Abstract
Multivalve redo procedures carry a high surgical risk. We describe an alternative surgical treatment for patients presenting with severely degenerated aortic and mitral valve prostheses who have to undergo open surgery due to endocarditis. Open transcatheter multivalve implantation is a feasible bailout strategy in high-risk patients to save cross-clamp and procedural times to reduce morbidity and mortality.
Keywords:
Transcatheter Valve Replacement; Mitral Valve; Heart Valve Prosthesis; Endocarditis.
INTRODUCTION
Surgical mitral and aortic valve replacement in younger patients carries higher odds of reoperation due to valve degeneration over the course of time. As combined redo valve procedures are known to involve a high surgical risk, there is a constant discussion about an alternative surgical treatment option with lower mortality and morbidity rates.
We describe an alternative surgical treatment for patients presenting with severely degenerated aortic and mitral valve prostheses who have to undergo open surgery due to endocarditis.
Scenario
A 61-year-old female patient presenting with progressive dyspnea and cardiac decompensation due to severe stenosis of degenerated mitral and aortic valve (MV, AV) prostheses, and concomitant infective endocarditis (IE) of the tricuspid valve (TV). The patient underwent a MV and AV replacement with a 29-mm Hancock II and a 21-mm Perimount Magna prostheses, respectively, performed via median sternotomy, two years ago. Upon admission to the clinic, the patient underwent coronary angiography, excluding coronary arterial disease. The echocardiogram showed good left ventricular function (LVF), severe stenotic AV and MV prostheses and infective vegetation on the TV. The right ventricle (RV) was enlarged with a slightly impaired function and a systolic pulmonary arterial pressure of 80 mmHg. PET-CT scan confirmed IE of the TV. In the meantime, the blood cultures showed infection by Staphylococcus capitis and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Antibiotic therapy was planned for six weeks postoperatively. Further medical history of the patient included insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with diabetic nephropathy and dialysis, hypertension, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and severe obesity with a BMI of 41.1 kg/m2. Logistic EuroSCORE was estimated at over 80%. The Heart Team decided for transcatheter implantation of the MV and AV combined with a TV procedure on the beating heart to save procedural and cross-clamp times.
TECHNIQUE
After median re-sternotomy and going through severe adhesions after chest reconstruction, a cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was established via cannulation of the ascending aorta and both caval veins. The technique was as follows:
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TV procedure was performed on the beating heart. After gaining access to the right atrium (RA), a 5-mm round structure on the anterior leaflet (AL) of the TV was noticed. AL was radically excised, and a valve bicuspidalisation was performed. A TV annuloplasty was performed with a 31-mm Duran band (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN). The saline test revealed no significant TV regurgitation. RA was closed with a Prolene 4-0 double running suture.
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The cardioplegic arrest was established via antegrade infusion of cold Custodiol solution (Köhler Chemie GmbH, Bensheim, Germany). After opening the left atrium (LA) and examining the degenerated MV prosthesis (Figures 1A and B), no signs of IE were found. The leaflets of the MV prosthesis were radically excised (Figures 1C and D). Aortotomy was performed 2 cm above the calcified AV prosthesis, and the prosthesis leaflets were also removed.
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Subsequently, the deployment at the nominal volume of a 26-mm Sapien Ultra (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, USA) into the MV prosthesis was performed under direct vision (Figures 2 A and B). We noticed a satisfactory expansion of the prosthesis (Figures 2 C and D), thus no further post-dilatation was necessary.
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A 23-mm Sapien Ultra (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, USA) transcatheter valve was deployed under direct vision into the degenerated AV prosthesis. We assured a correct position of the prosthesis. The weaning from CPB after 24 minutes of cross-clamping was uneventful.
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The intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography showed satisfactory function of all three corrected valves with no paravalvular leakage of the transcatheter prostheses and a mild TV regurgitation.
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After thorough hemostasis, an extensive chest closure with a skin mesh graft on the caudal end of the sternotomy was performed. A stable chest closure has been achieved.
Postoperative Course
After the surgical procedure, the patient was transferred from the operating room to the intensive care unit with low-dose catecholamines (noradrenaline 0.18 µg/kg/min and adrenaline 0.03 µg/kg/min). The patient was extubated 26 hours following the procedure and further postoperative course was uneventful.
DISCUSSION
Choosing a biological valve prosthesis in younger patients carries the risk of rapid prosthesis degeneration and, eventually, high-risk re-operation[11 Hu X, Jiang W, Xie M, Guo R, Yim WY, Dong N, et al. Bioprosthetic vs mechanical mitral valve replacement for infective endocarditis in patients aged 50 to 69 years. Clin Cardiol. 2020;43(10):1093-9. doi:10.1002/clc.23407.
https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.23407...
]. In general, the guidelines do not recommend biological valve prostheses in patients under 65 years old[22 Baumgartner H, Falk V, Bax JJ, De Bonis M, Hamm C, Holm PJ, et al. 2017 ESC/EACTS guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(36):2739-91. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx391.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx391...
]. Nevertheless, there are controversial cases in which different concepts are part of an ongoing debate, such as in patients on chronic dialysis[33 Williams ML, Bavaria JE, Acker MA, Desai ND, Vallabhajosyula P, Hargrove WC, et al. Valve selection in end-stage renal disease: should it always be biological? Ann Thorac Surg. 2016;102(5):1531-5. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.04.092.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.201...
]. In the aforementioned case, a 59-year-old patient was treated with biological AV and MV prostheses and unfortunately suffered a rapid degeneration of both valves two years postoperatively. Due to IE of the TV, the patient was not eligible for the regular transcatheter procedure. Furthermore, her logistic EuroSCORE of over 80% indicated an excessively high mortality risk for a conventional redo surgery. Operative and cross-clamp times are known to be predictive factors for postoperative morbidity and mortality[44 Farag M, Borst T, Sabashnikov A, Zeriouh M, Schmack B, Arif R, et al. Surgery for infective endocarditis: outcomes and predictors of mortality in 360 consecutive patients. Med Sci Monit. 2017;23:3617-26. doi:10.12659/msm.902340.
https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.902340...
]. Nevertheless, it is possible to shorten these times with sutureless valve prostheses[55 Ranucci M, Frigiola A, Menicanti L, Castelvecchio S, de Vincentiis C, Pistuddi V. Aortic cross-clamp time, new prostheses, and outcome in aortic valve replacement. J Heart Valve Dis. 2012;21(6):732-9.,66 Mashhour A, Zhigalov K, Mkalaluh S, Szczechowicz M, Easo J, Eichstaedt HC, et al. Outcome of a modified perceval implantation technique. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020;68(7):602-7. doi:10.1055/s-0039-1685512.
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685512...
]. We had already described the implantation of a Perceval prosthesis in mitral position[77 Szczechowicz M, Mashhour A, Chaduneli O, Weymann A. Implantation of perceval valve in mitral position: a new technique. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2019;157(1):225-8. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.07.057.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.07....
] in a high-risk setting. Open aortic transcatheter valve implantation is a feasible bailout option in high-risk redo procedures to avoid a redo aortic root replacement[88 Gennari M, Giambuzzi I, Polvani G, Agrifoglio M. TAVI-in-homograft (TiH): open transcatheter aortic valve replacement in calcified aortic homograft case reports. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2019;14(1):208. doi:10.1186/s13019-019-1036-2.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13019-019-1036-...
]. In the following case, we successfully managed to implant two transcatheter valves into the deteriorated prostheses under direct vision. Thanks to the TV procedure being performed on the beating heart, we were able to reduce the clamping time to 24 minutes.
CONCLUSION
The combination of an open-heart surgery with CPB and transcatheter AV and MV implantation significantly reduces the surgical risk compared to a conventional triple-valve redo procedure. It also facilitates avoiding major complications and technical difficulties, which would have been inevitably faced in a conventional redo surgery.
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This study was carried out at the West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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No financial support.
REFERENCES
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1Hu X, Jiang W, Xie M, Guo R, Yim WY, Dong N, et al. Bioprosthetic vs mechanical mitral valve replacement for infective endocarditis in patients aged 50 to 69 years. Clin Cardiol. 2020;43(10):1093-9. doi:10.1002/clc.23407.
» https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.23407 -
2Baumgartner H, Falk V, Bax JJ, De Bonis M, Hamm C, Holm PJ, et al. 2017 ESC/EACTS guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(36):2739-91. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx391.
» https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx391 -
3Williams ML, Bavaria JE, Acker MA, Desai ND, Vallabhajosyula P, Hargrove WC, et al. Valve selection in end-stage renal disease: should it always be biological? Ann Thorac Surg. 2016;102(5):1531-5. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.04.092.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.04.092 -
4Farag M, Borst T, Sabashnikov A, Zeriouh M, Schmack B, Arif R, et al. Surgery for infective endocarditis: outcomes and predictors of mortality in 360 consecutive patients. Med Sci Monit. 2017;23:3617-26. doi:10.12659/msm.902340.
» https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.902340 -
5Ranucci M, Frigiola A, Menicanti L, Castelvecchio S, de Vincentiis C, Pistuddi V. Aortic cross-clamp time, new prostheses, and outcome in aortic valve replacement. J Heart Valve Dis. 2012;21(6):732-9.
-
6Mashhour A, Zhigalov K, Mkalaluh S, Szczechowicz M, Easo J, Eichstaedt HC, et al. Outcome of a modified perceval implantation technique. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020;68(7):602-7. doi:10.1055/s-0039-1685512.
» https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685512 -
7Szczechowicz M, Mashhour A, Chaduneli O, Weymann A. Implantation of perceval valve in mitral position: a new technique. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2019;157(1):225-8. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.07.057.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.07.057 -
8Gennari M, Giambuzzi I, Polvani G, Agrifoglio M. TAVI-in-homograft (TiH): open transcatheter aortic valve replacement in calcified aortic homograft case reports. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2019;14(1):208. doi:10.1186/s13019-019-1036-2.
» https://doi.org/10.1186/s13019-019-1036-2
Publication Dates
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Publication in this collection
28 Apr 2021 -
Date of issue
Sep-Oct 2021
History
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Received
25 July 2020 -
Accepted
02 Aug 2020