Rhizopogon (Rhizopogonaceae): hypogeous fungi in exotic plantations from the State of São Paulo, Brazil

Rhizopogon (Rhizopogonaceae): fungos hipógeos em plantações exóticas no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

RHIZOPOGON (RHIZOPOGONACEAE): HYPOGEOUS FUNGI IN EXOTIC PLANTATIONS FROM THE STATE OF SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL¹

Iuri Goulart Baseia²

Adauto Ivo Milanez³

Recebido em 12/12/00. Aceito em 25/07/01.

RESUMO ¾ (Rhizopogon (Rhizopogonaceae): fungos hipógeos em plantações exóticas no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil). Um estudo sobre o gênero Rhizopogon, associado com raízes de árvores exóticas no Estado de São Paulo (Brasil), foi realizado de Janeiro/1999 até Setembro/2000. Três espécies foram identificadas: R. luteolus Fr., R. roseolus Corda sensu A. H. Smith e R. rubescens Tul. Este é o primeiro registro de R.. luteolus e R.. roseolus para o Brasil.

Palavras-chave ¾ Gasteromycetes, falsas trufas, taxonomia, ectomicorríza

ABSTRACT ¾ (Rhizopogon (Rhizopogonaceae): hypogeous fungi in exotic plantations from the State of São Paulo, Brazil). A survey on the genus Rhizopogon, associated with roots of exotic trees in State of São Paulo (Brazil), was undertaken from January /1999 to September/2000. Three species were identified: R. luteolus Fr., R. roseolus Corda sensu A. H. Smith and R. rubescens Tul. This is the first report of R. luteolus and R. roseolus from Brazil.

Key words ¾ Gasteromycetes, false truffles, taxonomy, ectomycorrhiza

Introduction

The Brazilian hypogeous gasteroid fungi have received scant attention from collectors in the past and have not been adequately collected. Few specimens in the herbaria have been sufficiently studied or even not.

Rhizopogon Fr. & Nordh. is an ectomycorrhizal genus (Mikola, 1969; Zak, 1971; Miller, 1986; Molina & Trappe, 1994) characterized by basidiomata whose gleba have small irregular and sinuous chambers that are and far from a bolete in appearance. However, Bruns et al. (1989) and Martin et al. (1998) presented the bolete genus Suillus and suggested that a change in a few developmental genes with strong selection pressure of a hypogeous habitat would lead to rapid morphological divergence.

From Brazil Rhizopogon is represented by R. fuscorubens, R. nigrescens, R. rubescens, R. vulgaris and R. zelleri (Giachini et al., 2000). The objetive of this study was to expand the knowledge of Basidiomycetes in Brazil, particularty the gasteroid forms.

Materials and methods

In the rainy seasons of 1999 and 2000 specimens of Rhizopogon were collected from plantations of Pinus, at the following areas: "Estação Ecológica de Itirapina" (2,300.00 ha, 22^o28'-22^o30S and 48^o17'-48^o19'W); "Reserva Ecológica de Jataí" (4,532.18 ha, 21⁰33'-21⁰37'S and 47⁰45'-46⁰51'W); "Reserva Biológica de Moji Guaçu" (343, 42 ha, 22⁰15'-22⁰16'S and 47⁰08'-47⁰-12'W), all in the State of São Paulo. Tree species composition of the plantations include Pinus radiata D. Don and Pinus taeda L. Climatic conditions are of the AW type according to the Köppen System.

Hand-cut sections of fresh and dried material were mounted in Melzer's reagent, 3% KOH, water or cotton blue for microscopical examination (Singer, 1986). Permanent slides were made using PVL resin (Alcohol Polyvinilic and Lactophenol), according to Trappe & Schenck (1982).

The mycorrhizal observations were accomplished by using the methods mentioned by Zak (1971) and Zak & Bryan (1963). Color terms in parenthesis are those of Kornerup & Wanscher (1978). The material is preserved at the Herbario do Estado Maria Eneyda P. K. Fidalgo (SP), abbreviated according to the Index Herbariorum (Holmgren et al., 1990).

Results and discussion

Descriptions of the species

Rhizopogon luteolus Fries & Nordholm, Symbolae Gasteromycetum 1: 5, 1815, emended Tulasne, Giornal Botanica Italiana 2, 57, 1844. Fig. 1. Basidiomata up to 5-6 cm broad, subglobose, surface fibrilose with lateral rhizomorphs, peridium brownish yellow (KW 5F7); gleba white to olive, columella absent, paraphyses about 9-10 x 3-4 µm; basidia 6-spored 18-20 x 5-6 µm, basidiospores elliptic to pyriform, smooth, 5-6 x 3 µm, light brown, containing two guttulae inside.

Habitat: Hypogeous under exotic forests trees, aggregated with roots.of Pinus radiata.

Material examined: BRAZIL, São Paulo: Município de Luís Antônio, Estação Ecológica de Jataí, 17/III/1999, I. G. Baseia 365 (SP307523); Município de Moji Guaçu, Reserva Biológica de Moji Guaçu, 04/II/2000, I. G. Baseia 419 (SP307524); Município de Itirapina, Estação Ecológica de Itirapina, 08/IX/2000, I. G. Baseia 673 (SP307525).

Additional material examined: (donated to SP Herbarium): SCOTLAND: det. Dring, D. M., 09/IX/1963, (SP107411).

Distribution: USA (Coker & Couch, 1928; Smith & Zeller, 1966), Australia (Cleland, 1935; Cunningham, 1944), South Africa (Bottomley, 1948), United Kingdom (Hawker, 1954), Finland (Schulmann, 1961), Canary Islands (Eckblad, 1975), China (Liu, 1984), Chile (Garrido, 1986), Iran (Saber, 1997), Belgique (Moyersoen & Demoulin, 1996)

Remarks: Rhizopogon luteolus is characterized by the color and size of the basidiomata, as well as the fibrilose surface with lateral rhizomorphs. It differs from R. rubescens mainly by its lateral rhizomorphs and the size of basidiospores and paraphyses.

The basidiomata of this species were found aggregated with roots of Pinus radiata exhibiting ectomycorrhizal association observed through the microscopic analysis and the presence of the mantle and Hartig net. This evidence was also mentioned by Mikola (1969), who found the same association between these species from New Zealand. In Brazil, large scale reforestation is being carried out with both softwood and hardwood species, including Pinus radiata, a tree native from the California coast (Garrido, 1986), probably R. luteolus had the same origin. This is the first record of R. luteolus from Brazil.

Rhizopogon roseolus Corda sensu A. H. Smith, Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 14(2), p. 90, 1966.

Fig. 2 Basidiomata up to 2-3 cm broad, globose, subglobose or irregular, surface rugose with scattered lateral rhizomorphs, peridium greyish orange (KW 5B3); gleba white to olive, columella absent, paraphyses about 12-18 x 5-9 µm; basidia 6-spored 15-20 x 6-8 µm, basidiospores oblong to elliptic, smooth, 6-8 x 3-4 µm, hyaline, often containing 2 guttulae inside and falsely septate.

Habitat: Hypogeous under exotic tree where it was found aggregated with roots.of Pinus taeda.

Material examined: BRAZIL, São Paulo: Município de Moji Guaçu, Reserva Biológica de Moji Guaçu, 31/I/1999, I. G. Baseia 312 (SP307526).

Additional material examined: (donated to SP Herbarium): ESTONIA: det. Parmasto E., 07/VII/1960 (SP61313)

Distribution: USA (Coker & Couch, 1928; Zeller, 1939; Smith & Zeller, 1966; Harrison & Smith, 1968), Finland (Schulmann, 1955), Chile (Garrido, 1986).

Remarks: This species is close to R. rubescens in several morphological characters; some authors (Moyersoen & Demoulin, 1996) lists R. rubescens as a synonym of R. roseolus. However, in our opinion and following Smith & Zeller (1966), there are sufficient characters to segregate these taxa. The color of the reddish brown peridium surface and small size of basidiomata are some peculiar characteristics of the Brazilian specimens.

The basidiomata of this species grow solitary, and aggregated with roots of Pinus taeda, an exotic conifer having North American origin introduced in cerrado biome. Probably R. roseolus had the same origin. This symbiotic relationship was confirmed by rhizomorphs aggregated with the conifer roots and through microscopic analysis with the presence of the mantle and Hartig net. Mikola (1969) also found the ectomycorrhizal association between R. roseolus with Pinus radiata and another undetermined species of Pinus from Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Nigeria and Trinidad. This is the first report of R. roseolus from Brazil. Rhizopogon rubescens Tulasne, Giornal Botanica Italiana 2, 58, 1844. Fig. 3. Basidiomata up to 3-4 cm broad, globose to subglobose, surface fibrilose with basal rhizomorphs, peridium brownish yellow (KW 5F7); gleba white to olive brown, columella absent, paraphyses about 15-20 x 2-3 µm; basidia 6-spored 10-15 x 5-6 µm, basidiospores elliptic to ovate, smooth, 9-10 x 3-3.5 µm, hyaline to yellowish, containing two guttulae inside, and often falsely septate.

Habitat: Hypogeous under exotic forest trees, aggregated with roots.of Pinus radiata.

Material examined: BRAZIL, São Paulo: Município de Luís Antônio, Estação Ecológica de Jataí, 02/III/1999, I. G. Baseia 621 (SP307527).

Additional material examined: (donated to SP Herbarium): FRANCE, Briançonnais: det. Kofler L., 21/VII/1958(SP61508).

Distribution: USA (Coker & Couch, 1928; Smith & Zeller, 1966; Harrison & Smith, 1968), Australia (Cleland, 1935; Cunningham, 1944), United Kingdom (Hawker, 1955), Chile (Garrido, 1986), Finland (Eckblad & Lange, 1992), Belgique (Moyersoen & Demoulin, 1996), Brazil (Giachini et al., 2000).

Remarks: This species can be characterized by the size of basidiomata, basidiospores and paraphyses. It differ from R. luteolus and R. roseolus mainly by the rhizomorphs in these cited species, whereas in R. rubescens the rhizomorphs have a basal localization.

Basidiomata of R. rubescens were found aggregated with roots of Pinus radiata exhibiting ectomycorrhizal association with the presence of the mantle. Both, mantle and Hartig net were observed.

This is a common and widespread hypogeous conifer associate (Garrido, 1986; Miller, 1986; Molina & Trappe, 1994, Giachini et al., 2000), found not only with Pinus, but also with Abies, Picea, Pseudotsuga, Tsuga and Quercus (Molina & Trappe, 1994). Ectomycorrhizae were synthesized in vitro on Pinus radiata and P. sylvestris (Molina & Trappe, 1994) and Larix laricina (Sampson & Fortin, 1988).

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the financial support from the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Ensino Superior (CAPES). Thanks to the Instituto de Biociências (USP) and Instituto de Botânica (IBt) for the laboratory facilities.

References

² Aluno de Doutorado do Instituto de Biociências da USP. E-mail: [e-mail]

³ Instituto de Botânica, C. Postal 4005, 01061-970, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.

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¹

Parte da Tese de Doutorado do primeiro autor. Bolsista da CAPES.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  02 July 2002
• Date of issue
  Jan 2002

History

• Received
  12 Dec 2000
• Accepted
  25 July 2001