Ação do cepa e do ácido giberélico na frutificação da videira 'niagara rosada'

Castro, Paulo R.C.

doi:10.1590/S0071-12761975000100010

Resumos

Estudou-se o efeito da aplicação, por imersão, do CEPA (ácido 2-cloroetil fosfônico) e do ácido giberélico, 14 dias antes do florescimento, nas características morfológicas da panícula da videira Vitis (labrus-ca x vinifera) "Niagara Rosada". Alguns tratamentos com ácido giberélico foram concluídos com nova aplicação 10 dias após o florescimento. Neste experimento verificou-se que, aplicação do CEPA na concentração de 250 ppm resultou na formação de panículas com a maioria de características indesejáveis. o tratamento misto CEPA 100 ppm + ácido giberélico 100 ppm também promoveu o aparecimento de panículas subdesenvolvidas. Aplicação de ácido giberélico na concentração de 100 ppm em pré e pós-ílorescimento, resultou médias mais elevadas, com relação ao peso da panícula, comprimento da panícula, peso das bagas e comprimento da ráquis. Ácido giberélico na concentração de 100 ppm aplicado em pós-ílorescimento, promoveu uma tendência de aumento nas médias do tratamento quanto ao comprimento médio das bagas, largura média das bagas, largura do engaço e comprimento da ráquila. Devemos considerar porém, que os resultados obtidos não apresentaram diferenças significativas com relação ao controle, quanto às características das frutificações, nas condições de estudo.

Studies were carried out to establish the effects of exogenous growth regulators on Vitis (labrusca x vinifera) 'Niagara Rosada' fruiting. The investigations were done in the Jundiaí Research Station, Agronomic Institute State of São Paulo, always using disease-free vineyards of good productivity. The morphological transformations of clusters were carried out under the following aspects: weight, length and width of cluster; number of berries; weight, length average and width average of berries; length average/width average ratio of berries; number of seeds; length and diameter of secondary rachis. That characteristics were determined at the time of maturity plus the total sugars, total acid, Maturity Index and reducing sugars in samples of all treatments. The experiment were conduced in order to determine the doses that resulted in the most beneficial effects, always using applications by immersion of the inflorescence. The experiment consisted of appplications of (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (CEPA) at concentrations of 50, 100, 250, 500, 1,000 and 2,000 ppm, 14 days before flowering; treatments with gibberellic acid at concentrations of 100 and 200 ppm before full bloom, 10 days after full bloom, and both before plus after full bloom. Treatment with CEPA 100 ppm plus gibberellic acid 100 ppm before full bloom and check treatment were also used. The use of CEPA before flowering at the concentrations used, did not result in good results in 'Niagara Rosada' clusters; applications of gibberellic acid did not differ significantly from the nontreated vines under the conditions studied.

Paulo R.C. Castro

Departamento de Botânica. E.S.A. "Luiz de Queiroz"/USP

RESUMO

Estudou-se o efeito da aplicação, por imersão, do CEPA (ácido 2-cloroetil fosfônico) e do ácido giberélico, 14 dias antes do florescimento, nas características morfológicas da panícula da videira Vitis (labrus-ca x vinifera) "Niagara Rosada". Alguns tratamentos com ácido giberélico foram concluídos com nova aplicação 10 dias após o florescimento. Neste experimento verificou-se que, aplicação do CEPA na concentração de 250 ppm resultou na formação de panículas com a maioria de características indesejáveis. o tratamento misto CEPA 100 ppm + ácido giberélico 100 ppm também promoveu o aparecimento de panículas subdesenvolvidas.

Aplicação de ácido giberélico na concentração de 100 ppm em pré e pós-ílorescimento, resultou médias mais elevadas, com relação ao peso da panícula, comprimento da panícula, peso das bagas e comprimento da ráquis. Ácido giberélico na concentração de 100 ppm aplicado em pós-ílorescimento, promoveu uma tendência de aumento nas médias do tratamento quanto ao comprimento médio das bagas, largura média das bagas, largura do engaço e comprimento da ráquila.

Devemos considerar porém, que os resultados obtidos não apresentaram diferenças significativas com relação ao controle, quanto às características das frutificações, nas condições de estudo.

SUMMARY

Studies were carried out to establish the effects of exogenous growth regulators on Vitis (labrusca x vinifera) 'Niagara Rosada' fruiting.

The investigations were done in the Jundiaí Research Station, Agronomic Institute State of São Paulo, always using disease-free vineyards of good productivity.

The morphological transformations of clusters were carried out under the following aspects: weight, length and width of cluster; number of berries; weight, length average and width average of berries; length average/width average ratio of berries; number of seeds; length and diameter of secondary rachis. That characteristics were determined at the time of maturity plus the total sugars, total acid, Maturity Index and reducing sugars in samples of all treatments.

The experiment were conduced in order to determine the doses that resulted in the most beneficial effects, always using applications by immersion of the inflorescence. The experiment consisted of appplications of (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (CEPA) at concentrations of 50, 100, 250, 500, 1,000 and 2,000 ppm, 14 days before flowering; treatments with gibberellic acid at concentrations of 100 and 200 ppm before full bloom, 10 days after full bloom, and both before plus after full bloom. Treatment with CEPA 100 ppm plus gibberellic acid 100 ppm before full bloom and check treatment were also used.

The use of CEPA before flowering at the concentrations used, did not result in good results in 'Niagara Rosada' clusters; applications of gibberellic acid did not differ significantly from the nontreated vines under the conditions studied.

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LITERATURA CITADA

Entregue para publicação em 21/7/1975.

Referências bibliográficas

ANÔNIMO, 1967. Gibberellin Kyowa. Tec. Bull., Japan 1-5.
ARRUDA NETO, J.S., 1970. Cultura da videira, diagnóstico da situação, medidas corretivas. Coord. Ass. Tec. Int., Campinas, 1-69 (mimeografado).
BORZINI, G., 1968. L'azione dell'acido gibberellico sulla fruttiflcazione della viti. Agricoltura, 17(6)54-56.
BROWNE. CA. & ZERBAN, F.W., 1941. Physical and chemical methods of sugar analysis. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York. 1-1353.
CAJLAHJAN, M.H. & SARKIZOVA, M.M., 1963. The effect of gibberellin on the growth of the berries on the grape-vine. Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 148: 219-222.
CELESTRE, M.R., 1963. Effetto dell'acido gibberellico e dell'acido 4-paraclorofenoxiacetico sull'uva ' Ohanez '. Rev. Vitic. Enol., 16(10):359-368.
CELESTRE, M.R. & PIERANDREI, F., 1969. Effetto dell'acido gibberellico su alcune cultivar di uve da tavola. Italia, 1-17.
CHRISTODOULOU, A., WEAVER, R.J. & POOL, R.M., 1968. Relation of gibberellin treatment to fruit-set, berry development, and cluster compactness in Vitis vinifera grapes. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 92:301-310.
CRANE, J.C., 1964. Growth substances in fruit setting and development. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol., 15: 303-326.
GALSTON, A.W. & DAVIES, P.J., 1970. Control mechanisms in plant development. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey 1-184.
GOMES, F.P., 1963. Curso de estatística experimental. Universidade de São Paulo. E.S.A. "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba, 1-384.
HALE, C.R., COOMBE, B.G. & HAWKER, J.S., 1970. Effects of ethylene and 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid on the ripening of grapes. Plant Physiol., 45:620-623.
HALL, W.C. & MORGAN, P.W., 1964. Auxin-ethylene interrelationships. Em: Régulateurs naturels de la croissance végétable. C.N.R.S., Paris, 728-745.
HALSEY, D.D., 1959. Use of gibberellin sprays on grapes. Agr. Ext. Serv. Univ. California, 1-2.
HANSEN, E. & HARTMAN, E., 1937. Effect of ethylene and metabolic gases upon respiration and ripening of pears before and after cold storage. Plant Physiol., 12:441-454.
HEDRICK, U.P., BOOTH, N.O. & TAYLOR, O.M., 1908. The grapes of New York. J.B. Lyon Co., Albany, 1-564.
HUSMANN, G.E., 1932. Grapes districts and varieties in the United States. U.S. Dept. Agric. Bull., 1689:1-32.
IWAHORI, S., WEAVER, R.J. & POOL, R.M., 1968. Gibberellin-like activity in berries of seeded and seedless Tokay grapes. Plant Physiol., 43:333-337.
KISHI, M. & TASAKI, M., 1958. The effect of gibberellin on grape varieties. Japan Gibberellin Res. Assoc., Tokyo, 13-14.
KRISHNAMURTHI, S., RANDHAWA, G.S. & SINGH, J.P., 1959. Effect of gibberellic acid on fruit set, size, and quality in the Pusa Seedless variety of grapes (Vitis vinifera L.). Indian J. Hort., 16:1-4.
KUROSAWA, E., 1926. Experimental studies on the secretion of Fusarium heterosporum on rice plants. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa, 16: 213-227.
LAVEE, S., 1960. Effect of gibberellic acid on seeded grapes. Nature, 185 :395.
LIDER, L.A. & EINSET, J., 1966. Improving berry and cluster size of seedless New York grapes. Fm. Res., 10-11.
MAXIE, E.C. & CRANE, J.C., 1968. Effect of ethylene on growth and maturation of the fig, Ficus carica L., fruit. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 92:255-267.
MUNSON, T.V., 1909. Foundations of american grapes culture. Orange Judd Co., New York, 1-252.
NELJUBOW, D., 1901. Uber die horizontal Nutation der Stengel von Pisum sativum und einiger anderem Pflanzen. Bot. Zbl. Beich., 10:128-139.
PALEG, L.G., 1965. Physiological effects of gibberellins. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol., 16:291-322.
PEREIRA, F.M., 1972. Estudo da giberelina sobre a videira 'Niagara Rosada' (Vitis labrusca L. x Vitis vinifera L.). Tese de Doutoramento. E.S.A. "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba, 1-134.
PRATT, H.K. & GOESCHL, J.D., 1969. Physiological roles of ethylene in plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol., 20: 541-584.
PRATT, C. & SHAULIS' N., 1961. Gibberellin induced parthenocarpy in grapes. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 77: 322-330.
ROWE, J.W., 1968. The common and systematic nomenclature of cyclic diterpenes. Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Dept. Agric, Madison.
RUDDAT, M., 1969. Biosynthesis and metabolism of steviol. Em: Biochemistry and physiology of plant growth substances. Ed. F. Wightman & G. Setterfield. Runge Press, Otawa, 341-346.
SHAULIS, N., 1950. Cultural practices for New York vineyards. New York State Coll. Agr. Bull.. 805:1-47.
SHING, K.C., 1961. Effects of gibberellin on the flowering and fruiting of vine. Mem. Coll. Agric. Nath. Taiwan Univ., 6(2)36-41.
SHOEMAKER, J.S., 1948. Small fruit culture. The Blakiston Co., Philadelphia, 1433.
SOUSA, J.S.I., 1959a. Origens do vinhedo paulista. Prefeitura Mun. Jundiaí, 1-319.
SOUSA, J.S.I., 1959b. Mutações somáticas na videira Niagara. Bragantia, 18(27):387415.
SOUSA, J.S.I., 1969. Uvas para o Brasil. Edições Melhoramentos, São Paulo, 1-454.
SRIVASTAVA, R.P. & BISHT, D.S., 1969. Effect of gibberellic acid on fruit crops. Hort. Sci. Calcutta, 1(1):39-42.
TARANTOLA, C. & CURZEL, U., 1963. La gibberelina in vitucultura: resultati di un trieno di spirimentazione su cultivar da vino. Atti Accad. Ital. Viti Vinasiena, 15:1-22.
TOLEDO, O.Z., 1960. Instruções para a fabricação do vinho. Inst. Agr. Est., Campinas, 121:1-68.
TULLIO, U. & SVAMPA, G., 1970. Azione delTacido gibberellico nell'acinellatura dei grappoli de vite. Inform. Agron., 5 444.
VALADARES, J., LEPSCH, I.F. & KUPPER, A., 1971. Levantamento pedológico detalhado da Estação Experimental de Jundiaí, SP. Bragantia, 30(25):337-386.
WEAVER, R.J., 1956. Plant regulators in grape production. Calif. Agr. Exptl. Sta. Bull., 752.
WEAVER, R.J., 1972. Plant growth substances in agriculture. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, 1-594.
WEAVER, R.J. & McCUNE, S.B., 1959a. Response of certain varieties of Vitis vinifera to gibberellin. Hilgardia, 28 297-350.
WEAVER, R.J. & McCUNE, S.B., 1959b. Effect of gibberellin on seeded Vitis vinifera and its translocation on within the vine. Hilgardia, 281825-645.
WEAVER, R.J. & MONTGOMERY, R.T., 1972. Effect of ethephon on coloration of grapes. Hort. Science, 7(3):322.
WEAVER, R.J. & OLMO, H.P., 1957. Response of certain varieties of Vitis vinifera grapes to gibberellic acid. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 5448.
WEAVER, R.J. & POOL, R.M., 1965. Relation of seededness and ringing to gibberellic-like activity in berries of Vitis vinifera. Plant Physiol., 40:770-776.
WEAVER, R.J. & POOL, R.M., 1969. Effect of ethrel, abscisic acid, and a morphactin on flower and berry abscission and shoot growth in Vitis vinifera. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 94:474-478.
WEAVER, R.J. & POOL, R.M., 1971. Berry responce of ⁴ Thompson seedless' and ' Perlette » grapes to application of gibberellic acid. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 96:162-166.
WEAVER, R.J. & WILLIAMS, W.O., 1950. Response of flowers of Black Corinth and fruit of Thompson Seedless grapes to applications of plant growth-regulators. Bot. Gaz., 111.477-485.
WEST. C.A., OSTER, M., ROBINSON, D., LEW, F. & MURPH, P., 1969. Biosynthesis of gibberellin precursors and related diterpene. Em: Biochemistry and physiology of plant growth substances. Ed. F. Wightman & G. Setterfield. Runge Press, Otawa, 313-332.
WINKLER, A. J., 1962. General viticulture. University of California Press, Bekerley, 1-792.
YABUTA, T. & HAYASHI, T., 1939. Biochemical studies on "bakanae" fungus of rice, II: Isolation of gibberellin, the active principal which produces slender rice seedlings. J. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan, 15: 257-266.
YANG, S.F., 1969. Biosynthesis of ethylene. Em: Biochemistry and physiology of plant growth hormones. Ed. F. Wightman & G. Setterfield. Runge Press, Otawa, 1217-1228.
ZIMMERMANN, P.W. & WILCOXON, F., 1935. Several chemical growth substances which cause initiation of roots and other responses in plants. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst., 7:209-229.

Ação do cepa e do ácido giberélico na frutificação da videira 'niagara rosada'

Action of cepa and gibberellic acid on fruiting of 'niagara rosada' grapes

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
30 Maio 2012
Data do Fascículo
1975

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] ANÔNIMO, 1967. Gibberellin Kyowa. Tec. Bull., Japan 1-5.

[2] ARRUDA NETO, J.S., 1970. Cultura da videira, diagnóstico da situação, medidas corretivas. Coord. Ass. Tec. Int., Campinas, 1-69 (mimeografado).

[3] BORZINI, G., 1968. L'azione dell'acido gibberellico sulla fruttiflcazione della viti. Agricoltura, 17(6)54-56.

[4] BROWNE. CA. & ZERBAN, F.W., 1941. Physical and chemical methods of sugar analysis. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York. 1-1353.

[5] CAJLAHJAN, M.H. & SARKIZOVA, M.M., 1963. The effect of gibberellin on the growth of the berries on the grape-vine. Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 148: 219-222.

[6] CELESTRE, M.R., 1963. Effetto dell'acido gibberellico e dell'acido 4-paraclorofenoxiacetico sull'uva ' Ohanez '. Rev. Vitic. Enol., 16(10):359-368.

[7] CELESTRE, M.R. & PIERANDREI, F., 1969. Effetto dell'acido gibberellico su alcune cultivar di uve da tavola. Italia, 1-17.

[8] CHRISTODOULOU, A., WEAVER, R.J. & POOL, R.M., 1968. Relation of gibberellin treatment to fruit-set, berry development, and cluster compactness in Vitis vinifera grapes. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 92:301-310.

[9] CRANE, J.C., 1964. Growth substances in fruit setting and development. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol., 15: 303-326.

[10] GALSTON, A.W. & DAVIES, P.J., 1970. Control mechanisms in plant development. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey 1-184.

[11] GOMES, F.P., 1963. Curso de estatística experimental. Universidade de São Paulo. E.S.A. "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba, 1-384.

[12] HALE, C.R., COOMBE, B.G. & HAWKER, J.S., 1970. Effects of ethylene and 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid on the ripening of grapes. Plant Physiol., 45:620-623.

[13] HALL, W.C. & MORGAN, P.W., 1964. Auxin-ethylene interrelationships. Em: Régulateurs naturels de la croissance végétable. C.N.R.S., Paris, 728-745.

[14] HALSEY, D.D., 1959. Use of gibberellin sprays on grapes. Agr. Ext. Serv. Univ. California, 1-2.

[15] HANSEN, E. & HARTMAN, E., 1937. Effect of ethylene and metabolic gases upon respiration and ripening of pears before and after cold storage. Plant Physiol., 12:441-454.

[16] HEDRICK, U.P., BOOTH, N.O. & TAYLOR, O.M., 1908. The grapes of New York. J.B. Lyon Co., Albany, 1-564.

[17] HUSMANN, G.E., 1932. Grapes districts and varieties in the United States. U.S. Dept. Agric. Bull., 1689:1-32.

[18] IWAHORI, S., WEAVER, R.J. & POOL, R.M., 1968. Gibberellin-like activity in berries of seeded and seedless Tokay grapes. Plant Physiol., 43:333-337.

[19] KISHI, M. & TASAKI, M., 1958. The effect of gibberellin on grape varieties. Japan Gibberellin Res. Assoc., Tokyo, 13-14.

[20] KRISHNAMURTHI, S., RANDHAWA, G.S. & SINGH, J.P., 1959. Effect of gibberellic acid on fruit set, size, and quality in the Pusa Seedless variety of grapes (Vitis vinifera L.). Indian J. Hort., 16:1-4.

[21] KUROSAWA, E., 1926. Experimental studies on the secretion of Fusarium heterosporum on rice plants. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa, 16: 213-227.

[22] LAVEE, S., 1960. Effect of gibberellic acid on seeded grapes. Nature, 185 :395.

[23] LIDER, L.A. & EINSET, J., 1966. Improving berry and cluster size of seedless New York grapes. Fm. Res., 10-11.

[24] MAXIE, E.C. & CRANE, J.C., 1968. Effect of ethylene on growth and maturation of the fig, Ficus carica L., fruit. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 92:255-267.

[25] MUNSON, T.V., 1909. Foundations of american grapes culture. Orange Judd Co., New York, 1-252.

[26] NELJUBOW, D., 1901. Uber die horizontal Nutation der Stengel von Pisum sativum und einiger anderem Pflanzen. Bot. Zbl. Beich., 10:128-139.

[27] PALEG, L.G., 1965. Physiological effects of gibberellins. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol., 16:291-322.

[28] PEREIRA, F.M., 1972. Estudo da giberelina sobre a videira 'Niagara Rosada' (Vitis labrusca L. x Vitis vinifera L.). Tese de Doutoramento. E.S.A. "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba, 1-134.

[29] PRATT, H.K. & GOESCHL, J.D., 1969. Physiological roles of ethylene in plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol., 20: 541-584.

[30] PRATT, C. & SHAULIS' N., 1961. Gibberellin induced parthenocarpy in grapes. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 77: 322-330.

[31] ROWE, J.W., 1968. The common and systematic nomenclature of cyclic diterpenes. Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Dept. Agric, Madison.

[32] RUDDAT, M., 1969. Biosynthesis and metabolism of steviol. Em: Biochemistry and physiology of plant growth substances. Ed. F. Wightman & G. Setterfield. Runge Press, Otawa, 341-346.

[33] SHAULIS, N., 1950. Cultural practices for New York vineyards. New York State Coll. Agr. Bull.. 805:1-47.

[34] SHING, K.C., 1961. Effects of gibberellin on the flowering and fruiting of vine. Mem. Coll. Agric. Nath. Taiwan Univ., 6(2)36-41.

[35] SHOEMAKER, J.S., 1948. Small fruit culture. The Blakiston Co., Philadelphia, 1433.

[36] SOUSA, J.S.I., 1959a. Origens do vinhedo paulista. Prefeitura Mun. Jundiaí, 1-319.

[37] SOUSA, J.S.I., 1959b. Mutações somáticas na videira Niagara. Bragantia, 18(27):387415.

[38] SOUSA, J.S.I., 1969. Uvas para o Brasil. Edições Melhoramentos, São Paulo, 1-454.

[39] SRIVASTAVA, R.P. & BISHT, D.S., 1969. Effect of gibberellic acid on fruit crops. Hort. Sci. Calcutta, 1(1):39-42.

[40] TARANTOLA, C. & CURZEL, U., 1963. La gibberelina in vitucultura: resultati di un trieno di spirimentazione su cultivar da vino. Atti Accad. Ital. Viti Vinasiena, 15:1-22.

[41] TOLEDO, O.Z., 1960. Instruções para a fabricação do vinho. Inst. Agr. Est., Campinas, 121:1-68.

[42] TULLIO, U. & SVAMPA, G., 1970. Azione delTacido gibberellico nell'acinellatura dei grappoli de vite. Inform. Agron., 5 444.

[43] VALADARES, J., LEPSCH, I.F. & KUPPER, A., 1971. Levantamento pedológico detalhado da Estação Experimental de Jundiaí, SP. Bragantia, 30(25):337-386.

[44] WEAVER, R.J., 1956. Plant regulators in grape production. Calif. Agr. Exptl. Sta. Bull., 752.

[45] WEAVER, R.J., 1972. Plant growth substances in agriculture. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, 1-594.

[46] WEAVER, R.J. & McCUNE, S.B., 1959a. Response of certain varieties of Vitis vinifera to gibberellin. Hilgardia, 28 297-350.

[47] WEAVER, R.J. & McCUNE, S.B., 1959b. Effect of gibberellin on seeded Vitis vinifera and its translocation on within the vine. Hilgardia, 281825-645.

[48] WEAVER, R.J. & MONTGOMERY, R.T., 1972. Effect of ethephon on coloration of grapes. Hort. Science, 7(3):322.

[49] WEAVER, R.J. & OLMO, H.P., 1957. Response of certain varieties of Vitis vinifera grapes to gibberellic acid. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 5448.

[50] WEAVER, R.J. & POOL, R.M., 1965. Relation of seededness and ringing to gibberellic-like activity in berries of Vitis vinifera. Plant Physiol., 40:770-776.

[51] WEAVER, R.J. & POOL, R.M., 1969. Effect of ethrel, abscisic acid, and a morphactin on flower and berry abscission and shoot growth in Vitis vinifera. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 94:474-478.

[52] WEAVER, R.J. & POOL, R.M., 1971. Berry responce of ⁴ Thompson seedless' and ' Perlette » grapes to application of gibberellic acid. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 96:162-166.

[53] WEAVER, R.J. & WILLIAMS, W.O., 1950. Response of flowers of Black Corinth and fruit of Thompson Seedless grapes to applications of plant growth-regulators. Bot. Gaz., 111.477-485.

[54] WEST. C.A., OSTER, M., ROBINSON, D., LEW, F. & MURPH, P., 1969. Biosynthesis of gibberellin precursors and related diterpene. Em: Biochemistry and physiology of plant growth substances. Ed. F. Wightman & G. Setterfield. Runge Press, Otawa, 313-332.

[55] WINKLER, A. J., 1962. General viticulture. University of California Press, Bekerley, 1-792.

[56] YABUTA, T. & HAYASHI, T., 1939. Biochemical studies on "bakanae" fungus of rice, II: Isolation of gibberellin, the active principal which produces slender rice seedlings. J. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan, 15: 257-266.

[57] YANG, S.F., 1969. Biosynthesis of ethylene. Em: Biochemistry and physiology of plant growth hormones. Ed. F. Wightman & G. Setterfield. Runge Press, Otawa, 1217-1228.

[58] ZIMMERMANN, P.W. & WILCOXON, F., 1935. Several chemical growth substances which cause initiation of roots and other responses in plants. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst., 7:209-229.