The calcium-dependent protease of Loxosceles gaucho venom acts preferentially upon red cell band 3 transmembrane protein

Braz J Med Biol Res, March 2003, Volume 36(3) 309-313

The calcium-dependent protease of Loxosceles gaucho venom acts preferentially upon red cell band 3 transmembrane protein

O.C. de O. Barretto¹, M. Satake², K. Nonoyama³ and J.L.C. Cardoso⁴

¹Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Lim-23, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

²Serviço de Hematologia, Hospital dos Servidores do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

³Divisão de Hematologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

⁴Hospital Vital Brazil, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

References

^{Correspondence and Footnotes}

Abstract

Eighty micrograms red blood cell (RBC) ghosts from patients who had previously exhibited the cutaneous form of loxoscelism (presenting localized dermonecrosis) and the viscerocutaneous form of loxoscelism (presenting dermonecrosis, hemoglobinuria, hematuria, and jaundice) and from controls were incubated with 2.5 µg crude Loxosceles gaucho venom in 5 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, at 37ºC. Among all membrane proteins, quantitative proteolysis of the important integral transmembrane protein 3 increased with venom dose and with incubation time from 30 to 120 min, as demonstrated by gel densitometry. Similar quantitative data were obtained for RBC ghosts from patients and from control subjects, a fact that argues against the possibility of genetic factors favoring the hemolytic viscerocutaneous form. These data suggest that the clinical forms may be different types of the same disease, with the viscerocutaneous form being the result of large amounts of intravascularly injected venom and the superficial form being the result of in situ venom action. Since protein 3 is a housekeeping integral membrane protein, whose genetic deficiency leads to hemolytic anemia, it is reasonable to relate it to the hemolysis which occurs in the viscerocutaneous form of loxoscelism. The venom protease responsible for the process was not inhibited after 120-min incubation by 0.2 mM paramethylsulfonyl fluoride or by 0.2 mM N-ethylmaleimide but was inhibited by 25 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (a calcium-chelating agent) in 5 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.4, which suggests that the enzyme is a calcium-dependent metalloprotease.

Key words: Loxoscelism, Loxosceles sp, Spider venom, Red blood cell membrane protein 3

Introduction

The Loxosceles sp spider bite may cause two clinical variants of envenomation: a cutaneous form, which appears as a painful local lesion followed by necrosis, and a viscerocutaneous or systemic form which, in addition to the local lesion, exhibits hemolytic anemia together with hemoglobinuria, hematuria, jaundice and fever. Since this form only occurs in a small percent of cases, it has been claimed that a genetic factor may play an etiologic role in its occurrence. Thus, since hemolysis could be ascribed to hereditary glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, Barretto et al. (1) investigated patients with the viscerocutaneous form, but found that only two of seven were glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient, a fact that ruled out a role of this deficiency in triggering hemolysis.

It is well known that the red blood cell (RBC) membrane structure and function depend on the membrane protein network, and the hereditary deficiency of spectrins, ankyrins, band 3, band 4.1, and band 4.2 may lead to severe membrane disorders, triggering chronic hemolytic anemias. The spectrins, ankyrins, band 4.1 and band 4.2 are peripheral proteins or proteins which belong to the internal cytoskeleton and, together with other membrane proteins, the cytoskeleton is anchored to the integral proteins. These integral proteins, such as band 3 and the glycophorins, are firmly embedded in the membrane lipid bilayer. Band 3 works as a true internal anchor for the cytoskeleton and also presents an extracellular domain (2).

Since some proteases have been reported to be present in the venom of the most prevalent spider in the São Paulo area, Loxosceles gaucho (3), we determined the effect of its venom on RBC membrane proteins, which may explain the hemolytic effect occurring in the more severe form of the disease.

Material and Methods

Blood samples were collected from four patients who had previously presented the viscerocutaneous form, from four who had presented the cutaneous form of the disease and from four controls. RBC were washed three times with saline at 4ºC, and subsequently lysed 1:40 with 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 8.3, at 4ºC. The membranes (ghosts) were washed with the same lysis buffer at least five times at 25,000 g at 4ºC until a colorless solution of ghosts was obtained (4). The ghosts were aliquoted and stored at -70ºC. No protease inhibitors were used during ghost preparation.

L. gaucho venom was obtained by spider gland electrostimulation at Instituto Butantan, and its content in protein was assessed. Eighty micrograms protein of RBC ghosts were incubated with 2.5 µg crude venom in 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 8.3, at 37ºC for 0, 30, 60 and 120 min. Other experiments were performed with increasing amounts of venom using the same concentration of ghosts. The samples were solubilized and applied to SDS-polyacrylamide gel (5), electrophoresis was carried out in 50 mM Tris-glycine buffer, pH 8.3, at 25 volts for 17 h, and the gels were stained with 0.05% Coomassie blue R250 and scanned with a Cellomatic densitometer.

The following protease inhibitors from Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA, were used to identify the class of the protease implicated in proteolysis: 0.2 mM N-ethylmaleimide (NEM, a cysteine protease inhibitor), 0.2 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF, a serine protease inhibitor), and 25 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, a metalloprotease inhibitor). RBC ghosts (80 µg) from controls were also incubated with these protease inhibitors in 5 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, at 37ºC with 2.5 µg L. gaucho venom for 120 min.

At the time the investigation was performed there was no Ethics Committee at Instituto Butantan but informed consent was obtained from all patients.

Results

In order to investigate the effect of L. gaucho venom on the erythrocyte membrane proteins, 80 µg RBC ghosts from patients with the cutaneous and viscerocutaneous forms as well as from control subjects were incubated with 2.5 µg venom for 30, 60 and 120 min (Figure 1). The degradation of RBC ghost protein 3 increased with incubation time with spider venom, as can be seen in Figure 1 and Table 1. The separation of venom proteins can also be observed in lane 1 of the figure, showing seven bands. The other lanes refer to another experiment which was performed with 100 µg ghosts incubated for 60 min with increasing venom concentrations, showing increased band 3 proteolysis with increasing venom concentrations (Figure 2).

The calcium-dependent protease of Loxosceles gaucho venom acts preferentially upon red cell band 3 transmembrane protein. O.C. de O. Barretto, M. Satake, K. Nonoyama and J.L.C. Cardoso. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 36 (3): 309, 2003.

 

Band 3 degradation has been reported when only crude hemolysates are incubated at 37ºC, pH 8.0, for 19 and 24 h (6), a fact that was ascribed to the endogenous RBC proteases. However, the present experiments with venom did not exceed 120 min, and thus any endogenous RBC protease activity certainly would be expected to be negligible in comparison with venom protease activity, and the proteolysis observed in this study may be certainly ascribed to the action of the venom.

The experiment with protease inhibitors showed that neither NEM nor PMSF inhibited band 3 proteolysis. However, EDTA did inhibit band 3 proteolysis, as shown in Figure 3.

These data suggest that the putative protease(s) in L. gaucho venom is(are) calcium-dependent metalloprotease(s) since EDTA strongly chelates calcium. As can be seen in Figures 1, 2 and 3, band 3 degradation was always observed in addition to a much lesser and weak spectrin degradation.

Figure 1.
SDS-PAGE of red blood cell ghosts from patients with the viscerocutaneous form of loxoscelism incubated with spider venom. The conditions are given in the legend to Table 1. The arrow on the left points to the position of band 3. No inhibitors were employed during ghost preparation. Lane 1, control ghosts without incubation; lane 2, control ghosts + venom with no incubation; lane 3, control ghosts + venom incubated for 30 min; lane 4, control ghosts + venom incubated for 60 min; lane 5, control ghosts + venom incubated for 120 min.

Figure 2.
SDS-PAGE of the hydrolysate of red blood cell ghosts from normal patients obtained with increasing quantities of spider venom. The arrow on the right points to the position of band 3. The hydrolysis was carried out on 100 µg ghosts in 5 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, at 37^oC for 60 min. No inhibitors were employed during ghost preparation. Lane 1, 100 µg venom; lane 2, 100 µg normal ghosts; lane 3, 100 µg normal ghosts incubated with 25 µg venom; lane 4, 100 µg normal ghosts incubated with 50 µg venom; lane 5, 100 µg normal ghosts incubated with 100 µg venom.

Figure 3.
SDS-PAGE monitoring of the action of venom protease inhibitors on the digestion of red blood cell ghosts from normal patients by spider venom. Lane 1, normal ghosts not incubated with venom; lane 2, normal ghosts with 2.5 µg venom without incubation (0 min); lane 3, normal ghosts incubated with 2.5 µg venom and 0.2 mM N-ethylmaleimide for 120 min; lane 4, normal ghosts incubated with 2.5 µg venom and 0.2 mM paramethylsulfonyl fluoride for 120 min; lane 5, normal ghosts incubated with 2.5 µg venom and 25 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; lane 6, control ghosts.

Discussion

In all experiments protein 3 showed sound proteolysis, but the other membrane proteins did not seem to undergo proteolysis. As band 3 is an important integral transmembrane protein, whose genetic deficiency leads to severe spherocytic hemolytic anemia, it is reasonable to relate the band 3 proteolysis to the hemolysis which occurs in the viscerocutaneous form in vivo. Therefore, the hypothesis of a genetic trait which would predispose some individuals to a preferential band 3 proteolysis in the viscerocutaneous form of the disease seems unlikely.

However, if a genetic trait is not responsible for the viscerocutaneous form, what would be the hemolytic etiologic factor involved? And why do only a small percent of patients present hemolytic anemia after the spider bite? If it is accepted that the effect of the venom on transmembrane band 3 is the etiologic factor, we suggest that the viscerocutaneous form might be the result of a larger amount of venom inoculated at the site of the bite. Larger amounts of circulating venom may damage the RBC membrane and trigger hemolytic anemia. It is known that female Loxosceles sp spiders are bigger than males and yield twice as much venom (7). A female adult spider plenty of venom, i.e., that has not bitten any other animal yet, and a bite reaching a small vein would spread venom through the circulation, possibly explaining the hemolysis that only occurs in a few individuals.

All patients with the cutaneous or viscerocutaneous form of the disease exhibit local necrosis, and the viscerocutaneous form could thus be the most severe clinical manifestation of the same disease, not dependent on any predisposing genetic factor but rather on larger amounts of inoculated venom at the site of the bite. Moreover, the venom of a Loxosceles sp may be stronger than that of other species and variable amounts of venom could be inoculated at the site of the bite. It is known that L. laeta is the largest of Brazilian Loxosceles spiders. As a matter of fact, L. laeta spiders submitted to electrostimulation can produce 60 µg of venom and L. intermedia and L. gaucho can produce 30-40 µg (8), suggesting that the clinical manifestations could be related to the amount of venom inoculated.

Indeed, in Chile, where L. laeta is the most prevalent species (9,10), the incidence of the viscerocutaneous form of loxoscelism is 13% among all patients. In Brazil, L. gaucho is the most common species in São Paulo, and the incidence of the viscerocutaneous form is 3.1%. In Curitiba, where L. intermedia is the most common species, the incidence of the viscerocutaneous form reaches 0.15% among all patients (11). In the State of Santa Catarina, where L. laeta is by far the most prevalent species, the incidence of the viscerocutaneous form reaches 13.1% (12).

Tambourgi et al. (13) reported in vitro complement-mediated hemolysis by the purified F35 venom protein as well as in vitro dose-dependent hemolysis. In another study, Tambourgi et al. (14) reported in vitro human complement-dependent hemolysis and BALB/c mouse dermonecrosis induced by venom sphingomyelinase. Thus, a complement-mediated hemolysis caused by the venom and a direct action of the venom on the membrane band 3 protein, or both, may occur.

Accordingly, any individual could present both the cutaneous and viscerocutaneous forms depending on the volume of venom inoculated and the proteolytic activity of the venom. Thus, a superficial bite may lead to the cutaneous form, and a deeper bite with a large venom volume reaching a superficial vessel may trigger the viscerocutaneous form. Different spider sting sizes could also play an important role and a larger one may cause a deeper bite.

The proteolytic action of the venom on the band 3 extracellular domain may alter membrane properties making them sensitive to complement activation, with consequent intravascular hemolysis.

Interestingly, the cutaneous form, a very localized lesion, does not exhibit intravascular hemolysis (15), indicating that the venom does not reach the intravascular compartment in this clinical form. Therefore, we suggest that the two mechanisms may be triggered sequentially, with an initial direct proteolytic action on band 3 followed by further complement activation.

The present study has shown that band 3 of RBC ghosts is especially sensitive to Loxosceles venom proteases. The suggestion that intravascularly inoculated venom leads to hemolysis requires additional in vivo experimental studies.

Address for correspondence: O.C. de O. Barretto, Av. Pedroso de Morais, 70/101, 05420-000 São Paulo, SP, Brasil. E-mail: [e-mail]

Publication supported by FAPESP. Received September 24, 2001. Accepted November 27, 2002.

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Correspondence and Footnotes

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  07 Mar 2003
• Date of issue
  Mar 2003

History

• Accepted
  27 Nov 2002
• Received
  24 Sept 2001