Asteraceae in the northern Espinhaço Range, Brazil: richness, endemism and conservation

ABSTRACT

Floristic inventories focussing on the Espinhaço Range have revealed an extensive diversity for Asteraceae and emphasize the high degree of endemism of its species. This study aims to explore the species-rich Asteraceae through a floristic survey, and by identifying endemic records for the municipality of Morro do Chapéu, Bahia. Samples were collected during six field trips in different phytophysiognomies and approximately 1,400 exsiccatae from the main herbaria collections were examined. Asteraceae in Morro do Chapéu is represented by 18 tribes, 72 genera and 119 species. Eupatorieae and Vernonieae are the most species rich tribes and currently comprise 30 and 28 species, respectively, representing 50 % of the local Asteraceae flora. Baccharis represents the richest genus with seven species, followed by Lepidaploa and Mikania with six species each. Species belonging to Eupatorieae, namely Acritopappus santosii, Acritopappus sp. nov., Lapidia apicifolia, Stylotrichium edmundoi, Scherya bahiensis, Trichogonia tombadorensis and, additionally, a new species of Vernonieae, Stilpnopappus sp. nov., are endemic to the municipality. We provide a checklist and identification key for the species, and report the occurrence of endemism and their importance for the biological conservation.

Keywords
Campos rupestres; Chapada Diamantina; Compositae; Espinhaço Range; floristic survey

Introduction

Asteraceae is considered the most species-rich angiosperm family with approximately 24,700 species distributed among 1,600-1,700 genera (Funk et al. 2009). It exhibits a wide range of evolutionary strategies and different life forms (herbs, shrubs, subshrubs, trees and lianas), and has a cosmopolitan distribution, although most of its species occur in grassland vegetation in temperate and semi-arid climates of tropical and subtropical zones (Bremer 1994; Funk et al. 2009).

The family is recognized by a set of morphological characteristics that includes flowers arranged in a head, introrse anthers connate into a tube, secondary presentation of pollen and a 2-carpellate inferior ovary with a basal and erect ovule which develops in a cypsela usually possessing a pappus (Roque & Bautista 2008; Funk et al. 2009). It is recognized as a monophyletic group, and molecular studies (Panero & Funk 2008; Funk et al. 2009; Panero et al. 2014) have proposed a new classification that recognizes 13 subfamilies and 44 tribes.

Twenty-eight tribes of Asteraceae have been recorded in Brazil, represented by 287 genera and 2,086 species; 66 genera and 1,315 species are endemic and occur in all phytogeographic areas of the country (BFG 2015). The greatest diversity of Asteraceae is in areas of cerrado (savanna), campos rupestres (rocky fields), campos sulinos (southern grasslands), caatinga and restinga (sand dunes) (Hind & Miranda 2008).

Floristic surveys carried out in the Espinhaço Range have shown high species richness for Asteraceae, but particularly for Eupatorieae and Vernonieae, the most speciose tribes, followed by Helianteae and Astereae (Harley & Simmons 1986; Giulietti et al. 1987; Grandi et al. 1988; Pirani et al. 1994; Hind 1995; 2003; Guedes & Orge 1998; Zappi et al. 2003; Hatschbach et al. 2006; Moura & Roque 2014; Campos et al. 2016; Roque et al. 2016). These studies have confirmed that many species are common, yet have distributions restricted to the Espinhaço Range, whereas other species are micro-endemic to only one region, either in the state of Bahia or Minas Gerais (Giulietti et al. 1987; Giulietti & Pirani 1988; Harley 1995).

Approximately 125 genera and 500 species of Asteraceae have been documented in the campos rupestres of Espinhaço Range, of which 10 genera and about 75 species are endemic to Chapada Diamantina in Bahia (Roque et al. 2016). Thus, the focus of the present study was to perform a floristic inventory of Asteraceae and identify endemic records for the municipality of Morro do Chapéu in Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil.

Materials and methods

Study area

The Espinhaço Range extends approximately 1,000 km southwards from Serra da Jacobina in northern Bahia to Serra de Ouro Branco in southern Minas Gerais (40°47’06”-45°21’47”W 9°18’S-20°53’46”S), varying in width from 50 to 100 km and in elevation from 800 to 2033 m (Giulietti et al. 1987).

Several vegetation types associated with a series of elevational strata comprise the Espinhaço Range, which is considered the center of diversity for many groups of angiosperms and hosts about 15 % of the vascular flora of Brazil (Rapini et al. 2008; Silveira et al. 2015). Some 30 % of the plant species of the Espinhaço Range are endemic to the campos rupestres (Giulietti et al. 1987), a phytophysiognomy composed of herbs and shrubs growing in sandy and acidic soils between large rocky outcrops (Giulietti & Pirani 1988; Harley 1995; Pirani et al. 2003).

Chapada Diamantina belongs to the northern region of the Espinhaço Range, and can be divided into different types of natural vegetation, including caatinga, forest, cerrado and campos rupestres, all of which are extremely biologically diverse (Harley 1995).

The municipality of Morro do Chapéu is located in Chapada Diamantina within the semi-arid region of Bahia, and is characterized by tabular reliefs ranging between 480 m and 1,293 m in elevation (Rocha & Costa 1995).

The landscape reflects the climatic particularities within the so-called “Polígono das Secas” including mountainous formations with pronounced scarps, deep valleys and high plateaus (Barbosa 1995). Due to the spatial and temporal variation inherent in the pluviometric regime of the region, including its intensity, different vegetation formations can develop on the same type of soil. Furthermore, the region is characterized by structurally compartmentalized reliefs, which generate different mesoclimates in adjacent areas (Silva 1995).

Morro do Chapéu is classified as an area of high priority for preservation in the Chapada Diamantina due to the fact that it possesses a unique vegetation typology of the caatinga (Maury 2002). According to Queiroz et al. (2005), within the Parque Estadual de Morro do Chapéu, the “Cidade das Pedras” exhibits a set of distinctive features because it possesses caatinga that is characterized by a flattened relief with different quartzite-arenite outcrops and extensive dune fields, possibly resulting from the effect of strong winds.

Morro do Chapéu encompases three conservation units, the Parque Estadual de Morro do Chapéu, APA Vereda do Romão Gramacho/Gruta dos Brejões and Monumento Natural da Cachoeira do Ferro Doido , which aid in the protection of the region’s environment (Rocha et al. 2005; Rocha & Pedreira 2009).

Floristic survey

Six field expeditions were carried out between November of 2014 and March of 2016, to survey species of Asteraceae. Fieldwork was schedule taking into account the main seasonal and pluviometric variation in the region. The main herbaria storing floral material from Chapada Diamantina were visited, and included ALCB, CEPEC, HUEFS, HRB, RB, R, SP and SPF (acronyms according to Thiers 2017), and approximately 1,400 exsiccatae were analyzed.

The principal collection sites for species of Asteraceae, and a set of photographs showing the different landscapes of the municipality of Morro do Chapéu, are provided in Figure 1. The map provided here was generated with ArcMap (version 10). Terminology for forest phytophysiognomies is based on the classification system proposed by IBGE (2012), whereas that for campos rupestres followed Giulietti et al. (1987) and that of caatinga vegetation followed Rizzini (1997).

Figure 1
Map of the municipality of Morro do Chapéu with the main collection sites of the Asteraceae species and a set of pictures taken from the region’s different landscapes: A - Gruta dos Brejões; B - Cachoeira do Ferro do Doido; C - Trilha da Guariba; D - Tabuleiro do Tigre; E - Parque Estadual de Morro do Chapéu (Cidade das Pedras); F - Trilha da Veredinha (A - D. Cardoso; B, C, D, F - M. Staudt; E - L. Barres).

The collection strategy involved random walking around the main access road and secondary smaller trails. Collected material was geo-referenced and processed according to Peixoto & Maia (2003). All material was deposited in the ALCB herbarium with duplicates being sent to HUEFS. Species identification was aided by specific literature, protologues, comparisons with dried material and virtual collections.

The presentation of the tribes follows Funk et al. (2009), starting with the Barnadesieae and finishing with the Eupatorieae. Within each tribe, genera and respective species are listed in alphabetic order (Tab.1, Figs. 2-8).

Table 1
List of Asteraceae species from Morro do Chapéu, Bahia, Brazil; ■ Endemic species of Bahia; ● Endemic species of Morro do Chapéu; Phytophysiognomies: CA-caatinga; CR- campo rupestre; SDF- semi-deciduous forest; Ecotone (CAC - caatinga and campo rupestre; CEC - cerrado and campo rupestre); AA-anthropized area; Collection voucher.

Tribe/species	Phytophysiognomies	Voucher
Barnadesieae (1 genus/3 species)
Dasyphyllum brasiliense (Spreng.) Cabrera	SDF	E. Melo et al. 5035
■ Dasyphyllum diamantinense Saavedra & M. Monge	SDF	H.P. Bautista et. al 1061
Dasyphyllum sprengelianum (Gardner) Cabrera	CA	E. Melo et al. 4491
Mutisieae (1genus/1 species)
Chaptalia integerrima (Vell.) Burkart	CR/SDF/CEC/AA	M.G. Staudt et al. 35
Nassauvieae (1 genus/4 species)
Trixis antimenorrhoea (Schrank) Mart ex. Kuntze	CA/CR/SDF/AA	M.G. Staudt et al. 30
Trixis calycina D. Don.	CA/CR	M.G. Staudt et al. 81
■ Trixis pruskii D.J.N. Hind	CA/SDF/CEC	E. Melo et al. 5509
Trixis vauthieri DC.	CA/CR/CEC	M.G. Staudt et al. 94
Gochnatieae (2 genera/3 species)
Richterago discoidea (Less.) Kuntze	CR	M.L. Guedes et al. 10796
Moquiniastrum blanchetianum (DC.) G. Sancho	CAC	M.G. Staudt et al. 111
Moquiniastrum oligocephalum (Gardner) G. Sancho	CAC	M.G. Staudt et al. 142
Cichorieae (1 genus/1 species)
Sonchus oleraceus L.	CR	N. Hind et al. 3173
Vernonieae (13 genera/28 species)
Albertinia brasiliensis Spreng.	CA	E. Melo et al. 3185
Blanchetia heterotricha DC.	CA/SDF	M.G. Staudt et al. 36
Centratherum punctatum Cass.	CA/CR/SDF/AA	M.G. Staudt et al. 99
Chresta pacourinoides C.M. Siniscalchi & B. Loeuille	CA	J.M. Gonçalves et al. 124
Cyrtocymura harleyi (H. Rob.) H. Rob.	CR	M.G. Staudt et al. 157
Cyrtocymura scorpioides (Lam.) H. Rob.	CR/SDF	M.G. Staudt et al. 34
Elephantopus hirtiflorus DC.	CR	M.G. Staudt et al. 68
Elephantopus mollis Kunth	CR/SDF	N. Hind et al. 3105
Eremanthus capitatus (Spreng.) MacLeish	CR/SDF/CEC	M.G. Staudt et al. 73
Eremanthus glomerulatus Less.	CA/CR	M.G. Staudt et al. 79
Lepidaploa aurea (Mart. ex DC.) H. Rob.	CA/CR/FES/CEC	M.G. Staudt et al. 147
■ Lepidaploa bahiana H. Rob.	CR	M.G. Staudt et al. 78
Lepidaploa chalybaea (Mart. ex DC.) H. Rob.	CA/CR/SDF	M.G. Staudt et al. 84
Lepidaploa cotoneaster (Willd. ex Spreng.) H. Rob.	CR/CA/SDF/CEC	M.G. Staudt et al. 105
Lepidaploa lilacina (Mart. ex DC.) H. Rob.	CA/CR/CAC	M.G. Staudt et al. 122
■ Lepidaploa tombadorensis (H. Rob.) H. Rob.	CA/CR/CAC	M.G. Staudt et al. 91
Lessingianthus morii (H. Rob.) H. Rob.	CR	R.M. Harley 19242
■ Paralychnophora harleyi (H. Rob.) D.J.N. Hind.	CR	G. Martinelli et al. 5318
Paralychnophora reflexoauriculata (G.M. Barroso) MacLeish	CR/SDF/CEC	M.G. Staudt et al. 71
Piptocarpha leprosa (Less.) Baker	CEC	E. Melo et al. 9612
■ Stilpnopappus semirianus R. Esteves	CR/CEC	M.G. Staudt et al. 62
Stilpnopappus suffruticosus Gardner	CR	M.G. Staudt et al. 109
■ Stilpnopappus tomentosus Mart. ex DC.	CR	H.A. Ogasawara et al. 393
● Stilpnopappus sp. nov.	CR	M.G. Staudt et al. 03
Vernonanthura brasiliana (L.) H. Rob.	CA/SDF/CAC	M.G. Staudt et al. 98
Vernonanthura laxa (Gardner) H. Rob.	CEC	E.E. de Miranda 13
Vernonanthura polyanthes (Spreng.) A.J. Vega & M. Dematt.	CA/SDF	F. França et al. 5851
Vernonanthura subverticillata (Sch. Bip. ex Baker) H. Rob.	CA/CAC/CEC	E. Melo et al. 10020
Moquinieae (1 genus/1 species)
Moquinia racemosa (Spreng.) DC.	CR/CAC	M.G. Staudt et al. 125
Gnaphalieae (2 genera/2 species)
Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC.	CR/AA	M.G. Staudt et al. 123
Gamochaeta americana (Mill.) Wedd.	CR/AA	J.L. Ferreira et al. 63
Astereae (3 genera/10 species)
■ Baccharis alleluia A.S. Oliveira & Deble	CA	J.P. Souza s/n°
Baccharis calvescens DC.	CA/AA	R.M. Harley et al. 19395
Baccharis cinerea DC.	CA/CR/AA	R.M. Harley et al. 3279
Baccharis linearifolia (Lam.) Pers.	CR/SDF	R. Orlandini 272
Baccharis retusa DC.	SDF	E.B. Miranda et al. 100
Baccharis reticularia DC.	CR	S.A. Mori et al. 14451
Baccharis trinervis Pers.	SDF	E. Melo et al. 11163
Conyza primulifolia (Lam.) Cuatrec. & Lourteig	CR/AA	R.M. Harley et al. 19311
Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) E. Walker	CR/AA	N. Hind et al. 3239
Egletes viscosa (L.) Less.	CA/AA	E. Melo et al. 11140
Anthemideae (1genus/1 species)
Artemisia vulgaris L.	AA	N.C.B. Silva 90
Inuleae (3 genera/3 species)
Epaltes brasiliensis DC.	CA	F. França et al. 6101
Pluchea sagittalis (Lam.) Cabrera	CA/AA	R.F. Machado 406
Pterocaulon alopecuroides (Lam.) DC.	SDF	J.M. Gonçalves et al. 39
Senecioneae (4 genera/4 species)
Emilia fosbergii Nicolson	CR/SDF/AA	M.G. Staudt et al. 75
Erechtites hieracifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC.	AA	H.P. Bautista 373
■ Hoehnephytum almasense D.J.N. Hind	CR	H.S. Irwin et al. 32422
Senecio macrotis Baker	CA	E. Pereira 2144
Neurolaeneae (2 genera/2 species)
Enydra radicans (Willd.) Lack	CA/AA	F. França et al. 6077
Calea candolleana (Gardner) Baker	CA/CR/CAC	M.G. Staudt et al. 137
Heliantheae (15 genera/19 species)
Acmella ciliata (Kunth) Cass.	CA/SDF	F.B. Silva et al. 36
Acmella uliginosa (Sw.) Cass.	CA/SDF	M.G. Staudt et al. 101
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.	AA	E. Melo et al. 11144
Aspilia martii Baker	CR	M.G. Staudt et al. 110
Aspilia subalpestris Baker	SDF/CEC	A. Gandara et al. 83
Baltimora geminata (Brandegee) Stuessy	CA	E. Melo et al. 5662
Blainvillea acmella (L.) Philipson	CR	M. Alves et al. 137
Delilia biflora (L.) Kuntze	SDF	M.G. Staudt et al. 39
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.	AA	E. Melo et al. 3153
Melanthera latifolia (Gardner) Cabrera	CR	Pe. Pereira et al. s/n°
Simsia dombeyana DC.	CA	E. Melo et al. 4739
Synedrellopsis grisebachii Hieron. & Kuntze	CA	L.P. Queiroz et al. 13219
Tilesia baccata (L.) Pruski	CEC	E. Melo et al. 12117
Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray	AA	M. Alves et al. 140
Tithonia rotundifolia (Mill.) S.F. Blake	AA	M. Alves et al. 136
Verbesina glabrata Hook. & Arn.	CA/CR	E. Melo et al. 5072
Verbesina macrophylla (Cass.) S.F. Blake	CR/SDF/CEC/AA	M.G. Staudt et al. 46
Wedelia goyazensis Gardner	CA	M.G. Staudt et al. 29
Zinnia elegans Jacq.	AA	M.G. Staudt et al. 40
Coreopsideae (1 genus/1 species)
Bidens pilosa L.	CR/AA	N. Hind et al. 3242
Tageteae (2 genera/3 species)
Porophyllum obscurum (Spreng.) DC.	CR	H.P. Bautista et al. 2507
Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass.	CR	M.L. Guedes et al.102251
Tagetes minuta L.	CA/CR/AA	M.G. Staudt et al. 13
Millerieae (2 genera/3 species)
Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) Kuntze	CR	N. Hind et al. 3237
Acanthospermum hispidum DC.	CR/AA	N. Hind et al. 3091
Tridax procumbens L.	SDF/AA	M.G. Staudt et al. 41
Eupatorieae (17 genera/30 species)
Acritopappus confertus (Gardner) R.M. King & H. Rob.	CA/CR/CAC/CEC	M.G. Staudt et al. 116
■ Acritopappus heterolepis (Baker) R.M. King & H. Rob.	SDF	M.G. Staudt et al. 126
■ Acritopappus prunifolius R.M. King & H. Rob.	CEC	R.M. Harley 22994
● Acritopappus santosii R.M. King & H. Rob.	CA/CR/CAC/CEC	M.G. Staudt et al. 139
● Acritopappus sp. nov.	CA/SDF	M.G. Staudt et al. 104
Ageratum conyzoides L.	CR/AA	M.G. Staudt et al. 100
■ Agrianthus empetrifolius Mart. ex DC.	CR	E. Melo et al. 5068
Bahianthus viscosus (Spreng.) R.M. King & H. Rob.	CR	H.P. Bautista 2948
Bejaranoa semistriata (Baker) R.M. King & H. Rob.	CA/CR	M.G. Staudt et al. 102
■ Chromolaena morii R.M. King & H. Rob.	CR	M.G. Staudt et al. 120
Chromolaena maximilianii (Schrad. ex DC.) R.M. King & H. Rob.	CR/SDF	M.G. Staudt et al. 33
Conocliniopsis prasiifolia (DC.) R.M. King & H. Rob.	CA/CR	M.G. Staudt et al. 72
Koanophyllon conglobatum (DC.) R.M. King & H. Rob.	CR	R.P. Orlandini 460
● Lapidia apicifolia N. Roque & S.C. Ferreira	CR	M.G. Staudt et al. 74
Mikania congesta DC.	CR/SDF/AA	E. Melo et al. 8460
Mikania cordifolia (L.f.) Willd.	CA	M.L. Guedes et al. 12985
Mikania elliptica DC.	CR/SDF	M.G. Staudt et al. 95
Mikania glomerata Spreng.	SDF	M.L. Guedes et al. 10797
■ Mikania grazielae R.M.King & H.Rob.	SDF	A. Gandara et al. 137
Mikania phaeoclados Mart.	CR/SDF	G. Hatschbach 39673
■ Prolobus nitidulus (Baker) R.M. King & H. Rob.	CR	M G. Staudt et al. 67
Pseudobrickellia brasiliensis (Spreng.) R.M. King & H. Rob.	CR	M.L. Guedes et al. 16279
● Scherya bahiensis R.M. King & H. Rob.	CR	M.G. Staudt et al. 130
Stevia morii R.M. King & H. Rob.	CR	H.P. Bautista 405
■ Stylotrichium corymbosum (DC.) Mattf.	CR	J.L. Ferreira et al. 43
● Stylotrichium edmundoi G.M. Barroso	CR	M.G. Staudt et al. 113
Symphyopappus decussatus Turcz.	SDF	A.A. Conceição et al. 2434
Trichogonia campestris Gardner	CA/CR/AA	M.G. Staudt et al. 150
Trichogonia salviifolia Gardner	CA/CR/SDF/AA	M.G. Staudt et al. 129
● Trichogonia tombadorensis R.M. King & H. Rob.	CR	M.G. Staudt et al. 149

Figure 2
A - Dasyphyllum brasiliense; B - Dasyphyllum sprengelianum; C - Chaptalia integerrima; D - Trixis calycina; E - Trixis vauthieri; F - Richterago discoidea; G -Moquiniastrum blanchetianum; H - Moquiniastrum oligocephalum (A, B, H - N. Roque; C - A. Gandara; D, E, G - L. Barres; F - L. Moura).

Figure 3
A - Sonchus oleraceus; B - Albertinia brasiliensis; C - Blanchetia heterotricha; D - Centratherum punctatum; E - Chresta pacourinoides; F - Cyrtocymura harleyi; G - Cyrtocymura scorpioides; H - Eremanthus capitatus; I - Eremanthus glomerulatus; J - Lepidaploa aurea; K - Lepidaploa bahiana; L - Lepidaploa chalybaea; M - Lepidaploa cotoneaster (A - V. Amorim; B - H. Ogasawara; C, D, F - A. Gandara; E - L. Campos; G - L. Pataro; H, K, I - L. Barres; J, L, M - M. Staudt).

Figure 4
A - Lepidaploa lilacina; B - Lepidaploa tombadorensis; C - Paralychnophora reflexoauriculata; D - Stilpnopappus semirianus; E - Stilpnopappus sp. nov.; F - Vernonanthura brasiliana; G - Vernonanthura polyanthes; H - Vernonanthura subverticillata; I - Moquinia racemosa (A, D - A. Gandara; B, C - L. Barres; E - M. Staudt; F - H. Ogasawara; G- L. Moura; H - L. Pataro; I - M. Alves).

Figure 5
A - Gamochaeta americana; B - Baccharis cinerea; C - Egletes viscosa; D - Pluchea sagittalis; E - Emilia fosbergii; F - Enydra radicans; G - Calea candolleana; H - Acmella uliginosa; I - Aspilia martii; J - Aspilia subalpestris; K - Blainvillea acmella; L - Delilia biflora; M - Eclipta prostrata (A, C, D, E, F, L, M - V. Amorim; B, G, H - A. Gandara; I - M. Staudt; J - M. Alves; K - L. Moura).

Figure 6
A - Melantheera latifolia; B - Tilesia baccata; C - Tithonia diversifolia; D - Tithonia rotundifolia; E - Verbesina glabrata; F - Verbesina macrophylla; G - Wedelia goyazensis; H - Zinnia elegans; I - Bidens pilosa (A, B - V. Amorim; C, D, F, H - L. Moura; E - M. Alves; G, I - A. Gandara).

Figure 7
A - Porophyllum obscurum; B - Porophyllum ruderale; C - Tagetes minuta; D - Acanthospermum australe; E - Acanthospermum hispidum; F - Tridax procumbens; G - Acritopappus confertus; H - Acritopappus heterolepis; I - Acritopappus prunifolius; J - Acritopappus santosii; K - Ageratum conyzoides; L - Agrianthus empetrifolius; M - Bahianthus viscosus (A - L. Barres; B, L - V, Amorim; C, E, F, M - L. Moura; D, K - A. Gandara; G, J - M. Staudt; H - M. Alves; I - H. Ogasawara).

Figure 8
A - Bejaranoa semistriata; B - Chromolaena maximilianii; C - Conocliniopsis prasiifolia; D - Koanophyllon conglobatum; E - Lapidia apicifolia; F - Mikania congesta; G - Mikania elliptica; H - Mikania grazielae; I- Pseudobrickellia brasiliensis; J - Scherya bahiensis; K - Stylotrichium edmundoi; L - Symphyopappus decussatus; M - Trichogonia campestris; N - Trichogonia salviifolia; O - Trichogonia tombadorensis (A, E, J, K - L. Barres; B, F, G, H, N - A. Gandara; C, D, L - V. Amorim; I - N. Roque; M, O - M. Staudt).

Results and discussion

Asteraceae in Morro do Chapéu

In Morro do Chapéu, Asteraceae is represented by 18 tribes, 72 genera and 119 species (Tab. 1). Corroborating previous floristic surveys in Espinhaço Range (Giulietti et al. 1987; Hind 1995; 2003; Zappi et al. 2003; Moura & Roque 2014; Campos et al. 2016; Roque et al. 2016), Eupatorieae and Vernonieae were the most diverse tribes with 30 and 28 species respectively, and together comprise 50 % of the local diversity of Asteraceae. Heliantheae was the third most diverse tribe with 19 species, representing about a third of Heliantheae species registered in the state of Bahia by Alves & Roque (2016).

Baccharis was the richest genus with seven species, followed by Lepidaploa and Mikania, with six species each; results similar to those observed in other areas of Chapada Diamantina (Harley 1995; Zappi et al. 2003; Moura & Roque 2014; Roque et al. 2016). Other speciose genera included Acritopappus with five species; Stilpnopappus, Trixis, and Vernonanthura, with four species each; and Dasyphyllum and Trichogonia with three each. The remaining genera were represented by only one or two species each, and represented 60 % of the species of Asteraceae in the area.

Seven genera found at Morro do Chapéu are monotypic (Albertinia, Bahianthus, Conocliniopsis, Lapidia, Prolobus, Scherya and Synedrellopsis), while 23 species are endemic to the state of Bahia, of which 19 belong to the tribes Eupatorieae and Vernonieae (Tab. 1).

Morro do Chapéu is the type locality for Acritopappus prunifolius, Cyrtocymura harleyi, Lepidaploa tombadorensis and Stilpnopappus semirianus. Moreover, Acritopappus santosii, Acritopappus sp. nov., Lapidia apicifolia, Stylotrichium edmundoi, Scherya bahiensis and Trichogonia tombadorensis, all belonging to the tribe Eupatorieae, and a new species, Stilpnopappus sp. nov. of to the tribe Vernonieae, are recorded as endemic to the municipality (Tab. 1).

Stilpnopappus suffruticosus is here recorded as a new record for the state of Bahia, and is classified as endangered in the Red Book (Martinelli & Moraes 2013), even as Paralychnophora harleyi, Stilpnopappus semirianus, Stylotrichium corymbosum and Stylotrichium edmundoi.

Diversity and phytophysiognomies: specifics regarding Asteraceae

Studies on the flora of Morro do Chapéu reveal that the vegetation found in the northeastern region of the municipality is predominantly composed of arboreal-shrubby caatinga. Meanwhile, extensive areas of campos rupestres can be found in the central region, whereas semi-deciduous forests are located in the southwest and southeast. Associated with these phytophysiognomies, gallery forests and ecotonal vegetation exhibit complex areas of transition depending on topography and elevation (Silva 1995; França & Melo 2013).

The distribution of Dasyphlyllum diamantinense, included in a basal tribe of Asteraceae, is restricted to the region of Chapada Diamantina (Saavedra et al. 2014), where it can be found in semi-deciduous forest throughout the study area. The other species of this genus that occur in the region (D. brasiliense and D. sprengelianum) can be found in carrasco and caatinga areas.

Considered an endemic of Bahia, Trixis pruskii occurs predominantly in gallery forest in sandy soils or between rocks. The other species of this genus that occur in the region (T. antimenorrhoea, T. calycina and T. vauthieri) are found in other phytophysiognomies, such as border parts of semi-deciduous seasonal forest, or ecotones between campo rupestre and caatinga vegetation.

Richterago is an endemic genus of Brazil, and although more than half of its species are restricted to Espinhaço Range (Roque & Pirani 2014), only one species, Richterago discoidea, was found to occur in the study area. Moquiniastrum shows two of the six recognized species in the State of Bahia., M. blanchetianum and M. oligocephalum are found in transitional areas between campo rupestre and caatinga at elevations above 1000 m on sandy soils, but without rocky outcrops.

The genera Stilpnopappus and Vernonanthura, represented by four species each, and the genus Eremanthus, represented by two, were the predominant groups of Vernonieae in Morro do Chapéu, where they occurred in transitional areas.

The absence of species of Lychnophora, and the low number of species of Lessingianthus, reveal an unusual pattern compared to other areas in Espinhaço Range, since both genera have their greatest diversity in cerrado and campo rupestre phytophysiognomies (Giulietti et al. 1987; Hind 1995; Pirani et al. 2003; Zappi et al. 2003; Moura & Roque 2014; Campos et al. 2016; Roque et al. 2016).

According to Fiaschi & Pirani (2009), Lychnophora and Eremanthus are key elements for understanding the origin of the flora endemic to the cerrado. Therefore, the lack, or low representation, of, these genera may be associated with the difficulty in delimiting areas of cerrado sensu stricto in Morro do Chapéu.

The species Acritopappus confertus, Aspilia martii, Calea candolleana, Eremanthus capitatus, Lepidaploa aurea and Lepidaploa lilacina are widely distributed throughout different phytophysiognomies of Morro do Chapéu, such as campos rupestres, transition zones between campo rupestre and the caatinga, and the outermost parts of semi-deciduous seasonal forests.

On the other hand, Agrianthus empetrifolius, Cyrtocymura harleyi and Stilpnopappus tomentosus are found predominantly in campo rupestre vegetation where they are restricted to rocky outcrops. Scherya bahiensis, Stilpnopappus sp. nov. and Stylotrichium edmundoi are considered micro-endemics of a specific area of campos rupestres called the “Tabuleiro do Tigre” (Fig. 1D). Apart from these species, Acritopappus santosii, Lapidia apicifolia and Trichogonia tombadorensis are also identified as endemic to Morro do Chapéu. According to Conceição et al. (2005), this microendemism is particularly influential in campos rupestres where a significant part of the diversity is composed of less frequently occurring species.

Among the patterns of geographic distribution proposed for the flora of campos rupestres by Giulietti & Pirani (1988), one specific pattern can be highlighted, that comprising species whose occurrence is restricted to Espinhaço Range. This pattern can be divided into two subgroups. The first group encompasses species whose occurrence is restricted to campos rupestres, but at the same time are widely distributed throughout the Espinhaço Range. The second group encompasses species that are endemic to one specific locality or to only a few regions of the Espinhaço Range located in the state of Minas Gerais, or in the Chapada Diamantina in the state of Bahia. Thus, the endemic species of Morro do Chapéu can be subsumed into the second subgroup. As pointed out by Conceição & Pirani (2005), the contiguity between different habitat types produces a high degree of heterogeneity in floristic structure and composition in certain restricted areas, reflecting variation in substrates. This phenomenon, therefore, contributes to the high number of endemic species of campo rupestre.

According to Zappi (2008), the implementation of an environmental protection area and the development of management plans have to be regarded as extremely relevant in the case of Morro do Chapéu, where the unique enclaves of the caatinga and campo rupestre are endangered. In this sense, further studies on the taxonomy, ecology and biogeography of the representative and endemic groups found in the campos rupestres of Espinhaço Range is considered essential. These studies can provide crucial information regarding evolutionary patterns that have determined the origin of rare species, and thus can provide insight into conservation. Furthermore, they can provide important criteria for the development of strategies for biodiversity conservation (Kruckeberg & Rabnowitz 1985; Rapini et al. 2008; Rapini et al. 2009).

In this sense, it is important to emphasize that Morro do Chapéu possesses unique floristic diversity, and a significant number of species of Asteraceae possess restricted distributions and high degrees of endemism. We stress that this floristic diversity is constantly at high risk of becoming endangered due to population reductions and loss of habitat, particularly considering the intense activities involving sand-extraction and growing exploitation for agriculture.

Key to the Asteraceae species from Morro do Chapéu, Bahia, Brazil

1. Discoid (flowers with one corolla type: tubulose, bilabiate or ligulate) or disciform heads (flowers with two or three corolla types, always including corolla tubulose-filiform).

2. Stems with geminate axillary spines; lamina and involucral bracts with apex mucronate or spinescent.

3. Capitulescence cymose; involucre 2-3 × 1.5-2.2 cm; heads 20-60 flowers (Fig. 2B)…….............................................................................. Dasyphyllum sprengelianum

3′. Capitulescence paniculiform or racemiform; involucre 1-1,5 × 0,5-1,1 cm; heads 10-15 flowers.

4. Spines larger or the same size as leaves; lamina with apex apiculate or aristate; involucre cylindrical ……………......................................... Dasyphyllum diamantinense

4′. Spines smaller than leaves or stems without spines; lamina with apex inermous or mucronate; involucre campanulate (Fig. 2A) .............................. Dasyphyllum brasiliense

2′. Stems without spines; lamina and involucral bracts not mucronate or spinescent at apex.

5. Heads with all flowers with corolla bilabiate.

6. Lamina concolorous; involucre uniseriate ......................................... Trixis pruskii

6′. Lamina discolorous; involucre 2-seriate.

7. Stems winged, viscid; involucral bracts with dense trichomes at the apex (Fig. 2E) ................................................................................................................... Trixis vauthieri

7′. Stems cylindrical, not viscid; involucral bracts without tufts of trichomes at the apex.

8. Leaves sessile, persistent; capitulescence with flowering branches divaricate ………..…………….…………………………......................... Trixis antimenorrhoea

8′. Leaves petiolate, deciduous, pubescent scars on the stems; capitulescence without flowering branches divaricated (Fig. 2D) ………………....................... Trixis calycina

5′. Heads with flowers with corolla tubular, tubular-filiform or ligulate.

9. Plants with latex; all flowers with corolla ligulate (Fig. 3A) ............ Sonchus oleraceus

9′. Plants without latex; flowers with corolla tubular, tubular-filiform and/or ligulate.

10. Leaves and involucral bracts with glandular and aromatic pockets (dark dots or lines).

11. Leaf blade linear or filiform (Fig. 7A) ............................... Porophyllum obscurum

11′. Leaf blade elliptic (Fig. 7B) ................................................. Porophyllum ruderale

10′. Leaves and involucral bracts without glandular and aromatic pockets.

12. Heads unisexual (head pistillate uniflorous, flower without corolla; head staminate with several flowers and involucral bracts connate), plant monoecious .......................... ……………………………………..…………………………. Ambrosia artemisiifolia

12′. Heads bisexual (flowers with corolla), if unisexual, plant dioecious or gynodioecious.

13. Involucral bracts hyaline, white or yellow.

14. Corolla purple or lilac; pappus of bristles connate at the base (Fig. 5A) ………..………………….................................................................. Gamochaeta americana

14′. Corolla yellow or white-yellow; pappus of free bristles ……........................................................................................ Achyrocline satureioides

13′. Involucral bracts opaque, green, brown or vinaceous.

15. Heads with trimorphic flowers (ray flowers with corolla ligulate, flowers intermediate with corolla filiform, and disc flower with corolla bilabiate) (Fig. 2C) …………………………….……………………………….... Chaptalia integerrima

15′. Heads with flowers monomorphic or dimorphic.

16. Plants dioecious.

17. Heads forming a leafy raceme of glomerule; leaf blade linear ...................…………………………………………………………. Baccharis linearifolia

17′. Capitulescence corymbiform, paniculiform or panicle-corymbiform; leaf blade elliptic, spatulate, lanceolate, oblanceolate, obovoid or orbicular.

18. Leaves trinerved.

19. Stems and leaves cinereous-tomentose (Fig. 5B) ……. Baccharis cinerea

19′. Stems and leaves glabrous………............................... Baccharis trinervis

18′. Leaves penninerved.

20. Leaf blade tomentose in the abaxial surface with white to cinereous trichomes and glabrescent in the adaxial surface, apex acute to acuminate ..................................................................................... Baccharis calvescens

20′. Leaf blade glabrous, viscid, apex rounded or obtuse.

21. Heads solitaries in the axil of the stems …......… Baccharis reticularia

21′. Capitulescence in panicle-corymbiform.

22. Leaf blade spatulate to oblanceolate, margin dentate, base cuneate; heads in glomerule sessile or subsessile ……………… Baccharis retusa

22′. Leaf blade ovate or obdeltade, margin entire or denticulate, base atenuate; heads in glomerule pedicellate ..................... Baccharis alleluia

16′. Plants monoecious or gynodioecious.

23. Leaves opposite.

24. Heads with 4 involucral bracts and 4 flowers, 5 involucral bracts and 5 flowers or 2 involucral bracts and 4 flowers.

25. Heads with 2 flowers pistillate and 2 flowers bisexual and 2 involucral bracts....................................................................... Synedrellopsis grisebachii

25′. Heads with all flowers bisexual and 4 or 5 involucral bracts.

26. Heads with 5 involucral bracts and 5 flowers.

27. Leaf blade coriaceous, glabrous, margin entire …….…… Hoehnephytum almasense

27′. Leaf blade membranaceous, adaxial face with glandular trichomes stipitate and abaxial face with sessile glandular trichomes, margin crenate ................................................................................................... Stevia morii

26′. Heads with 4 involucral bracts and 4 flowers.

28. Cypsela 10-costate (Fig. 8H) ……… Mikania grazielae

28. Cypsela 5-costate.

29. Leaf blade ovate, margin dentate.

30. Leaf blade with apex obtuse, base oblique to rounded; capitulescence thyrsoid....................................... Mikania phaeoclados

30′. Leaf blade with apex acute, base hastate; capitulescence glomeruliform.................................................... Mikania glomerata

29′. Leaf blade elliptic or cordiform, margin entire or crenulate.

31. Leaf blade elliptic, apex acuminate, margin entire, revolute, base attenuate (Fig. 8G)…………………………...……… Mikania elliptica

31′. Leaf blade cordiform, apex acute, margin crenulate, sinuate, base cordate.

32. Hexagonal branches; capitulescence corymbiform ............……… Mikania cordifolia

32′. Cylindrical branches; capitulescence glomeruliform (Fig. 8F)…………………………………………………... Mikania congesta

24′. Heads with 5 or more involucral bracts and 4 or more flowers.

33. Leaf blade with venation subparallel; involucral bracts and paleae with cartaceous and sinuous appendices at apex (Fig. 8J) .......... Scherya bahiensis

33′. Leaf blade with venation penninerved or acrodromous; involucral bracts and paleae without cartaceous and sinuous appendices at apex.

34. Receptacle paleaceous; pappus aristate, coroniform, coroniform-aristate or absent.

35. Pappus aristate (2 to 5 caducous awns) or absent.

36. Leaf blade lanceolate, conduplicate, apex caudate, margin serrate, base attenuate (Fig. 7G) ....................................... Acritopappus confertus

36′. Leaf blade elliptic to obovate, flat, apex obtuse to apiculate, margin serrulate, base rounded (Fig. 7I) ....................... Acritopappus prunifolius

35′. Pappus coroniform.

37. Heads with 20-26 flowers; 15-21 paleae in the receptacle (Fig. 7H) .................................................................. Acritopappus heterolepis

37′. Heads with 5-8 flowers; 1-2 paleae in the receptacle.

38. Leaf blade deltoid to ovate (Fig. 7J) .............. Acritopappus santosii

38′. Leaf blade elliptic ......................................... Acritopappus sp. nov.

34′. Receptacle epaleaceous; pappus of bristle, bristle-barbelate or paleaceous-aristate.

39. Heads with 58-75 flowers; pappus with 5 awn-tipped scales (Fig. 7K) ..

.................................................................................... Ageratum conyzoides

39′. Heads with 4 to 28 flowers; pappus of bristle or bristle-barbelate.

40. Involucre strongly imbricate with 30-36 involucral bracts, deciduous.

41. Leaf blade elliptic, apex acute, margin entire ... Chromolaena morii

41′. Leaf blade ovate, apex caudate, margin dentate (Fig. 8B) …...…..... ………………………………………….… Chromolaena maximilianii

40′. Involucre imbricate with 7-20 involucral bracts, persistent.

42. Cypsela obconical with vesicular trichomes; pappus biseriate (Fig. 8L) ……......................................................Symphyopappus decussatus

42′. Cypsela cylindrical without vesicular trichomes; pappus uniseriate.

43. Shrub 0.5 m alt.; leaves arranged along the stem; leaf blade ovate, apex acuminate to caudate, base cordate (Fig. 8D) ……………...……. …….......................................................... Koanophyllon conglobatum

43′. Shrub 3-4 m alt.; leaves congested at the apex of the stem; leaf blade orbicular to obovate, apex rounded to truncate, base cuneate to truncate (Fig. 8E) ……………………………...... Lapidia apicifolia

23′. Leaves alternate.

44. Receptacle deeply alveolate involving the cypsela (Fig. 3B) ......................... ………………………………………………………... Albertinia brasiliensis

44′. Receptacle alveolate, not involving the cypsela.

45. Connective appendage of the anther apiculate; style branches short and glabrous.

46. Plants monoecious, subshrubs; pappus uniseriate (Fig. 2F) ……..………

……………………………………………………...... Richterago discoidea

46′. Plants gynodioecious, shrubs or trees; pappus 2-3-seriate.

47. Capitulescence smaller than leaves (Fig. 2H) …………………………. …………………………………………. Moquiniastrum oligocephalum

47′. Capitulescence larger than leaves (Fig. 2G) …………………………. ………………………………………… Moquiniastrum blanchetianum

45′. Connective appendage of other formats; style branches long, with trichomes or papillate.

48. Leaf blade pinnatipartite ............................................. Artemisia vulgaris

48′. Leaf blade entire or lyrate-pinnatifid at the base.

49. Heads with disc flowers with corolla tubular and bisexual or functionally staminate and flower at the margin with corolla tubular-filiform and pistillate.

50. Stems cylindrical; involucre calyculate ….… Erechtites hieracifolius

50′. Stems alate; involucre ecalyculate.

51. Leaf blade strongly discolorous; heads grouped in spike of glomerules ................................................... Pterocaulon alopecuroides

51′. Leaf blade concolorous or slightly discolorous; capitulescence of other types.

52. Leaf blade concolorous; disc flowers bisexual.

53. Plant with few ramification (up to 3) and branches with few heads; leaf blade with base lyrate-pinnatifid….. Conyza primulifolia

53′. Plant with many ramification (8 or more) and branches with many heads; leaf balde with base entire ……… Conyza sumatrensis

52′. Leaf blade slightly discolorous; disc flowers functionally staminate.

54. Pappus of bristles (Fig. 5D) ............................. Pluchea sagittalis

54′. Pappus absent ............................................... Epaltes brasiliensis

49′. Head with all flowers with corolla tubular and bisexual.

55. Head with involucre uniseriate.

56. Subshrub or shrub; leaf blade lanate on the adaxial face and albo-tomentose on the abaxial face; flowers with corolla yellow…………… …………..…............................................................... Senecio macrotis

56′. Herb; leaf blade glabrous to sparsely pubescent on both faces; flowers with corolla red (Fig. 5E) ………………......... Emilia fosbergii

55′. Head with involucre bi to multiseriate.

57. Capitulescence double racemiform; style branches minutely bifid, distal portion swollen papillate below the bifurcation (Fig. 4I) ………... ................................................................................. Moquinia racemosa

57′. Solitary heads or capitulescence umbelliform, corymbiform, glomeruliform, paniculiform or cymose-scorpioid; style branches long, cylindrical, papillate or pilose below bifurcation and apex obtuse or clavate, or pilose extending below the bifurcation and apex acute.

58. Style branches papillate or pilose below bifurcation , apex obtuse or clavate.

59. Receptacle paleaceous (1−2 pales); style branches pilose below the bifurcation.

60. Leaf sessile to subpetiolate (c. 0.2 cm long), leaf blade 0.8−1.5 cm long …………................................. Stylotrichium corymbosum

60′. Leaf petiolate (1.3−1.5 cm long), leaf blade 0.4−0.5 cm long (Fig. 8K) ……........................................... Stylotrichium edmundoi

59′. Receptacle epaleaceous; style branches with papillae above the bifurcation.

61. Corolla lobes densely pubescent; cypsela stipitate.

62. Leaves fasciculate and congested; leaf blade obovate (Fig. 8O) ...............................................… Trichogonia tombadorensis

62′. Leaves lax; leaf blade narrow-elliptic, oblanceolate, lanceolate or triangular.

63. Leaf blade 0.8−1.7 × 0.4−0.7 cm, narrow-elliptic or oblanceolate, base attenuate (Fig. 8M) .Trichogonia campestris

63′. Leaf blade 2.5−7 × 1−3 cm, lanceolate or triangular, base truncate (Fig. 8N) …………………...… Trichogonia salviifolia

61′. Corolla lobes glabrous or with trichome glandular-punctate; cypsela cylindrical.

64. Leaf sessile, leaf blade linear, margin entire.

65. Involucral bracts 22, 2−4 seriate; receptacle convex or conical, paleaceous; flowers with corolla lilac to pink (Fig. 7L) ………………………..……………... Agrianthus empetrifolius

65′. Involucral bracts 12−14, 5 seriate; receptacle flat, epaleaceous; flowers with corolla cream (Fig. 8I) ....................................................... Pseudobrickellia brasiliensis

64′. Leaf petiolate, leaf blade obovate, ovate, lanceolate, elliptic, margin crenate, dentate or serrate in the upper 1/3.

66. Plants viscid; leaf blade concolour, margin serreate in the upper 1/3; cypsela glabrous (Fig. 7M) ..... Bahianthus viscosus

66′. Plants not viscid; leaf blade discolorous, margin dentate or crenate; cypsela pilose or with glandular punctate or stipitate trichome.

67. Leaf blade with margin dentate and base oblique; corolla with papillae projections inside the lobes ... Prolobus nitidulus

67′. Leaf blade with margin crenate and base truncate; corolla glabrous inside the lobes.

68. Heads with 4−5 flowers, corolla white to pink; receptacle flat (Fig. 8A) ……………….………. Bejaranoa semistriata

68′. Heads with 25−35 flowers, corolla lilac; receptacle conical (Fig. 8C) .......................… Conocliniopsis prasiifolia

58′. Style branches pilose below bifurcation, apex acute.

69. Scandent shrub; quadrangular stems; leaf blade of the abaxial face densely lepidote with translucent gland …. Piptocarpha leprosa

69′. Erect herb, subshrub, shrub or tree; terete stems; leaf blade without indumentum lepidote and translucent glands.

70. Plants with leaf-rosette, internode congested and involucre 2-seriate.

71. Leaf blade oblanceolate to obovate; bracts cordiform at the base of the head; pappus uniseriate .............. Elephantopus mollis

71′. Leaf blade lanceolate; bracts narrow lanceolate at the base of the head; pappus biseriate ...................... Elephantopus hirtiflorus

70′. Plants not rosulate, internode spaced and involucre 3-8-seriate.

72. Head with 1-4 flowers; pappus 3-5-seriate.

73. Heads 2−5 per glomerule; 3 flowers per head (Fig. 3H) ….... ………………..………………………… Eremanthus capitatus

73′. Heads 75−105 per glomerule; 1 flower per head (Fig. 3I) …………………………………....... Eremanthus glomerulatus

72′. Heads with 5 or more flowers; pappus biseriate.

74. Heads pedunculate of second order in glomerule, retted with age.

75. Leaf sessile, with base auriculate (Fig. 4C) ……………..… ……………….………… Paralychnophora reflexoauriculata

75′. Leaf petiolate, base cuneate ….. Paralychnophora harleyi

74′. Heads pedunculate or sessile in other types of capitulescence, erect.

76. Stems fistulous; leaf blade pinnaripartite, sheathing (Fig. 3E) …………………………………… Chresta pacourinoides

76′. Stems not fistulous; leaf blade entire, not amplexicaul.

77. Leafy bracts surrounding the head; receptacle alveolate-aristate.

78. Heads with ca. 150 flowers; apex of involucral bracts aristate (Fig. 3D) ......................... Centratherum punctatum

78′. Heads with 24−60 flowers; apex of involucral bracts acute, acuminate or apiculate.

79. Leaf blade ovate to orbicular, margin dentate (Fig. 4E) ….……………………………….. Stilpnopappus sp. nov.

79′. Leaf blade elliptic, lanceolate, narrow-lanceolate or linear, margin entire.

80. Subshrub with decumbent branches; leaf blade with base attenuate (Fig. 4D) ….... Stilpnopappus semirianus

80′. Subshrub with erect branches; leaf blade with base cuneate or semi-amplexicaul.

81. Leaf blade flat, apex acuminate, base cuneate .......................................... Stilpnopappus suffruticosus

81′. Leaf blade conduplicate, apex acute, base semi-amplexicaul …………….... Stilpnopappus tomentosus

77′. Heads without leafy bracts at the base; receptacle flat, fimbriate, alveolate without aristae.

82. Capitulescence glomeruliform; leaf blade with stellate and glandular-punctate trichomes on both faces (Fig. 3C) ........................................................ Blanchetia heterotricha

82′. Capitulescence paniculiform, raceme-corymbiform or cymose-scorpioid; leaf blade without stellate and glandular-punctate trichome

83. Shrub and tree; capitulescence in pyramidal panicle.

84. Branches and venation vinaceous; leaves sessile; leaf blade narrow-elliptic ……….......... Vernonanthura laxa

84′. Branches and venation without vinaceous colour; leaves petiolate; leaf blade obovate or elliptic.

85. Involucral bracts 78−80; flowers ca. 41 (Fig. 4F) ………………………….. Vernonanthura brasiliana

85′. Involucral bracts 22−62; flowers 11-27.

86. Involucre 5-seriate; flowers 11−13, corolla pink to white (Fig. 4H) ..……Vernonanthura subverticillata

86′. Involucre 7-9-seriate; flowers 25−27, corolla cream (Fig. 4G) ………... Vernonanthura polyanthes

83′. Subshrub to shrub; capitulescence in cymose-scorpioid.

87. Heads arranged in two series (subduplicate) in the flowering branches.

88. Leaf blade oblong to ovate, apex obtuse to rounded, margin crenulate to denticulate, base rounded, abaxial face lanate (Fig. 3F) ..................... Cyrtocymura harleyi

88′. Leaf blade lanceolate, apex acute, mucronate or acuminate, margin entire to denticulate, base attenuate, abaxial face pubescent to sericeous (Fig. 3G) ........... …………………………… Cyrtocymura scorpioides

87′. Heads in the one series in the flowering branches.

89. Cypsela pubescent, without glandular-punctate ..................................................... Lessingianthus morii

89′. Cypsela sericeous, tomentose or setose, glandular-punctate.

90. Plants with angulate branches.

91. Leaf blade with adaxial face strigose with glandular sessile trichomes and abaxial face albo-tomentose (Fig. 3M) .......... Lepidaploa cotoneaster

91′. Leaf blade puberulous with glandular sessile trichomes on both faces (Fig. 3K) ………….. ................................................... Lepidaploa bahiana

90′. Plants with cylindrical branches.

92. Leaf blade closely linear, concolorous (Fig. 4B)………………….... Lepidaploa tombadorensis

92′. Leaf blade ovate, deltoid, lanceolate, elliptic, discolorous.

93. Leaf blade ovate to deltoid; flowers 34−39 per head (Fig. 3J) ............................. Lepidaploa aurea

93′. Leaf blade elliptic to ovate; flowers 10−21 per head.

94. Leaf blade 0.6−2.1 × 0.5−1.4 cm; cypsela densely sericeous (Fig. 3L) ...………………………………...………………Lepidaploa chalybaea

94′. Leaf blade 2.6−7.4 × 1.5−3.5 cm; cypsela tomentose (Fig. 4A) ..............Lepidaploa lilacina

1′. Radiate head (2 corolla types: liguliform at margin and tubulose in the disc).

95. Leaves alternate or upper alternate and lower opposite.

96. Leaves and involucral bracts with glandular and aromatic pockets (dark spots or lines); involucre uniseriate (Fig. 7C) ....................................................................... Tagetes minuta

96′. Leaves and involucral bracts without glandular and aromatic pockets; involucre 2−4 seriate.

97. Receptacle epaleaceous; pappus coroniform inconspicuous (Fig. 5C) . Egletes viscosa

97′. Receptacle paleaceous; pappus coroniform (c. 2 mm long.), aristate or paleaceous.

98. Floral peduncle fistulous; pappus coroniform.

99. Involucre 3-4-seriate, the inners with apex rounded or obtuse, corolla yellow (Fig. 6C) ………………………………………..................................... Tithonia diversifolia

99′. Involucre biseriate, the inner with apex acuminate, corolla orange (Fig. 6D) …... …………………………………………………………………... Tithonia rotundifolia

98′. Floral peduncle not fistulous; pappus aristate.

100. Ray flowers neutral; cypsela with confined embryo in the center and flat border around ............................................................................................... Simsia dombeyana

100′. Ray flowers pistillate; cypsela alate.

101. Leaf blade lobed, margin dentate; flowers with corolla white (Fig. 6F) ………………………………………................................... Verbesina macrophylla

101′. Leaf blade entire, margin serrate at 2/3 upper; flowers with corolla yellow (Fig. 6E) ……….......................................................................... Verbesina glabrata

95′. All leaves opposite.

102. Pappus absent or insconspicuous (c. 0.1 mm long.).

103. Receptacle conical.

104. Involucre subglobose, 2-seriate with 9−11 involucral bracts ........... Acmella ciliata

104′. Involucre campanulate, uniseriate with 5−6 involucral bracts (Fig. 5H)

…………………………………………………...….Acmella uliginosa

103′. Receptacle flat or convex.

105. Cypsela with uncinate prickles.

106. Leaf blade rhombic-ovate; cypsela subcylindrical with uncinate prickles of the same size (Fig. 7D) .............................................................. Acanthospermum australe

106′. Leaf blade obtrullate-obovate; cypsela obpyramidal compressed with uncinate prickles of the same size and two larger rigid awns at apex (Fig. 7E) ……………………………………...………. Acanthospermum hispidum

105′. Cypsela without uncinated prickles.

107. Head with 2 flowers and 3 involucral bracts (Fig. 5L) .................... Delilia biflora

107′. Head with 15 or more flowers and more than 5 involucral bracts.

108. Head sessile; cypsela striate (Fig. 5F) ....................................... Enydra radicans

108′. Head pedunculate; cypsela smooth or tuberculate.

109. Peduncle fistulous; involucral bracts 5−6-seriate, apex rounded with dark blue or blackish line (Fig. 6H) ................................................................... Zinnia elegans

109′. Peduncle not fistulous; involucral bracts 2-seriate, apex acute or acuminate without dark blue or blackish line.

110. Flowers 78−110; cypsela oblanceoloid or obovoid (bacaceous aspect), smooth (Fig. 6B) .............................................................................. Tilesia baccata

110′. Flowers c. 15; cypsela triquetrous or obpyramidal, tuberculate …………... ………………………………….............................................. Baltimora geminata

102′. Pappus coroniform, coroniform-aristate, aristate, scale, plumose or bristle.

111. Leaf blade pinnatisect; cypsela fusiform (Fig. 6I) ............................... Bidens pilosa

111′. Leaf blade entire; cypsela obconical, obpyramidal, obovoid or oblanceoloid.

112. Ray corolla linear; receptacle with paleae filiform (Fig. 5M) ....... Eclipta prostrata

112′. Ray corolla elliptic or narrow elliptic; receptacle with paleae linear, lanceolate, ovate or narrowly- lanceolate.

113. Pappus plumose or bristle.

114. Prostrate herb; ray flowers white; pappus plumose and persistent (Fig. 7F) ….. ...………..…………………………………..…............................ Tridax procumbens

114′. Erect herb; ray flowers yellow; pappus of bristle and deciduous (Fig. 6A) ……………………………................................................................. Melanthera latifolia

113′. Pappus coroniform, coroniform-aristate, aristate or paleaceous.

115. Involucral bracts striate.

116. Corolla white; receptacle flat; pappus aristate (Fig. 5K) …………… ……………………………………………………………….. Blainvillea acmella

116′. Corolla yellow; receptacle conical; pappus of scales (Fig. 5G) ......................... ………………………………………………………………... Calea candolleana

115′. Involucral bracts no striate.

117. Ray flowers neutral; cypsela with basal scar.

118. Leaves sessile, chartaceous, leaf blade linear or lanceolate (Fig. 5I) ...... ……………………………………………………………………… Aspilia martii

118′. Leaves short-petiolate (petiole up to 0.2 cm long), coriaceous, leaf blade narrowly-elliptic or elliptic (Fig. 5J) ........................................ Aspilia subalpestris

117'. Ray flowers pistillate; cypsela without basal scar (Fig. 6G) …………………

………………………………………………………….…….Wedelia goyazensis

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Ir. Delmar Alvim for providing support during field works and Lidia Campos for the map. We also thank CNPq Brazil for the Master´s scholarship granted to the first author, including a fellowship grants to NR (NR-3051139/2016-9) and Fapesb for the PhD scholarship for the second author (BOL0565/2015) .

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Oct-Dec 2017

History

• Received
  02 May 2017
• Accepted
  10 July 2017