The use of resorcine adhesive in repairing osteochondral's defect in knees of rabbits

O uso do adesivo de resorcina na reparação de defeito osteocondral em joelhos de coelhos

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

The use of resorcine adhesive in repairing osteochondral's defect in knees of rabbits¹

O uso do adesivo de resorcina na reparação de defeito osteocondral em joelhos de coelhos

Augusto Ken Sakihama^I; Djalma José Fagundes^II; Celso Massaschi Inouye^III; Ricardo Dutra Aydos^IV; Yara Juliano^V; Juliano Coelho Arakaki^VI; Maçanori Odashiro^VII; Paulo de Tarso Camilo de Carvalho^VIII

^IPhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Physiotherapy, University for Development of the State and the Pantanal Region (UNIDERP), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

^IIPhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Surgery, UNIFESP, Brazil

^IIIPhD, Full Professor of Department of Surgery, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Brazil

^IVPhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Surgery, UFMS, Brazil

^VPhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Preventive Medicine, UNIFESP, Brazil

^VIMaster, Associate Professor of the Department of Surgery, UFMS, Brazil

^VIIAssociate Professor of the Department of Surgery, UFMS, Brazil

^VIIIPhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Physiotherapy, UNIDERP, Brazil

^{Correspondence}

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To study the morphology of the articulation of the knee of rabbits after the repairing of the defect osteochondral standardized with resorcina adhesive or metallic synthesis.

METHODS: The procedure was to the creation of the defect osteochondral in femoral medial condylus of the knee of 80 rabbits, The animals were distributed in two groups with continuations of 7 and 42 days and submitted to the technique G (resection and retreat of the fragment osteochondral of the femoral medial condylus and relocation with resorcina adhesive), technique S (resection and retreat of the fragment osteochondral of the femoral medial condylus and relocation and metallic synthesis) or technique C (resection and retreat of the fragment osteochondral of the femoral medial condylus, leaving the empty standard defect the control). It was Made clinical study, radiographic, macroscopic and histological in two groups.

RESULTS: the resorcina adhesive provokes: necrosis of the fragment osteochondral in 100% and 95%, degeneration 90% and 100%, free body in 80% and 65% respectively in the group I and II; compared with the metallic synthesis that it presented: necrosis in 25% and 35%, degeneration 25% and 35%, free body in 35% and 10% respectively in the group I and II.

CONCLUSION: the resorcinol adhesive, related with the necrosis, cartilaginous degeneration and detachment of the fragment osteochondral lives frequently that the metallic synthesis.

Key words: Adhesives. Knee. Rabbits. Osteochondral.

RESUMO

OBJETIVO: Estudar a morfologia da articulação do joelho de coelhos após a reparação de um defeito osteocondral padronizado com adesivo de resorcina ou síntese metálica.

MÉTODOS: Procedeu-se à criação de um defeito osteocondral em côndilo femoral medial do joelho de 80 coelhos. Os animais foram distribuídos em dois grupos com seguimentos de 7 e 42 dias e submetidos à técnica G (ressecção e retirada do fragmento osteocondral do côndilo femoral medial e recolocação com adesivo de resorcina), técnica S (ressecção e retirada do fragmento osteocondral do côndilo femoral medial e recolocação e síntese metálica) ou técnica C (ressecção e retirada do fragmento osteocondral do côndilo femoral medial, deixando o defeito padrão vazio como controle). Fez-se estudo clínico, radiográfico, macroscópico e histológico nos dois grupos.

RESULTADOS: o adesivo de resorcina provoca: necrose do fragmento osteocondral em 100% e 95%, degeneração 90% e 100%, corpo livre em 80% e 65% respectivamente no grupo I e II; comparado com a síntese metálica que apresentou: necrose em 25% e 35%, degeneração 25% e 35%, corpo livre em 35% e 10% respectivamente no grupo I e II.

CONCLUSÃO: o adesivo de resorcina, está relacionado com a necrose, degeneração cartilaginosa e despreendimento do fragmento osteocondral com maior freqüência que a síntese metálica.

Descritores: Adesivos. Joelho. Coelho. Osteocondral.

Introduction

The treatment of focal lesions of the cartilage to articulate with substance loss, it is still a challenge to the surgeons. The cicatrisation of these lesions happens, usually, with substitution of the cartilage for fibrous fabric or fibrocartilagem¹. The substitution of the harmed area if she does for fabric fibrous scar and it carts to the medium and long period the degeneration to articulate, characterizing the osteoartrose². The difficulty for fixation of small fragments articulate happens for the inexistence of material of small dimensions and with enough resistance for the stabilization. The treatment usually proposed in these situations is the simple resection of the fragments with loss of the regularity of the surface to articulate, happening to the cicatrisation for fibrous fabric, with important alterations in morphology and operation of the articulation^1-3. Among the procedures that try to accomplish fixation of the fragment he stands out: the use of the thread of Kirschner⁴, The use of the micro fragment⁴ screw, the cianocrilato adhesive, polimetilmetacrilato and the biological adhesive of f fibrin⁵. The cianocrilato⁶ adhesives, due to the long reabsorption period and for working as a barrier for the growth tecidual there is consensus that the cianoacrilatos⁶ should be avoided in this repairing⁶ type, the polimetilmetacrilato⁴ cement, presented with results little favorable⁴ and the fibrin glue, it was researched in orthopedics as only middle of adhesiveness presented resulted contradictory^6,7. Known by the acronym GRF (GRF-glue-gelatin-resorcinol-formaldehyde) this adhesive, synthesized it starting from the eighties, it is formed by a composition the jelly base with resorcina, being polymerized for the addition of medicinal formaldehyde, forming a three-dimensional net with properties adhesives⁶ Has his application in the system digester⁸, system respiratory⁹, and in the circulatory system, specifically in the aorta¹⁰. The three-dimensional formation checks to the resorcina adhesive a force tênsil that resists to the tensions produced in the suture of great vases as the aorta. It is also attributed to his/her force tênsil the good results in surgery on the traquéia⁹, usually also submitted to tractions, as well as in the digesting anatomizes in the presence of occlusions intestine's¹¹. There are no reports in the biomedical literature researched on the use of this adhesive in orthopedics. For their characteristics of high resistance capacity to the force tênsil seemed pertinent the investigation of his/her application for fixation of small cartilage fragments in articulations sinoviais. The proposal of this research was to evaluate some morphologic aspects of the articulation of the knee in experimentation animal, when submitted the standardized defect of the cartilage to articulate and later fastened by the conventional method of osteossíntese (metallic synthesis) or with the adhesive to the jelly-resorcina-formaldehyde base.

Methods

The operative procedure was approved by the Protocol 1261/03 of the Committee of Ethics of the Federal University of São Paulo-School From São Paulo of Medicine (UNIFESP-EPM),80 rabbits of the lineage New Zealand, albino, males, 5 to 8 months of age, weight between 2600 and 3000 grams, coming of Central Biotério of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS). Aleatoriamente were distributed in I Group I (n=40) continuation of the seven days and Group II (n=40) continuation of the forty two days. The animals, they were raffled again in: subgroup S (metallic synthesis), subgroup G ("glue"-resorcinol sticker) and: subgroup C (it controls-that was the retreat of the fragment in the against-lateral knee to the operated).

Operative procedure

Accomplished antisepsis with solution of iodized alcohol 2% in both subsequent members and the placement of the cloths sterilized fenestrate, being isolated the knees. Digital traction of the skin in the anterolateral sense with objective of the operative scar to locate in the lateral face of the knee, preventing the contact of the skin operated with the soil and the walls of the cages. Incision of the skin and subcutaneous screen with 30mm of length, in positioning lateral parapatelar, beginning to 10mm proximal to the superior surface of the patella to the level of the epiphyses proximal of the shinbone, maintaining 10mm of distance of the lateral border of the patella. Mechanical removal of the skin and subcutaneous screen with two afastadores in claw, identification and incision of 30mm of length in the capsule to articulate lateral in the sense longitudinal⁸. Medial dislocation of the patella and of the extending muscular apparel for exhibition of the condylus femoral medial⁸. Flexing of the knee to ninety degrees, maintaining the patella dislocated medialmente. Identification of the origin of the subsequent ligament, taking her/it as the level of the osteotomia in the plan skull-flow in the condylus femoral medial⁸. It was taken as point of reference, the origin of the subsequent ligament that coincides with the leading edge of the osteotomia; starting from this point in subsequent direction in the condylus, he/she grew up a standard defect with 5 mm of length x 3 mm of width x 2 mm of depth in the border antero-interns of the medial femoral condylus . With a paquímetro, the distance of the center of the defect standard servant was measured to the apex of the sewage subsequent supracondiliana of the condylus femoral medial⁸. To an electric perforator of controlled rotation, he/she joined a drill number 2, denominated "he/she calls candle", with 20mm of length and diâmetro⁸ 0,5 mm. It was perforated two halfway holes amongst themselves in 3 mm, and put to the about 1mm of the borders, in the direction of the largest length of the standard defect, transfixed-if the fragment osteochondral resulting from the osteotomia. With a drill measuring 40mm of length and 1mm of diameter, he/she took place two parallel holes in the medial femoral côndylus, leaving of the standard defect, to 1mm of the borders of larger length, towards the lateral face of the côndylus lateral¹⁰. In the animals raffled for application of the technique S, the fragment osteochondral was fastened with 2 metallic pins (Figure 1). In the animals raffled for application of the technique G, the fragment osteochondral was fastened with the sticker resorcinol (Figure 2). For the control (technique C), the fragment osteochondral was simply solitary of the knee contra lateral staying the defect standard vazio⁸. Mechanical cleaning of the cavity to articulate with isotonic saline solution of chloride of sodium 0,9%, following by hemostasis compressive. Reduction of the patella and of the extending muscular apparel. Closing of the capsule to articulate with four simple points, separate with thread of suture polidioxanona (PDX) 00 and of the subcutaneous screen and of the skin in only plan, with continuous suture of thread of polyamide monofilament 5.0. The operative wounds were left discoveries, the operated members did not receive any immobilization type expresses, with the purpose of observing the behavior of the synthesis, and the use of antibiotic prophylactic was spared. For the anesthetic recovery, the rabbits were returned to their cages staying wrapped up for the operative cloths to avoid loss of corporal heat. The rabbits were submitted to exam radiographic for mensuration of the angle of extension of the Knees or angle femoro-tibial in extension of the knees, in the pré and postoperative.

Mensuration Radiographic

For standardization of the lines that they give origin the measure of the angle femoro-tibial, she preceded the sequence shown in the Figure 3:

Study Macroscopic

They were logged the following parameters: observation of the cartilage to articulate, in relation to the color, integrity, observation of the presence of free bodies articulate, observation of the synthesis of the fragment osteochondral fastened with metallic pins or with adhesive of jelly-resorcina-glutaraldeído.

Study microscopic

Habitual technique of histological preparation and coloration hematoxilina and eosina (HE) and tricômico of Gomory. In the microscopic analysis, accomplished by three pathologists, the following parameters were observed: degeneration of the cartilage hyaline, observation of presence of bone and cartilaginous necrosis.

Statistical analysis

For statistical analysis of the results, accomplished by the Discipline of Biostatistics of the Department of Preventive Medicine of UNIFESP - EPM, parametric tests and no-parametric tests were used, being taken into account the nature of the studied variables. They were applied the following tests: it Tests of the quiquadrado. Test of Mann-Whitney. Test of Wilcoxon; it Tests "t" of Student.

Results

Discussion

The lesions of the cartilage to articulate, he/she wants degenerative or traumatic with loss of it nourishes, they are fearsome for the surgeon orthopedic specialist in reason of the low capacity of regeneration of this fabric. His/her substitution for woven fibrotic cicatricial takes, in the great majority of the times, to a functional compromising with all their painful clinical manifestations and/or incapacitantes¹. In the articulations sinoviais the cartilage sinovial is sustained partly in their nutritional and regenerative aspects for the is liquidate sinovial. His/her capacity to maintain integral text and to answer with regenerative process depends, however, of the integrity of the bone sub-chondral¹. In general there is consensus that small fragments, which she do not get to fasten, they can be removed of the articulação¹. The repairing or cicatrisation of the remaining cartilage provokes damages of small sets up, although with repercussions clinical, temporary or definitive, of pain to the limitation functional variável^1,2. More extensive lesions are associated to processes fibrotic cicatriciais and morphologic compromising and funcional^1,2. The repair of the lesions of the cartilage to articulate it has been studied thoroughly and several proposed they are available. The fixation of the outstanding fragment is the most frequent proposition. The fixation procedures involve different techniques and materials⁴. In the literature it is proposed the use of metallic threads or synthetic's^4,5, metallic pins or of material degradável⁴, biological adhesives or synthetic's^4,7, among others. In the most extensive lesions they exist proposed of using cartilage solemnity-graft or homoenxerto^4,12. The fixation in mosaic 13 or of larger fragments he/she has their results harnessed to the use of the applied technique. The fixation way of the fragments to the receiving bed is important factor in the evolution of the doença^12,13. Like this, it has been seeking alternatives in the genetic engineering, transplant's¹⁴ or biomaterials. In addition, one have been studying substances that can induce or to stimulate the cartilaginous regeneration, although these studies are still in phase initial¹⁵. Most of the propositions end for dashing in the need of fastening a cartilaginous fabric on the area lesada¹³. The revision of the biomedical literature showed several works with the use of surgical adhesives, in the great majority to the fibrin base, the call glues biologic^4,6,7. Because of the use diversity and application techniques a consensus idea cannot be removed. There are favorable and unfavorable results, but as the used methodology it differs the conclusive analysis is prejudiced ^4,6,7. The derived synthetic adhesive of the cianoacrilato, for having a polymerization exothermic, it has not been presenting satisfactory results in cartilage or osso^4,6. There are no reports of the use of a type of known adhesive as "it glues French" ("French glue"), a composition the jelly base, resorcinol and glutaraldeído (formaldehyde), in orthopedics, to not to be for fixation of bone fragments in surgeries facials^6,8,9,11. The use of this adhesive in woven of the windpipe and arteries has been demonstrating that his/her three-dimensional architecture to the it produces polymerize-her an adhesiveness that supports the rupture^9,10 forces better. The manufacturer recommends his/her job in cardiovascular surgery, general surgery, neurosurgery, otorhinolaryngology, urology, ophthalmology and dentistry. This way it seemed interesting the proposal of use of this product in the fixation of cartilage fragment to articulate in experimentation animal. The application of the adhesive did not present technical difficulties. For they be products hidrossolúveis, before the mixture, the manipulation of the flasks was easy. After the mixture the adhesive effect began to manifest in up to two minutes, enough time for his/her appropriate application and eventual removal of the excess of applied substance. The subsequent limpeza with saline solution removed all and any possibility of permanence of residues of the adhesive in the receiving bed or inside of the articulation. To test the validity of the use of the resorcinol adhesive an animal model of disease it was used idealized by Inouye⁴. The model in rabbits creates a defect osteochondral standardized in the surface to articulate of the knee in support area, with dimensions 5x3x2mm. It demonstrated the adaptation of this model for the simulation of a situation of loss of substance of cartilage osteochondral in articulation sinovial. He/she used the polidioxanone thread (PDX) and the metallic fixation showed that the fixation with thread synthetic abortively is a possibility viável⁴. He/she did not take place any immobilization procedure due to the operational difficulty of maintaining the animal with a splint or I equip gessado, especially in considering that the immobilization should be bilateral, inside of the proposed model. Unilateral immobilization would demand a larger number of animals than inconvenience was considered by the Commission of Ethics. He/she was also considered that the model previous of Inouye the immobilization was unnecessary and he/she did not have influence in the results obtidos⁴. For comparison of the fixation technique with adhesive she opted for the metallic fixation that it is a procedure of average use in these situations. The daily observation of the animals for the tratador, veterinarian and researcher did not surprise any aspect to be worthy of note or that could interfere in the appraised parameters in the research. The measure of the extension angles in the preoperative period compared with the postoperative periods to the seven and forty of two days showed that there are no significant differences among the animals that had the fragment fastened with adhesive, with metallic synthesis or that you/they had the removed fragment. In all of the groups the extension angles were larger in the preoperative period. (Figure 4) Any that is the employed technique happened a loss of extension of the knee of the animal in relation to the preoperative situation. It was not possible to establish a difference among these measured that can be attributed to one of the employed techniques. All take the loss of movement of extension of the knee equally. The technique with the adhesive use showed indexes of detachment of the fragment by eighty percent of the cases in seven days and in seventy five percent to the forty two days (Figure 6, graph 2 and 3). The technique of metallic synthesis showed detachment of thirty five percent to the seven days and ten percent to the forty two days of observation (Illustration 4, 5 and 6). The resorcinol adhesive in the studied model was shown very inferior in terms of fixation of the fragment than the technique of metallic synthesis. One of the reasons fanned to explain the high detachment incidence would be the lack of immobilization of the operated member, what could happen a precocious detachment of the fragment. Some works told in the literature with use of biological adhesive do reference the immobilization in the initial apprenticeships of the observation, although most of the works does not make mention of the use or not of imobilização^3,4,7. In that it weighs to the immobilization lack the adhesive was shown unable of by itself of maintaining the fastened fragment and, therefore his/her applicability is in the dependence of other specific evaluations for his/her adhesiveness capacity. Among other options it would be to the immobilization need or study of the adhesive as adjuvant of other fixation means. Analyzing the other microscopic parameters can be observed that in the group of the animals that you/they received the adhesive happened larger degeneration of the cartilage hyaline and bone subchondral and larger presence of necrosis of the cartilage hyaline and bone subchondral simultaneously (Figure 4and 5) The analysis together of these parameters it is coherent with a harmful action of the adhesive on the biological fabric. The presence of the adhesive seems to have provoked a lesion more extensive tecidual than that restricted one the provocation of the defect. The metallic synthesis in these same microscopic parameters was shown much closer to the of the group it controls. The presence of the metallic body also provoked degeneration and necrosis of the cartilage hyaline, but in proportion very inferior to the adhesive and close to the data of the group it controls. The global analysis of the results allows to end that the manipulation of the articulation of the knee in any of the used procedures takes to a functional compromising, acted by the decrease of the flexing angle and inadequate repair of the lesion osteochondral, acted by the alterations macro and microscopic observed. The retreat of the fragment provokes a more compromising lesion than the fixation attempt, what is compatible with the results of other works in the literature^1,4,5,12. In comparison with the fixation with the metallic synthesis of the fragment the adhesive to the jelly base, resorcinol and glutaraldeído inferior was shown. The option of the exclusive use of a adhesive continues being challenge for the fixation of cartilage fragment to articulate. The fixation with metallic material produces better results than the simple removal of the fragments⁵, and in the case I specify of this research better results than the adhesive use. The model experimental utilized⁶ showed his/her adaptation once again and susceptible to be used in other experimental works, besides to test other adhesives as exclusive use of fixation or supporting of other types and fixation materials.

Conclusions

The adhesive of jelly-resorcina-glutaraldeído it was not shown appropriate for fixation of cartilage fragment to articulate in a defect osteochondral provoked in rabbit knee. The metallic synthesis of cartilage fragment to articulate it is more appropriate than his/her simple removal of the articulation of the rabbit knee.

Augusto Sakihama

UNIDERP

Rua Alexandre Herculano, 1400

Chácara dos Poderes

79 0370-280 - Campo Grande - MS - Brazil

Conflict of interest: none

Financial Source: none

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Correspondence:

1

Research from Surgery and Experimentation Post-Graduate Program of São Paulo Federal University (UNIFESP) - São Paulo, Brazil

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  07 Feb 2007
• Date of issue
  2006