Intestinal inflammatory and redox responses to the perioperative administration of teduglutide in rats¹

Abstract

Purpose:

To investigate the inflammatory and redox responses to teduglutide on an animal model of laparotomy and intestinal anastomosis.

Methods:

Wistar rats (n=62) were allocated into four groups: “Ileal Resection and Anastomosis” vs. “Laparotomy”, each one split into “Postoperative Teduglutide Administration” vs. “No Treatment”; and euthanized at the third or the seventh day. Ileal and blood samples were recovered at the baseline and at the euthanasia. Flow cytometry was used to study the inflammatory response (IL-1α, MCP-1, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-4 levels), oxidative stress (cytosolic peroxides, mitochondrial reactive species, intracellular glutathione and mitochondrial membrane potential) and cellular viability and death (annexin V/propidium iodide double staining).

Results:

Postoperative teduglutide treatment was associated with higher cellular viability index and lower early apoptosis ratio at the seventh day; higher cytosolic peroxides level at the third day and mitochondrial overgeneration of reactive species at the seventh day; higher tissue concentration of IL-4 and lower local pro-to-anti-inflammatory cytokines ratio at the seventh day.

Conclusion:

Those findings suggest an intestinal pro-oxidative and anti-inflammatory influence of teduglutide on the peri-operative context with a potential interference in the intestinal anastomotic healing.

Key words:
Glucagon-like peptide-2. Anastomosis; surgical. Cytokines. Oxidative Stress.

Introduction

Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) is a gastrointestinal growth factor, synthetized in enteroendocrine L cells, that exerts a relevant role on the control of energy absorption and the preservation of intestinal mucosa morphology and function¹. Teduglutide is a long-acting dipeptidylpeptidase IV-resistant equivalent of GLP-2 currently accepted for pharmacological rehabilitation of patients with short-bowel syndrome associated intestinal failure² and also considered a promising medication for moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease³. Several studies have demonstrated that, in patients with short-bowel syndrome, teduglutide treatment is safe, well tolerated and efficacious, with improvement of intestinal absorption and reduction of parenteral support requirements^4,5. Teduglutide was recently approved by the European Medicines Agency for treatment of patients with short-bowel syndrome related parenteral support dependence despite optimized medical and dietetic treatment, aged more than one year and who are stable following a period of postsurgical intestinal adaptation^6,7. Furthermore, in the recently published guidelines of the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, teduglutide was considered the first choice for carefully selected patients with chronic intestinal failure who are candidates for growth factor treatment⁸.

Several experimental studies, analyzing intestinal anastomotic repair-promoting methods, have suggested potential benefits from growth factors administration, including from insulin-like growth factor 1, epidermal growth factor, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-7/keratinocyte growth factor^9,10, which have been considered mediators of the GLP-2 effects¹. In fact, a recently published study demonstrated, through histological and immunohistochemical analysis, a positive impact of teduglutide administration on the reepithelialization and neoangiogenesis events of the proliferative phase of the intestinal anastomotic repair on an experimental model¹¹.

Intestinal inflammatory and redox responses to the perioperative administration of teduglutide are not yet well understood. It may be hypothesized that teduglutide influences inflammatory and redox reactions with a potential interference in the intestinal anastomotic healing. Knowledge of the potential influence of teduglutide on the intestinal anastomotic repair is relevant, not only for patients with short-bowel syndrome undergoing intestinal anastomosis (including autologous intestinal reconstruction procedures) during treatment with this growth factor, but also to explore its potential role as a perioperative adjuvant strategy.

Present study intends to investigate the inflammatory and redox responses to teduglutide short-term perioperative treatment on an animal model of laparotomy and intestinal anastomosis.

Methods

Experiment was ratified by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (Official Letter nº32-06-2009) and implemented in consonance with the national recommendations for animals’ safety.

Adult male Wistar albinus rats, weighting 250 to 300 g, were randomly allocated into four groups: “Ileal Resection and Anastomosis” (“Res”) versus “Laparotomy” (“Lap”), each one split into “Postoperative Teduglutide Administration” (“Ted +”) versus “No Treatment” (“Ted -”). Evaluation was accomplished at the operation and euthanasia, at the third or the seventh postoperative day (presumptively consonant with the inflammatory and proliferative stages of the intestinal anastomotic repair^9,12), with ileal harvesting and blood collection. Blinded assessment was guaranteed in all the laboratorial analysis.

All the operative interventions were executed by the same surgeon, after two hours solid fasting, with clean surgical technique and under anaesthesia with an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine hydrochloride (75 mg/kg; Pfizer Inc., NY, USA) and chlorpromazine (3 mg/kg; Laboratórios Vitória, Amadora, Portugal).

In “Res” groups, a 10 cm length ileal resection was completed, retaining distal 5 cm, through a 3 cm midline laparotomy, concluded with an end-to-end anastomosis with eight equidistant full-thickness polydioxanone USP 6/0 stitches (PDS II, Ethicon, Johnson-Johnson Intl); abdominal wall was closed with muscle-aponeurotic and cutaneous continuous sutures of braided coated polyglactin 910 USP 4/0 (Surgilactin, Sutures Limited, UK) and natural silk USP 4/0 (Surgisilk, Sutures Limited, UK), respectively. In “Lap” groups, a 3 cm midline laparotomy was carried out with mild handling of the small bowel.

In the first postoperative day, 5% glucose in water at a 1:1 ratio was provided and, then, ad libitum rodent diet and hydration were restored. At the third or seventh postoperative day, animals were euthanized by cervical displacement and a re-laparotomy with ileal resection was undertaken (10 cm length, conserving distal 3 cm).

In “Ted +” groups, teduglutide (American Peptide Company) was applied subcutaneously in the postoperative period (including on the day of the operation), 200 µg/kg/day, after preparation in agreement with the manufacturer’s recommendations. Administration schedule of teduglutide was based on precedent experimental and clinical studies on the intestinotrophic and pharmacodynamic attributes of GLP-2 and its analogues^2,13-16.

Tissue and blood sampling

Three similar longitudinal strips of the most distal 4 cm length of each ileal specimen, each one corresponding to one third of the circumference, were carefully retrieved for cell isolation procedure, homogenization and 10% formaldehyde fixation, respectively. In “Res” groups, tissue samples obtained at euthanasia corresponded to the anastomotic segment and included the anastomosis in the middle. Tissue baseline values of “Res” groups were considered for comparison with postoperative results of the “Lap” groups.

Blood samples of 1 ml were collected before the operations, into EDTA-containing tubes, stabilized with 0.1 mg/ml of aprotinin from bovine lung (Sigma-Aldrich) and 0.037 mg/ml of nicotinonitrile dihydrochloride hydrate (Sigma Aldrich) and centrifuged for 20 minutes at 1500x g and 4°C. Plasma aliquots were maintained at -80ºC.

Tissue dissociation and cell isolation procedure

Cells were isolated from one ileal longitudinal strip by a modified collagenase/dispase isolation protocol^17,18 to obtain preparations predominantly constituted of epithelial cells and some stromal cells.

Tissue homogenization

Fragments from one ileal longitudinal strip, with approximately 1 mm, were rapidly introduced in a mixture of protease inhibitors (1 ml/100 mg) and submitted to mechanical homogenization. Inhibitors cocktail was previously prepared by adding aprotinin from bovine lung (Sigma Aldrich), leucopeptin hemisulfate salt (Sigma Aldrich) and pepstatin A (Sigma Aldrich) (1 μl of each, all diluted in a 10 mg/ml stock concentration) to 10 ml of phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4, Gibco, LifeTechnologies). Preparation was sonicated twice with one short pulse of ten seconds, cooled during ten seconds and distributed into two tubes of 1.5 ml. Sonication (one pulse of ten seconds) was repeated and centrifugation was undertaken, 14000x g, for ten minutes, at 4°C. Supernatant was removed to a new tube. Centrifugation was repeated twice and supernatant was removed, aliquoted (100 μl) and stored at -80ºC until further use.

Cellular viability and death study

Annexin V/propidium iodide double staining was used to evaluate viability and death in isolated cells, with the Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit (Immunostep, Salamanca, Spain) according previously described methods¹⁹. Analysis was accomplished using a FACSCalibur flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA, USA). Cells were defined according the positivity for annexin V (AV) and/or propidium iodide (PI) labelling. Results were presented as percentage of early apoptotic (AV+/PI-), late apoptotic/necrotic (AV+/PI+), necrotic (AV-/PI+) and viable cells (AV-/PI-).

Oxidative stress evaluation

Subsequent parameters were analysed in isolated cells by flow cytometry: peroxides levels in cytosol, with 2’,7’-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH₂-DA) probe (Molecular Probes, Invitrogen); reactive species production in mitochondria, with dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123) probe (Molecular Probes; Invitrogen); intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) content, with mercury orange staining (Sigma-Aldrich); and mitochondrial membrane potential, with 5,5’,6,6’-tethrachloro-1,1’,3,3’-tethraethylbenzimidazolcarbocyanine iodide probe (JC-1; Molecular Probes, Invitrogen). Analysis was fulfilled using the flow cytometer and software outlined above, conforming to formerly detailed techniques^19,20. Results were revealed as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) values. Experiments were carried out in duplicate.

Analysis of tissue and systemic inflammatory response

A multiplex cytokine bead array approach was used to measure the expression of inflammatory cytokines, using the Rat Cytokine 5plex Kit FlowCytomix (Affymetrix eBioscience) produced for quantification of rat’s homogenized tissue and plasma levels of interleukine-1α (IL-1α), macrophage chemo-attractant protein (MCP-1), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukine-4 (IL-4). Standard and test samples were analysed using a FACSCalibur flow cytometer as stated in the manufacturer’s instructions. All the samples were run in duplicate. Tissue concentrations were normalized to the total protein content of the sample, estimated by the bicinchoninic acid protein assay²¹ using bovine serum albumin as standard, and expressed as pg/μg protein. Pro-to-anti-inflammatory cytokines ratio ([IL-1α]+[TNF-α]+[IFN-γ]/[IL-4]) and Helper cell type 1 lymphocytes (Th1)-to-helper cell type 2 lymphocytes (Th2) cytokines quotient ([TNF-α]+[IFN-γ]/[IL-4]) were calculated^22,23.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was completed using the SPSS Software version 18.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Testing for normality was performed with Shapiro Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov-Lillifors tests. Data were indicated as median and interquartile range (median±IQR). Non-parametric continuous variables were compared by Mann-Whitney U test and analysis of variance by ranks (Kruskall-Wallis test) with pairwise comparisons; correlations were determined by the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (σ). Differences were considered statistically significant at a level of 95% (p<0.05).

Results

Sixty-two animals were recruited and 59 completed the study. They were distributed in the following groups: “Res Ted -” (n=13, eight euthanized at the seventh day), “Res Ted +” (n=15, seven euthanized at the seventh day), “Lap Ted -” (n=15, eight euthanized at the seventh day) and “Lap Ted +” (n=16, eight euthanized at the seventh day). There were two cases of mortality associated with anastomotic dehiscence (in “Res Ted -” and “Res Ted +” groups, respectively) and one of indeterminate etiology (in “Res Ted -” group), that were rejected from further analysis. In the remaining animals, there was no evidence of anastomotic fistulae, intra-abdominal abscess or peritonitis.

Cellular viability and death

In animals not submitted to teduglutide treatment, ileal peri-anastomotic segments demonstrated a significant decrease of viable cells proportion between the third and seventh days (p=0.01) (Figure 1a).

Figure 1
Analysis of viability and death in cells isolated from rats’ ileum, by flow cytometry using double staining with Annexin V/Propidium iodide: at the third and seventh days after ileal resection and anastomosis in animals not submitted to teduglutide treatment (a), in the different groups of study (b) and according teduglutide administration (c).

Teduglutide administration was associated with an increase of viability index in the cells isolated from the peri-anastomotic segment at the seventh day (p=0.005) (Figure 1b). Global evaluation of the effects of postoperative teduglutide treatment underscored the increase of cellular viability (p=0.0001) and decrease of early apoptosis occurrences at the seventh day (p=0.001) (Figure 1c).

Animals (n=59) were submitted to ileal resection and anastomosis (Res) or laparotomy (Lap) and euthanized at the third or at the seventh postoperative days. In groups “Res Ted +” and “Lap Ted +”, teduglutide was administered after the operation. Samples recovered at euthanasia from rats submitted to ileal resection corresponded to the anastomotic segment. Baseline values of rats that undergo ileal resection were considered for comparison. Data were explicited as percentage (%) of viable, early apoptotic, late apoptotic/necrotic (late apop/necrotic) and necrotic cells (median±IQR). Kruskal-Wallis test with pairwise comparison and Mann-Whitney U test were used.

Oxidative stress

Intestinal anastomotic healing induced a pro-oxidative influence, particularly evident at the third day, that was expressed by an increase of cytosolic peroxides level (p=0.0001) and reactive species generation in the mitochondria (p=0.005) and by a reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential (p=0.001) and cellular reduced glutathione content (p=0.001) until the seventh day (Figure 2a).

Figure 2
Oxidative stress evaluation in cells isolated from rats’ ileum: at the third and seventh days after ileal resection and anastomosis in animals not submitted to teduglutide treatment (a), in the different groups of study (b) and according teduglutide administration (c). Assessment was performed by flow cytometry using DCFH2-DA, DHR123 and JC-1 fluorescent probes and mercury orange to determine cytosolic peroxides level, mitochondrial reactive species generation, mitochondrial membrane potential (mψ) and cellular reduced glutathione content ([GSH]), respectively.

Teduglutide treatment appeared to reinforce the pro-oxidative effects of anastomotic repair, although without reaching statistical significance (Figure 2b). When considering all the operated animals postoperative teduglutide administration was significantly associated with an increase of the cytosolic peroxides level at the third day (p=0.042), as well as of the mitochondrial generation of reactive species at the seventh day (p=0.0011) (Figure 2c).

Animals (n=59) were submitted to ileal resection and anastomosis (Res) or laparotomy (Lap) and euthanized at the third or at the seventh postoperative days. In groups “Res Ted +” and “Lap Ted +”, teduglutide was administered after the operation. Samples recovered at euthanasia from rats submitted to ileal resection corresponded to the anastomotic segment. Baseline values of rats that undergo ileal resection were considered for comparison. Data were presented as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) values (median±IQR). Results of JC-1 probe were expressed as aggregates/monomers ratio. Kruskal-Wallis test with pairwise comparison and Mann-Whitney U test were used.

Local inflammatory response

Anastomotic repair induced a significant upregulation of tissue IL-1α (p=0.0001), MCP-1 (p=0.026) and TNF-α (p=0.0001) until the third day, with a drop of TNF-α thereafter; as well as of IFN-γ between the third and seventh days (p=0.034) (Figure 3a). An increase of pro-to-anti-inflammatory cytokines ratio until the seventh day (623.8±422.5 versus 7098.5±7396.5, p=0.0001) and of Th1-to-Th2 cytokines ratio, especially until the third day (0.0±0.9 versus 118.2±49.3, p=0.0001) was observed in the peri-anastomotic segment.

Figure 3
Analysis of tissue inflammatory response in rats’ ileum by flow cytometric multiplexed bead assay: at the third and seventh days after ileal resection and anastomosis in animals not submitted to teduglutide treatment (a), in the different groups of study (b) and according teduglutide administration (c).

Teduglutide administration was associated with higher tissue levels of IL-4 at the seventh day after isolated laparotomy (p=0.036) (Figure 3b). Teduglutide treatment was associated with a higher expression of IL-4 at the seventh day after the operation (p=0.0001) (Figure 3c), concomitant with a lower pro-to-anti-inflammatory and Th1-to-Th2 cytokines ratios (409.3±1768.1 versus 2864.5±6613.6, p=0.012 and 0.0±2.2 versus 3.0±7.3, p=0.017, respectively).

Animals (n=59) were submitted to ileal resection and anastomosis (Res) or laparotomy (Lap) and euthanized at the third or at the seventh postoperative days. In groups “Res Ted +” and “Lap Ted +”, teduglutide was administered after the operation. Samples recovered at euthanasia from rats submitted to ileal resection corresponded to the anastomotic segment. Cytokines concentrations were determined as function of fluorescence intensities and normalized to the protein content of the sample. Baseline values of rats that undergo ileal resection were considered for comparison. Data were expressed as pg/mg (median±IQR). Kruskal-Wallis test with pairwise comparison and Mann-Whitney U test were used.

Systemic inflammatory response

After ileal resection and anastomosis, an increase of plasma IFN-γ levels until the third day (287.8±99.5 versus 605.5±61.8 pg/ml, p=0.001, respectively) was documented; on the other hand, a decrease of IL-1α and TNF-α concentrations until the seventh day (p=0.0001 and p=0.0001, respectively) was also observed (Figure 4a).

Figure 4
Analysis of systemic inflammatory response by flow cytometric multiplexed bead assay: at the third and seventh days after ileal resection and anastomosis in animals not submitted to teduglutide treatment (a), in the different groups of study (b) and according teduglutide administration (c).

Plasma pro-to-anti-inflammatory and Th1-to-Th2 cytokines ratios increased until the third day after ileal resection and anastomosis (32.7±11.7 versus 47.3±12.3, p=0.017 and 16.2±6.1 versus 23.1±8.2, n.s., respectively) and decreased thereafter (47.3±12.3 versus 8.2±2.3, p=0.0001 and 23.1±8.2 versus 8.2±2.3, p=0.0001, respectively).

Teduglutide administration was associated with lower plasma levels of IL-1α, IFN-γ and TNF-α at the seventh day after laparotomy (p=0.0001, respectively); lower levels of IL-4 at both moments of evaluation after laparotomy (p=0.013 and p=0.0001, respectively); as well as lower plasma concentrations of IFN-γ at the third day after ileal resection and anastomosis (p=0.004) (Figure 4b). When analyzing all the animals, teduglutide administration was associated with lower plasma levels of IFN-γ at the third day (p=0.026) and of IL-1α (p=0.004), TNF-α (p=0.002), IFN-γ (p=0.0001) and IL-4 (p=0.0001) at the seventh day (Figure 4c). That growth factor was not associated with significant modifications of plasma pro-to-anti-inflammatory or Th1-to-Th2 cytokine ratios.

Animals (n=59) were submitted to ileal resection and anastomosis (Res) or laparotomy (Lap) and euthanized at the third or at the seventh postoperative days. In groups “Res Ted+” and “Lap Ted+”, teduglutide was administered after the operation. Baseline values were considered for comparison. Data were transmited as plasma concentration (pg/ml) (median±IQR). Kruskal-Wallis test with pairwise comparison and Mann-Whitney U test were used.

Relevant correlations between cellular viability and death indexes, oxidative stress parameters and cytokines levels at the euthanasia

In the postoperative evaluation of cells isolated from the rats’ ileum, cytosolic peroxides level, mitochondrial reactive species generation and mitochondrial membrane potential levels correlated moderately and significantly with cellular viability (σ=50.4%, p=0.0001; σ=61.9%, p=0.0001 and σ=-49.8%, p=0.0001, respectively) (Table 1).

Table 1
Relevant correlations between cellular viability and death indexes, oxidative stress parameters and tissue levels of cytokines at the euthanasia (n=59)^a.

σ / p

Viability

Early ap

Late ap

Necrosis

Peroxides

Reac Sp

ic[GSH]

mψ

[IL-1α]

[MCP-1]

[TNF-α]

[IFN-γ]

[IL-4]

Viability

-76.6% p=0.0001

-69.1% p=0.0001

50.4% p=0.0001

61.9% p=0.0001

-50.6% p=0.0001

-49.8% p=0.0001

29.7% p=0.022

32.8% p=0.011

40.7% p=0.001

-28.6% p=0.028

Early ap

-76.6% p=0.0001

-46.3% p=0.0001

-40.9% p=0.001

29.9% p=0.021

39.4% p=0.002

-27.5% p=0.035

-31.2% p=0.016

Late ap

-58.5% p=0.0001

43.3% p=0.001

-27.4% p=0.036

Necrosis

-69.1% p=0.0001

43.3% p= 0.001

-41.4% p=0.001

-47.5% p=0.0001

45.8% p=0.0001

39.9% p=0.002

-25.9% p=0.048

-28.5% p=0.029

Peroxides

50.4% p=0.0001

-46.3% p=0.0001

-41.4% p=0.001

78.8% p=0.0001

-72.4% p=0.0001

-74.7% p=0.0001

59.6% p=0.0001

55.5% p=0.0001

52.1% p=0.0001

-28.5% p=0.028

Reac Sp

61.9% p=0.0001

-40.9% p=0.001

-27.4% p= 0.036

-47.5% p=0.0001

78.8% p=0.0001

-86.5% p=0.0001

-73.9% p=0.0001

61.4% p=0.0001

63.1% p=0.0001

52.8% p=0.0001

-41.7% p=0.001

ic[GSH]

-50.6% p=0.0001

29.9% p=0.021

45.8% p=0.0001

-72.4% p=0.0001

-86.5% p=0.0001

68.5% p=0.0001

-62.5% p=0.0001

-59.5% p=0.0001

-38% p=0.003

mψ

-49.8% p=0.0001

39.4% p=0.002

39.9% p=0.002

-74.7% p=0.0001

-73.9% p=0.0001

68.5% p=0.0001

-70.8% p=0.0001

-54% p=0.0001

-71.4% p=0.0001

32.5% p=0.013

[IL-1α]

29.7% p=0.022

-27.5% p=0.035

-25,9% p=0.048

59.6% p=0.0001

61.4% p=0.0001

-62.5% p=0.0001

-70.8% p=0.0001

59.7% p=0.0001

56.6% p=0.0001

[MCP-1]

32.8% p=0.011

-28,5% p=0.029

55.5% p=0.0001

63.1% p=0.0001

-59.5% p=0.0001

-54% p=0.0001

59.7% p=0.0001

51.3% p=0.0001

[TNF-α]

40,7% p=0,001

-31.2% p=0.016

52.1% p=0.0001

52.8% p=0.0001

-38% p=0.003

-71.4% p=0.0001

56.6% p=0.0001

51.3% p=0.0001

-36.6% p=0.004

30.5% p=0.019

[IFN-γ]

-28.6% p=0.028

-28,5% p=0,028

-41.7% p=0.001

32.5% p=0.013

-36.6% p=0.004

[IL-4]

30.5% p=0.019

• ^aAnalysis was performed by flow cytometry. Cellular viability and death indexes were determined using annexin V/propidium iodide; cytosolic peroxides level (Peroxides), reactive species generation in the mitochondria (Reac Sp), mitochondrial membrane potential (mψ) and cellular reduced glutathione content (ic[GSH]) with DCFH₂-DA, DHR123 and JC-1 fluorescent probes and mercury orange staining, respectively; and tissue levels of cytokines by flow cytometric multiplex bead assay. Spearman’s correlation coefficient (σ) and value of significance (p) were presented.
• Early ap Early apoptosis index, Late ap Late apoptosis/necrosis index

Discussion

Intestinal anastomotic healing is a complex process that progresses in three coinciding steps: inflammatory, proliferative and remodeling^9,12. In this study, the repair process induced a significant decrease in the percentage of viable cells isolated from the peri-anastomotic segment between both postoperative moments of evaluation. Intestinal anastomotic healing was characterized by a relevant and sustained pro-oxidative influence, particularly evident at the third day, including an increase of oxidative burden and a decrease of cellular mechanisms of protection against oxidative injury, as expected to occur during the infiltration of the wounded tissues by inflammatory cells^9,24.

In the present study, anastomotic healing activated a predominant tissue pro-inflammatory and Th1 response. Repair process promoted a significant upregulation of IL-1α, MCP-1 and TNF-α until the third day; and of IFN-γ between the third and the seventh days. Similarly, Seifert et al.²⁵ demonstrated an upregulation of tissue IL-1α and IL-1β gene expressions on the second day and a downregulation in the later course until the eighth day, although without a consistent regulation of IFN-γ gene expression. Other authors described upregulation of IL-1β until the seventh day after an ileal anastomosis^26,27 and increase of IFN-γ expression between the third and seventh days²⁷; however, contrary to the present findings, they observed a decrease of TNF-α levels at the third postoperative day^26,27. In this investigation, downregulation of IL-4 at the seventh postoperative day was concordant with the literature²⁶ and the MCP-1 kinetic profile in the anastomotic segment was analogous to that previously demonstrated by Alzoghaibi et al.²⁸.

Our results revealed a predominant pro-inflammatory and Th1 systemic response at the third day after intestinal resection and anastomosis and a prevailing anti-inflammatory and Th2 systemic reaction at the seventh day, in concordance with the literature²⁹. As reported by previous experimental and clinical studies, the initial pro-inflammatory phase of the host response during the early postoperative period is followed by anti-inflammatory cytokines production by Th2 lymphocytes³⁰. Surgical stress induces a shift in the Th1/Th2 cell balance towards Th2^22,29,31, suggesting downregulation of cell-mediated and upregulation of antibody-mediated immunity, proportional to the magnitude of injury^22,31.

This study demonstrated a favorable influence of teduglutide on intestinal cellular viability in the perioperative context, particularly after ileal resection and anastomosis, and confirms its anti-apoptotic effects. Previous studies demonstrated that GLP-2 increases intestinal epithelial proliferation in the crypts and inhibits apoptosis in the crypts and villi¹.

Furthermore, present findings suggested a pro-oxidative influence of teduglutide and did not corroborate other authors’ conclusions pointing to an anti-oxidative effect^1,16,32. Dissimilar results may be explained be the use of different models of intestinal injury, materials for oxidative stress analysis and teduglutide administration schedules (timing and posology). In fact, Arda-Pirincci et al.¹⁶ demonstrated that teduglutide pretreatment prevented tumor necrosis factor-alpha/actinomycin D-induced intestinal oxidative injury, in a mouse model, with reduction of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde levels) and glutathione levels, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities and a marked increase in catalase activity.

In our investigation, postoperative pro-oxidative effect of teduglutide was expressed by an increase of peroxides level in the cytosol at the third day and of reactive species generation in the mitochondria at the seventh day. Those parameters of oxidative stress correlated positively with cellular viability index suggesting absence of deleterious effects on cellular death induction and, on the contrary, a favorable influence on viability; indeed, in present analysis, teduglutide was associated with pro-viability and anti-apoptotic effects. Although excessive intestinal oxidative stress may negatively influence anastomotic repair through disruption of cell signaling (including of redox modulation of effector cells proliferation and differentiation), irreversible oxidation of macromolecules and induction of cell death^33,34, as demonstrated by other authors^35,36, a certain level of redox stimulus is necessary to the normal course of the wound healing process^9,24,37.

In our experiment, teduglutide postoperative treatment was related with a significant upregulation of tissue IL-4 expression at the seventh postoperative day and a shift of the postoperative local balance towards an anti-inflammatory and Th2 response at that time point, although those effects did not reach statistical significance when analyzing exclusively the anastomotic segments. Present results suggest that teduglutide may influence anastomotic healing through the interference in the pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways, with a predominantly anti-inflammatory effect at the seventh postoperative day. Upregulation of IL-4 at the seventh day may promote the transition from a predominantly inflammatory state to a more proliferative phase of healing. IL-4 has been associated with activation and differentiation of fibroblasts, production of collagens, upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases “-2” and “-9” and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, inhibition of the Th1 response and stimulation of Th2 cells²⁴. GLP-2 has been considered to have an important anti-inflammatory activity, documented in animal models of chemically induced ileitis and colitis, promoting the reduction of local expression of IL-1β, IFN-γ and TNF-α and the increase of IL-10 and IL-4 levels^38,39. The anti-inflammatory effects of GLP-2 were also recently demonstrated on an experimental rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis, with reduction of ileal interstitial TNF-α and IL-6 levels and improvement of clinical sickness score and survival rate⁴⁰.

Conclusions

The intestinal anastomotic healing was characterized by a local pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory response. Surgical injury associated with intestinal resection and anastomosis induced a systemic predominantly pro-inflammatory and Th1 cytokines reaction at the third day and an anti-inflammatory and Th2 response at the seventh day.

Postoperative teduglutide treatment was significantly associated with a tissue pro-oxidative and anti-inflammatory influence with a potential interference in the inflammatory and proliferative phases of the intestinal anastomotic healing.

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• 1
  Research performed at Institute of Biophysics, Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology, and Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal.
• Erratum
  Manuscript: Intestinal inflammatory and redox responses to the perioperative administration of teduglutide in rats
  Publication: Acta Cir Bras. 2017;32(8):648-661.
  DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-865020170080000007
  On page 652 of the original publication, instead of this Figure 1:
  Figure 1
  Analysis of viability and death in cells isolated from rats’ ileum, by flow cytometry using double staining with Annexin V/Propidium iodide: at the third and seventh days after ileal resection and anastomosis in animals not submitted to teduglutide treatment (a), in the different groups of study (b) and according teduglutide administration (c).
  
  Consider this Figure 1:
  Figure 1
  Analysis of viability and death in cells isolated from rats’ ileum, by flow cytometry using double staining with Annexin V/Propidium iodide: at the third and seventh days after ileal resection and anastomosis in animals not submitted to teduglutide treatment (a), in the different groups of study (b) and according teduglutide administration (c).
  
  On page 653 of the original publication, instead of this Figure 2:
  Figure 2
  Oxidative stress evaluation in cells isolated from rats’ ileum: at the third and seventh days after ileal resection and anastomosis in animals not submitted to teduglutide treatment (a), in the different groups of study (b) and according teduglutide administration (c). Assessment was performed by flow cytometry using DCFH2-DA, DHR123 and JC-1 fluorescent probes and mercury orange to determine cytosolic peroxides level, mitochondrial reactive species generation, mitochondrial membrane potential (mψ) and cellular reduced glutathione content ([GSH]), respectively.
  
  Consider this Figure 2:
  Figure 2
  Oxidative stress evaluation in cells isolated from rats’ ileum: at the third and seventh days after ileal resection and anastomosis in animals not submitted to teduglutide treatment (a), in the different groups of study (b) and according teduglutide administration (c). Assessment was performed by flow cytometry using DCFH2-DA, DHR123 and JC-1 fluorescent probes and mercury orange to determine cytosolic peroxides level, mitochondrial reactive species generation, mitochondrial membrane potential (mψ) and cellular reduced glutathione content ([GSH]), respectively.
  
  On page 654 of the original publication, instead of this Figure 3:
  Figure 3
  Analysis of tissue inflammatory response in rats’ ileum by flow cytometric multiplexed bead assay: at the third and seventh days after ileal resection and anastomosis in animals not submitted to teduglutide treatment (a), in the different groups of study (b) and according teduglutide administration (c).
  
  Consider this Figure 3:
  Figure 3
  Analysis of tissue inflammatory response in rats’ ileum by flow cytometric multiplexed bead assay: at the third and seventh days after ileal resection and anastomosis in animals not submitted to teduglutide treatment (a), in the different groups of study (b) and according teduglutide administration (c).
  
  On page 655 of the original publication, instead of this Figure 4:
  Figure 4
  Analysis of systemic inflammatory response by flow cytometric multiplexed bead assay: at the third and seventh days after ileal resection and anastomosis in animals not submitted to teduglutide treatment (a), in the different groups of study (b) and according teduglutide administration (c).
  
  Consider this Figure 4:
  Figure 4
  Analysis of systemic inflammatory response by flow cytometric multiplexed bead assay: at the third and seventh days after ileal resection and anastomosis in animals not submitted to teduglutide treatment (a), in the different groups of study (b) and according teduglutide administration (c).
  

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Aug 2017

History

• Received
  13 Apr 2017
• Reviewed
  16 June 2017
• Accepted
  12 July 2017