BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
RESEARCH NOTE
Anti-moulting activity in Brazilian Melia azedarach
Marise MO CabralI, + + CNPq and FAPERJ fellowship ; Eloi S GarciaI; Heinz RemboldII; Salvatore G De SimoneIII; Alphonse KelecomIII
IDepartamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
IIMax-Planck Institut fur Biochemie, Martinsried bei Munchen, D-8033, Deutchland
IIIInstituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Caixa Postal 100.436, 24001-970 Niterói, RJ, Brasil
Key words:Melia azedarach L. - seeds - anti-moulting activity
Efficient control of Chagas disease depends heavily on an efficient control of its vectors, namely triatomid infested haematophagous insects, such as Rhodnius prolixus and some other related ones (ES Garcia, P Azambuja 1991 Parasitol Today 7: 240-244). Synthetic insecticides are commonly used for that purpose although they offer a series of disadvantages as they are both highly toxic and not specific. In addition, pest resistence to many pesticides has grown rapidly in recent years (H Schmutterer 1990 Annu Rev Entomol 35: 271-297). Nowadays, new chemicals used for insect control must be biodegradable. Such chemicals are expected to be found among natural products from higher plants, that are known to be rich sources of repellent and/or toxic secondary metabolites (B Subrahmanyam 1990 Proc Ind Acad Sci 99: 277-288). Aza-dirachtin-A, for example, is endowed of remarkable phagoinhibitor and anti-moulting activities on R. prolixus and might therefore be a serious candidate for Chagas disease control (ES Garcia et al. 1984 Z Naturforsch 39c: 1155-1158). However, it seems that production of azadirachtin-A may suffer strong biogeographic dependance since it is found in the Kenyan Melia azedarach (ED Morgan, MD Thornton 1973 Phytochem 12: 391-392), but not in crude extracts of the Paraguayan plant that are devoid of anti-moulting activity (AR Arias, GS Hirschmann 1988 Fitoterapia 59: 148-149).
This research note describes the anti-moulting activity observed in the methanolic crude extract and in several chromatographic fractions obtained from the seeds of M. azedarach collected in the neighbourhood of Niterói (State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). The bioassays were carried out as follows. Fourth instar nymphs of R. prolixus were used. Test material was dissolved in EtOH-salina (1:4) and aliquots were added to blood in order to obtain the desired final concentrations, between 10 and 100 mg/ml. At higher concen-trations, the crude extract showed phagoinhibition that precluded the study of the anti-moulting activity. Test blood was placed in special designed feeders, and the insects were allowed to feed (ES Garcia, H Rembold 1984 J Insect Physiol 30: 939-941). After this, the insects were weighted, incubated at 28°C and observed every two days over a one month period. Only fully fed insects were used, partially fed ones were discarded. Death and ecdysis were counted.
Seeds of M. azedarach were extracted exhaustively with MeOH (yield 12%). Filtration and evaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure furnished the crude extract that showed, depending on the concentration (see above), phagoinhibitor or anti-moulting activity. Only the latter was considered in the present study. All purification steps were bioassay guided. Thus, fractionation of the crude extract, by solvent-solvent partition between 5% aq MeOH and hexane, then EtOAc, furnished an EtOAc fraction (A) that contained almost all the activity. Purification of a 1g aliquot of A, by repetitive chromatographic processes using silica gel and mixtures of CHCl3-MeOH, furnished fraction B (21 mg) that inhibited 100% moulting of R. prolixus at 25 µg/ml blood (Fig.). HPLC analysis, on a RP-18 column (eluent : MeOH-H2O 45:55), indicated the presence, in the crude extract, of traces of a constituent whose retention time was identical to that of an authentic sample of azadirachtin-A. In fraction B, the concentration of this constituent raised to 13%. The remaining fractions of this purification step contained, among the major constituents, classical phytosterols (cholesterol, campesterol and stigmasterol), four lignanes and one triterpene, all of which devoid of anti-moulting activity. Structure determination of these compounds will be described elsewhere.
The observation of strong biological activity in the methanolic extract of seeds of the Brazilian M. azedarach makes of this plant a potential tool of major interest in the control of Chagas disease in the same way as Azadirachta indica has been claimed to present an enormous potential for pest control (H Schmutterer 1990 Annu Rev Entomol 35: 271-297).
Received 14 May 1995
Accepted 1 September 1995
This work was supported by CNPq, DAAD and Volkswagen Fundation grants.
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
08 Oct 2008 -
Date of issue
Feb 1996
