovascular risk factors: prevalence study in a random sample. BMJ. 1995; 311: 1401-5.
- 63. Cabrera M, Wajngarten M, Gebara O, Diament J. Relação do índice de massa corporal, da relação cintura-quadril e da circunferência abdominal com a mortalidade em mulheres idosas: seguimento de 5 anos. Cad Saúde Pública. 2005; 21 (3): 767-75.
- 64. Price GM, Uauy R, Breeze E, Bulpitt CJ, Fletcher AE. Weight, shape and mortality risk in older person: elevated waist-hip ratio, not high body mass index, is associated with a greater risk of death. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 84: 449-60.
- 65. Freitas EV. Epidemiologia e demografia do envelhecimento. In: Liberman A, Freitas EV, Neto FS, Gravina Taddei CF. Cardiologia geriátrica - DECAGE. Barueri, SP: Manole; 2005.
- 66. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Walker M. Physical activity and mortality in older men with diagnosed coronary heart disease. Circulation. 2000; 102: 1358-63.
- 67. Pitanga, FJG. Epidemiologia, atividade física e saúde. Rev Bras Cien Mov. 2002; 10 (3): 49-54.
-
68Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008. Washington, DC: U.S.Department of Health and Human Services, 2008.
- 69. Public health focus: physical activity and the prevention of coronary artery disease. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1993; 42: 669-72.
- 70. Powell KE, Thompson PD, Caspersen CJ, Kandrick JS. Physical activity and the incidence of coronary heart disease. Ann Rev Public Health. 1987; 8: 253.
- 71. Florindo AA, Latorre MRDO, Tanaka T, Jaime PC, Zerbini CAF. Fatores associados à prática de exercícios físicos em homens voluntários adultos e idosos residentes na Grande São Paulo, Brasil. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2001; 4 (2): 105-13.
- 72. Gravina CF, Grespan SM, Araújo N. Envelhecimento e risco cardiovascular. In: Tratado de Cardiologia da SOCESP. São Paulo: Manole; 2009.
- 73. DiPietro L. The epidemiology of physical activity and physical function in older people. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996; 28 (5): 596-600.
- 74. Janssen I, Jolliffe CJ. Influence of physical on mortality in elderly with coronary artery disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006; 38 (3): 418-23.
- 75. Wenger NK. Physical inactivity and coronary artery disease in elderly patients. In: Aronow W, Tresch D. Coronary artery disease in the elderly: clincs in geriatric cardiology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 1996. p. 79-88.
- 76. Janssen I, Jolliffe CJ. Influence of physical on mortality in elderly with coronary artery disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006; 38 (3): 418-23.
- 77. McDermott MM, Liu K, Ferrucci L, Criqui MH, Greenland P, Green D, et al. Physical performance in peripheral arterial disease: a slower rate of decline in patients who walk more. Ann Intern Med. 2006; 144 (1): 10-20.
- 78. Vivacqua RC, Serra S. Teste ergométrico em idosos. In: Freitas EV, Py L, Cançado FAX, Doll J, Gorzoni ML. Tratado de geriatria e gerontologia. 2Ş ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 2006. p. 425-8.
- 79. Mozaffarian D, Furberg CD, Psaty BM, Siscovick D. Physical activity and incidence of atrial fibrillation in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation. 2008; 118: 800-7.
- 80. Nelson ME, Rejeski WJ, Blair SN, Duncan PW, Judge JO, King AC, et al. Physical activity and public health in older adults: recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2007; 116: 1-12.
- 81. Miettinen T, Pyorala K, Olsson A, Musliner TA, Cook TJ, Faergeman O, et al. Cholesterol-lowering theraphy in women and elderly patients with myocardial infarction or angina pectoris: findings from the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Circulation. 1997; 96: 4211-8.
- 82. Lewis S, Moye L, Sacks F, Johnstone DE, Timmins G, Mitchell J, et al. Effect of pravastatin on cardiovascular events in older patients with myocardial infarction and cholesterol levels in the average range. Results of the Cholesterol and recurrents events (CARE) trial. Ann Intern Med. 1998; 129: 681-9.
- 83. Rubins HB, Robins S, Collins D, Fye CL, Anderson JW, Elan MB, et al. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341: 410-8.
- 84. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002; 360: 7-22.
- 85. Shepherd J, Blauw G, Murphy M, Bollen EL, Buckley BM, Cobbe SM, et al. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002: 360: 1623-30.
- 86. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabeCH, Rader DJ, Rouleau JL, Belder R, et al. Comparison of intensive and moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Eng J Med. 2004; 350: 1495-504.
-
87PROVE-IT TIMI 22: Large benefit in elderly ACS patients treated to low LDL cholesterol levels. [Acessed on 2008 Sep 20]. Available from: http:www.theheart.org/article/404557
- 88. La Rosa J, Grundy S, Waters D, Shear C, Barter P, Fruchart JC, et al. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352: 14.
- 89. Deedwania P, Stone P, Merz NB, Cosin-Aguillar J, Koylan N, Luo D, et al. Effects of intensive versus moderate lipid-lowering therapy on myocardial ischemia in older patients with coronary heart disease: results of the Study Assessing Goals in the Elderly (SAGE). Circulation. 2007; 115: 700-7.
- 90. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, Genest J, Gotto AM Jr, Kastelein JJ, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med. 2008; 359 (21): 2195-207.
- 91. Grundy S, Cleeman J, Merz C, Brewer HB Jr, Clark LT, Aunninghake DB, et al. Implications of recent clinical trial for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines. Circulation. 2004; 110: 227-39.
- 92. Lemaitre R, Psaty B, Heckbert S, Kronmal RA, Newman AB, Burke GL. Therapy with Hydroxymethylglutary Coenzime A Reductase Inhibitors (Statins) and associated risk of incident cardiovascular events in older adults: evidence from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Intern Med. 2002; 162: 1395-400.
- 93. Gordon T, Castelli WP, Hjortland MC, Kannel WB, Dawber TR. High density lipoprotein as a protective factor against coronary heart disease. The Framingham Study. Am J Med. 1977; 62: 707-14.
- 94. de Goma EM, Leeper NJ, Heidenreich PA. Clinical significance of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 51: 49-55.
- 95. Hully SB, Rosenman RH, Bawol RD, Brand RJ. Epidemiology as a guide to clinical decisions: the association between triglyceride and coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 1980; 302: 1383-9.
- 96. Austin MA. Plasma triglyceride and coronary heart disease. Arteriocler Thromb. 1991; 11: 2-14.
- 97. Miller M, Cannon CP, Murphy SA, Qin J, Ray KK, Braunwald E; PROVE IT-TIMI 22 Investigators. Impact of triglyceride levels beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol after acute coronary syndrome in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 51: 724-30.
- 98. Wang TJ, Gona P, Larson MG, Tofler GH, Levy D, Newton-Chech C, et al. Multiple biomarkers for the prediction of first major cardiovascular events and death. N Engl J Med. 2006; 355 (25): 2631-9.
- 99. Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander EW et al. Markers of inflamation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American heart Association. Circulation 2003;107:499-511.
- 100. NACB LMPG Committee Members. Myers GL, Christenson RH, Cushman M, Ballantyne CN, Cooper GR, Pfeiffer CM, et al. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice guidelines: emerging biomarkers for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Clin Chem. 2009; 55 (2): 378-84.
- 101. Davidson MH, Corson MA, Alberts MJ, Anderson JL, Gorelick PB, Jones PH, et al. Consensus panel recommendation for incorporating lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 testing into cardiovascular disease risk assessment guidelines. Am J Cardiol. 2008; 101 (12A): 51F-57F.
- 102. Gaw A, Murray HM, Brown EA. Plasma lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] concentrations and cardiovascular events in the elderly: evidence from the prospective study of pravastatin in the elderly at risk (PROSPER). Atherosclerosis. 2005; 180 (2): 381-8.
- 103. Gravina CF, Batlouni M, Sarteschi C, Sousa AG, Sousa JE, Piegas L. Influence of age and coronary artery disease on homocysteine levels in the young old compared with the old and the oldest old. Am J Ger Cardiol. 2006; 15 (3): 165-73.
- 104. McCully KS. Homocysteine, vitamins, and vascular disease prevention. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007; 86 (5): 1563S-8S.
- 105. Bruckdorfer KR. Antioxidants and CVD. Proc Nutr Soc. 2008; 67 (2): 214-22.
- 106. Kuller LH, Arnold A, Psaty BM, Manolio TA, Kuller LH, Burke GL, et al. 10-year follow-up of subclinical cardiovascular disease and risk of coronary heart disease in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166: 71-8.
- 107. Naghavi M, Falk E, Hecht HS, Jamieson MJ, Kaul S, Berman D, et al. From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient--Part III: Executive summary of the Screening for Heart Attack Prevention and Education (SHAPE) Task Force report. Am J Cardiol. 2006; 98 (2A): 2H-15H.
- 108- Makdisse MRP. Doença arterial obstrutiva periférica. In: Liberman A, Freitas EV, Savioli Neto F, Taddei CFG. (eds.). Diagnóstico e tratamento em cardiologia geriátrica. São Paulo: Editora Manole; 2005. p. 343-5.
- 109. Van Kuijk JP, Flu WJ, Dunckelgrun M, Bax JJ, Poldermans D. Coronary artery disease in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm: a review article. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 2009; 50 (1): 93-107.
- 110. Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2005; 142 (3): 198-202.
-
111American Heart Association. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics - 2007 Update. Dallas, Texas. American Heart Association; 2007. [Access in 2009 Feb. 15]. Available from http://www.americanheart.org
- 112. Lerner DJ, Kannel WB. Patterns of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality in the sexes: a 26-year follow-up of the Framingham population. Am Heart J. 1986; 111: 383-90.
- 113. Colditz GA, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH. Menopause and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med. 1987; 316: 1105-10.
- 114. Eaker ED, Chesebro JH, Sacks FM, Wenger NK, Whisnant JP, Winston M. Cardiovascular disease in women. Circulation. 1993; 88: 1999-2009.
- 115. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ. Trends in the incidence of coronary heart disease and changes in diet and lifestyle in women. N Engl J Med. 2000; 343: 530-7.
- 116. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Rifai N, Cook NR. Development and validation of improved algorithms for the assessment of global cardiovascular risk in women: the Reynolds Risk Score. JAMA. 2007; 297: 611-9.
- 117. Sposito A, Caramelli B, Fonseca FAH, et al. IV Diretriz brasileira sobre dislipidemia e prevenção da aterosclerose. Arq Brás Cardiol 2007;88.
- 118. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. I Diretriz Brasileira sobre prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares em mulheres climatéricas e a influência da Terapia de Reposição Hormonal (TRH) da SBC - Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia e da SOBRAC - Associação Brasileira do Climatério. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2008; 91 (supl 1): 1-23.
- 119. Hochman JS, Tamis JE, Thompson TD, Weaver WD, White HD, Van der Werf F, et al. Sex, clinical presentation, and outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Arteries in Acute Coronary Syndromes IIb Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341: 226-32.
- 120. Goldberg RJ, O'Donnell, Yarzebski J, Begelow C, Savageau J, Gore JM. Sex differences in symptom presentation associated with acute myocardial infarction: a population-based perspective. Am Heart J. 1998; 136: 189-95.
- 121. Mosca L, Ferri A, Fabunmi R, Robertson RM. Tracking women's awareness of heart disease: an American Heart Association National Study. Circulation. 2004; 109: 573-9.
- 122. Mosca L, Banka CL, Benjamin EJ, Berra K, Bushnell C, Dolos R, et al. Evidence based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women: 2007 update. Circulation. 2007; 115: 1-21.
- 123. Chambers BR, Donnan GA. Carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005; 4: CD001923.
- 124. Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study: endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA. 1995; 273: 1421-8.
- 125. Halliday A, Mansfield A, Marro J, Peto C, Peto R, Potter J, et al. Prevention of disabling and fatal strokes by successful carotid endarterectomy in patients without recent neurological symptoms: randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004; 363: 1491-502.
- 126. Baker WH, Howard VJ, Howard G, Toole JF: Effect of contralateral occlusion on long-term efficacy of endarterectomy in the asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis study (ACAS). ACAS Investigators. Stroke. 2000; 31: 2330-4.
- 127. Straus SE, Majumdar SR, McAlister FA. New evidence for stroke prevention: scientific review. JAMA. 2002; 288: 1388-95.
- 128. The European Carotid Surgery Trialists Collaborative Group: risk of stroke in the distribution of an asymptomatic carotid artery. Lancet. 1995; 345: 209-12.
- 129. European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group: endarterectomy for moderate symptomatic carotid stenosis: Interim results from the MRC European carotid surgery trial. Lancet. 1996; 347: 1591-3.
- 130. Cina C, Clase C, Haynes R. Carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. 1999; 3: CD 001081.
- 131. Rothwell P, Eliasziw M, Gutnikov S, Warlow C, HJM B, for the Carotid Endarterectomy Trialists Collaboration: Endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis in relation to clinical subgroups and timing of surgery. Lancet. 2004; 363: 915-24.
- 132. Rothwell PM, Eliasziw M, Gutnikov SA, Warlow CP, Barnett HJ. Sex difference in the effect of time from symptoms to surgery on benefit from carotid endarterectomy for transient ischemic attack and nondisabling stroke. Stroke. 2004; 35: 2855-61.
- 133. Inzitari D, Eliasziw M, Sharpe BL, Fox AJ, Barnett HJ. Risk factors and outcome of patients with carotid artery stenosis presenting with lacunar stroke. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Group. Neurology. 2000; 54: 660-6.
- 134. Streifler JY, Eliasziw M, Benavente OR, Alamowitch S, Fox AJ, Hachinski VC, et al. Prognostic importance of leukoaraiosis in patients with symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis. Stroke. 2002; 33: 1651-5.
- 135. Yadav J, Sholey M, Kuntz R, Fayad P, Katzen B, Mishkel G, et al. for the Stending and Angioplasty with Protection in Patients at High Risk for Endarterectomy Investigators. Protected carotid-artery stending versus endarterectomy in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2004; 351: 1493-501.
- 136. Ringleb PA, Allenberg JR, Berger J, Brückmann H, Eckstein HH, Fraedrich G, et al. 30 day results from the SPACE trial of stent-protected angioplasty versus carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2006; 368: 1239-47.
- 137. Mas JL, Chatellier G, Beyssen B, Branchereau A, Moulin T, Becquemin JP, et al, for the EVA-3S Investigators. Endarterectomy versus stenting in patients with symptomatic severe carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2006; 355: 1660-71.
- 138. Gillum RF. Epidemiology of aortic aneurysms in the United States. J Clin Epidemiol. 1995; 48: 1289-98.
- 139. Isselbacher EM. Thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms. Circulation. 2005; 111: 816-28.
- 140. Sá M, Moshkovitz Y, Butany J, David TE. Histologic abnormalities of the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk in patients with bicuspid aortic valve disease: clinical relevance to the Ross procedure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1999; 118 (4): 588-94.
- 141. Crawford ES, Crawford JL, Safi HJ, Coselli JS, Hess KR, Brooks B, et al. Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms: preoperative and intraoperative factors determining immediate and long-term results of operation in 605 patients. J Vasc Surg. 1986; 3: 389-404.
- 142. Coady MA, Rizzo JA, Goldstein LJ, Elefteriades JA. Natural history, pathogenesis and etiology of thoracic aortic aneurism and dissections. Cardiol Clin. 1999; 17: 615-35.
- 143. Clouse WD, Hallett JW Jr, Schaff HV, Gayari MM, Ilstrup DM, Melton JL 3rd Improved prognosis of thoracic aortic aneurysms: a population-based study. JAMA. 1998; 280: 1926-9.
- 144. Elefteriades JA. Natural history of thoracic aortic aneurysms: indications for surgery, and surgical versus nonsurgical risks. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002; 74: S1877-S1880.
- 145. Ince H, Nienaber CA. Etiology, pathogenesis and management of thoracic aortic aneurysm. Cardiovasc Med. 2007; 4 (8): 418-27.
- 146. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions; Society of Thoracic Surgeons, Bonow RO et al. ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. Circulation. 2006; 114 (5): e84-231.
- 147. Shores J. Progression in aortic dilatation and the benefit of long-term beta adrenergic blockade in Marfan's Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1994; 330 (19): 1335-41.
- 148. Hackam DG, Thiruchelvam D, Redelmeier DA. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and aortic rupture: population based case control study. Lancet. 2006; 368: 659-65.
- 149. Vahanian A, Baumgartner H, Bax J, Butchart E, Dion R, Filippatos G, et al. Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines. Guideline for Management of Valvular heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2007; 28 (2): 230-68.
- 150. Bavária JE, Apoo JJ, Makaroun MS, Verter J, Yu ZF, Mutchell R. Endovascular stent grafting versus open surgical repair of descending aortic thoracic aneurysms in low-risk patients: a multicenter comparative trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007; 133: 369-77.
- 151. Cho JS, Haider SE, Makaroun MS. Endovascular therapy of thoracic aneurysms: GORE TAG trial results. Seminn Vasc Surg. 2006; 19: 18-24.
- 152. Leurs LJ, Bell R, Degrieck Y, Thomaz S, Hobo R, Lundbom J. Endovascular treatment of thoracic aortic diseases: combined experience from the EUROSTAR and United Kingdom Thoracic Endigraft registries. J. Vasc Surg. 2004; 40: 670-9.
- 153. Lederle FA, Johnson GR, Wilson SE, Chute EP, Hye RJ, Makaroun MS, et al. The aneurysm detection and management study screening program: detection and management Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Investugation. Arch Intern Med. 2000; 160: 1425-30.
-
154Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care of Toronto. Health, technology scientific literature review. Policy review: Endovascular repair of AAA. March. 2002 [Cited on 2008 Dec 20]. Available from: http://www.health.gov.on.ca
- 155. Verloes A, Sakalihansan N, Koulischer L, Limet R. Aneurysm of the abdominal aorta: familial and genetic aspects in three hundred thirteen pedigrees. J Vasc Surg. 1995; 21: 646.
- 156. Lee AJ, Fowkes FG, Carson MN, Leng GC, Allan PL. Smoking, atherosclerosis, and risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur Heart J.1997; 18: 671-6.
- 157. Singh K, Bonaa KH, Jacobsen BK, Bjork KL, Solberg S. Prevalence of and risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysms in a population-based study: the Tromsø Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2001; 154: 236-44.
- 158. Brewster DC, Cronewett JL, Hallet JW Jr, Johnston KW, Krupski WC, Matsumara JS. Guidelines for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm: report of a subcommittee of the Joint Council of the American Association for Vascular Surgery and Society for vascular. Surgery. 2003; 37: 247.
- 159. The UK Small Aneurysm Trial Participants. Mortality results for randomized controlled trial of early elective surgery or ultrassonographic surveillance of small abdominal aortic aneurysm. Lancet. 1998; 352: 1649-56.
- 160. Lederle FA, Wilson SE, Johnson GR, Reinke DB, Littooy FN, Acher CW, et al. Immediate repair compared with surveillance of small abdominal aortic aneurysms. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346: 1437-44.
- 161. Fleming C, Whirlock EP, Beil TL, Lederle FA. Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: a best- evidence systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2005; 142: 203-11.
- 162. Wilmink TBM, Quick CR, Hubbard CS, Day NE. The influence of screening on the incidence of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg. 1999; 30: 203.
- 163. Ashton HA, Buxton MJ, Day NE, Kim LG, Marteau TM, Scott RA, et al. Multicenter Aneurysm Screening Study (MASS) into the effect of abdominal aortic aneurysm screening on mortality in men: a randomized contolled trial. Lancet. 2002; 360: 1531-9.
- 164. Scott RA, Bridgewater SG, Ashton HA. Randomized clinical trial of screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm in women. Br J Surg. 2002; 89: 283-5.
- 165. Lindholt JS, Juul S, Fasting H, Hennemberg EW. Hospital costs and benefits of screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: results from a randomized population screening trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2002; 23: 55-60.
- 166. Norman PE, Jamrozik K, Lawrence-Brown MM, Le MT, Spencer CA, Tuohy RJ,et al. Population-based randomized controlled trial on impact of screening on mortality from abdominal aortic aneurysm. BMJ. 2004; 329: 1259.
- 167. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2005; 142: 198-200.
- 168. Criqui MH, Alberts MJ, Fowkes GR, Hirsch AT, O'Gara PT, Olin JW, for Writing Group 2. Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Symposium II: Screening for Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: Should Nationwide Programs Be Instituded? Circulation. 2008; 118: 2830-6.
- 169. Dimick JB, Cowan JA Jr, Stanley JC, Henke PK, Pronovost PJ, Upchurc GR Jr. Surgeon specialty and provider volumes are related to outcome of intact abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in the United States. J Vasc Surg. 2003; 38: 739-44.
- 170. Huber TS, Wang JG, Darrow AE, Dame DA, Ozaki CK, Zelenock GB, et al. Experience in the United States with intact abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. J Vasc Surg. 2001; 33 (2): 304-10.
- 171. Lederle FA, Kane RL, MacDonald R, Wilt TJ. Systematic review: repair of unrupted abdominal aortic aneurysm. Ann Intern Med. 2007; 146: 735-41.
- 172. EVAR Trial Participants. Endovascular aneurysm repair versus open repair in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (EVAR trial 1): randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2005; 365: 2179-86.
-
173Dutch Randomized Endovascular Aneurysm Management (DREAM) Trial Group. Two-year outcomes after conventional or endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352: 2398-405.
- 174. Cuypers PW, Gardien M, Buth J, Peels CH, Charbon JA, Hop WC. Randomized study comparing cardiac response in endovascular and open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Br J Surg. 2001; 88:1059-65.
- 175. Soulez G, Thérasse E, Monfared AA, Blair JF, Choiniére M, Elkouri S, et al. Pain and quality of life assessment after endovascular versus open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms in patients at low risk. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2005; 16: 1093-100.
- 176. EVAR Trial Participants. Endovascular aneurysm repair and outcome in patients unfit for open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm (EVAR trial 2): randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2005; 365: 2187-92.
- 177. Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, Bakal CW, Creager MA, Halperin JL, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 Practice Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease (Lower Extremity, Renal, Mesenteric, and Abdominal Aortic): A Collaborative Report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery,* Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease): Endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation. Circulation. 2006; 113: e463-e465.
- 178. Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, Nehler MR, Harris KA, Fowkes FGR on behalf of the TASC II Working Group. Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007; 33 (Suppl. 1): S1-S70.
- 179. Makdisse M, Ramos LR, Moreira F, Oliveira A, Berwanger O, Moscardi A, et al. A risk score for predicting peripheral arterial disease in individuals 75 years or older. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007; 88 (6): 630-6.
- 180. Meijer WT, Grobbee DE, Hunink MGM, Hofman A, Hoes AW. Determinants of peripheral arterial disease in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study. Arch Intern Med. 2000; 160: 2934-8.
- 181. Weitz JI, Byrne J, Clagett GP, Farkouh ME, Porter JM, Sackett DL, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic arterial insufficiency of the lower extremities: a critical review. Circulation. 1996; 94: 3026-49.
- 182. Murabito JM, Evans JC, Larson MG, Nieto K, Levy D, Wilson PWF. The ankle-brachial index in the elderly and risk of stroke, coronary disease, and death: the Framingham Study. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163: 1939-42.
- 183. Makdisse M, Pereira AC, Brasil DP, Borges JL, Machado-Coelho GL, Krieger JE, et al. Prevalência e fatores de risco associados à doença arterial periférica no Projeto Corações do Brasil. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2008; 91 (6): 402-14.
- 184. Farinon AM, Marbini A, Gemignani F, Govoni E, Bragaglia MM, Sianesi M, et al. Skeletal muscle and peripheral nerve changes caused by chronic arterial insufficiency - significance and clinical correlations - histological, histochemical and ultrastructural study. Clin Neuropathol. 1984; 3: 240-52.
- 185. McDermott MM, Fried L, Simonsick E, Ling S, Guralnik JM. Asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease is independently associated with impaired lower extremity functioning: the Women's Health and Aging Study. Circulation. 2000; 101: 1007-12.
- 186. Makdisse M, Nascimento Neto R, Chagas ACP, Brasil D, Borges JL, Oliveira A, et al. Versão em português, adaptação transcultural e validação do questionário de claudicação de Edimburgo. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007; 88 (5): 501-6.
- 187. McGee SR, Boyko EJ. Physical examination an chronic lower extremity ischaemia: a critical review. Arch Intern Med. 1998; 158: 1357-64.
- 188. Schroll M, Munck O. Estimation of peripheral arteriosclerotic disease by ankle blood pressure measurements in a population study of 60-year-old men ands women. J Chron Dis. 1981; 34: 261-9.
- 189. Fowkes FG. The measurement of atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease in epidemiological surveys. Int J Epidemiol. 1988; 17: 248-54.
- 190. Ankle Brachial Index Collaboration. Ankle Brachial Index Combined With Framingham Risk Score to Predict Cardiovascular Events and Mortality - A Meta-analysis. JAMA. 2008; 300 (2): 2197-208.
- 1. Ho KK, Pinsky JL, Kannel WB, Levy D. The epidemiology of heart failure: the Framingham Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993; 22: 6A-13A.
- 2. Haney S, Sur D, Xu Z. Diastolic heart failure: a review and primary care perspective. J Am Board Fam Med. 2005; 18 (3): 189-98.
- 3. Paulus WJ, Tschöpe C, Sanderson JE, Rusconi C, Flachskampf FA, Rademakers FE, et al. How to diagnose diastolic heart failure: a consensus statement on the diagnosis of heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction by Heart Failure and Echocardiography Associations of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2007; 28 (20): 2539-50.
- 4. Gottdiener JS, McClelland RL, Marshall R, Shemanski L, Furberg CD, Kitzman DW, et al. Outcome of congestive heart failure in elderly persons: influence of left ventricular systolic function: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Ann Intern Med. 2002; 137: 631-9.
- 5. Masoudi FA, Havranek EP, Smith G, Fish RH, Steiner JF, Ordin DL, et al. Gender, age, and heart failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function. J Am Col Cardiol. 2003; 41: 217-23.
- 6. Ministério da Saúde. DATASUS. Morbidade hospitalar do SUS. [Acesso em 2009 fev 20]. Disponível em http://www.datasus.gov.br
- 7. Albanesi F FM. O que vem ocorrendo com a insuficiência cardíaca no Brasil. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005; 85: 155-6.
- 8. Abraham WT, Fonarow GC, Albert NM, Stough WG, Gheorghiade M, Greenberg BH, et al. on behalf of the OPTIMIZE-HF investigators and coordinators. Predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients hospitalized for heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 52 (5): 347-56.
- 9. Weir RAP, Mcmurray JJV, Taylor J, Brady AJB. Heart failure in older patients. Br J Cardiol. 2006; 13 (4): 257-66.
- 10. Franklin SS, Gustin W, Wong ND, Larson MG, Weber MA, Kannel WB, et al. Hemodynamic patterns of age-related changes in blood pressure: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1997; 96: 308-15.
- 11. Abdelhafz AH. Heart failure in older people: causes, diagnosis and treatment. Age Ageing. 2002; 31: 29-36.
- 12. Gillespie ND. The diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in older patient. Br Med Bull. 2006; 75/76: 49-62.
- 13. Rutten FH, Cramer MM, Grobbee DE, Sachs APE, Kirkels JH, Lammers JJ, et al. Unrecognized heart failure in elderly patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Heart J. 2005; 26: 1887-94.
- 14. Senni M, Redfield MM. Congestive heart failure in elderly patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 1997; 72: 453-60.
- 15. Serro-Azul JB, Savioli Neto F, Wajngarten M. Problemática do manuseio cardiológicodo indivíduo idoso. In: Pereira-Barretto AC, Sousa AGMR. Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado de Säo Paulo. Cardiologia: atualizaçäo e reciclagem. São Paulo: Atheneu; 1994. p. 783-9.
- 16. Dayer M, Cowie MR. Heart failure: diagnosis and healthcare burden. Clin Med. 2004; 4: 13-8.
- 17. Batlouni M, Freitas EV, Savioli Neto F. Insuficiência cardíaca no idoso. In: Freitas EV, Doll J, Gorzoni ML. (eds.). Tratado de geriatria e gerontologia. 2Ş ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 2006. p. 480-98.
- 18. McKee PA, Castelli WP, McNamara P, Kannel WB. The natural history of congestive heart failure: the Framingham study. N Engl J Med. 1971; 285: 1441-6.
- 19. Harlan WR, Oberman A, Grimm R, Rosati RA. Chronic congestive heart failure in coronary artery disease: clinical criteria. Ann Intern Med. 1977; 86: 133-8.
- 20. Marantz PR, Tobin JN, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Steingart RM, Wexler JP, Budner N, et al. The relationship between left ventricular systolic function and congestive heart failure diagnosed by clinical criteria. Circulation. 1988; 77: 607-12.
- 21. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008. The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2008 of the European Society of Cardiology.Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association of the ESC (HFA) and endorsed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM). Eur Heart J. 2008; 29: 2388-442.
- 22. Davie AP, Francis CM, Love MP, Caruana L, Starkey IR, Shaw TRD, et al. Value of the electrocardiogram in identifying heart failure due to left ventri-cular systolic dysfunction. Br Med J. 1996; 312: 222-7.
- 23. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure). Circulation. 2005; 112: 1825-52.
- 24. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. II Diretrizes para o diagnóstico e tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2002; 79 (supl. 4): 1-30.
- 25. McCcullough PA, Nowak RM, McCord J, Hollander JE, Hermann HC,Steg PG, et al. B-type natriuretic peptide and clinical judgment in emergency diagnosis of heart failure: analysis from Breathing Not Properly (BNP) Multinational Study. Circulation. 2002; 106: 416-22.
- 26. Wright SP, Doughty RN, Pearl A, Gamble GD, Whalley GA, Walsh HJ, et al. Plasma amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and accuracy of heart failure diagnosis in primary care: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am CollCardiol. 2003; 42: 1793-800.
- 27. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure: executive summary (update 2005). Eur Heart J. 2005; 26: 1115-40.
- 28. Working Group on Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and Working group on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. Recommendations for exercise testing in chronic heart failure patients. Eur Heart J. 2001; 22: 37-45.
- 29. Batlouni M, Savioli Neto F, Magalhães HM. Alterações farmacocinéticas e farmacodinâmicas relacionadas à idade: terapêutica cardiovascular no idoso. In: Batlouni M, Ramires JAF. Farmacologia e terapêutica cardiovascular. São Paulo: Atheneu; 1999. p. 27-46.
- 30. Rich MW. Heart failure: epidemiology, pathophysiology and management. In: Wenger NK. Cardiovascular disease in the octogenarium and beyond. London: Martin Dunitz; 1999. p. 73-91.
- 31. Anderson GJ. Clinical clues to digitalis toxicity. Geriatrics. 1980; 35: 57-65.
- 32. Slatton ML, Irani WN, Hall AS, Marcoux LG, Page RL, Grayburn PA, et al. Does digoxin provide additional hemodynamic and autonomic benefit at higher doses in patients with mild to moderate heart failure and normal sinus rhytm? J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997; 29: 1206-13.
- 33. Ewi GA, Kapadia CG, Yao L, Lullin M, Marcus FI. Digoxin metabolism in the elderly. Circulation. 1969; 39: 449-53.
- 34. Aronson JK. Clinical pharmacokinetics of digoxin. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1980; 5: 137-49.
- 35. Goldsmith S, Marx S. Update use of digitalis and nitrates in the elderly. Geriatrics. 1988; 43: 71-6.
- 36. Uretrsky BF, Young JB, Sahidi FE, Yellen LG, Harrison MC, Jolly MK. Randomized study assessing the effect of digoxin withdrawal in patients with mild to moderate chronic congestive heart failure: results of the PROVED trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993; 22: 955-62.
- 37. Packer M, Gheorghiade M, Young JB, Constantini PJ, Adams KF, Cody RJ, et al. Withdrawal of digoxin from patients with chronic heart failure treated with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (RADIANCE/ Study). N Engl J Med. 1993; 329: 1-7.
- 38. The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. The Digitails Investigation Group. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336: 525-33.
- 39. The Xamoterol in Severe Heart Failure Study Group. Lancet. 1990; 336: 1-6.
- 40. Packer M, Carver JR, Rodeheffer RI, Ivanhoe RJ, DiBianco R, Zeldis SM, et al. Effect of oral milrinone on mortality in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1991; 325: 1468-75.
- 41. Hampton JR, Valdhuisen DJ, Kleber FX, Cowley AJ, Ardia A, Block P, et al. Randomized study of effects of ibopamine on survival in patients with advanced severe heart failure (PRIME II) investigators. Lancet. 1997; 349: 971-7.
- 42. Cohn JN, Goldenstein SO, Greenberg BH, Lorell BH, Bourge RC, Jaski BE, et al. A dose-dependent increase in mortality with vesnarinone among patients with severe heart failure. For the Vesnarinone Trial Investigators. N Eng J Med. 1998; 339: 1810-6.
- 43. Yussuf S, Teo K. Inotropic agents increase mortality in congestive heart failure. Circulation. 1990; (Suppl III): 673-6.
- 44. Wenger NK, Gregoratos G, Kitzman DW, Scheidt S, Weber MA, Alpert JS, Editorial Board Members of The American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology. Guidelines of the Cardiogeriatrics Department of the Brazilian Cardiology Society: commentary by Editorial Board Members of The American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2004; 13 (4): 209-16.
- 45. Juurlink D, Mamdani M, Kopp A, Laupacis A, Redelmeier DA. Drug-drug interactions among elderly patients hospitalized for drug toxicity. JAMA. 2003; 289: 1652.
- 46. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme W, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, et al. for the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study (RALES) investigators. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341: 709-17.
- 47. Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, Neaton J, Martinez F, Roniker B, et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker,in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348: 1309-21.
- 48. Schwartz S, Zipes DP. Doença cardiovascular em populações especiais. In: Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow R, Braunwand E. Tratado de doenças cardiovasculares. New York: Saunders; 2006. p. 1925-49.
- 49. Savioli Neto F, Borges JL, Araújo NNF. Insuficiência cardíaca no idoso: qual a diferença? In: Serrano Junior CV, Timerman A, Stefanini E. Tratado de cardiologia Socesp. Barueri: Manole; 2008. p. 2308-18.
- 50. Cody RJ. Characteristics of the elderly patient with congestive heart failure. Am J Geriatric Card. 1992; 68: 30-41.
- 51. Baruch L, Glazer RD , Aknay ET, Vanhaecke J, Heywood JT, Anand I, et al. Morbidity, mortality, physiological and functional parameters in elderly and non-elderly in Valsartan-Heft Trial. Am Heart J. 2004; 148: 951-7.
- 52. Shlipak M: Pharmacotherapy for heart failure in patients with renal insufficiency. Ann Intern Med. 2003; 139: 917-24.
- 53. Wang T, Levy D, Benjamin E, Vasan R. The epidemiology of " asymptomatic" left ventricular systolic dysfunction: implications for screening. Ann Intern Med. 2003; 138: 907.
- 54. Packer M, Poole-Wilson PA, Armstrong PW, Cleland JG, Horowitz JD, Massie BM, et al. Comparative effects of low and high doses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure. Circulation. 1999; 100 (23): 2312-8.
- 55. ACC/AHA Chronic Heart Failure Evaluation and Management guidelines: relevance to the geriatric practice. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003; 51: 123-6.
- 56. Nohria A, Lewis E, Stevenson LW. Medical management of advanced heart failure. JAMA. 2002; 287 (5): 628-40.
- 57. Opie LH, Poole-Wilson PA, Pfeffer MA. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-II receptors blockers and aldosterone antagonists. In: Opie L. Drugs for the heart. 6th ed. New York: Saunders; 2006. p. 104-48.
- 58. Pfisterer M, Buser P, Rickli H, Gutmann M, Eme P, Rickenbacher P, et al. BNP-guided vs symptom-guided heart failure therapy: the Trial of Intensified vs Standard Medical Therapy in Elderly Patients with Congestive Heart Failure (TIME-CHF) randomized trial. JAMA. 2009; 301: 383-92.
- 59. Gandhi TK, Weingart SN, Borus J, Seger AC, Peterson J, Burdick E, et al. Adverse drug events in ambulatory care. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348:1556.
- 60. López-Sendón J, Sweldberg K, McMurray J, Tamargo J, Maggioni AP, Dargie H, et al. Expert consensus document on angiotensin converting enzyme in cardiovascular disease. The task force on ACE-inhibitors of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2004; 25: 1454-70.
- 61. Pfeffer MA, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ, Rouleau JL, Køber L, Maggioni AP, et al. Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial Investigators. Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N Engl J Med. 2003; 349: 1893-906.
- 62. Granger CB, McMurray JJ, Yusuf S, Held P, Michelson EL, Olofsson B, et al. CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Alternative trial. Lancet. 2003; 362: 772-6.
- 63. Flather M, Yusuf S, Kober L, Pfeffer M, Hall A, Murray G, et al. for the ACE-inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group. Long-term ACE-inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure or left-ventricular dysfunction: a systematic overview of data from individual patients. Lancet. 2000; 355: 1575.
- 64. Hall S, Cigarroa CG, Marxoux L, Risser RC, Grayburn PA, Eichhorn EJ. Time course of improvement in left ventricular function, mass and geometry in patients with congestive heart failure treated with b-adrenergic blockade. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995; 25: 1154-61.
- 65. Sabbah HN, Shimoyama H, Kono T, Gupta RC, Sharov VG, Scicli G, et al. Effects of long-term monotherapy with enalapril, metoprolol and digoxin on the progression of left ventricular dysfunction and dilation in dogs with reduced ejection fraction. Circulation. 1994; 89: 2852-9.
- 66. McDonald KM, Rector R, Carlyle PF, Francis GS, Cohn JN. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and beta-adrenoceptor blockade regress established ventricular remodeling in a canine model of discrete myocardial damage. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994; 24: 1762-8.
- 67. Waagstein F, Bristow MR, Swedberg, Camerini F, Fowler MB, Silver MA, et al. for the Metoprolol in Dilated Cardiomyopathy (MDC) Trial Study Group. Beneficial effects of metoprolol in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Lancet. 1993; 342: 1141-6.
- 68. Doughty RN, Mac-Mahon S, Sharpe N. Beta-blockers in heart failure: promising or proved? J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994; 23: 814-21.
- 69. Krum H, Sackner-Bernstein JD, Goldsmith RL, Kukin ML, Shwartz B, Penn J, et al. Double-blind, placebo controlled study of the long-term efficacy of carvedilol in patients with severe chronic heart failure. Circulation. 1995; 92: 1499-506.
- 70. Packer M, Collucci WS, Sackner-Bernstein JD, Liang CS, Goldscher DA, Freeman I, et al. for the PRECISE Study Group. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of carvedilol in patients with moderate to severe heart failure: The PRECISE trial. Circulation. 1996; 94: 2793-9.
- 71. Colucci WS, Packer M, Bristow MR, Gilbert EM, Cohn JN, Fowler MB, et al. for the US Carvedilol Study Group. Carvedilol inhibits clinical progression in patients with mild symptoms of heart failure. Circulation. 1996; 94: 2800-6.
- 72. Lowes BD, Gill EA, Abraham WT, Larrain JR, Robertson AD, Bristow MR, et al. Effects of carvedilol on left ventricular mass, chamber geometria, and mitral regurgitation in chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 1999; 83: 1201-5.
- 73. Hjalmarson A, Kneider M, Waagstein E. The role of b-blockers in left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure. Drugs. 1997; 54: 501-10.
- 74. Eichorn EJ, Bristow MR. Medical therapy can improve the biological properties of chronically failure heart: a new era in the treatment of heart failure. Circulation. 1996; 94: 2285-96.
- 75. Bristow MR. Pathophysiologic and pharmacologic rationales for clinical management of chronic heart failure with beta-blocking agents. Am J Cardiol. 1993; 71: 12C-22C.
- 76. Bristow MR, Roden R, Lowes BD, Gilbert EM, Eichorn EJ. The role of third-generation beta-blocking agents in chronic heart failure. Clin Cardiol. 1988; 21(Suppl I): I3-I13.
- 77. Bristow MR, Gilbert EM, Abraham WT, Adams KF, Fowler MB, Herswberger RE, et al. for the MOCHA Investigators. Carvedilol produces dose-related improvements in left ventricular function and survival in subjects with chronic heart failure. Circulation. 1996; 94: 2807-16.
- 78. MERIT-HF Study Group. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet. 1999; 353: 2001-7.
- 79. CIBIS-II Investigators and Committees. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study (CIBIS II): a randomized trial. Lancet. 1999; 353: 9-13.
- 80. Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN, Colucci WS, Fowler MB, Gilbert EM, et al. for the US Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. The effects of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334; 1349-55.
- 81. Packer M, Coats AJS, FowlerMB, Katus HA, Krum H, Mohacsi P, et al. for the Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival Study Group. Effect of Carvedilol in several chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344: 1651-8.
- 82. Flather MD, Shibata MC, Coats AJ, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Parkhomenko A, Borbola J, et al. Randomized trial to determine the effect of nebivolol on mortality and cardiovascular hospital admission in elderly patients with heart failure (SENIORS). Eur Heart J. 2005; 26: 215-25.
- 83. Packer M, Cohn JN, on behalf of the streering Committee and Membership of the Advisory Council to Improve Outcomes Natiowide in Heart Failure. Consensus Recommendations for the Mangement of Chronic Heart Failure. Am J Cardiol. 1999; 83: 1A-38A.
- 84. Eichorn EJ, Bristow MR. Practical guidelines for initiation of ß-adrenergic blockade in patients with cronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 1997; 79: 794-8.
- 85. Massie B, Chatterjee K, Werner J, Greenberg B, Hart R, Parmley WW. Haemodynamic advantage of combined administration of hydralazine orally and nitrates nonparenterally in the vasodilator therapy of chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 1977; 40: 794-801.
- 86. Pierpont GL, Cohn JN, Franciosa JA. Combined oral hydralazine-nitrate therapy in left ventricular failure. Hemodynamic equivalent to sodium nitroprusside. Chest. 1978; 73: 8-13.
- 87. Garg UC, Hassid A. Nitric oxide-generating vasodilators and 8-bromocyclic guanosine monophosphate inhibit mitogenesis and proliferation of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest. 1989; 83: 1774-7.
- 88. Gogia H, Mehra A, Parikh S, Raman M, Ajit-Uppal J, Johnson JV, et al. Prevention of tolerance to hemodynamic effects of nitrates with concomitant use of hydralazine in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995; 26: 1575-80.
- 89. Cohn JN, Archibald DG, Ziesche S, Franciosa JA, Harston WE, Tristani FE, et al. Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure: results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study - V-HeFT I Study. N Engl J Med. 1986; 314: 1547-52.
- 90. Cohn JN, Johnson G, Ziesche S, Cobbs F, Francis G, Tristani F, et al. A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isossorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure - V-HeFT II Study. N Engl J Med. 1991; 325: 303-10.
- 91. Taylor AL, Ziesche S, Yancy C, Carson P, D'Agostino R Jr, Ferdinand K, et al. Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure - A-HeFT Study. N Engl J Med. 2004; 351: 2049-57.
- 92. Taylor AL, Sabolinski ML, Tam SW, Worcel M, Cohn JN. Fixed-dose combination of isososrbide dinitrate / hydralazine improves outcomes im elderly heart failure pacients in the African-American Heart Failure Trial. J Card Fail. 2007; 13 (6): S136-S137.
- 93. Hunt SA, Baker DW, Chin MH, Cinquegrani MP, Feldman AM, Francis GS, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the evaluation and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: executive summary. A report of The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to revise the 1995 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure). Developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Endorsed by the Heart Failure Society of America. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 38: 2101-13.
- 94. Litwin SE, Grossman W. Diastolic dysfunction as a cause of heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993; 22: 49A-55A.
- 95. Smith GL, Masoudi FA, Vaccarino V, Radford MJ, Krumholz HM. Outcomes in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction: mortality, readmission, and functional decline. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 41: 1510-8.
- 96. Hogg K, Swedberg K, McMurray J. Heart failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 43: 317-27.
- 97. Redfield MM. Heart failure: an epidemic of uncertain proportions. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347: 1442-4.
- 98. Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ, Levy D. Congestive heart failure with normal left ventricular systolic function: clinical approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of diastolic heart failure. Arch Intern Med. 1996; 156: 146-57.
- 99. Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ, Levy D. Prevalence, clinical features and prognosis of diastolic heart failure: an epidemiologic perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995; 26: 1565-74.
- 100. Nishimura RA, Tajik AJ. Evaluation of diastolic filling of left ventricle in health and disease: Doppler echocardiography is the clinician's Rosetta Stone. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997; 30: 8-18.
- 101. Tresch DD. The clinical diagnosis of heart failure in older patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997; 45: 1128-33.
- 102. Ghali JK, Kadakia S, Cooper RS, Liao YL. Bedside diagnosis of preserved versus impaired left ventricular systolic function in heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 1991; 67: 1002-6.
- 103. Garcia MJ, Thomas JD, Klein AL. New Doppler echocardiographic applications for the study of diastolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998; 32: 865-75.
- 104. Lubien E, DeMaria A, Krishnaswamy P, Clopton P, Koon J, Kazanegra R, et al. Utility of B-natriuretic peptide in detecting diastolic dysfunction: comparison with Doppler velocity recordings. Circulation. 2002; 105: 595-601.
- 105. The Digitalis Investigation Group. The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336: 525-33.
- 106. Aronow WS, Kronzon I. Effect of enalapril on congestive heart failure treated with diuretics in elderly patients with prior myocardial infarction and normal left ventricular ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol. 1993; 71: 602-4.
- 107. Aronow WS, Ahn C, Kronzon I. Effect of propranolol versus no propranolol on total mortality plus nonfatal myocardial infarction in older patients with prior myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and left ventricular ejection fraction > or = 40% treated with diuretics plus angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Am J Cardiol. 1997; 80: 207-9.
- 108. Setaro JF, Zaret BL, Schulman DS, Black HR, Soufer R. Usefulness of verapamil for congestive heart failure associated with abnormal left ventricular diastolic filling and normal left ventricular systolic performance. Am J Cardiol. 1990; 66: 981-6.
- 109. Warner JG Jr, Metzger DC, Kitzman DW, Wesley DJ, Little WC. Losartan improves exercise tolerance in patients with diastolic dysfunction and a hypertensive response to exercise. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999; 33: 1567-72.
- 110. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green La, Izzo JL Jr, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003; 42: 1206-52.
- 111. Kjeldsen SE, Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Julius S, Aurup P, Edelman J, et al. Effects of losartan on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: a Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction (LIFE) substudy. JAMA. 2002; 288: 1491-8.
- 112. Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): Developed in Collaboration With the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society.
- 113. Howwell MD, Geraci JM, Knowlton AA. Congestive heart failure and outpatients risk of venous thromboembolism: a retrospective case-control study. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001; 54: 810-6.
- 114. Douketis JD, Foster GA, Crowther MA, Prins MH, Ginsberg JS. Clinical risk factors and timing of recurrent venous thromboembolism during the initial 3 months of anticoagulant therapy. Arch Intern Med. 2000; 160: 3431-6.
- 115. Belch JJ, Lowe GD, Ward AG, Forbes CD, Prentice CR. Prevention of deep vein thrombosis in medical patients by low-dose heparin. Scott Med J. 1981; 26:115-7.
- 116. Alikhan R, Cohen AT, Combe S, Samama MM, Desjardins L, Eldor A, et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism in medical patients with enoxaparin: a subgroup analysis of the MEDENOX study. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2003; 14: 341-6.
- 117. Krahn AD, Manfreda J, Tate RB, Mathewson FA, Cuddy TE. The natural history of atrial fibrillation: incidence, risk factors and prognosis in the Manitoba Follow-up study. Am J Med. 1995; 98: 476-84.
- 118. Hutten BA, Lensing AW, Kraaijenhagen RA, Prins MH. Safety of treatment with oral anticoagulants in the elderly: a systematic review. Drugs Aging. 1999; 14: 303-12.
- 119. Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation: analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 1994; 154: 1449-57.
- 120. Torn M, Bollen WLEM, Van der Meer FJM, Van der Wall EE, Rosendaal FR. Risks of oral anticoagulant therapy with increasing age. Arch Intern Med. 2005; 165: 1527-32.
- 121. Gage BF, Van Walraven C, Pearde L, Hart RG, Koudstaal PJ, Boode BSP, et al. Selecting patients with atrial fibrillation for anticoagulation: stroke risk stratification in patients taking aspirin. Circulation. 2004; 110: 2287-92.
- 122. Ansell J, Hirsh J, Hylek E, Jacobson A, Crowther M, Palareti G. Pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists. Chest. 2008; 133: 160S-98S.
- 123. Doval HC, Nul DR, Grancelli HO, Perrone SV, Bortman GR. GESICA TRIAL - Grupo de Estudio de la Sobrevida en la Insuficiencia Cardiaca en Argentina. Lancet. 1994; 344: 493-8.
- 124. Massie BM, Fisher SG, Deedwania PC, Singh BN, Fletcher RD, Singh SN. CHF STAT - Congestive heart failure: survival trial of antiarrhythmic therapy. Circulation. 1996; 93: 2128-34.
- 125. Leclercq C, Kass DA. Retiming the failing heart: principles and current clinical status of cardiac resynchronization. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 39: 194.
- 126. Leclercq C, Hare JM. Ventricular resynchronization: current state of the art. Circulation. 2004; 109: 296.
- 127. Sweeney MO, Hellkamp AS, Ellenbogen KA, Greenspon AJ, Freedman RA, Lee KL, et al. Adverse effect of ventricular pacing on heart failure and atrial fibrillation among patients with normal baseline QRS duration in a clinical trial of pacemaker therapy for sinus node dysfunction. Circulation. 2003; 107: 2932.
- 128. Higgins SL, Hummel JD, Niazi IK, Giudici MC, Worley SJ, Saxon LA, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy for the treatment of heart failure in patients with intraventricular conduction delay and malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 42: 1454-9.
- 129. Landolina M, Lunati M, Gasparini M, Santini M, Padeletti L, Achilli A, et al. InSync/InSync ICD Italian Registry Investigators. Comparison of the effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with class II versus class III and IV heart failure (from the InSync/InSync ICD Italian Registry). Am J Cardiol. 2007; 100 (6): 1007-12.
- 130. Aranda JM, Conti JB, Johnson JW, Petersen-Stejskal S. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with heart failure and conduction abnormalities other than left bundle-branch block: analysis of the Multicenter InSync Randomized Clinical Evaluation (MIRACLE). Clin Cardiol. 2004; 27: 678-82.
- 131. Leclercq C, Walker S, Linde C, Clementy J, Marshall AJ, Ritter P, et al. on behalf of the MUSTIC study group. Comparative effects of permanent biventricular and right-univentricular pacing in heart failure patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J. 2002; 23: 1780-7.
- 132. Cleland JGF, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, Freemantle N, Gras D, Kappenberger L, Tavazzi L, for the Cardiac Resynchronization - Heart Failure (CARE-HF) Study Investigators. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Eng J Med. 2005; 352: 1539-49.
- 133. Bristow MR, Feldman AM, Saxon LA, for the COMPANION steering committee and COMPANION clinical investigators. Heart failure management using implantable devices for ventricular resynchronization: comparison of medical therapy, pacing, and defibrillation in chronic heart failure (COMPANION) Trial. J Card Fail. 2000; 6: 276-85.
- 134. Molhoek SG, Bax JJ, Bleeker GB, Boersma E, van Erven L, Steendijk P, et al. Comparison of response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with sinus rhythm versus chronic atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2004; 94 (12): 1506-9.
- 135. Delnoy PP, Ottervanger JP, Luttikhuis HO, Elvan A, Misier AR, Beukema WP, et al. Comparison of usefulness of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure versus patients with sinus rhythm and heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2007; 99 (9): 1252-7.
- 136. Beshai JF, Grimm RA, Nagueh SF, Baker JH 2nd, Beau SL, Greenberg SM, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy in heart failure with narrow QRS complexes. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357: 2461-71.
- 137. Bleeker GB, Schalij MJ, Molhoek SG, Boersma E, Steendijk P, van der Wall EE, et al. Comparison of effectiveness of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients <70 versus > or =70 years of age. Am J Cardiol. 2005; 96 (3): 420-2.
- 138. Delnoy PP, Ottervanger JP, Luttikhuis HO, Elvan A, Misier AR, Beukema WP, et al. Clinical response of cardiac resynchronization therapy in the elderly. Am Heart J. 2008; 155 (4): 746-51.
- 1. American Heart Association. Older Americans and cardiovascular diseases- statistics. Available at: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3000936 Accessed June 10, 2005.
- 2. Kockanek DK. Smith BL. Deaths: preliminary data for 2002. In: National Vital Stastics: 2004: 52,No. 13.
- 3. Peterson E, Bensimhon BR. Coronary heart disease. In: Hazzard WR, Blas JP, Halter JB, Ouslander JG, Tinetti ME. Principles of geriatric medicine & gerontology. Ed. McGraw-Hill-Companies USA: 434-444, 2003.
- 4. Management of stable angina pectoris. Recommendations of the task force of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 1997; 18: 394-413.
- 5. Gibbons RJ, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Douglas JS, Fihn SD, Gardin JM, et al. ACC / AHA / ACP - ASSIM guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina. A report of the American College of Cardiology / American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Chronic Stable Angina). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999; 33: 2092-197.
- 6. Parker JO. Chronic angina pectoris: inadequacies of current therapy. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2004; 13: 261-6.
- 7. Coodley EL. Coronary artery disease in the elderly. Postgrad Med. 1990; 87: 223-8.
- 8. Wei JY, Gersh BJ. Heart disease in the elderly. Curr Probl Cardiol. 1987; 12: 1.
- 9. Mock MB. Prognosis of coronary heart disease in the elderly patient: the CASS experience. In: Voodley EL (ed). Geriatric heart disease. Littleton: PSG; 1983. p. 358-63.
- 10. Levine HJ. Difficult problems in the diagnosis of chest pain. Am Heart J. 1980; 100: 108-18.
- 11. Swan HJ, Gersh BJ, Graboys TB, Ullyot DJ. 27th Bethesda Conference: matching the intensity of risk factor management with the hazard for coronary disease events. Task Force 7. Evaluation and management of risk factors for the individual patient (case management). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996; 27: 1030-9.
- 12. Chun AA, McGee SR. Bedside diagnosis of coronary artery disease: a systemic review. Am J Med. 2004; 117: 334-43.
- 13. Morrow DA, Gersh BJ. Chronic coronary artery disease. In: Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL Zipes DP, Braunwald E. (eds.). Braunwald's heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2008. p. 1353-417.
- 14. Barreto-Filho JAS, Sousa ACS. Alterações cardiovasculares no traumatismo cranioencefálico. In: Pereira CU. (ed.). Neurotraumatologia. Revinter. 2000. p. 234-7.
- 15. Kannel WB, Abbott RD. Incidence and prognosis of unrecognized myocardial infarction: an update on the Framingham study. N Engl J Med. 1984; 311: 1144-7.
- 16. Fox K, Garcia MAA, Ardissino D, Buszman P, Camici PG, Crea F, et al. ESC Guidelines for the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris: Executive Summary. Eur Heart J. 2006; 27: 1341-81.
- 17. III Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre Teste Ergométrico. (a ser publicada brevemente, em revisão final com o Dr. Romeu Meneghelo e Dr Ricardo Vivacqua)
- 18. Costa RVC, Carreira MAMQ. Ergometria, ergoespirometria, cintilografia e ecocardiografia de esforço. São Paulo: Editora Atheneu; 2007.
- 19. Zellweger MJ, Kaiser C, Grize L, Osswald S, Buser PT, Pfisterer ME, Time Investigators. Prognostic value of stress testing in patients over 75 years of age with chronic angina. Chest. 2004; 125: 1124-31.
- 20. Gibbons RJ, Abrams K, Daley J, Chaterjee K, Deedwania PC, Douglas JS, et al. ACC/AHA/ACP-ASSIM guidelines for the manegement of patients with chronic stable angina: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Chronic Stable Angina). Circulation. 2003; 41: 159-68.
- 21. Campos Filho O, Zielinsky P, Ortiz J, Maciel BC, Andrade JL, Mathias W Jr, et al. Guideline for indication and utilization of echocardiography in clinical practice. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004; 82 (Suppl 2):11-34.
- 22. Cheitlin MD, Armstrong WF, Aurigemma GP, Beller GA, Bierman FZ, Davis JL, et al. ACC/AHA/ASE 2003 guideline update for the clinical application of echocardiography: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/ASE Committee to Update the 1997 Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Echocardiography). Circulation. 2003; 108: 1146-62.
- 23. Pellikka PA. Stress echocardiography for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease: progress towards quantification. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2005; 20: 395-8.
- 24. Sicari R, Nihoyannopoulos P, Evangelista A, Kasprzak J, Lancellotti P, Poldermans D, et al. Stress Echocardiography Expert Consensus Statement--Executive Summary: European Association of Echocardiography (EAE) (a registered branch of the ESC). Eur Heart J. 2009; 30: 278-89.
- 25. De Winter O, Van DV, Gemmel F, Goethals I, De Sutter J. Myocardial perfusion imaging in the elderly: a review. Nucl Med Commun. 2006; 27: 529-34.
- 26. Underwood SR, Anagnostopoulos C, Cerqueira M, Ell PJ, Flint EJ, Harbinson M, et al. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy: the evidence. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2004; 31: 261-91.
- 27. Navare SM, Kapetanopoulos A, Heller GV. Pharmacologic radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2003; 5: 16-24.
- 28. Frija G, Schouman-Claeys E, Lacombe P, Bismuth V, Ollivier JP. A study of coronary artery bypass graft patency using MR imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1989; 13: 226-32.
- 29. Mehta R, Ward RP, Chandra S, Agarwal R, Williams KA. Evaluation of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Society of Nuclear Cardiology appropriateness criteria for SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Cardiol. 2008; 15: 337-44.
- 30. Terashima M, Nguyen PK, Rubin GD, Iribarren C, Courtney BK, Go AS, et al. Impaired coronary vasodilation by magnetic resonance angiography is associated with advanced coronary artery calcification. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2008; 1: 167-73.
- 31. Bax JJ, Schuijf JD, van der Wall EE. Non-invasive imaging for the detection of coronary artery disease. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2007; 151: 799-804.
- 32. Nandalur KR, Dwamena BA, Choudhri AF, Nandalur MR, Carlos RC. Diagnostic performance of stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007; 50: 1343-53.
- 33. Barba I, de Leon G, Martin E, Cuervas A, Agreade S, Candell-Riera J, et al. Nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics predicts exercise-induced ischemia in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Magn Reson Med. 2008; 60 (1): 27-32.
- 34. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Diretrizes Ressonância e Tomografia Cardiovascular. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006; 87: e60-e100.
- 35. Pinto IM, Sousa AG, Sousa JE, Jatene A. Tomografia computadorizada por múltiplos detectores: nova forma de avaliação da doença coronária. Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de São Paulo. 2002; 12: 63-76.
- 36. Schroeder S, Kopp AF, Baumbach A, Kuettner A, Georg C, Ohnesorge B, et al. Non-invasive characterization of coronary lesion morphology by multi-slice computed tomography: a promising new technology for risk stratification of patients with coronary artery disease. Heart. 2001; 85: 576-8.
- 37. Eikelboom JW, Mehta SR, Anand SS, Xie C, Fox KA, Yusuf S. Adverse impact of bleeding on prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2006; 114: 774-8.
- 38. Manoukian SV, Feit F, Mehran R, Voetz MD, Ebrahimi R, Hamon M, et al. Impact of major bleeding on 30-day mortality and clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes: an analysis from the ACUITY trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007; 49: 1362-8.
- 39. Nelson MA, Voeltz MD, Feit F, Lincoff AM, Manoukian SV. Elderly patients with major bleeding or need for transfusion complicating percutaneous coronary intervention have an increased risk of 30-day and 1-year mortality. Circulation. 2006; 114: II-687.
- 40. Voeltz MD, Patel AD, Feit F, Fazel R, Lincoff AM, et al. Effect of anemia on hemorrhagic complications and mortality in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary Intervention. Am J Cardiol. 2007; 99: 1513-7.
- 41. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. IV Diretriz brasileira sobre dislipidemias e prevenção da aterosclerose do Departamento de Aterosclerose da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007; 88 (supl I): 1-19.
- 42. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Diretriz de Angina Estável da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004; 83 (supl II): 1-44.
- 43. 2007 Chronic Angina Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina. Circulation. 2007; 116: 2762-72.
- 44. Vitale C, Wajngaten M, Sposato B, Gebara O, Rossini P, Fini M, et al. Trimetazidine improves left ventricular function and quality of life in elderly patients with coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 2004; 25: 1814-21.
- 45. César LA, Gowdak LH, Mansur AP. The metabolic treatment of patients with coronary artery disease: effects on quality of life and effort angina. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2009; 15: 841-9.
- 46. Rogers WJ, Canto JG, Lambrew CT, Tiefenbrunn AJ, Kinkaid B, Shoultz DA, et al. Temporal trends in the treatment of over 1.5 million patients with myocardial infarction in the US from 1990 through 1999: the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 1, 2 and 3. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 36: 2056-63.
- 47. Eagle KA, Lim MJ, Dabbous OH, Pieper KS, Goldberg RJ, Van de Werf F, et al. GRACE Investigators. A validated prediction model for all forms of acute coronary syndrome: estimating the risk of 6-month postdischarge death in an international registry. JAMA. 2004; 291: 2727-33.
- 48. Mehta RH, Rathore SS, Radford MJ, Wang Y, Wang Y, Krumholz HM. Acute myocardial infarction in the elderly: differences by age. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 38: 736-41.
- 49. Braunwald E, Antman EM, Beasley JW. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-st-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology / American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines (committee on the management of patients with unstable angina). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 36: 970-1062.
- 50. Chung MK, Bosner MS, McKenzie JP, Shen J, Rich MW. Prognosis of patients > 70 years of age with non Q-wave infarction compared with younger patients with similar infarcts and with patients > 70 years of age with Q-wave acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1995; 75: 18-22.
- 51. Brieger D, Eagle KA, Goodman SG, Steg PG, Budaj A, White K, et al. Grace investigators. Acute coronary syndromes without chest pain, an underdiagnosed and undertreated high-risk group: insights from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events. Chest. 2004; 126: 461-9.
- 52. Alexander KP, Newby LK, Cannon CP, Aramstrong PW, Gibler WB, Rich MW, et al. Acute coronary care in the elderly, Part I. Non-ST-segment-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology: in Collaboration With the Society of Geriatric Cardiology. Circulation. 2007; 115: 2549-69.
- 53. Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, Bridges CR, Califf RM, Casey DE Jr, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction). Circulation. 2007; 116: e148-e304.
- 54. Nogueira PR, Nogueira CMO, Villafanha DF, Takeushi LF. Stable angina: clinical manifestation. Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de São Paulo. 2003; 2: 260-7.
- 55. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 1997; 349: 1269-76.
- 56. Serro-Azul JB, Nussbacher A. Síndromes coronárias agudas: qual a estratégia? In: Serrano Jr CV, Timerman A, Stefanini E. (eds.) Tratado de Cardiologia SOCESP. 2Ş. ed. Barueri, SP: Editora Manole; 2008. p. 2291-6.
- 57. Macaciel RM, Mesquita ET, Vivacqua R, Serra S, Campos A, Miranda M, et al. Safety, feasibility, and results of exercise testing for stratifying patients with chest pain in the emergency room. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2003; 81: 174-73.
- 58. Arruda AM, Dias MK, Roger VL, Klarich KW, Mahoney DW, Pellikka PA. Prognostic value of exercise echocardiography in 2.632 patients older than 65 years. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 37: 1036-41.
- 59. Lin SS, Lauer MS, Marwick TH. Risk stratification of patients with medically treated unstable angina using exercise echocardiography. Am J Cardiol. 1998; 82: 720-4.
- 60. Shapiro MD, Guarraia DL, Moloo J, Cury RC. Evaluation of acute coronary syndromes by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2008; 19: 25-32.
- 61. Bach RG, Cannon CP, Weintraub WS, DiBattiste PM, Demopoulos LA, Anderson HV, et al. The effect of routine, early invasive management on outcome for elderly patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Ann Intern Med. 2004; 141: 186-95.
- 62. Chen ZM, Pan HC, Chen YP, Peto R, Collins R, Jiang LX, et al. Early intravenous then oral metoprolol in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2005; 366: 1622-32.
- 63. Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK, et al. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST - segment elevation. The CURE trial investigators. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345: 494-502.
- 64. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The HOPE study investigators. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342: 145-53.
- 65. Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Ezekowitz MD, Ganz P, Oliver MF, Waters D, et al. Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes. The MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001; 285: 1711-8.
- 66. Bhatt DL, Topol EJ. Current role of pltelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in acure coronary syndromes. JAMA. 2000; 284: 1549-58.
- 67. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of abciximab before and during coronary intervention in refractory unstable angina: the CAPTURE Study. Lancet. 1997; 349: 1429-35.
- 68. Cannon CP, Weintraub WS, Denopoulos LA, Vicari R, Frey MJ, Lakkis N, et al. Comparison of early invasive and conservative strategies in patients with ustable coronary sindroms treated with the glicoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition tirofiban. The TACTICS- TIMI 18 investigators. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344: 1879-87.
- 69. Goodman SG, Cohen M, Bigonzi F, Gurfinkel EP, Radley DR, Le IV, et al. Randomized trial of low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) versus unfractionated heparin for unstable coronary artery disease: one-year results of the ESSENCE Study. Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in Non-Q Wave Coronary Events. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 36: 693-8.
- 70. Antman EM, McCabe CH, Gurfinkel EP, Turpie AG, Bernink PJ, Salein D, et al. Enoxaparin prevents death and cardiac ischemic events in unstable angina/non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: results of the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) 11B trial. Circulation. 1999; 100: 1593-601.
- 71. Ferguson JJ, Califf RM, Antman EM, SYNERGY Trial Investigators. Enoxaparin vs unfractionated heparin in high-risk patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes managed with an intended early invasive strategy: primary results of the SYNERGY randomized trial. JAMA. 2004; 292: 45-54.
- 72. Antman EM, Morrow DA, McCabe CH, Murphy SA, Ruda M, Sadowski Z, et al. ExTRACT-TIMI25 Investigators. Enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin with fibrinolysis for STelevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2006; 354: 1477-88.
- 73. Libby: Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 8th ed. Braunwald's Heart Disease. A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 8 th Edition. Elsevier Saunders 2008.
- 74. Alexander KP, Newby LK, Armstrong PW, Cannon CP, Gibler WB, Rich MW, et al. Acute coronary care in the elderly, Part II: ST-Segment-elevation myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2007; 115: 2570-89.
- 75. Culic V, Eterovic D, Miric D, Silic N. Symptom presentation of acute myocardial infarction: influence of sex, age and risk factors. Am Heart J. 2002; 144: 1012-7.
- 76. Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, Bates ER, Green LA, Hand M, et al. ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 44: E1-E211.
- 77. Bean DB, Roshon M, Garvey JL. Chest pain: diagnostic strategies to save lives, time, and money in the ED. Emergency Medicine Practice. 2003; 5: 1-32.
- 78. Boie ET. Initial evaluation of chest pain. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2005; 23: 937-57.
- 79. Yarzebski J, Goldberg RJ, Gore JM, Alpert JS. Temporal trends and acute myocardial infarction: the Worcester Heart Attack Study. Am Heart J. 1994; 128: 255-63.
- 80. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. III Diretriz sobre tratamento do infarto agudo do miocárdio. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004; 83 (supl IV): 2-69.
- 81. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Diretrizes sobre intervenção coronária percutânea e métodos adjuntos diagnósticos em cardiologia intervencionista. Rev Bras Cardiol Invas. 2008; 16 (supl II).
- 82. Devlin W, Cragg D, Jacks M, Friedman H, O'Neill W, Grines C. Comparison of outcome in patients with acute myocardial infarction aged > 75 years with that in younger patients. Am J Cardiol. 1995; 75: 573-6.
- 83. Indications for fibrinolytic therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction: collaborative overview of early mortality and major morbidity result from all randomized trials of more than1000 patients Fibrinolytic Therapy Trialists (FTT) Collaborative.Group . Lancet. 1994; 343 (8893): 311-22.
- 84. Berger AK, Radford MJ, Wang Y, Krumholz. Thrombolytic therapy in older patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 36: 366-74.
- 85. Thiemann DR, Coresh J, Schulman SP, Gerstenblith G, Detgen WJ, Powe NR. Lack of benefit for intravenous thrombolysis in patients with myocardial infarction who are older than 75 years. Circulation. 2000; 101: 2239-46.
- 86. White H. Thrombolytic therapy in the elderly. Lancet. 2000; 356 (9247): 2028-30.
- 87. Stenestrand U, Wallentin L. Fibrinolytic therapy in patients 75 years and older with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction: one year follow up of a large prospective cohort. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163: 965-71.
- 88. Ahmed S, Antman EM, Murphy AS, Giugliano RP, Canon CP, White H, et al. Poor outcomes after fibrinolytic terapy for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: impact of age - a Metanalysis of a decade of trials. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2006; 21: 119-29.
- 89. Keeley EC, Boura JA, Grines CL. Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review of 23 randomized trials. Lancet. 2003; 361: 13-20.
- 90. Stone GW, Grines CL, Browne KF, Marco J, Rothbaum D, O'Keefe J, et al. Predictors of in- hospital and 6 month outcome after acute myocardial infarction in the repefusion era; the Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction (PAMI) Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995; 25: 370-7.
- 91. de Bôer MJ, Ottervanger JP, vant Hof AW, Hoorntje JC, Suryapranata H, Zijlstra F, et al. Reperfusion therapy in the elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction: a randomized comparison of primary angioplasty and thrombolytic therapy.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 39: 1723-28.
- 92. Mehta RH, Sadiq I, Goldberg RJ, Gore JM, Avezum A, Spencer F, et al. for the GRACE Investigators. Effectiveness of primary percutaneous coronary intervention compared with that of thrombolytic therapy in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2004; 147: 253-9.
- 93. De Geare VS, Stone GW, Grines L, Brodie BR, Cox DA, Gardia E. Angiografic and clinical characteristics associated with increase in hospital mortality in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous intervention (a pooled analysis of the primary angioplasty in myocardial infarction trials). Am J Cardiol. 2000; 86: 30-4.
- 94. Sabatine MS, Camen CP, Gibson, Lopez-Sendón JL, Montalescot G, Theroux P, et al. Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin and fibrinolytic therapy for myocardial infarction with ST segment elevation. N Eng J Med. 2005; 352: 1179-89.
- 95. COMMIT (Clopidogrel and Metoprolol in Myocardial Infarction Trial) Collaborative group. Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin in 45852 patients with acute myocardial infarction randomized placebo- controlled trial. Lancet. 2005; 366: 1607-21.
- 96. Peters RJC, Mehta SP, Fox KAA, Zhao F, Lewis BS, Kopecky SL, et al. Effects of aspirin dose when used alone or in combination with clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndrome: observations from The Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events (CURE) study. Circulation. 2003; 108: 1682-7.
- 97. Cusset T, Frere C, Quilieu J, Morange PE, Nait-Saidi L, Carvajal J, et al. Benefit of a 600 mg loading dose of clopidogrel on platelet reactivity and clinical outcomes in patients with none ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome undergoing coronary stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 48: 1339-45.
- 98. Montalescot G, Sideris G, Meuleman C, Bal-dit-Sollier C, Lellouche N, Steg PG, et al. A randomized comparison with non ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: the ALBION trial.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 48: 931-8.
- 99. Gyongyosi M, Domanovits H, Benzer W, Haugk M, Heinisch B, Sodeck G, et al. Use of abciximab prior to primary angioplasty in STEMI results in early recanalization of the infarct related artery and improved myocardial tissue reperfusion: results of the Austrian multi-centre randomized reopro BRIDGING study. Eur Heart J. 2004; 25: 2125-33.
- 100. Simaeve PR, Kerang Y, Begaerts K, Vahanian A, Adgey J, Armstrong PW, et al. Age outcomes and treatment effects of fibrinolytics and antithrombotic combination: findings from assessment of the safety and efficacy of a new thrombolytic (ASSENT- 3) and ASSENT -3 PLUS. Am Heart J. 2006; 152: 684-9.
- 101. Simaeve PR, Alexander GM, Bagart K, Belmans A, Wallentin L, Armstrong P, et al. Efficacy of tenectplase in combination with enoxaparin abciximab or unfractionated heparin: one year follow up results of the assessment of the safety of a new thrombolytic 3 (ASSENT-3) randomized trial in acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2004; 147: 993-8.
- 102. De Luca G, Suryapranata M, Stane GW, Antoniucci D, Tcheng JE, Neumann FJ, et al. Abciximab as adjunctive therapy to reperfusion in acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction a metanalysis of randomized trials. JAMA. 2005; 293: 1754-65.
- 103. Topol EJ, Gusto Investigators. Reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction with fibrinolytic therapy or combination reduced fibrinolytic therapy and platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition: the GUSTO V randomized trial. Lancet. 2001; 357: 1905-14.
- 104. Shaun GG, Menon V, Cannon CP. Acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. American College de Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008; 133: 708s-75s.
- 105. Collins R, Mac Mahan S, Flather M, Baigent C, Remvig L, Mortensen S, et al. Clinical effects of anticoagulant therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction: systematic overview of randomized trials. BMJ. 1996; 313: 652-9.
- 106. Antmam EM, Morrow DA, MCCabe CH, Jiang F, White HD, Fox KA, et al. Enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin as antithrombin therapy in patients receiving fibrinolysis for ST elevation myocardial infarction. Design and rationale for the Enoxaparin and Thrombolysis Reperfusion for Acute Myocardial Infarction treatment thrombolysis in myocardial infarction study (EXTRACT- TIMI 25). Am Heart J. 2005; 149: 217-26.
- 107. Krumholz HM, Radford MJ, Wang Y, Chen J, Heiat A, Marciniak TA. National use and effectiveness of beta-blocker for the treatment of elderly patients after acute myocardial infarction: National Cooperative Cardiovascular Project. JAMA. 1998; 280: 623-9.
- 108. First International Study Of Infarct Collaborative Group. Randomized Trial of intravenous atenolol among 16027 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction; ISIS -1. Lancet. 1986; 11: 57-66.
- 109. Hjalmarson A, Elmfeldt D, Herlitz J, Holmberg S, Malek I, Nyberg G, et al. Effect on mortality of metropololin acute myocardial infarction: a Double-blind randomized Trial. Lancet. 1981; 11: 823-7.
- 110. Soumerai SB, Mclaughlin TJ, Spielgman D, Hertzmark E, Thibault G, Goldman L. Adverse outcomes of underuse of beta'blockers in elderly survivors of acute myocardial infarction. JAMA. 1997; 227: 115-21.
- Krumholz HM,Radford MJ, Wang Y et AL. Early beta-blocker therapy for acute myocardial infarction in elderly patients Ann Intern Med. 1999; 131:648-54.
- 111. Grupo Italiano per Le Studdio della Sopravvivenza nellÏnfarto miocárdico. Six month effects of lisinopril and transdermal glyceryl trinitratesingly and together on 6 week mortality and ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1994; 343: 1115-122.
- 112. ISIS-4 (fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group ISIS-4. A Randomized factorial Trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate and intravenous magnesium sulphatein 58050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1995; 345: 669-85.
- 113. ACE Inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group. Indications for ACE inhibitors in the early treatment of acute myocardial infarction systematic overview of individual data from 100000 patients in randomized trials .Circulation. 1998; 2202-12.
- 114. Krumholz HM, Chen YT, Wang Y, Radford MJ. Aspirin and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors among elderly survivors hospitalization for an acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med. 2001; 161: 538-44.
- 115. Gruentizig R, Senning A, Siegenthaler WE. Nonoperative dilatation of coronary artery stenosis: percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. N Engl J Med. 1979; 301: 61-8.
- 116. Gruentizig AR, Meier B. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: the first five years and the future. Int J Cardiol. 1983; 2: 319-23.
- 117. Sousa JEMR, Sousa AGMR, Feres F. Angioplastia transluminal coronária: indicações e resultados atuais. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1988; 51: 69-76.
- 118. Feres F, Tanajura LF, Pinto IMF, Cano MN, Maldonado G, Mattos LA, et al. Angioplastia coronária: eficácia dos novos cateteres-balão de baixo perfil. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1989; 53: 307-11.
- 119. Checchi H, Ariê S, Perin MA . Angioplastia em pacientes uniarteriais. Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de São Paulo. 1992; 2: 61-6.
- 120. Tanajura LFL, Sousa AGMR, Pinto IMF .. Angioplastia coronária: indicações, técnica, limitações e resultados. Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de São Paulo. 1992; 2: 7-12.
- 121. KING III SB. Angioplasty from bench to bedside to bench. Circulation. 1996; 93: 1621-29.
- 122. Tanajura LFL, Pinto IMF, Mattos LA, Feres F, Abizaid A, Staico R, et al. Percutaneous handling of coronary lesions > 20mm through stents: is there a first choice strategy? Arq Bras Cardiol. 1999; 73: 331-8.
- 123. Serruys PW, Unger F, Sousa JE, Jatene A, Bonnier HJ, Schonberger JP, et al. Comparison of coronary artery bypass surgery and stenting for the treatment of multivessel disease. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344: 1117-24.
- 124. Sousa AGMR, Staico R, Sousa JEMR. Revascularização miocárdica percutânea: dos balões aos stents farmacológicos. In: Sousa AGMR, Staico R, Sousa JEMR. (eds.). Stent coronário: aplicações clínicas. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2001. p. 1-9.
- 125. Thompson RC, Holmes DR, Gersh BJ, Mock MB, Bailey KR. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in the elderly: early and long- term results. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991; 17: 1245-50.
- 126. Holt GW, Sugrue DD, Bresnaham JF, Vliestra RE, Bresnahan DR, Reeder GS, et al. Results of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for unstable angina pectoris in patients 70 years of age or older. Am J Cardiol. 1988; 61: 994-7.
- 127. Buffet P, Danchin N, Juilliere Y, Feldmann L, Marie PY, Selton-Suty C, et al. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in patients more than 75 years old: early and long- term results. Int J Cardiol. 1992; 37: 33-9.
- 128. Thompson RC, Holmes DR, Grill DE, Mock MB, Bailey KR. Changing outcome of angioplasty in the elderly. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996; 27: 8-14.
- 129. Sousa JE, Costa MA, Abizaid AC, Rensing BJ, Abizaid AS, Tanajura LF, et al. Sustained suppression of neointimal proliferation by sirolimus-eluting stents: one-year angiographic and intravascular ultrasound follow-up. Circulation. 2001; 104: 2007-11.
- 130. Morice MC, Serruys PW, Sousa JE, Fajadet J, Ban Hayashi E, Perin M, et al. A randomized comparison of a sirolimus-eluting stent with a standard stent for coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346: 1773-80.
- 131. Holmes DR, Leon MB, Moses JW, Popma JJ, Cutlip D, Fitzgerald PJ, et al. Analysis of 1-year clinical outcomes in the SIRIUS trial: a randomized trial of a sirolimus-eluting stent versus a standard stent in patients at high risk for coronary restenosis. Circulation. 2004; 109: 634-40.
- 132. The TIME Investigators. Trial of invasive versus medical therapy in elderly patients with chronic symptomatic coronary- artery disease (TIME): a randomized trial. Lancet. 2001; 358: 951-7.
- 133. Claude J, Schindler C, Kuster GM, Schwenkglenks M, Szucs T, Buser P, et al. Cost-effectiveness of invasive versus medical management of elderly patients with chronic symptomatic coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 2004; 24: 2195-203.
- 134. Pfisterer M for the TIME Investigators. Long- term outcome in elderly patients with chronic angina managed invasively versus by optimized medical therapy. Four- year follow- up of the randomized trial of invasive versus medical therapy in elderly patients (TIME). Circulation. 2004; 110: 1213-8.
- 135. Boden WE, O'Rourke RA, Teo KK, Hartigan PM, Maron DJ, Kostuk WJ, et al. Optimal medical therapy with or without PCI for stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356: 1503-16.
- 136. Seto TB, Taira DA, Berezin R, Chauhan MS, Cutlip DE, Ho KK, et al. Percutaneous coronary revascularization in elderly patients: impact on functional and quality of life. Ann Intern Med. 2000; 132: 955-8.
- 137. Bassand JP, Hamm CW, Ardissino D, Boersma E, Budaj A, Fernández-Avilés F, et al. Task Force for Diagnosis and Treatment of Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes of European Society of Cardiology. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2007; 28: 1598-66.
- 138. Bavry AA, Kumbhani DJ, Rassi AN, Bhatt DL, Askari AT. Benefit of early invasive therapy in acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of contemporary randomized clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 48: 1319-25.
- 139. PCAT Collaborators. Primary coronary angioplasty compared with intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: six-month follow-up and analysis of individual patient data from randomized trials. Am Heart J. 2003; 145: 47-57.
- 140. Daemen J, Boersma E, Flather M, Booth J, Stables R, Rodriguez A, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting and coronary artery bypass surgery for multivessel coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis with 5-year patient-level data from the ARTS, ERACI-II, MASS-II, and SoS trials. Circulation. 2008; 118: 1146-54.
- 141. van Domburg RT, Takkenberg JJ, Noordzij LJ, Saia F, van Herwerden LA, Serruys PW, et al. Late outcome after stenting or coronary artery bypass surgery for the treatment of multivessel disease: a single-center matched-propensity controlled cohort study. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005; 79: 1563-9.
- 142. Javaid A, Steinberg DH, Buch AN, Corso PJ, Boyce SW, Pinto Slottow TL, et al. Outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting versus percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents for patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2007; 116 (11 Suppl): 1200-6.
- 143. Hannan EL, Racz MJ, Walford G, Jones RH, Ryan TJ, Bennett E, et al. Long-term outcomes of coronary-artery bypass grafting versus stent implantation. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352: 2174-83.
- 144. Hannan EL, Wu C, Walford G, Culliford AT, Gold JP, Smith CR, et al. Drug-eluting stents vs. coronary-artery bypass grafting in multivessel coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2008; 358: 331-41.
- 145. Francalancia N, LoCicero J 3rd. Geriatric cardiac surgery. In: Solomon DH, LoCicero J 3rd, Rosenthal RA. (eds). New frontiers in geriatrics research: an agenda for surgical and Re- 156 CHAPTER 6 lated Medical Specialties. New York: American Geriatrics Society; 2004. p.147-76.
- 1. Orejarena LA, Vidaillet H Jr, DeStefano F, Nordstrom DL, VierKant RA, Smith PN, et al. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in the general population. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998; 31: 150-7.
- 2. Ryder KM, Benjamin EJ. Epidemiology and significance of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 1999; 84: 13R-138R.
- 3. Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Vaziri SM, D'Agostino RB, Belanger AJ, Wolf PA. Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort. The Framingham Heart Study. JAMA. 1994; 271: 840-4.
- 4. Rajala AS, Geiger UK, Haavisto MV, Kaltiala KS, Mattila KJ. Electrocardiogram, clinical findings and chest x-ray in persons aged 85 years or older. Am J Cardiol. 1985; 55: 1175-8.
- 5. Kantelip JP, Sage E, Duchene-Marullaz P. Findings on ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in subjects older than 80 years. Am J Cardiol. 1986; 57: 398-401.
- 6. Manolio TA, Furberg CD, Rautaharju PM,Siscovick D, Newman AB, Borbani NO, et al.. Cardiac arrhythmias on 24-h ambulatory electrocardiography in older women and men: the Cardiovascular Health Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994; 23: 916-25.
- 7. Fleg JL, Kennedy HL. Long-term prognostic significance of ambulatory electrocardiographic findings in apparently healthy subjects greater than or equal to 60 years of age. Am J Cardiol. 1992; 70: 748-51.
- 8. Wei JY. Mechanisms of disease: age and the cardiovascular system. N Engl J Med. 1992; 327: 1735-9.
- 9. Lakatta EG. Cardiovascular regulatory mechanism in advanced age. Physiol Rev. 1993; 73: 413-67.
- 10. Ruoke GA. Autonomic and cardiovascular function in the geriatric patient. Anesthesiol Clin North Am. 2000; 18: 31-46.
- 11. Bigger JT Jr, Fleiss JL, Kleiger R, et al. The relationships among ventricular arrhythmias, left ventricular dysfunction, and mortality in the 2 years after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1984; 69: 250-8.
- 12. Crawford MH, Bernstein SJ, Deedwania PC, DiMarco JP, Ferrick KJ, Garson Jr A, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for ambulatory electrocardiography: a reporto of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, develope in collaboration with the North American Society for Pacing and Eletrophysiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999; 34: 912-48.
- 13. DiMarco JP, Philbrik JP. Use of ambulatory electrocardiographic (Holter) monitoring. Ann Intern Med. 1990; 113: 53-68.
- 14. Brignole M, Alboni P, Benditt DG, Bergfeldt L, Blanc JJ, Bloch Thomsen PE, et al. Guidelines on management (diagnosis and treatment) of syncope--update 2004. Europace. 2004; 6 (6): 467-537.
- 15. Fitzpatrick A, Sutton R. Tilting towards a diagnosis in recurrent unexplained syncope. Lancet. 1989; 1 (8639): 658-60.
- 16. Del Rosso A, Ungar A, Bartoli P, Cellai T, Mussi C, Marchionni N, et al. Usefulness and safety of shortened head-up tilt testing potentiated with sublingual glyceryl trinitrate in older patients with recurrent unexplained syncope. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002; 50 (8): 1324-8.
- 17. Natale A, Sra J, Akhtar M, Kusmirek L, Tomassoni G, Leonelli F, et al. Use of sublingual nitroglycerin during head-up tilt-table testing in patients > 60 years of age. Am J Cardiol. 1998; 82 (10): 1210-3.
- 18. de Castro RR, da Nobrega AC. Elderly patients with unexplained syncope: what should be considered a positive tilt test response? Auton Neurosci. 2006; 126-127: 169-73.
- 19. Rose KM, Eigenbrodt ML, Biga RL, Couper DJ, Light KC, Sharrett AR, et al. Orthostatic hypotension predicts mortality in middle-aged adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC) Study. Circulation. 2006; 114 (7): 630-6.
- 20. Munro NC, McIntosh S, Lawson J, Morley CA, Sutton R, Kenny RA. Incidence of complications after carotid sinus massage in older patients with syncope. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994; 42 (12): 1248-51.
- 21. Brady PA, Shen WK. When is intracardiac electrophysiologic evaluation indicated in the older or very elderly patiente? Complications rate and data. Clin Geriatr Med. 2002; 18: 339-60.
- 22. Zado ES, Callans DJ, Gottlieb CD, Kutalek SP, Wilbur SL, Samuels FL, et al. Efficacy and safety of catheter ablation in Octogenarians. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 35: 458.
- 23. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Diretrizes para avaliação e tratamento de pacientes com arritmias cardíacas Parte II - avaliação eletrofisiológica invasiva de pacientes com arritmias cardíacas. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2002; 79 (suplemento 5): 17.
- 24. Guidelines for clinical intracardiac electrophysiological and catheter ablation procedures: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 1995; 92: 673-91.
- 25. Kapoor WN, Karpf M, Wieand S, Peterson JR, Levey GS. A prospective evaluation and follow-up of patients with syncope. N Engl J Med. 1983; 309: 197-204.
- 26. Guidelines on management (diagnosis and treatment) of syncope-update 2004. (Executive Summary) Eur Heart J. 2004; 25: 2054-72.
- 27. Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death (Executive Summary). Eur Heart J. 2006; 27: 2099-140.
- 28. Kappor WN. Syncope. N Engl J Med. 2000; 343 (25): 1856-62.
- 29. Lipsitz L, Grubb BP. Syncope in the elderly. In: Grubb BP, Olshansky B. (eds). Syncope: mechanisms and management. 2nd ed. Blackwell Futura Publishing; 2005. p. 301-14.
- 30. Savage DD, Corwin L, McGee DL, Kannel WB, Wolf PA. Epidemiologic features of isolated syncope: the Framingham Study. Stroke. 1985; 16: 626-9.
- 31. Soteriades ES, Evans JC, Larson MG, Chen MH, Chen L, Benjamin EJ, et al. Incidence and prognosis of syncope. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347: 878-85.
- 32. Lipsitz LA, Wei JY, Rowe JW. Syncope in elderly institutionalized population: prevalence, incidence and associated risk. QJM. 1985; 55: 45-55.
- 33. Smith JJ, Hughes CV, Ptacin MJ, Barney JA, Tristani FE, Ebert TJ. The effect of age on hemodynamic response to graded postural stress in normal men. J Gerontol. 1987; 42: 406-11.
- 34. Taylor JA, Hand GA. Sympathoadrenalcirculatory regulation of arterial pressure during orthostatic stress in young and older man. Am J Physiol. 1992; 263: R1147-55.
- 35. Mayhan WG; Faraci FM; Baumbach GL, Heistad DD. Effects of aging on responses of cerebral arterioles. Am J Physiol. 1990; 27: H1138-H1143.
- 36. Kaufmann H. Syncope: a neurologist viewpoint. Cardiol Clin. 1997; 15:194.
- 37. Jansen RM; Connelly M; Kelley M, et al. Postprandial hypotension in elderly patients with unexplained syncope. Arch Intern Med. 1995; 155: 945-52.
- 38. Morley CA, Sutton R. Carotid sinus syncope. Int J Cardiol. 1984; 6: 287-93.
- 39. Wagshal AB, Huang SKS. Carotid sinus hypersensitivity. In: Grubb BP, Olshansky B (eds). Syncope: Mechanisms and Management. Armonk, NY: Futura Publishing Co; 1998. p. 73-106.
- 40. Kapoor WN, Smith MA, Miller NL. Upright tilt testing in evaluating syncope: a comprehensive literature review. Am J Med. 1994; 97: 78-87.
- 41. Gubb BP. Neurocardiogenic syncope. In: Grubb BP, Olshansky B (eds). Syncope: Mechanisms and Management. Armonk, NY: Futura Publishing Co; 1998. p. 73-106.
- 42. Hachul D, Sosa EA, Consolim F, Magalhães L, Scanavacca M, Martineli M, et al. Valor diagnóstico do teste de inclinação na avaliação da síncope de origem indeterminada. Resultados preliminares. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1994; 62 (1): 7-9.
- 43. Lipsitz LA, Marks ER, Koestner JS. Reduced susceptibility to syncope during postural tilt in old age: is beta-blockade protective? Arch Intern Med. 1989; 149: 2709-12.
- 44. Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannon DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbagen KA, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 48:e-196.
- 45. van Walraven C, Hart RG, Connolly S, Austin PC, Mant J, Hobbs FD, et al. Effect of age on stroke prevention therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation: the Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Stroke. 2009; 40: 1410-6.
- 46. Connolly SJ, Pogue J, Eikelboom J, Flaker G, Commerford P, Franzosi MG, et al. and Active Investigators. Benefit of oral anticoagulant over therapy in atrial fibrillation depends on the quality of international normalized ratio control achieved by centers and countries as measured by time in therapeutic range. Circulation. 2008; 118: 2029-37.
- 47. Eckman MR, Rosand J, Groemberg SM, Gage BF. Cost-effectiveness of using pharmacogenetic information in warfarin with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med. 2009; 150 (2): 73-83.
- 48. Gage BF, Waterman AD,Shammon W, Boechler M, Rich MW, Radford MJ. Validation of clinical calcification schemes for predicting stroke: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation. JAMA. 2001; 285: 2864-70.
- 49. The ACTIVE Investigators. Effect of clopidogrel added to aspirin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009; 360 (20): 2127-9.
- 50. Zado ES, Callans DJ, Gottlieb CD, Kutalek SP, Wilbur SL, Samuels FL, et al. Efficacy an safety of catheter ablation inoctogenarians. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 35: 458-62.
- 51. Da Costa A, Thevenin J, Roche F, Romeyer-Bouchard C, Abdellaoui L, Messier M, et al. Results from the Loire-Ardeche-Drome-Isere-Puy-de-Dome (LADIP) trial on atrial flutter, a multicentric prospective randomized study comparing amiodarone and radiofrequency ablation after the first episode of symptomatic atrial flutter. Circulation. 2006; 114: 1676-81.
- 52. Haissaguerre M, Jais P, Shah DC, Takahashi A, Hocini M, Quiniou G, et al. Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins. N Engl J Med. 1998; 339: 659-66.
- 53. Bhargava M, Marrouche NF, Martin DO, Schweikert RA, Saliba W, Saad EB, et al. Impact of age on the outcome of pulmonary vein isolation for atrial fibrillation using circular mapping technique and cooled-tip ablation catheter. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2004; 15: 8-13.
- 54. Kusumoto F, Prussak K, Wiesinger M, Pullen T, Lynady C. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in older patients: outcomes and complications. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2009.
- 55. Amiodarone Trials Meta-Analysis Investigators. Effect of prophylactic amiodarone on mortality after acute myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure: meta-analysis of individual data from 6500 patients in randomized trials. Lancet. 1997; 350: 1417-24.
- 56. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, Poole JE, Packer DL, Boineau R, et al. Sudden cardiac death in heart failure trial (SCDHeFT) Investigators. Amiodarone or an Implantable Cardioverter-defibrillator for Congestive Heart Failure. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352: 225-37.
- 57. A Comparison of Antiarrythmic-drug Therapy with Implantable Defibrillators in Patients Resuscitated from Near-fatal Ventricular Arrythmias. The Antiarrythmics versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1997; 337: 1576-83.
- 58. Connolly SJ, Gent M, Roberts RS, Donian P, Roy D, Sheldon RS, et al. Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study (CIDS). A randomized trial of the Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator against Amiodarone. Circulation. 2000; 101: 1297-302.
- 59. Huan DT, Sesselberg HW, McNitt S, Noyes K, Andrews ML, Hall WJ, et al. Improval survival associated with prophylactyc implantabel desfibrillators in elderly patients with prior myocardial infarction and depressed ventricular function: A MADTI-II Substudy. J Cardiovasc Electrpophysiology. 2007; 8: 833-8.
- 60. Ermis C, Zhu AX, VanHeel L, Sakaguchi S, Lurie KG, Benditt DG. Comparison of ventricular arrythmia burden, therapeutic interventions, and survival, in patients < 75 and > 75 years of age treated with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. PACE. 2007; 9: 270-4.
- 61. Moss AJ. Treatment of arrythmias an use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators to improve survival in elderly with cardiac disease. Clin Geriatr. 2007; 23: 205-19.
- 62. Aronow WS. Treatment of ventricular arrythmias in the elderly. Geriatrics. 2008; 8: 20-8.
- 63. Hohnloser SH, Klingenheben T, Zabel M, Schoppert M, Mauss O. Prevalence, characteristics and prognostic value during long-term follow-up of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia after myocardial inarction in the thrombolitic era. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999; 33: 1895-902.
- 64. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet. 1999; 353: 913.
- 65. Cleland JG, Pennell DJ, Ray SG, Coats AJ, Macfarlane PW, Murray GD, et al. Myocardial viability as a determinant of the ejection fraction response to carvedilol in patients with heart failure (CHRISTMAS trial) randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2003; 362: 14-21.
- 66. Julian DJ, Prescott RJ, Jackson FS, Szekely P. Controlled trial of sotalol for one year after myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1982; 1: 1142-7.
- 67. Aronow WS. Treatment of ventricular arrhythmias in the elderly. Geriatrics. 2008; 63: 20-8.
- 68. Amiodarone Trials Meta-Analysis Investigators. Effect of prophylactic amiodarone on mortality after acute myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure: meta-analysis of individual data from 6500 patients in randomized trials. Lancet. 1997; 350: 1417-24.
- 69. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, Poole, JE, Packer DL, Boineau R, et al. Sudden cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial (SCDHeFT) Investigators. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352: 225-37.
- 70. Mason JW. A comparison of seven antiarrhythmic drugs in patients with ventricular tachyarrhymias. Electrophysiologic Study versus Electrocardiographic. Monitoring Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1993; 329: 452-8.
- 71. Greene HL: The CASCADE Study: Randomized antiarrhythmic drug therapy in survivors of cardiac arrest in Seathle. CASCADE Investigators. Am J Cardiol. 1993; 72: 70F-74F.
- 72. A comparison of antiarrhythmic-drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from near-fatal ventricular arrhythmias. The Antiarrhythmics versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1997; 337: 1576-83.
- 73. Connolly SJ, Hallstrom AP, Cappato R, Schron EB, Kuck KH, Zipes DP, et al. Meta-analysis of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator secondary prevention trials. AVID, CASH and CIDS studies. Antiarrhythmics vs Implantable Defibrillator study. Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg. Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study. Eur Heart J. 2000; 21: 2071-8.
- 74. Fleg J, Kennedy H. Cardiac arrhythmias in a healthy elderly population: detection by 24- hour ambulatory electrocardiography. Chest. 1982;81; 302-7.
- 75. Frishman WH, Heiman M, Karpenos A, Qoi WL, Mitzner A, Goldkom R, et al. Twentyfour hour ambulatory electrocardiography in elderly subjects: Prevalence of various arrhythmias and prognostic implications. Am Heart J. 1996; 132: 297-302.
- 76. Arritmias cardiacas en los ancianos. Lasses y Ojeda LA. Archivos de Cardiologia de México 2002; 72: S106-S110.
- 77. Wenger N, Helmy T Patal A, Hanna I. Approaching Cardiac Arrhythmias in the Elderly Patient. Medscape General Medicine. 2005; 7: 24.
- 78. Schmidt B, Brunner M, Olschewski M, et al. Pacemaker therapy in very elderly patients: long-term survival and prognostic parameters. Am Heart J. 2003; 146: 908-13.
- 79. Vassolo M, Lamas GA. Dual-chamber vs ventricular pacing in the elderly: quality of life and clinical outcomes. Eur Heart J. 1999; 20: 1607-8.
- 80. Lamas GA, Pashos CL, Normand SL, McNeil B. Permanent pacemaker selection and subsequent survival in elderly Medicare pacemaker recipients. Circulation. 1995; 91: 1063-9.
- 81. Lamas GA et al for the Pacemaker Selection in the Elderly Investigators. Quality of life and clinical outcomes in elderly patients treated with ventricular pacing as compared with dual-chamber pacing. N Engl J Med. 1998; 338: 1097-104.
- 82. Martinelli Filho M, Zimerman LI, Lorga AM, Vasconcelos JTM, Rassi A Jr. Guidelines for Implantable Electronic Cardiac Devices of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007; 89 (6): e210-e238.
- 83. Zipes DP, Wellens HJJ. Sudden cardiac death. Circulation. 1998; 98: 2334-51.
- 84. Myeburg RJ, Castellanos A. Cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death. In Braunwald E (ed). Heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co; 2001. p. 890-931.
- 85. Huikuri HV, Castellanos A, Myeburg RJ, et al. Sudden death due to cardiac arrhythmias. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345: 1473-82.
- 86. Buxton AE, Lee KL, Fisher JD, Josephson ME, Prystowsky EN, Hafley G. A randomized study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease. Multicenter Tachycardia Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med.1999; 341: 1882-90.
- 87. Myerburg RJ, Kessler KM, Estes D, Conde CA, Luceri RM, Zaman L, et al. Long-term survival after prehospital cardiac arrest: analysis of outcome during an 8 years study. Circulation. 1984; 70: 538-46.
- 88. Echt DS, Liebson PR, Mitchell LB, Peters RW, Obias-Manno D, Barker AH, et al. Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide or placebo: The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. N Engl J Med. 1991; 324: 781-8.
- 89. Hallstrom AP, Cobb LA, Yu BH, Weaver WD, Fahrenbruch CE. An antiarrhythmic drug experience in 941 patients resuscitated from an initial cardiac arrest between 1970 and 1985. Am J Cardiol. 1991; 68: 1025-31.
- 90. Reiter MJ, Reiffel JA. Importance of beta blockade in the therapy of serious ventricular arrhythmias. Am J Cardiol. 1998; 82: 9-1.
- 91. Epstein , Di Marco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NA 3rd, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, et al. ACC/AHA/HRS Guidelines for Device-Based Therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology AHA/Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC/AHA/NASPe 2002. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 51: e1-62.
- 1. Hinchman DA, Otto CM. Valvular disease in the elderly. Cardiol Clin. 1999; 17 (1): 137-58.
- 2. Kupari M, Lindroos M, Livanainen AM, Heikkila J, Tilvis R. Congestive heart failure in old age: prevalence, mechanisms and 4-year prognosis in the Helsinki Ageing Study. J Intern Med. 1997; 241 (5): 387-94.
- 3. Mistiaen W, Knaapen M. Evaluation of cell death markers in severe calcified aortic valves. Methods Enzymol. 2009; 453: 365-78.
- 4. Bocchi EA, Guimarães G, Tarasoutshi F, Spina S, Mangini S, Bacal F. Cardiomyopathy, adult valve disease and heart failure in South América. Heart. 2009; 95: 181-9.
- 5. Bell MH, Mintz GS. Mitral valve disease in the elderly. Cardiovasc Clin. 1986; 16 (2): 313-24.
- 6. Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, Flachs Kampof EA, Foster E, Pellikka PA, et al. Recommendations for chamber quantification; a report from the American Society of Echocardiography Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Chambers Quantification Writing Group, Developed in Conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography, a Branch of the European Society of Cardiology. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2005; 18: 1440-63.
- 7. Otto C. Textbook of clinical echocardiography. Philadelphia:Elsevier/Saunders; 2004.
- 8. Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, de Leon AC Jr, Faxon DP, Freed MD, et al. ACC/AHA 2006 Guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. TasK Force on Practice Guidelines developed in collaboration with SCA endorsed Society of Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 48 (3): e1-148.
- 9. Zoghbi WA, Enriquez-Sarano M, Foster E, Grayburn PA, Kraft CD, Lernie RA, et al. Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003; 16: 777-802.
- 10. Huep JC, Gonçalves RS, Ferreira RM. A importância do eletrocardiograma, da radiografia de tórax e dos testes de capacidade funcional na avaliação das valvopatias mitrais. Rev Soc Cardiol Estado São Paulo. 2008; 4: 319-27.
- 11. Sorrell VL, Nanda NC. Role of echocardiography in the diagnostic assessment and etiology of heart failure in the elderly--opacify, quantify, and rectify. Heart Fail Clin. 2007; 3 (4): 403-22.
- 12. Le Bihan DCS, Bruno CMF, Vilela AA, Assef JE. Informações relevantes da ecocardiografia para o manejo adequado das valvopatias mitrais. Rev Soc Cardiol Estado São Paulo. 2008; 4: 328-34.
- 13. Vahanian A, Ducrocq G. Emergencies in valve disease. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2008; 14 (5): 555-60.
- 14. Borer JS, Bonow RO. Contemporary approach to aortic and mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 2003; 108: 2432-8.
- 15. Sampaio RO, Grinberg M, Leite JJ, Tarasoutchi F, Chalela WA, Izaki M, et al. Effect of enalapril on left ventricular diameters and exercise capacity in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with regurgitation secondary to mitral valve prolapse or rheumatic heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2005; 96: 117-21.
- 16. American Heart Association/ American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) - 2006 Bonow et al. ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 48 (3): 598-675.
- 17. Gillinov AM, Blackstone EH, Nowicki ER, Slisatkom W, Al-Dossari G, Johnston DR, et al. Valve repair versus valve replacement for degenerative mitral valve disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008; 135 (4): 885-93.
- 18. Wilkins GT, Weyman AE, Abascal VM, Block PC, Palacius IF. Percutaneous balloon delatation of the mitral valve: an analysis of echocardiographic variables related to out come and the mechanism of delatation. Br Heart J. 1988; 60: 299-308.
- 19. Meister SG, Engel TR, Feitosa GS, Helfant RH, Frankl WS. Propranolol in mitral stenosis during sinus rhythm. Am Heart J. 1977; 94: 685-8.
- 20. Sutaria N, Elder AT, Shaw TR. Mitral balloon valvotomy for the treatment of mitral stenosis in octogenarians. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000; 48 (8): 971-4.
- 21. Sorrell VL, Nanda NC. Role of echocardiography in the diagnostic assessment and etiology of heart failure in the elderly--opacify, quantify, and rectify. Heart Fail Clin. 2007; 3 (4): 403-22.
- 22. Evangelista A, Tornos P, Sambola A, Permanyer-Miralda G, Soler J.. Long-term vasodilator therapy in patients withsevere aortic regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353: 1342-9.
- 23. Socgnamiglio R, Rahimtoola SH, Fasoli G, Nistri S, Dalla Volta S. Nifedipine in asymptomatic patients with severe aortic regurgitation and normal left ventricular function. N Engl J Med. 1994; 331: 689-94.
- 24. Accola KD, Scott ML, Palmer GJ, Thompson PA, Sand ME, Suarez-Cavalier JE, et al. Surgical management of aortic valve disease in the elderly: A retrospective comparative study of valve choice using propensity score analysis. J Heart Valve Dis. 2008; 17 (4): 355-64.
- 25. Pierri H, Nussbacher A, Decourt LV, Medeiros C, Cattani CA, Serro Azul JB, et al. Clinical predictors of prognosis in severe aortic stenosis in unoperated patients >75 years of age. Am J Cardiol. 2009; 86: 801-4.
- 26. O'Brien KD. Epidemiology and genetics of calcific aortic valve disease. J Investig Med. 2007; 55 (6): 284-91.
- 27. Otto CM. Aortic stenosis: clinical evaluation and optimal timing of surgery. Cardiol Clin. 1998; 16 (3): 353-73.
- 28. Sciomer S, Badagliacca R, Vizza CD, Fedele F. Echocardiography in aortic stenosis: new insights into challenging scenarios. Ital Heart J Suppl. 2004; 5 (6): 457-65.
- 29. Ghanbari H, Kidane AG, Burriesci G, Bonhoeffer P, Seifalian AM. Percutaneous heart valve replacement: an update. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2008; 18 (4): 117-25.
- 30. Kolh P, Kerzmann A, Honore C, Comte L, Limet R. Aortic valve surgery in octogenarians: predictive factors for operative and long-term results. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007; 31 (4): 600-6.
- 31. Wessler S, Gitel SN. Warfarin: from bedside to bench. N Engl J Med. 1984; 311: 645-52.
- 32. Hylek EM, Skates SJ, Sheehan MA, Singer DE. An analysis of the lowest effective intensity of prophylactic anticoagulation for patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 1997; 335: 540-6.
- 33. Levine MN, Raskob G, Landefeld S, Hirsch J. Hemmorrhage complications of anticoagulant treatment. Chest. 1995; 108 (Suppl 4): 276S-90S.
- 34. Landefield CS, Beyth HJ. Anticoagulant-related bleeding: clinical epidemiology, predictions, and preventio. Am J Med. 1993; 95: 315-28.
- 35. Vahanian A, Baumgartner H, Bax J, Butchart E, Dion R, Filippatos G, et al. European Society of Cardiology - 2007 Vahanian A et al. Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease - The task force on the management of valvular heart disease of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2007; 28: 230-68.
- 36. Eighth American College of Chest Physician (ACCP) 2008 Salem DN, O'Gara PT; Madias C, et al. Valvular and Structural Heart Disease. American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines . Chest. 2008; 133: 593S-629S.
- 37. Bayer AS, Bolger AF, Taubert KA, Wilson W, Steckelberg J, Karchmer AW, et al. Diagnosis and management of infective endocarditis and its complications. Circulation. 1998; 98: 2936-48.
- 38. Durante-Mangoni E, Bradley S, Selton-Suty C, Tripodi MF, Barsic B, Bouza E, et al. Current features of infective endocarditis in elderly patients. Results of the international collaboration on endocarditis prospective cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 2008; 168: 2095-103.
- 39. Di Salvo G, Thuny F, Rosenberg V, Pergola V, Belliard O, Derumeaux G, et al. Endocarditis in the elderly: clinical, echocardiographic, and prognostic features. Eur Heart J 2003; 24(17): 1539-40.
- 40. Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, Fowler VG Jr, Bolger AF, Levison ME, et al. Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the committee on rheumatic fever, endocarditis, and kawasaki disease, council on cardiovascular disease in the young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke and cardiovascular surgery and anesthesia, AHA: endorsed by the Infectous Diseases Society of America. Circulation. 2005; 111(23): 2394-434.
- 41. Nishimura RA, Carabello BA, Faxon DP, Freed MD, Litle BW, O'Gara PT. ACC/AHA 2008 Guideline Update on Valvular Heart Disease: Focused Update on Infective Endocarditis: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 52: 676-85.
- 42. Gregoratos G. Infective endocarditis in the elderly: diagnosis and management. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2003; 12 (3): 183-9.
- 43. Werner GS, Schultz R, Fuchs JB, Andreas S, Prange H, Ruschewski W, et al. Infective endocarditis in the elderly in the era of transesophageal echocardiograph: clinical features and prognosis compared with younger patients. Am J Med. 1996; 100 (1): 90-7.
- 44. Durack DT, Lukes AS, Bright DK. The Duke Endocarditis Service. New criteria for the diagnosis of Infective endocarditis: utilization of specific echocardiographic findings. Am J Med. 1994; 96: 200-9.
- 45. Li JS, Sexton DJ, Mick N, Nettles R, Fowler VG Jr, Ryan T, et al. Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 2000; 30: 633-8.
- 46. Wilson W, Taubert KA. Gewitz M, Lockhart PB, Baddour LM, Levison M, et al. Prevention of Infective Endocarditis: Guidelines From the American Heart Association: A Guideline From the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation. 2007; 116: 1736-54.
- 47. Wilson WR, Karchmer AW, Dajani AS, Taubert KA, Bayer A, et al. Antibiotic treatment of adults with infective endocarditis due to streptococci, enterococci, staphylococci, and HACEK microoorganisms: American Heart Association. JAMA. 1995; 274: 1706-13.
- 48. Sampaio RO. Accorsi TD, Tarasoutchi F. Prevenção da endocardite infecciosa. Einstein. 2008; 6 (4 Pt 2): 191-3.
- 49. Gould Fk, Elliot TSJ, Foweraker M, Fulford M, Perry JD, Roberts GJ, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of endocarditis: report of the Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrobial. Chemotherapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006; 57: 1035-42.
- 50. Strom BL, Abrutyn E, Berlin JA, Kenman JL, Feldman RS, Stolly PD, et al. Dental and cardiac risk factors for infective endocarditis: a population-based, case-control study. Ann Intern Med. 1998; 129: 761-9.
- 1. Taddei CFG, Ramos LR, de Moraes JC, Wajngarten M, Libberman A, Santos SC, et al. Estudo multicêntrico de idosos atendidos em ambulatórios de cardiologia e geriatria de instituições brasileiras. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1997; 69 (5): 327-33.
- 2. Ferreira C, Luna Filho B, Pinto ESAL, Fonseca FAH, Menendes G, Ito MT, et al. Estudo de prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares para servidores da Unifesp-2000 (Estudo PrevServ-UNIFESP- 2000). [Acesso em 2009 mai 10]. Disponível em: http://www.epm.br/medicina/cardio/ch/index.htm
- 3. Zarnke KB. Recent developments in the assessment and management of hypertension: CHEP, ALLHAT and LIFE. Geriatrics & Aging. 2003; 6 (2): 14-20.
- 4. Gesa S. Hypertension in the elderly. In: Chesler E. Clinical cardiology in the elderly. 2nd ed. New York: Futura Corporation; 1999. p. 503-35.
- 5. Staessen J, Fagard R, Thijs L, Arabidze CG, Birkenhager WH, Bulpitt CJ, et al. for the Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators. Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension.. Lancet. 1997; 350: 757-64.
- 6. Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program. SHEP. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA. 1991; 265: 3255-64.
- 7. MRC Working Party. Medical Research Council trial of treatment of hypertension in older adults. BMJ. 1992; 304: 405-12.
- 8. Wei JK. Point/Counterpoint: Treatement of Hypertension in the Elderly. Annals of Long-term Care 2009;17:37-38.
- 9. Perllof DP, Grimm C, Flack J, Frohlich EO, Hill M, McDonand M, et al. Human blood pressure determination by sphygmomanometry. Circulation. 1993; 88 (part I): 2460-70.
- 10. Hiitola P, Enlund H, Kettunen R, Sulkava, Hartikainen RS. Postural changes in blood pressure and the prevalence of orthostatic hypotension among home-dwelling elderly aged 75 years or older. J Hum Hypertens. 2009; 23: 33-9.
- 11. Miranda RD, Perrotti TC, Bellinazzi VR, Nóbrega TM, Cendoroglo MS, Toniolo-Neto J. Hipertensão arterial no idoso: peculiaridades na fisiopatologia, diagnóstico e tratamento. Rev Bras Hipertens. 2002; 9 (3): 293-300.
- 12. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. V Diretriz brasileira de hipertensão arterial. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007; 89 (3): e24-e79.
- 13. Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, Greene T, Rogers N, Roth D. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation: modification of diet in renal disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1999; 130 (6): 461-70.
- 14. Sanaka M, Takano K, Shimakura K, Koike Y, Mineshita S. Serum albumin for estimating creatinine clearance in the elderly with muscle atrophy. Nephron. 1996; 73: 137-44.
- 15. Cockroft DW, Gault MH. Prediction of creatinine clearence from serum creatinine. Nephron. 1976; 16: 31-41.
- 16. Anderson KM, Wilson PW, Odell PM, Kannel WB. An updated coronary risk profile: a statement for health professionals. Circulation. 1991; 83: 356-62.
- 17. Bobrie G, Chatellier G, Genes N, Clerson P, Vaur L, Vaisse B, et al. Cardiovascular prognosis of "Masked Hypertension" detected by blood pressure self-measurement in elderly treated hypertensive patients. JAMA. 2004; 291: 1342-9.
- 18. Cuspidia C, Paratia G. Masked hypertension: an independent predictor of organ damage. J Hypertens. 2007; 25: 275-9.
- 19. Niiranen TJ, Jula AM, Kantola IM, Karanko H, Reunanen A. Home-measured blood pressure is more strongly associated with electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy than is clinic blood pressure: the Finn- Home study. J Hum Hypertens. 2007; 21: 788-94.
- 20. Stergiou GS, Kalogeropoulos PG, Baibas NM. Prognostic value of home blood pressure measurement. Blood Press Monit. 2007; 12: 391-2.
- 21. De Marco A, Feitosa AM, Gomes MM, Parente GB, Victor EG. Pressão de pulso obtida pela monitorização residencial da pressão arterial e sua relação com índice de massa do ventrículo esquerdo. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007; 88: 91-5.
- 22. Rosa RF, Franken RA. Fisiopatologia e diagnóstico da hipertensão arterial no idoso: papel da monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial e da monitorização residencial da pressão arterial. Rev Bras Hipertens. 2007; 14: 21-4.
- 23. O'Brien E, Asmar R, Beillin L, Imai Y, Mallion JM, Manáa G, et al. European Society of Hypertension recommendations for conventional, ambulatory and home blood pressure measurement. J Hypertens. 2003; 21: 821-48.
- 24. Bobrie G, Genès N, Vaur L, Clerson P, Vaisse B, Mallion JM, et al. "Is "Isolated Home" hypertension as opposed to "isolated office" hypertension a sign of greater cardiovascular risk? Arch Intern Med. 2001; 161: 2205-11.
- 25. Willem JV, Abraham AK, Kessels Afons GH, Leew Peter W. Home blood pressure measurement: a systematic review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 46: 743-51.
- 26. Obara T, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Metoki H, Saito S. Prevalence of masked uncontrolled and treated white-coat hypertension defined according to the average of morning and evening home blood pressure value: from the Japan Home versus Office Measurement Evaluation Study. Blood Press Monit. 2005; 10 (6): 311-6.
- 27. Waeber B. What stands behind masked hypertension? J Hypertens. 2008; 26: 1735-7.
- 28. Marquez-Contreras E, Martell-Claros N, Gil-Guillãn V, de la Figuera-Von Wichmann M, Casado-Martinez JJ, Martin de Pablos JL, et al. Efficacy of a home blood pressure monitoring programme on therapeutic compliance in hypertension: the EAPACUM-HTA study. J Hypertens. 2006; 24 (1): 169-75.
- 29. Abe K, Tsunoda K, Sato T. Measurement and evaluation of home blood pressure monitoring with particular emphasis on evaluating anti-hypertensive effects using a home blood pressure distribution diagram. Nippon Jinzo Gakkai Shi. 2006; 48 (4): 354-64.
- 30. Silva GV, Ortega KC, Mion Jr D. Monitorização residencial da pressão arterial (MRPA). Rev Bras Hipertens. 2008; 15 (4): 215-9.
- 31. Parati G, Stergiou GS, Asmar R, Bilo G, de Leew P, Imai Y, et al. European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring European Society of Hypertension guidelines for blood pressure monitoring at home: a summary report of the Second International Consensus Conference on Home Blood Pressure Monitoring. J Hypertens. 2008; 26: 1505-26.
- 32. Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Hirohito Metoki H, Obara T, Hashimoto J, Tatsune K, et al. Prognosis of "Masked" hypertension and "White-Coat" hypertension detected by 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring,10-year follow-up from the Ohasama Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 46: 508-15.
- 33. Ben-Dov IZ, Kark JD, Mekler J, Shaked E, Bursztyn M. The white coat phenomenon is benign in referred treated patients: a 14-year ambulatory blood pressure mortality study. J Hypertens. 2008, 26: 699-705.
- 34. Fagard RH, Van Den Broeke C, De Cort P. Prognostic significance of blood pressure measured in the office, at home and during ambulatory monitoring in older patients in general practice. J Hum Hypertens. 2005; 19 (10): 801-7.
- 35. Siennicki-Lantz A, Reinprecht F, Axelsson J, Elmstahl S. Cerebral perfusion in the elderly with nocturnal blood pressure fall. Eur J Neurol. 2007; 14 (7): 715-20.
- 36. Fagard RH, Celis H. Prognostic significance of various characteristics of out-of-the-office blood pressure. J Hypertens. 2004; 22: 1691-7.
- 37. O'Sullivan C; Duggan J, Atkins N, O'Brien E. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure in community-dwelling elderly men and women, aged 60-102 years. J Hypertens. 2003; 21: 1641-7.
- 38. Apple LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure: DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336: 1117-24.
- 39. Miranda RD. Dieta DASH. In: Brandão AA. (org.). Hipertensão. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier Brasil; 2006. p. 308-14.
- 40. Leonetti G, Zanchetti A. Results of antihypertensive treatment trial in the elderly. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2002; 11 (1): 41-7.
- 41. Ferruci L, Furberg CD, Penninx BW, DiBari M, Williamson JD, Guralnik JM, et al. Treatment of isolated systolic hypertension is most effective in older patients with hight-risk profile. Circulation. 2001; 104 (16): 1923-6.
- 42. Hyman DJ, Pavlik VN. Characteristics of patients with uncontrolled hypertension in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345: 479-86.
- 43. Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, Staessen JA, Liu L, Dumitrascu D, et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 2008; 358 (18): 1887-98.
- 44. Casas JP, Chua W, Loukogeorgakis S, Vallance P, Smeeth L, Hingorani AO. Effect of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system and other antihypertensive drugs on renal outcomes: systematic review and metaanalysis. Lancet. 2005; 366: 2026-33.
- 45. Jafar TH, Stark PC, Schmid CH, Landa M, Maschio G, de Jong PE, et al. Progression of kidney disease: the role of blood pressure control, proteinuria, and ACE inhibition: a patient-level metaanalysis. Ann Intern Med. 2003; 139: 244-52.
- 46. Cushman WC, Ford CE, Cutler JA, Margolis KL, Davis BR, Grimm RH, et al. Success and predictors of blood pressure control in diverse North American settings: the antihipertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial (ALLHAT). J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2002; 4 (6): 393-404.
- 47. Jammerson K, Weber MA, Bakris GL, Dahlöf B, Pitt B, Shi V, et al. Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients. (avoiding cardiovascular events through combination therapy in patients living with systolic hypertension - The ACCOMPLISH trial). N Engl J Med. 2008; 359: 2417-28.
- 48. Verdecchia P, Reboldi G, Angeli F, Gattobigio R, Bentivoglio M, Thys L, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and calcium channel blockers for coronary heart disease and stroke prevention. Hypertension. 2005; 46: 386-92.
- 49. Turnbull F, Neal B, Pfeffer M, Kostis J, Algert C, Woodward M, et al. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Blood pressure-dependent and independent effects of agents that inhibit the renin-angiotensin system. J Hypertens. 2007; 25 (5): 951-8.
- 50. Aronow WS, Ahn C. Incidence of new coronary events in older persons with prior myocardial infarction and systemic hypertension treated with beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, diuretics, calcium antagonists, and alpha blockers. Am J Cardiol. 2002; 89 (10): 1207-9.
- 51. Agostini E, Aliprandi A. Migraine and hypertension. Neurol Sci. 2008; 29 (Suppl 1): S37-S39.
- 52. Messerli FH, Grossman E, Goldbourt U. Are betablockers efficacious as first-line therapy for hypertension in the elderly? A systematic review. JAMA. 1998; 279: 1903-7.
- 53. Lindholm LH, Carlberg B, Samuelsson O. Should beta blockers remain first choice in the treatment of primary hypertension? A meta-analysis. Lancet. 2005; 366: 1545-53.
- 54. Bangalore S, Sawhney S, Messerli FH. Relation of beta-blocker-induced heart rate lowering and cardioprotection in hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 52 (18): 1482-9.
- 55. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341: 709-17.
- 56. Dahlöf B, Lindholm L, Hansson L, Schersten B, Ekbom T. Morbidity and mortality in the Swedish Trial in old patients with hypertension (STOP-Hypertension). Lancet. 1991; 338: 1281-5.
- 57. Medical Research Council Working Party. MRC trial of treatment of hypertension in older adults: principal results. BMJ. 1992; 304: 405-12.
- 58. Stassen JA, Fagard R, Thijs L. Randomized double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. The Systolic hypertension in Europe (SYST-EUR). Lancet. 1997; 350: 757-64.
- 59. Psaty BM, Smith NL, Siscovick DS, Koepsell TD, Weiss NS, Heckbert SR, et al. Health outcomes associated with antihipertensive therapies used as firstline agents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 1977; 277: 739-45.
- 60. The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients Randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic:The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA. 2002; 288: 2981-97.
- 61. Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, Staessen JA, Liu L, Dumitrascu D, et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 2008; 358 (18): 1887-98.
- 62. Hernandez RH, Armas-Hernandez MJ, Velasco M, Israili ZH, Armas-Padilha MC. Calcium antagonists and atherosclerosis protection in hypertension. Am J Ther. 2003; 10: 409-14.
- 63. Elliot WJ, Bandari A. The role of calcium antagonists in stroke prevention. J Clin Hypertens. 2005; 7: 5-8.
- 64. Forette F, Seux ML, Staessen JA, Thys L, Babarskiene MR. The prevention of dementia with antihypertensive treatment: new evidence from the Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) study. Arch Intern Med. 2002; 162: 2046-52.
- 65. Psaty BM, Lumley T, Furberg CD, Schellenbaum M, Pahor M, Alderman MH, et al. Health outcomes associated with various antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents: a network meta-analyses. JAMA. 2003; 289: 2534-44.
- 66. Staessen JA, Fagard R, Thijs L, Celis H, Arabidze GG. Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. The Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators. Lancet. 1997; 350: 757-64.
- 67. Kaplan NM. Clinical hypertension. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006. p. 245-252.
- 68. Neal B, MacMahon S, Chapman N, for the Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-pressure-lowering drugs: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet. 2000; 355: 1955-64.
- 69. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342 (3): 145-53.
- 70. Fox KM; European trial On reduction of cardiac events with Perindopril in stable coronary Artery disease Investigators. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomized double blind, placebo controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet. 2003; 362: 782-8.
- 71. PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomized Trial of a perindopril-based-blood pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet. 2001; 35: 1033-41.
- 72. Chiong JR, Aronow WS, Khan IA, Nair CK, Vijayaraghavan K, Dart RA, et al. Secondary hypertension: Current diagnosis and treatment. Int J Cardiol. 2008; 124: 6-21.
- 73. Lorell BH, Carabello BA. Left ventricular hypertrophy: pathogenesis, detection, and prognosis. Circulation. 2000; 102 (4): 470-9.
- 74. Verdecchia P, Carini G, Circo A, Dovellini E, Giovannini E, Lombardo M, et al. Left ventricular mass and cardiovascular morbidity in essential hypertension: the MAVI study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 38 (7): 1829-35.
- 75. Klingbeil AU, Schneider M, Martus P, Messerli FH, Schmieder RE. A meta-analysis of the effects of treatment on left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Am J Med. 2003; 115 (1): 41-6.
- 76. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, Ciucci A, Gattobigio R, Zampi I, et al. Prognostic significance of serial changes in left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Circulation. 1998; 97 (1): 48-54.
- 77. Mathew J, Sleight P, Lonn E, Johnstone D, Pogue J, Yi Q, et al. Reduction of cardiovascular risk by regression of electrocardiographic markers of left ventricular hypertrophy by the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril. Circulation. 2001; 104 (14): 1615-21.
- 78. Okin PM, Devereux RB, Jern S, Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Nieminen MS, et al. Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy during antihypertensive treatment and the prediction of major cardiovascular events. JAMA. 2004; 292 (19): 2343-9.
- 79. Devereux RB, Wachtell K, Gerdts E, Boman K, Nieminen MS, Papademetriou V, et al. Prognostic significance of left ventricular mass change during treatment of hypertension. JAMA. 2004; 292 (19): 2350-6.
- 80. Elias MF, Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, Cobb J, White LR. Untreated blood pressure level is inversely related to cognitive functioning: the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1993; 138: 353-64.
- 81. Launer LJ, Masaki K, Petrovitch H, Foley D, Havlik RJ. The association between midlife blood pressure levels and late-life cognitive function: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. JAMA. 1995; 274 (23): 1846-51.
- 82. Tzourio C, Dufouil C, Ducimetière P, Alpérovitch A. Cognitive decline in individuals with high blood pressure: a longitudinal study in the elderly. Neurology. 1999; 53: 1948-52.
- 83. Kivipelto M, Helkala EL, Laakso MP, Hanninen T, Halikainen M, Alhainen K, et al. Midlife vascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease in later life: longitudinal, population based study. BMJ. 2001; 322: 1447-51.
- 84. Prince MJ, Bird AS, Blizard RA, Mann AH. Is the cognitive function of older patients affected by antihypertensive treatment? Results from 54 months of the Medical Research Council's treatment trial of hypertension in older adults. BMJ. 1996; 312: 801-5.
- 85. Forette F, Seux ML, Staessen JA, Thys L, Birkenhager WH, Babarskene MR, et al. Prevention of dementia in randomized double-blind placebo-controlled Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) trial. Lancet. 1998; 352: 1347-51.
- 86. Guo Z, Fratiglioni L, Zhu L, Fastbom J, Winblad B, Viitanen M. Occurrence and progression of dementia in a community population aged 75 years and older: relationship to antihypertensive medication use. Arch Neurol. 1999; 56: 991-6.
- 87. Murray MD, Lane KA, Gao S, Evans RM, Unverzagt FW, Hall KS, et al. Preservation of cognitive function with antihypertensive medications: a longitudinal analysis of a community-based sample of African Americans. Arch Intern Med. 2002; 162: 2090-6.
- 88. Tzourio C, Anderson C, Chapman N, Woodward M, Neal B, MacMahon S, PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Effects of blood pressure lowering with perindopril and indapamide therapy on dementia and cognitive decline in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163: 1069-75.
- 89. Skoog I, Lithell H, Hansson L, Elmfeldt D, Hofman A, Olofsson B, et al. Effect of baseline cognitive function and antihypertensive treatment on cognitive and cardiovascular outcomes: Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE). Am J Hypertens. 2005; 18: 1052-9.
- 90. Peters R, Beckett N, Forette F, Tuomilehto J, Clarke R, Ritchie C, et al. for the HYVET investigators. Incident dementia and blood pressure lowering in the Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial cognitive function assessment (HYVET-COG): a double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2008; 7: 683-9.
- 91. Gill SS, Anderson GM, Fischer HD, Bell CM, Li P, Normand SL, et al. Syncope and Its consequences in patients with dementia receiving cholinesterase inhibitors: a population-based cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 2009; 169 (9): 867-73.
- 92. Dahlström U. Frequent non-cardiac comorbidities in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2005; 7: 309-16.
- 93. Pistelli R, Lange P, Miller DL. Determinants of prognosis of COPD in the elderly: mucus hypersecretion, infections, cardiovascular comorbidity. Eur Respir J. 2003; 21:10S-14S.
- 94. Kotlyar E, Keogh AM, MacDonald PS, Arnold RH, McCaffrey DJ, Glanville AR. Tolerability of carvedilol in patients with heart failure and concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2002; 21: 1290-5.
- 95. Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE. Cardioselective beta-blockers in patients with reactive airway disease: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2002; 137: 715-25.
- 96. Whelton PK, Appel LJ, Espeland MA. Sodium reduction and weight loss in the treatment of hypertension in older persons: a randomized controlled trial of nonpharmacologic interventions in the elderly (TONE). TONE Colllaborative Research Group. JAMA. 1998; 279: 839-46.
- 97. Roriz-Cruz MR, Rosset I, Wada T, Sakagami T, Ishine M, De Sá Roriz Fş J, et al. Cognitive impairment and frontal-subcortical geriatric syndrome are associated with metabolic syndrome in a stroke-free population. Neurobiol aging. 2007; 28 (11): 1723-36.
- 98. Tight blood pressure control and the risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type diabetes. UKPDS 38. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. BMJ. 1998; 317: 703-13.
- 99. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, Dahlof B, Elmfeldt D, Julius S, et al. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomized trial. Lancet. 1998; 351: 1755-62.
- 100. Coresh J, Byrd-Holt D, Astor BC, Briggs JP, Eggers PW, Lacher DA, et al. Chronic kidney disease awareness, prevalence and trends among U.S. adults, 1999 to 2000. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005; 16 (1): 180-8.
- 101. Coresh J, Selvin E, Stevens LA, Manzi J, Kusek JW, Eggers P, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA. 2007; 298 (17): 2038-47.
- 102. Baylis C. Changes in renal hemodynamics and structure in the aging kidney; sexual dimorphism and the nitric oxide system. Exp Gerontol. 2005; 40 (4): 271-8.
- 103. Keith DS, Nichols GA, Gullion CM, Brown JB, Smith DH. Longitudinal follow-up and outcomes among a population with chronic kidney disease in a large managed care organization. Arch Intern Med. 2004; 164: 659-63.
- 104. Levin A, Hemmelgarn B, Culleton B, Tobe S, McFarlane P, Ruzicka M, et al, Guidelines for the management of chronic kidney disease. CMAJ. 2008; 179 (11): 1154-62.
- 105. Levington S, Clarke R, Qizilbach N, Peto R, Collins R, Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002; 360: 1903-13.
- 106. Staessen JA, Wang JG, Thijs L. Cardiovascular prevention and blood pressure reduction: a quantitative overview updated until 1 March 2003. J Hipertens. 2003; 21: 1055-76.
- 107. Lavin P. Management of hypertension in patients with acute stroke. Arch Intern Med. 1986; 146 (1): 66-8.
- 108. Qureshi AI. Acute hypertensive response in patients with stroke: pathophysiology and management. Circulation. 2008; 118 (2): 176-87.
- 109. Schrader J, Luders S, Kulschewski A, Hammersen F, Plate K, Berger J, et al. Eprosartan compared with nitrendipine for secondary prevention: principal results of a prospective randomized controlled study (MOSES). Stroke. 2005; 36: 1218-26.
- 110. Yusuf S, Diener HC, Sacco RL, Cotton D, Ounpuu S, Lawton WA, et al. Telmisartan to prevent recurrent stoke and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2008; 359: 1225-37.
- 111. Arima H, Chalmers J, Woodward M, Anderson C, Rodgers A, Davis S, et al. Lower target blood pressures are safe and effective for the prevention of recurrent stroke: the PROGRESS trial. J Hypertens. 2006; 24 (6): 1201-8.
- 112. Adams R, Albers G, Alberts MJ, Benavente O, Furie K, Goldstein LB, et al. Update to the AHA / ASA recommendations for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack. Stroke. 2008; 39: 1647-52.
- 113. Gifford RW Jr. Management of hypertensive crises. JAMA. 1991; 266 (6): 829-35.
- 114. Immink RV, van den Born BJ, van Montfrans GA, Koopmans RP, Karemaker JM, van Lieshout JJ. Impaired cerebral autoregulation in patients with malignant hypertension. Circulation. 2004; 110: 2241-5.
- 115. Haas AR, Marik PE. Current diagnosis and management of hypertensive emergency. Semin Dial. 2006, 19 (6): 502-12.
- 116. Vaidya CK, Oullette JR. Hypertensive urgency and emergency. Hospital Physician. 2007; 3: 43-50.
- 117. Lip GY, Beevers M, Beevers G. The failure of malignant hypertension to decline: a survey of 24 years' experience in a multiracial population in England. J Hypertens. 1994; 12 (11): 1297-305.
- 118. Kitiyakara C, Guzman NJ. Malignant hypertension and hypertensive emergencies. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998; 9: 133-42.
- 119. Vidt DG. Emergency room management of hypertensive urgencies and emergencies. J Clin Hypertens. 2001; 3 (3): 158-64.
- 120. Franklin SS, Weber MA. Measuring hypertensive cardiovascular risk: the vascular overload concept. Am Heart J. 1994; 128 (4): 793-803.
- 121. Fong R, Norris KC. Hypertensive crises. In: Yoshikawa TT, Norman DC (editors). Acute emergencies and critical care of the geriatric patient. New York: Headquarters; 2000. p. 229.
- 122. Strandgard S, Paulson OB. Cerebral autoregulation. Stroke. 1984; 15: 413-5.
- 123. Felstein C. Management of hypertensive crises. Am J Therap. 2007; 14: 135-9.
- 124. Broderick JP, Adams HP Jr, Barsan W, Feinberg W, Feldmann E, Grotta J, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American heart Association. Stroke. 1999; 30 (4): 905-15.
- 125. Ohwaki K, Yano E, Nagashima H, Hirata M, Nakogomi T, Tamura A. Blood pressure in acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2004; 35: 1364-7.
- 126. Lalouschek WL, Lang W. Blood pressure and clinical outcome in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2002; 33: 2548.
- 127. Leonardi-Bee J, Bath PMW, Phillips SJ, Sandercock AO, IST Collaborative Group. Blood pressure and clinical outcomes in the international stroke trial. Stroke 2002; 33 (5):1315-20.
- 128. Ram CV. Management of hypertensive emergencies: changing therapeutic options. Am Heart J. 1991; 122: 356-63.
- 129. Shayne PH, Pitts SR. Severely increased blood pressure in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2003; 41: 513-29.
- 130. Kaplan NM. Hypertensive crises. In: Kaplan NM. Clinical hypertension. 6th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1994. p. 281-97.
- 131. Calhoun DA, Oparil S. Treatment of hypertensive crises. N Engl J Med. 1990; 323 (17): 1177-83.
- 132. Slama M, Modeliar SS. Hypertension in the intensive care unit. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2006; 21: 279-87.
Datas de Publicação
-
Publicação nesta coleção
14 Jan 2011 -
Data do Fascículo
2010
