A retrospective comparison of cyclophosphamide plus antithymocyte globulin with cyclophosphamide plus busulfan as the conditioning regimen for severe aplastic anemia

Braz J Med Biol Res, March 2009, Volume 42(3) 244-250

A retrospective comparison of cyclophosphamide plus antithymocyte globulin with cyclophosphamide plus busulfan as the conditioning regimen for severe aplastic anemia

L.V.M. Ommati^1,2, C.A. Rodrigues¹, A.R. Silva¹, L.P. Silva¹, M.L.L.F. Chaufaille¹ and J.S.R. Oliveira^1,2

¹Disciplina de Hematologia e Hemoterapia, Departamento de Oncologia Clínica e Experimental, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

²Serviço de Hematologia e Hemoterapia, Hospital Santa Marcelina, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

^{Patients and Methods}

References ^{Correspondence and Footnotes}

Abstract

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) is the treatment of choice for young patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA). The association of antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and cyclophosphamide (CY) is the most frequently used conditioning regimen for this disease. We performed this retrospective study in order to compare the outcomes of HLA-matched sibling donor AHSCT in 41 patients with SAA receiving cyclophosphamide plus ATG (ATG-CY, N = 17) or cyclophosphamide plus busulfan (BU-CY, N = 24). The substitution of BU for ATG was motivated by the high cost of ATG. There were no differences in the clinical features between the two groups, including age, gender, cytomegalovirus status, ABO match, interval between diagnosis and transplant, and number of total nucleated cells infused. No differences were observed in the time to neutrophil and platelet engraftment, or in the risk of veno-occlusive disease and hemorrhage. However, there was a higher risk of mucositis in the BU-CY group (71 vs 24%, P = 0.004). There were no differences in the incidence of neutrophil and platelet engraftment, acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease, and transplant-related mortality. There was a higher incidence of late rejection in the ATG-CY group (41 vs 4%, P = 0.009). Although the ATG-CY group had a longer follow-up (101 months) than the BU-CY group (67 months, P = 0.04), overall survival was similar between the groups (69 vs 58%, respectively, P = 0.32). We conclude that the association BU-CY is a feasible option to the conventional ATG-CY regimen in this population.

Key words: Aplastic anemia; Allogeneic stem cell transplantation; Conditioning regimen; ATG-CY; BU-CY

Introduction

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) is the treatment of choice for young adults with severe aplastic anemia (SAA) (1-5), with cure ranging from 75 to 80% (5,6) and overall survival at 6 years more than 90% (7).

Many conditioning regimens have been used for SAA with different associations of cyclophosphamide (CY) (6). CY plus antithymocyte globulin (ATG) is the most commonly used regimen due to a low incidence of graft rejection and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Improvement in the overall survival for up to 90% was observed in patients who underwent AHSCT in the first months after diagnosis and those who received few blood transfusions prior to transplant (1,5,6).

The first study reporting the use of busulfan (BU) and CY in a group of highly transfused patients in Brazil showed results comparable to those observed with conventional regimens, resulting in an overall survival rate of 70% (8). Other Brazilian studies also reported the feasibility of adding a low dose of BU (total dose of 4 mg/kg) to 50 mg·kg^-1·day^-1 CY for patients exposed to less than 50 transfusions, with acceptable toxicity (9,10). These issues are especially important in Brazil because less than 15% of our patients underwent an AHSCT without prior transfusions (6). However, the use of ATG in the conditioning regimen for SAA in Brazil is limited because of its high cost. To the best of our knowledge there are no studies comparing the combination BU-CY and ATG-CY in the conditioning regimen for SAA.

We conducted this retrospective analysis in order to compare the main outcomes of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched related AHSCT for patients with SAA treated with ATG-CY and BU-CY conditioning regimens.

Patients and Methods

Study group

From November 1993 to January 2007, 41 patients with SAA underwent an HLA identically matched sibling donor AHSCT at Hospital São Paulo (14 patients) and Hospital Santa Marcelina (27 patients). Diagnosis of SAA was confirmed at admission from the referring center by the Camitta's criteria (11).

HLA class I and II typing was performed by serology and mixed lymphocyte culture before the year 2000, and then by serology and real-time polymerase chain reaction (sequence-specific primers and sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes). All patients received bone marrow stem cells.

All patients or their legal guardians and all donors gave written informed consent for the AHSCT and the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of both Hospitals.

Treatment protocol

ATG-CY. Treatment consisted of 50 mg·kg^-1·day^-1 CY, iv, from day -5 to day -2, and 30 mg·kg^-1·day^-1 horse antithymocyte globulin (UpJohn, USA) from day -4 to day -2, starting 12 h after the last dose of CY (12).

BU-CY. Treatment consisted of 12 mg/kg BU orally in 16 divided doses of 0.75 mg/kg every 6 h from day -7 to day -4, and 60 mg·kg^-1·day^-1 CY, iv, on day -3 and day -2 (13). The graft was unmanipulated and GVHD prophylaxis consisted of cyclosporin, administered from day -1 to day +420 and then tapered gradually until day +480, and 15 mg/m² methotrexate administered on day +1, and 10 mg/m² on days +3, +6, and +11 (14).

Supportive care

Patients were transplanted in private rooms, equipped with HEPA filters. Antimicrobial prophylaxis consisted of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, norfloxacin, fluconazole, and acyclovir. All blood products were irradiated and leukocyte-depleted in both hospitals.

End-point definitions

Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome was diagnosed according to published criteria (15). Incidence of neutrophil recovery was defined as the first of 3 consecutive days with a neutrophil count of at least 0.5 x 10⁹/L, while platelet recovery was defined as the first of 7 consecutive days of an unsupported platelet count of at least 20 x 10⁹/L. Graft failure was defined as no sign of neutrophil recovery, as well as only a transient engraftment of donor cells 28 days after transplantation. Acute GVHD at day 100 and chronic GVHD at 5 years was diagnosed and graded according to published criteria (16), with histopathological confirmation when possible. Transplant-related mortality (TRM) at 6 months, 1 and 5 years was defined as deaths related to transplantation and not to relapse.

Chimerism was evaluated by a variable number of tandem repeats, using 4 primers (Apo-B, D1S80, vWF, and DXS52), and also by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), using a double XY probe in sex-mismatched donor-recipient pairs. Chimerism evaluation was performed retrospectively (at least 1 year after the transplant). Full donor chimerism was defined as the presence of more than 99% of the cells of donor origin, mixed chimerism if more than 1% and less than 99% of donor cells and autologous recovery if less than 1% of donor cells.

Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed through April 2008. Thus, all surviving patients were followed-up for at least 15 months after transplant. Cumulative incidence function using death as a competing event was used to estimate neutrophil and platelet engraftment, acute and chronic GVHD, rejection and TRM. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate overall survival. For continuous variables, the median was used as the cut-off point. For comparing the groups using cumulative incidence function, univariate analyses were performed using Gray's test (17). For overall survival, log-rank tests in univariate analyses were used. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS (SPSS Inc., USA) and S-Plus (Insightful Corporation, USA) softwares.

Results

Patient and graft characteristics are shown in Table 1. Median age was 24 years of age, ranging from 14 to 48 years. There were no differences between the groups in most clinical features (age, recipient gender, donor gender, cytomegalovirus (CMV) status, ABO match, number of prior transfusions, time between diagnosis and transplant and number of total nucleated cells infused). In the ATG-CY group, only 3 (18%) patients were transplanted after 2000, compared with 19 (79%) in the BU-CY group (P < 0.0001).

The median number of platelet transfusions prior to the transplant was higher in the ATG-CY group (53 units) than in the BU-CY group (13 units, P = 0.06). The number of red blood cell transfusion appeared to be higher in the ATG-CY group (20 vs 9 units), but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.53).

Twenty-four (59%) patients were treated for SAA before transplant: 10 patients received prednisone alone, 13 received prednisone-based associations with cyclosporine (N = 5), oxymetholone (N = 5), cyclosporine and ATG (N = 2), and cyclosporine and oxymetholone (N = 1). One patient received oxymetholone alone.

Median follow-up time of survivors was 75.5 months, ranging from 17 to 152 months. Follow-up was longer for the ATG-CY group (101 months, ranging from 22 to 152) than in the BU-CY group (67 months, range 17-107, P = 0.04). The difference was due to the fact that, after 2000, ATG was no longer available for most patients and we decided to change the standard protocol to BU-CY.

Engraftment and rejection

Day 30 cumulative incidence of neutrophil recovery was 82 and 75%, and median time to neutrophil recovery was 18 (range, 15-27) and 20 days (range, 13-26) in the ATG-CY and BU-CY groups, respectively (P = 0.22, Table 2).

Six patients died before day +30 without achieving neutrophil engraftment (4 in the BU-CY group and 2 in the ATG-CY group). Primary graft failure occurred in 2 patients, both in the BU-CY group: 1 patient underwent a second AHSCT from the same donor at day +33, having received 30 mg·kg^-1·day^-1 ATG, iv, for 3 days as conditioning regimen. The total nucleated cell dose infused was 5.7 x 10⁸/kg in the first transplant and 9.4 x 10⁸/kg in the second. He failed to engraft again and died at day +56 due to a pulmonary bacterial infection. The other patient also underwent a second transplant with the same donor at day +35 without receiving any preparative regimen. The total nucleated cell dose was 3.2 and 3.4 x 10⁸/kg in the first and second infusions, respectively. He developed acute GVHD and chronic GVHD, and was alive 23 months after the second transplant.

The 100-day cumulative incidence of platelet engraftment was 82 and 67%, and median time to platelet engraftment was 20 (range, 17-33) and 21 days (range, 14-26), in the ATG-CY and BU-CY groups, respectively (P = 0.15).

Late rejection occurred in 8 patients. The cumulative incidence of late rejection at 5 years was 41% in the ATG-CY group and 4% in the BU-CY group (P = 0.009). A second transplant was performed in 3 patients: all engrafted after the second transplant. However, one patient had another late graft rejection and died at day +261 from pulmonary aspergillosis. The other two were still alive with a follow-up of 38 and 108 months after the 2nd transplant. The remaining 5 patients were treated with immunosuppression. Four had a good response and are still alive at 11, 53, 74, and 81 months after the rejection, and one patient died due to infection and sepsis at day +790.

Chimerism analysis was performed retrospectively for 16 of 26 (62%) patients who were alive at the time of assessment. Full donor chimerism was observed in 14 (88%) patients, mixed in one and autologous recovery in one (late graft rejection). The patient with mixed chimerism progressed to graft failure shortly after the chimerism analysis.

Transplant complications

Mucositis occurred more frequently in the BU-CY group (17 patients, 71%) compared with the ATG-CY group (4 patients, 24%, P = 0.004), as shown in Table 2. The incidences of veno-occlusive disease (VOD) and hemorrhage were similar in both groups.

Positive peripheral blood cultures during febrile episode were carried out on 10 occasions. In one of them, in addition to peripheral blood, culture of the central venous catheter was positive. The pathogens that were isolated were Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sp, Staphylococcus coagulase negative, Candida sp (4 cases), Gram-positive coccus, Corynebacterium sp and Pseudomonas sp. Aspergillosis was detected in 4 patients; 1 had bone and 3 pulmonary involvement, 2 of them had fatal disease. Bronchopneumonia was observed in 9 cases, 5 were fatal. CMV was diagnosed in 7 cases: positive antigenemia in 5, and disease in 2 patients, of which one had enteritis and another interstitial pneumonia CMV infection. Varicella zoster infection was observed in 4 cases (one of them presented clinical characteristics of acute abdomen). Possible cerebral toxoplasmosis was diagnosed by MRI images in 1 patient.

Graft-versus-host disease

Four patients had acute GVHD grade II and 3 patients grade III. The 100-day cumulative incidence of grade II to IV acute GVHD was 6% in the ATG-CY group and 25% in the BU-CY group (P = 0.11).

Twenty-seven patients were evaluated for chronic GVHD. The 5-year cumulative incidence was 24% in the ATG-CY group and 22% in the BU-CY group (P = 0.96). Chronic GVHD was limited in 6 patients and extensive in 3.

Transplant-related mortality

Fifteen patients (36.6%) died from transplant-related causes, 5 in the ATG-CY group and 10 in the BU-CY group. Cumulative incidence of TRM at 5 years was 18% in the ATG-CY group and 38% in the BU-CY group (P = 0.27).

The principal causes of TRM were infections (N = 9): bacterial in 7 cases and fungal in 2. The other causes were: hemorrhage (N = 2), VOD (N = 1), late rejection (N = 1), chronic GVHD (N = 1), and cardiac toxicity (N = 1).

Overall survival

Probability of overall survival at 5 years was 69% for the ATG-CY group and 58% for the BU-CY group (P = 0.31, Figure 1).

Figure 1.
Estimated overall survival according to the conditioning regimen for patients who received the association of antithymocyte globulin and cyclophosphamide (continuous line), or busulfan and cyclophosphamide (dashed line) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe aplastic anemia. There was no statistically significant difference between treatments (log-rank test).

Table 1.
Characteristics of patients and grafts.

Table 2.
Main treatment outcomes.

Discussion

In this retrospective analysis comparing two conditioning regimens for SAA, outcomes were similar between ATG-CY and BU-CY, except for the incidence of mucositis, which was more frequent with the use of BU, and late rejection, surprisingly more frequent with the use of ATG (Table 2).

Since the end of the 1970's, several marrow transplant centers have used CY-based conditioning regimens for SAA (18). At the end of the 1980's, the Seattle group started using the association of CY and ATG, which is currently the most commonly used regimen, with an overall reduction of rejection rates in less transfused patients (12, 13,18,19). In Brazil, a pilot study showed that the association of BU and CY was also feasible in heavily transfused patients (13), with a rejection rate of 9% and an overall survival of 70% (8). Since that study, BU-CY has been used by many Brazilian transplant centers due to its lower cost than ATG-CY.

In the present study, ATG was initially available for patients receiving an AHSCT for SAA at both participating centers, but was no longer available after 2001, when it was replaced by busulfan. We then decided to conduct this study in order to compare the main outcomes of the two regimens.

The main clinical features were similar between the two groups. The median number of both platelet and red blood cell transfusions prior to the transplant was higher in the ATG-CY group but this difference was not statistically significant. This may explain the higher rates of graft failure (especially late graft failure) in the ATG group.

Most of the outcomes analyzed were not different between the two groups of patients. Oral mucositis was more frequent and severe in the BU-CY group, as was TRM, probably due to a higher toxicity of BU.

VOD, which is not frequently seen in AHSCT for SAA (20), was observed in 9.7% of the cases, with one case of severe VOD in the BU-CY group. There are only a few reported cases of VOD after AHSCT for SAA and the main reason for this low incidence might be the use of less toxic conditioning regimens, usually based on CY alone or in combination with ATG (20).

Graft rejection decreased in the ATG-CY era, but it is still frequent, particularly in highly transfused patients (2,5, 10). The number of prior transfusions is associated with rejection and survival after AHSCT (10), due to the sensitization by the histocompatibility antigens infused with blood products. In this group, chronic rejection was surprisingly more frequent with the use of ATG than with the use of BU (P = 0.009). A possible explanation for this finding is that the ATG group corresponds to transplants performed before the year 2001, when patients were still referred for transplant after having frequently been heavily transfused, and with blood products not leukocyte-depleted in the centers of origin. Leukocyte depletion is routinely used today. Only one case of late rejection was observed in patients submitted to the BU conditioning regimen, which indicates that this regimen is also efficacious in promoting sustained engraftment. This conclusion has been demonstrated in a larger number of patients conditioned with BU-CY (9). Primary and late graft failures were demonstrated in 4/139 (3%) and 19/135 (14%), respectively. Therefore, BU-CY should also be considered as an alternative regimen for highly transfused patients (9).

The cumulative incidence of acute GVHD was higher in the BU-CY group (25%) than in the ATG-CY group (6%), but the difference was not statistically significant. The cumulative incidence of chronic GVHD in the present study was similar between the ATG-CY and BU-CY regimens (24 and 22%, respectively), and the majority of patients responded well to immunosuppression (7). Most cases were limited (N = 6), and only one patient died from chronic GVHD. Kröger et al. (19) described an incidence of chronic GVHD of 17% among patients who underwent an AHSCT for SAA, and only cases of limited disease were observed. Data from the WPSAA (Working Party on Severe Aplastic Anemia) Registry of the EBMT (European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation) show an incidence of chronic GVHD of 23% in SAA, with an observed reduction of extensive chronic GVHD of 15% before 1990 to 5% in the last decade particularly due to the worldwide use of the CY-ATG association instead of CY plus total body irradiation or thoraco-abdominal irradiation.

Overall survival was slightly higher in the ATG-CY group (69%) compared to the BU-CY group (58%), but the difference was not statistically significant. We observed that early deaths were more frequent, probably due to toxicity in the BU-CY group. The main cause of death was infection, which is expected in such a highly immunosuppressed population.

The results in the CY-ATG group are consistent with most previously reported studies, in which overall survival rates varied between 68 and 80% (5,21,22). More recently, a prospective randomized clinical trial (23,24) showed that there was no difference between the ATG-CY association and CY alone for patients with SAA. All analyzed outcomes (engraftment, GVHD, rejection, and survival) were similar for the two regimens.

The main limitations of the present study were the sample size and the fact that the two regimens were used at different periods of time: ATG-containing regimens were not used after 2001. Larger series of patients with a more homogenous group of patients are needed.

BU plus CY is a feasible option in Brazil, due to its relatively low cost compared with ATG-containing regimens.

Address for correspondence: J.S.R. Oliveira, Disciplina de Hematologia e Hemoterapia, EPM, UNIFESP, R. Botucatu, 740, 3º andar, 040023-900 São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Fax: [phone]. E-mail: [e-mail]

Publication supported by FAPESP. Received June 8, 2008. Accepted January 5, 2009.

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Correspondence and Footnotes

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  31 Mar 2009
• Date of issue
  Mar 2009

History

• Accepted
  05 Jan 2009
• Received
  08 June 2008