High-dose cyclophosphamide followed by autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation improves the salvage treatment for persistent or sensitive relapsed malignant lymphoma

Braz J Med Biol Res, January 2002, Volume 35(1) 49-57

High-dose cyclophosphamide followed by autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation improves the salvage treatment for persistent or sensitive relapsed malignant lymphoma

R.C. Baldissera¹, J.F.P. Aranha², G.B. Oliveira², A.C. Vigorito², K.A.B. Eid², E.C.M. Miranda² and C.A. De Souza²

¹Faculdade de Medicina de Marília, Marília, SP, Brasil

²Unidade de Transplante de Medula Óssea, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil

^{Patients and Methods}

References

^{Correspondence and Footnotes}

Abstract

Trials have demonstrated that high-dose escalation followed by autologous transplantation can promote better long-term survival as salvage treatment in malignant lymphomas. The aim of the present nonrandomized clinical trial was to demonstrate the role of high-dose cyclophosphamide (HDCY) in reducing tumor burden and also to determine the effectiveness of HDCY followed by etoposide (VP-16) and methotrexate (MTX) in Hodgkin's disease plus high-dose therapy with peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) transplantation as salvage treatment. From 1998 to 2000, 33 patients with a median age of 33 years (13-65) affected by aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) (60.6%) or persistent or relapsed Hodgkin's disease (39.4%) were enrolled and treated using high dose escalation (HDCY + HDVP-16 plus HDMTX in Hodgkin's disease) followed by autologous PBPC transplantation. On an "intention to treat" basis, 33 patients with malignant lymphomas were evaluated. The overall median follow-up was 400 days (40-1233). Thirty-one patients underwent autografting and received a median of 6.19 x 10⁶/kg (1.07-29.3) CD34⁺ cells. Patients who were chemosensitive to HDCY (N = 22) and patients who were chemoresistant (N = 11) presented an overall survival of 96 and 15%, respectively (P<0.0001). Overall survival was 92% for chemosensitive patients and 0% for patients who were still chemoresistant before transplantation (P<0.0001). Toxicity-related mortality was 12% (four patients), related to HDCY in two cases and to transplant in the other two. HDCY + HDVP-16 plus HDMTX in only Hodgkin's disease followed by autologous PBPC proved to be effective and safe as salvage treatment for chemosensitive patients affected by aggressive NHL and Hodgkin's disease, with acceptable mortality rates related to sequential treatment.

Key words: Malignant lymphomas, High-dose cyclophosphamide, Autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation, Salvage therapy

Introduction

The non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) are chemosensitive malignancies. However, responses to initial chemotherapy and radiation therapy are effective in only a minority of patients(1). Anthracycline-containing regimens, specifically the classic CHOP, have been used as the main therapy for intermediate- and high-grade NHL since 1970 (2,3). Approximately 70 to 80% of the patients with aggressive NHL respond to CHOP, but many of them will relapse and only 40% can be cured. Regimens defined as third generation have failed to demonstrate a significant advantage over CHOP in this category of patients (4-6). The management of refractory or relapsing NHL is usually disappointing and the long-term survival rate is less than 10% with conventional salvage therapy (7,8). Results indicate that, in these patients, high-dose therapy (HDT) would provide durable remission in 50% of the patients with recurrences of chemosensitive disease, with early transplant-related mortality of about 5% (9). Concerning Hodgkin's disease, the current combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy programs results in cure in about 60 to 85% of patients. Among patients who fail to respond or relapse, the efficacy of second-line therapy is directly related to the duration of the initial response rate (10). A large number of phase II trials have evaluated the role of autologous transplantation for patients with relapsed and refractory Hodgkin's disease. These reports show that long-term disease-free survival can be achieved following autografting, and can be performed with low mortality (9). The best results of autografting are achieved when initial remission duration is longer than one year (11). Peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) autografting may be feasible and progenitor cells can be obtained using mobilization after chemotherapy-induced neutropenia (12). High-dose cyclophosphamide (HDCY) followed by growth factors is the most widely used chemotherapy for obtaining PBPC (13-15). In the present study we enrolled patients pretreated for aggressive NHL and Hodgkin's disease with relapsed or refractory disease. Our aims were to evaluate the role of HDCY in reducing tumor burden, promoting efficient mobilization of CD34⁺ cells. We also determined the effectiveness of HDCY followed by HDT with PBPC autografting as salvage treatment for these patients.

Patients and Methods

Eligibility criteria and definitions

Between July 1998 and September 2000, 33 patients with a median age of 33 years (range 13-65) with diffuse intermediate- and high-grade NHL as defined by the "Working Formulation" (WF) (16) and Hodgkin's disease submitted to HDT and autografting with PBPC as salvage therapy entered the study. Eligibility criteria included: 1) diagnosis of intermediate- or high-grade NHL as defined in the WF or Hodgkin's disease; 2) NHL or Hodgkin's disease patients who had failed to achieve a complete remission, NHL patients who had sensitive or resistant relapse, Hodgkin's disease patients who had an early relapse (less than 18 months), and patients primarily refractory to multi-agent chemotherapy; 3) normal cardiac, renal, pulmonary and hepatic function. Disease status was defined before HDCY and HDT as follows: partial response was considered for patients who achieved a greater than 50% reduction in tumor mass after conventional treatment; non-response, for patients with less than 50% reduction or with progressive disease; sensitive-relapse, for patients who relapsed after a complete remission and still showed a partial response to conventional salvage therapy; resistant-relapsed, for patients who relapsed with no response or less than a 50% response to conventional chemotherapy.

Patient characteristics

Thirty-three patients participated in the study. Twenty (60.6%) with a diagnosis of NHL and 13 (39.4%) with a diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease. Twenty patients with NHL were classified according to WF. Histological classification according to WF was: group D, one patient (3.0%); group E, one patient (3.0%); group F, two patients (6.1%); group G, 14 patients (42.4%); group H, one patient (3.0%), and group K, one patient (3.0%). We studied 13 patients (39.4%) with Hodgkin's disease. Patients were evaluated by conventional chest X-ray, chest and abdominal tomography and/or ultrasound scan and bilateral iliac crest biopsies. Patients were staged at diagnosis according to the Ann Arbor System. One patient (3.0%) was stage I; 11 (33.3%), stage II; 6 (18.2%), stage III, and 15 patients (45.5%), stage IV. Twenty-one (63.6%) patients had presented B symptoms (³10% weight loss and/or fever and/or sweat). All patients had received extensive conventional treatment prior to HDCY, including CHOP (17), F-MACHOP (17), VACOP-B (17), and DHAP (8). Patients with Hodgkin's disease received MOPP-ABVD and MOPP (10). Patients were pretreated with a median of one conventional chemotherapy line before HDCY (1-3); 21 patients with one line, nine patients with two lines, and three patients with three lines. Twelve patients had achieved a partial response after first- or second-line therapy, and were considered chemosensitive. Eleven patients had a chemosensitive relapse. Ten patients were non-responders to conventional treatment, with progressive disease. In conclusion, 23 patients (69.7%) had chemosensitive disease and 10 (30.3%), chemoresistant disease. Ten patients (30.3%) had bone marrow involvement and five patients (15.2%), one or more other extra-nodal localization. Patient characteristics are reported in Table 1. Complete restaging, including two posterior iliac crest biopsies and chest and abdomen computed tomography, were performed after HDCY. A gallium scan was performed when tomography was inconclusive. Clinical, laboratory and image controls were performed every three months during the first two years following PBPC rescue, and every year over successive years.

 

Mobilization and peripheral blood progenitor cell collection

A central venous catheter (Hickman, 13.5 fr, double line) was inserted in all cases for chemotherapy and PBPC collection. CY was administered to 31/33 (91.6%) patients at the dose of 7 g/m². Two patients received CY at the dose of 4 g/m² due to borderline cardiac function (ejection function at the lower limit). The CY dose of 4 g/m² was divided into four infusions and the dose of 7 g/m² was divided into five infusions. All patients received hyperhydration with saline solution + 30 mEq/l KCl + 30 mEq/l NaHCO₃ (3000 ml m² 24 h^-1) starting at least 12 h before CY, and uromitexan, 1:1 in proportion to CY. Intravenous furosemide (20 mg) before the first dose of CY, 250 mg acetazolamide po every 6 h, starting 4 h before CY, and 8 mg ondansetron were administered before CY and every 8 h, as required. Diuresis and urinary pH were determined every 2 h. From day +1, after HDCY, 5 µg kg^-1 day^-1 G-CSF was administered sc until white blood cells increased to >1.0 x 10⁹/l in order to collect more than 5 x 10⁶ CD34⁺ cells/kg body weight. Growth factors were stopped after the last leukapheresis. The median leukapheresis was 3 (range 1-8). After HDCY, all patients received 2 g/m² etoposide (VP-16). All patients with Hodgkin's disease also received 8 g/m² methotrexate between HDCY and VP-16, according to the Institutional Protocol, before autologous bone marrow transplant (ABMT). CD34⁺ cells were counted by flow cytometry and the apheresis product was cryopreserved as described elsewhere (13).

High-dose therapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation

The median time between HDCY and HDT followed by autografting was 108 days (40-261). Patients with Hodgkin's disease received 8 g/m² methotrexate between HDCY and VP-16. Thirty-one patients underwent HDT. These patients received a 6-day period of chemotherapy according to the BEAM protocol (18). PBPC were re-infused on the day following HDT, nominally day 0 of the transplant procedure. Patients were randomized to receive growth factors on day +1 or +5 after autografting (19).

Supportive care

Patients were treated in single rooms without laminar air flow during the procedures for obtaining PBPC. Transplanted patients were allowed to recover in single rooms with a laminar air flow. All patients received supportive care as described by the Institutional Protocol for ABMT. Platelet transfusions from individual donors were given when platelet counts dropped below 20 x 10⁹/l. Leukocyte-free erythrocyte concentrates were administered when hemoglobin dropped below 8 g/dl. All blood products were irradiated (20 Gy).

Statistical analysis

Analysis was based on disease status on September 30, 2000. Overall survival was measured from the beginning of HDCY to the date of death or last follow-up. Progression-free survival was determined for all patients and was calculated from the beginning of HDCY to the date of relapse, progression, toxic death or last follow-up. Disease-free survival only applies to patients who achieved complete remission using the proposed sequential treatment. Duration was calculated from the time of a complete remission assessment to the date of relapse, death or last follow-up confirming disease-free patient status. Actuarial curves were estimated according to the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by the log-rank test (20). The analyses were performed using the SPSS software, version 7.5 for Windows 95.

Results

Peripheral blood progenitor cell collection and toxicity

Two patients (6.1%) died during the aplastic phase following HDCY. One patient died of cardiac toxicity and one of sepsis. Thirty-one patients underwent leukapheresis on median day +13 (range 11-18). A median of 3.0 leukaphereses (range 1-8) were performed. The median number of mononuclear cells harvested was 1.40 x 10⁸/kg (range 0.28-13.2), the median number of CD34⁺ cells was 6.19 x 10⁶/kg (range 1.07-29.3). Nineteen of 31 patients (61.2%) required platelet and/or erythrocyte concentrate transfusions during the aplastic phase of CY treatment. All patients experienced nausea and vomiting (grade 1-3). Two patients (6.1%) presented fever of unknown origin. One patient (3.0%) showed a transitory skin rush and one patient (3.0%) transitory liver toxicity (grade 2).

Autografting and toxicity

PBPC autografting was performed in 30 patients and one patient was transplanted using PBPC plus bone marrow. Complete hematological reconstitution occurred in 30 patients. One patient remained thrombocytopenic with platelet counts of less than 50 x 10⁹/l three months after autografting, without bleeding. The median was 11 days (7-26) for granulocyte engraftment (neutrophil count >0.5 x 10⁹/l) and 17 days (8-62) for platelet engraftment (platelet count >20 x 10⁹/l). The median duration of hospitalization was 15 days (4-43). No patients remained transfusion-dependent on red blood cells or platelets following the procedure and all of them presented a stable engraftment. All patients experienced nausea and vomiting, and 30% had diarrhea (grade 2-3). Grade 2-3 mucositis was observed in all patients. Most of the patients required antibiotic therapy and transfusion during the aplastic phase. One patient presented transient grade 1-2 hepatic toxicity. Two patients died in complete remission: one of cardiac failure 7 days after autografting and one of sepsis 10 days after autografting. Five patients died during disease progression after autologous transplantation. The autografting-related mortality was 6.4% (2 patients). Overall sequence-related mortality (HDCY plus transplant) was 12% (4 patients).

Response and survival

All patients were available for response after HDCY. Two patients died following HDCY. Ultimately, 19 of 33 (57.6%) patients achieved complete remission before autografting. Distribution of complete remission according to status at HDCY is reported in Table 2. Most of the patients achieving complete remission were chemosensitive. Thirty-one patients underwent autografting. In addition, 6 of 33 (18.2%) patients obtained complete remission. According to "intention to treat", 24 (72.7%) achieved complete remission. Six patients did not achieve complete remission after completion of the procedure, one patient is alive on therapy and five patients died because of progression of disease in a median time of 6 months (3-14). One patient relapsed after complete remission for 12 months and is alive on therapy. Up to now, 24 patients have survived for a median of 400 days (40-1233) after the procedure. Twenty-three patients are in complete remission for a median of 373 days (35-1224) after autografting.

 

The overall survival was 70% for 33 analyzed patients (Figure 1A). The overall survival was 62% for NHL and 76% for Hodgkin's disease (Figure 1B). The disease-free survival was 87% for NHL and 85% for Hodgkin's disease (Figure 1C). The progression-free survival was 62% for NHL and 50% for Hodgkin's disease (Figure 1D). No significant differences have been observed so far between NHL and Hodgkin's disease. Figure 1E shows that the overall survival at HDCY was 96% for chemosensitive patients and 15% for chemoresistant patients (P<0.0001). In addition, Figure 1F shows that the overall survival at autografting was 92% for chemosensitive patients and 0% for still chemoresistant patients (P<0.0001).

Figure 1.
Estimated survival of patients treated with HDCY + HDVP-16 (± HDMTX) followed by PBPC transplant (Kaplan-Meier method).

A, Overall survival. B, Overall survival after diagnosis (Hodgkin's disease (HD) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)). Not significant (log-rank test). C, Disease-free survival after diagnosis. Not significant (log-rank test). D, Progression-free survival after diagnosis. Not significant (log-rank test). E, Overall survival after high-dose cyclophosphamide (sensitive and resistant diseases). *P<0.0001 compared to sensitive diseases (log-rank test). F, Overall survival after autologous bone marrow transplantation (sensitive and resistant diseases). *P<0.0001 compared to sensitive diseases (log-rank test).

[View larger version of this image (34 K GIF file)]

Discussion

Intermediate- and high-grade NHL represent highly chemosensitive forms of malignancy. Even in patients who present advanced disease, the complete remission rate is higher than 50% using anthracycline-based regimens (1-3). However, only 40% of patients can be cured. A substantial proportion of patients will relapse or fail to obtain complete remission with conventional chemotherapy (21,22). Most patients need further treatment after front-line therapy (4-8). In Hodgkin's disease, 10 to 40% of patients who achieve complete remission after the initial treatment will relapse (10). The management of these refractory or relapsed Hodgkin's disease and NHL patients is usually disappointing and the long-term survival rate is less than 10% (9,10). Despite attempts at secondary "salvage" therapy, few patients can be expected to be cured of recurrent disease (20). Among the approaches to this clinical situation, HDT followed by ABMT or PBPC transplantation is useful in increasing survival and disease-free survival in these categories of patients (9-12). Several reports have indicated the advantages in terms of overall survival and disease-free survival of HDT plus autografting over conventional salvage therapy as salvage treatment (22-25). The activity of HDCY at 7 or 4 g/m² in patients with NHL is well established. Cyclophosphamide was also efficient as a mobilization agent (26). The association of growth factors and HDCY accelerates hematopoietic recovery and significantly increases the yield of granulocyte colony-forming units and CD34⁺ cells (15). The number of collected PBPC is related to the intensity of previous chemotherapy lines (27). The use of CY at the dose of 7 or 4 g/m² plus growth factors permitted an effective PBPC collection in most of the pretreated patients with or without bone marrow involvement (28). In our single-center series of patients with resistant or relapsed intermediate/high-grade NHL or Hodgkin's disease treated with HDCY and HDT plus autografting, the overall complete remission rate was 72.7%. Overall survival was 70%. The rate of disease-free survival was 87% for NHL and 85% for Hodgkin's disease. Progression-free survival was 62% for NHL and 50% for Hodgkin's disease. Our study did not show any significant differences between patients with NHL and Hodgkin's disease. These results compare favorably with data reported after conventional dose therapy and are comparable to the results achieved with the use of HDT and ABMT (21-25). Investigators from Stanford University (10) compared the results of transplantation for Hodgkin's disease patients after first relapse with data from historical controls. The four-year event-free survival for relapsed patients with short initial remissions was estimated to be 56% following transplantation, compared with 19% for the historical controls (P<0.01). Overall survival rates were 58 and 38%, respectively (P = 0.15). In recurrent Hodgkin's disease, which is either primarily refractory or relapses earlier after conventional chemotherapy, protocols using ablative HDT followed by ABMT rescue can induce a complete remission in 50% of responders (10,11).

In 1987, the combination of HDT and ABMT for relapsed NHL patients was considered promising (22). This large trial convincingly demonstrated the concept of sensitivity to conventional chemotherapy prior to transplantation as the most important variable related to results. In 1995, the multi-institutional PARMA study compared conventional dexamethasone, cytarabine, and cisplatin chemotherapy with radiotherapy plus intensive chemotherapy followed by ABMT in 109 patients with chemotherapy-responsive first or second relapses of intermediate- or high-grade lymphomas. In this study, the response rate was significantly better in the ABMT arm (84 vs 44%), and both five-year event-free survival (46 vs 12%) and overall survival (53 vs 32%) were significantly favorable in the transplantation arm (23). In our study, the procedure confirmed the impact of chemosensitivity of disease on the results, showing a rate of overall survival at the time of HDCY of 96% for chemosensitive patients and 15% for chemoresistant patients (P<0.0001). The overall survival at the time of transplantation was 93% for chemosensitive patients and 0% for chemoresistant patients (P<0.0001). Mills et al. (18) reported a five-year progression-free survival of 49% for 55 chemosensitive patients with NHL, and 10% for 42 patients with chemoresistant lymphoma treated with HDT and ABMT. The main issue of this study is related to the important impact of HDCY on the diseases: 57.6% of patients achieved complete remission, 19 of 23 chemosensitive patients and 2 of 10 chemoresistant patients. This agrees with the fact that CY is a potent drug in the treatment of NHL (17) and justifies the dose escalation of this drug in the context of ABMT or PBPC autografting (16,23). These results are favorable when compared with a complete remission ranging from 24 to 37% observed in refractory and relapsed aggressive NHL treated with conventional salvage treatments (4-6). Additionally, this could be explained by the high-dose intensity of drugs, like CY, VP-16 and methotrexate, used in the limit of toxicity and activity against the tumor. Moreover, most patients treated in this trial presented only one line of previous treatment. This is a very important point, i.e., high-dose sequential treatment followed by autografting should be used as soon as possible after relapse or persistent disease.

We were able to confirm that HDCY + VP-16 (plus methotrexate in Hodgkin's disease) followed by autologous PBPC proved to be effective and safe as salvage therapy in chemosensitive patients affected by aggressive NHL and Hodgkin's disease, showing acceptable and low mortality rates. HDCY also promoted efficient mobilization. However, truly chemoresistant patients did not benefit from this treatment regimen and should not be autotransplanted.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge Arlete Rocha for secretarial assistance and Thelma Eloisa Felix de Oliveira for revising the English text.

Address for correspondence: C.A. De Souza, Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia, Unidade de Transplante de Medula Óssea, UNICAMP, Caixa Postal 6198, 13081-970 Campinas, SP, Brasil. Fax: [phone]. E-mail: [e-mail]

Publication supported by FAPESP. Received January 26, 2001. Accepted October 10, 2001.

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Figure 1. Estimated survival of patients treated with HDCY + HDVP-16 (± HDMTX) followed by PBPC transplant (Kaplan-Meier method). A, Overall survival. B, Overall survival after diagnosis (Hodgkin's disease (HD) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)). Not significant (log-rank test). C, Disease-free survival after diagnosis. Not significant (log-rank test). D, Progression-free survival after diagnosis. Not significant (log-rank test). E, Overall survival after high-dose cyclophosphamide (sensitive and resistant diseases). *P<0.0001 compared to sensitive diseases (log-rank test). F, Overall survival after autologous bone marrow transplantation (sensitive and resistant diseases). *P<0.0001 compared to sensitive diseases (log-rank test).

Correspondence and Footnotes

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  07 Dec 2001
• Date of issue
  Jan 2002

History

• Accepted
  10 Oct 2001
• Received
  26 Jan 2001