Burnout syndrome and engagement among critical care providers: a cross-sectional study

Castro, Carolina Sant’Anna Antunes Azevedo; Timenetsky, Karina Tavares; Katz, Marcelo; Corrêa, Thiago Domingos; Felício, Andre Carvalho; Moriyama, Tais; Kernkraut, Ana Merzel; Ferraz, Leonardo José Rolim; Serpa Neto, Ary

doi:10.5935/0103-507X.20200066

ABSTRACT

Objective:

To evaluate the frequency of severe burnout syndrome among critical care providers and to correlate it with work engagement.

Methods:

A self-administered survey including the Maslach Burnout Inventory, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales, and Gallup questionnaire was distributed. All analyses were stratified by setting (intensive care unit or step-down unit) and by professional group (nurses versus physicians versus physiotherapists).

Results:

Between February 2017 and June 2017, 206 out of 325 invited professionals (63.4%) answered the questionnaires. Of these, 55 were physicians (26.7%), 88 were physiotherapists (42.7%) and 63 were nurses (30.6%). The frequency of severe burnout was 34.3% (27.9 - 41.4%), and no difference was found between professional groups or settings. The frequency of severe or very severe cases of depression, anxiety or stress was 12.9%, 11.4% and 10.5%, respectively. The median (interquartile range) score observed on the Gallup questionnaire was 41 (34 - 48), and no differences were found between professional groups or settings. There was a negative correlation between burnout and work engagement (r = -0.148; p = 0.035).

Conclusion:

There is a high frequency of severe burnout among critical care providers working in the intensive care unit and step-down unit. There was a negative correlation between burnout and work engagement.

Keywords:
Step-down unit; Burnout, psychological; Work engagement; Depression; Acute stress disorders; Intensive care units

RESUMO

Objetivo:

Avaliar a frequência de síndrome de burnout grave em profissionais de terapia intensiva e correlacioná-la com o engajamento com o trabalho.

Métodos:

Foi distribuído um questionário autoaplicável que incluía o Inventário de Burnout de Maslach, a Escala de Depressão Ansiedade e Estresse e o questionário Gallup. Todas as análises foram estratificadas por local de trabalho (unidade de terapia intensiva ou unidade semi-intensiva) e por grupo profissional (enfermeiros versus médicos versus fisioterapeutas).

Resultados:

Entre fevereiro de 2017 e junho de 2017, 206 dos 325 profissionais convidados (63,4%) responderam aos questionários. Destes, 55 eram médicos (26,7%), 88 eram fisioterapeutas (42,7%) e 63 eram enfermeiros (30,6%). A frequência de burnout grave foi de 34,3% (27,9 - 41,4%), e não se identificaram diferenças entre os grupos profissionais ou locais de trabalho. A frequência de casos graves ou muito graves de depressão, ansiedade ou estresse foi de 12,9%, 11,4% e 10,5%, respectivamente. O escore mediano (intervalo interquartil) observado pelo questionário Gallup foi 41 (34 - 48), e não se observaram diferenças entre os grupos profissionais ou locais de trabalho. Houve correlação negativa entre burnout e engajamento com o trabalho (r = -0,148; p = 0,035).

Conclusão:

A frequência de burnout grave foi elevada entre os profissionais de saúde que trabalham na unidade de terapia intensiva e na unidade semi-intensiva. Existe uma correlação negativa entre burnout e engajamento com o trabalho.

Descritores:
Unidade semi-intensiva; Esgotamento psicológico; Engajamento no trabalho; Depressão; Transtornos do estresse agudo; Unidades de terapia intensiva

INTRODUCTION

Burnout syndrome is defined as a condition of work-related psychological distress associated with physiological changes due to stress.⁽¹1 Embriaco N, Papazian L, Kentish-Barnes N, Pochard F, Azoulay E. Burnout syndrome among critical care healthcare workers. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2007;13(5):482-8.⁾ It is characterized by physical, psychological and emotional exhaustion due to excessive effort exerted at work.⁽¹1 Embriaco N, Papazian L, Kentish-Barnes N, Pochard F, Azoulay E. Burnout syndrome among critical care healthcare workers. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2007;13(5):482-8.^,²2 Bianchi R, Schonfeld IS, Laurent E. Burnout-depression overlap: a review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2015;36:28-41.⁾ Burnout syndrome includes three interdependent multidimensional factors: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment.⁽¹1 Embriaco N, Papazian L, Kentish-Barnes N, Pochard F, Azoulay E. Burnout syndrome among critical care healthcare workers. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2007;13(5):482-8.^,²2 Bianchi R, Schonfeld IS, Laurent E. Burnout-depression overlap: a review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2015;36:28-41.⁾

Professionals usually experience burnout syndrome mainly when the nature of their work demands direct contact with other human beings, such as in the healthcare area.⁽³3 Bridgeman PJ, Bridgeman MB, Barone J. Burnout syndrome among healthcare professionals. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2018;75(3):147-52.^,⁴4 Rotenstein LS, Torre M, Ramos MA, Rosales RC, Guille C, Sen S, et al. Prevalence of Burnout among physicians: a systematic review. JAMA. 2018;320(11):1131-50.⁾ Among all hospital settings, the intensive care unit (ICU) has been highlighted as one of the most stressful places, not only among the patients and their relatives but also among the healthcare providers.⁽⁵5 Le Gall JR, Azoulay E, Embriaco N, Poncet MC, Pochard F. [Burn out syndrome among critical care workers]. Bull Acad Natl Med. 2011;195(2):389-97; discussion 397-8. French.

6 Chuang CH, Tseng PC, Lin CY, Lin KH, Chen YY. Burnout in the intensive care unit professionals: a systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(50):e5629.

7 Tironi MO, Teles JM, Barros DS, Vieira DF, Silva Filho CM, Martins Junior DF, et al. Prevalence of burnout syndrome in intensivist doctors in five Brazilian capitals. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2016;28(3):270-7.

8 Fumis RR, Junqueira Amarante GA, de Fatima Nascimento A, Vieira Junior JM. Moral distress and its contribution to the development of burnout syndrome among critical care providers. Ann Intensive Care. 2017;7(1):71.^-⁹9 Malaquin S, Mahjoub Y, Musi A, Zogheib E, Salomon A, Guilbart M, et al. Burnout syndrome in critical care team members: A monocentric cross sectional survey. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2017;36(4):223-8.⁾ Data on burnout syndrome among professionals working exclusively in step-down units (SDU) are still scarce.

The presence of burnout syndrome in healthcare professionals can impair the quality of care provided to the patient and worsen the quality of life for providers.⁽¹⁰10 Moss M, Good VS, Gozal D, Kleinpell R, Sessler CN. An Official Critical Care Societies Collaborative Statement: Burnout Syndrome in Critical Care Health Care Professionals: A Call for Action. Am J Crit Care. 2016;25(4):368-76.⁾ Additionally, the syndrome is associated with deleterious consequences, including low work engagement, absenteeism, increased rates of job turnover, low patient satisfaction, and decreased quality of service.⁽⁵5 Le Gall JR, Azoulay E, Embriaco N, Poncet MC, Pochard F. [Burn out syndrome among critical care workers]. Bull Acad Natl Med. 2011;195(2):389-97; discussion 397-8. French.^,⁹9 Malaquin S, Mahjoub Y, Musi A, Zogheib E, Salomon A, Guilbart M, et al. Burnout syndrome in critical care team members: A monocentric cross sectional survey. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2017;36(4):223-8.^,¹⁰10 Moss M, Good VS, Gozal D, Kleinpell R, Sessler CN. An Official Critical Care Societies Collaborative Statement: Burnout Syndrome in Critical Care Health Care Professionals: A Call for Action. Am J Crit Care. 2016;25(4):368-76.⁾ Nevertheless, the impact of burnout syndrome on work engagement among critical care providers has not been assessed so far.

Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the frequency of severe burnout syndrome among critical care providers working in an ICU or SDU and to correlate it with work engagement. We hypothesized that the frequency of burnout syndrome is high and is negatively correlated with work engagement.

METHODS

A survey was carried out using a self-administered questionnaire.

The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (CAAE: 58687216.0.0000.0071). All participants signed an online consent form, as approved by the Institutional Review Board.

This study was conducted in the ICU and SDU of a tertiary private 646-bed teaching hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. The ICU comprised 40 beds; the SDU comprised 95 beds and received case-mix patients. There was active assistance by professionals 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Both the ICU and the SDU had a 24-hour visitation policy (free access at all times; visitors may take turns visiting patients and stay overnight with patients).

During the research, there were 325 healthcare professionals (64 physicians, 155 nurses, and 106 physiotherapists) working in the hospital ICU and SDU. The professional-to-bed ratio in the ICU was 1:10 for physicians (day and night) and 1:5 for nurses (day and night); the ratio was 1:5 for physiotherapists during the daytime and 1:10 during the night. In the SDU, the professional-to-bed ratio was 1:20 for physicians during the daytime and 1:40 during the night, 1:7 for nurses during the daytime and 1:10 during the night, and 1:6 for physiotherapists during the daytime and 1:20 during the night. Healthcare professionals were independent (i.e., they work only in the ICU or SDU), and the working hours (duration and number of shifts) were the same in both units.

All critical care providers (physicians, nurses and physiotherapists) invited to participate in the study were sent an invitation email. Participation was voluntary, and responses remained anonymous.

A self-administered survey in Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) was used for data collection. Demographic data were collected, and three instruments were included: the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), to assess burnout syndrome;⁽¹¹11 Maslach C, Jackson SE, Leiter MP. Maslach burnout inventory manual. 3rd ed. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1996.^,¹²12 Maslach C, Jackson SE. The measurement of experienced burnout. J Organ Behav. 1981;2(2):99-113.⁾ the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21);⁽¹³13 Lovibond SH, Lovibond PF. Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales. 2nd ed. Sydney: Psychology Foundation of Australia; 1995.

14 Vignola RC, Tucci AM. Adaptation and validation of the depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS) to Brazilian Portuguese. J Affect Disord. 2014;155:104-9.^-¹⁵15 Apostolo JL, Mendes AC, Azeredo ZA. Adaptation to Portuguese of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS). Revista Lat Am Enfermagem. 2006;14(6):863-71.⁾ and the Gallup questionnaire (Supplementary material).⁽¹⁶16 The Gallup Organization. Q12®. Meta-Analysis. Omaha, Nebraska; 2006.⁾ All instruments were translated into and validated in the Portuguese language.

The MBI is a 22-item questionnaire that assesses the three domains of burnout: 1) emotional exhaustion (nine items); 2) depersonalization (five items); and 3) personal accomplishment (eight items).⁽¹¹11 Maslach C, Jackson SE, Leiter MP. Maslach burnout inventory manual. 3rd ed. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1996.^,¹²12 Maslach C, Jackson SE. The measurement of experienced burnout. J Organ Behav. 1981;2(2):99-113.⁾ The DASS-21 is a 21-item instrument used to assess depression (seven items), anxiety (seven items), and stress (seven items).⁽¹³13 Lovibond SH, Lovibond PF. Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales. 2nd ed. Sydney: Psychology Foundation of Australia; 1995.

14 Vignola RC, Tucci AM. Adaptation and validation of the depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS) to Brazilian Portuguese. J Affect Disord. 2014;155:104-9.^-¹⁵15 Apostolo JL, Mendes AC, Azeredo ZA. Adaptation to Portuguese of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS). Revista Lat Am Enfermagem. 2006;14(6):863-71.⁾ Finally, the Gallup questionnaire is a 12-question questionnaire used to assess work engagement using a Likert scale from 1 (‘strongly disagree’) to 5 (‘totally agree’) (Supplementary material).⁽¹⁶16 The Gallup Organization. Q12®. Meta-Analysis. Omaha, Nebraska; 2006.⁾

For the diagnosis of severe burnout syndrome, well-established cut-offs were defined for each dimension of the MBI. A score of ≥ 27 points indicated high levels of emotional exhaustion; a score of ≥ 10 points indicated depersonalization, and a score of ≤ 33 points indicated low levels of personal accomplishment.⁽¹¹11 Maslach C, Jackson SE, Leiter MP. Maslach burnout inventory manual. 3rd ed. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1996.⁾ Severe burnout was diagnosed when high levels of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and low levels of personal accomplishment were found.

For the DASS-21 instrument responses, a score of ≥ 21 points was used to indicate severe depression, ≥ 15 points was used to indicate severe anxiety, and ≥26 points was used to indicate severe stress.⁽¹³13 Lovibond SH, Lovibond PF. Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales. 2nd ed. Sydney: Psychology Foundation of Australia; 1995.⁾ Finally, there was no validated cut-off for the Gallup questionnaire. Therefore, in the present study, the responses were considered on a continuous scale ranging from 12 to 60, with higher levels representing higher engagement.

Statistical analysis

Data are presented as the median (interquartile range) and absolute and relative frequencies. The frequency of severe burnout is shown as a percentage and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). The results from the MBI and DASS-21 are presented according to well-established and defined cut-offs and as the total score according to the sum of responses, ranging from 0 to 132 for the MBI and from 0 to 63 for the DASS-21, with higher levels indicating more burnout (MBI), depression, anxiety or stress (DASS-21). The Gallup questionnaire was assessed as a total score, as described above.

All analyses were stratified according to the setting (ICU versus SDU) and professional group (nurses versus physicians versus physiotherapists). A comparison among groups was made using the Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and/or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate. To compare the degrees of burnout, depression, anxiety and stress among the settings and professional groups, a Cochran-Armitage test was used to take into account the ordinal scale of the instruments.

To assess the factors associated with severe burnout syndrome, two approaches were used. First, critical care providers coded as having severe burnout were compared to critical care providers without burnout. Then, the variables with significant differences between these two groups (considering a p < 0.05) were included in a mixed-effect model considering the setting and professional group as random-effects. Variables with a p < 0.05 in this final model were considered independent factors associated with burnout. Finally, the correlations between the MBI, DASS-21 and Gallup scores were assessed through scatterplots, Pearson’s correlation and linear models.

As additional analyses, the frequency of severe burnout was assessed in critical care providers with and without positive screening for depression according to the DASS-21, with providers classified as without depression when the DASS-21 score was < 10. Additionally, the frequency of severe burnout was assessed in critical care providers working exclusively in the hospital. Due to the multiple comparisons, the p value for these additional analyses was corrected using the Bonferroni correction; the p value was significant when < 0.005.

The significance level was set at 0.05 (when not described otherwise), and all analyses were conducted with R v.3.4.0 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).

RESULTS

Between February 2017 and June 2017, 206 professionals out of the 325 invited (62.4%) answered the survey. Of these, 55 were physicians (26.7%), 88 were physiotherapists (42.7%) and 63 were nurses (30.6%). Most of the professionals who answered the survey were from the ICU (57.8% [119/206]). The highest rate of response was among physicians (85.9%), followed by physiotherapists (83.0%) and then nurses (40.6%).

The baseline characteristics of the participants are shown in table 1. The median (IQR) age of the participants was 35 (31 - 39) years. The majority of them were female, married, and postgraduates. The majority of participants worked between 3 and 5 days at the hospital and did not work at another hospital. All characteristics were similar between settings (Table 1).

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Table 1
Characteristics of the included participants

Frequency of severe burnout syndrome

The frequency of severe burnout syndrome in the overall cohort was 34.3% (27.9% - 41.4%) without any difference according to the setting (34.2% [25.8% - 43.6%] in the ICU versus 34.5% [24.7% - 45.8%] in the SDU; p = 0.960) or professional group (34.1% [24.5% - 45.0%] among physiotherapists versus 33.9% [22.6% - 47.1%] among nurses versus 35.3% [22.8% - 50.0%] among physicians; p = 0.986) (Table 2 and Figure 1).

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Table 2
Frequency of severe burnout syndrome, depression, anxiety, stress, and work engagement among participants

Figure 1
Frequency of severe burnout syndrome according to professional group and setting.

ICU - intensive care unit.

The majority of participants showed a moderate level of emotional exhaustion (50.2% [43.2% - 57.3%]), a high level of depersonalization (67.3% [60.3% - 73.6%]), and a low level of personal accomplishment (94.5% [90.2% - 97.1%]). There was no difference in the components of the MBI or the total score among the settings or professional groups (Table 2).

Assessment of depression, anxiety, stress, and work engagement

The frequency of severe or very severe cases of depression, anxiety and stress was 12.9% (8.7% - 18.5%), 11.4% (7.5% - 16.8%), and 10.4% (6.7% - 15.7%), respectively (Table 2). There was a difference in the frequency of depression and stress according to the setting, with professionals working in the ICU presenting with a higher frequency of severe or very severe cases (p = 0.001 for depression and p = 0.046 for stress) (Table 2). Additionally, a higher frequency of very severe cases of anxiety was found among nurses (p = 0.003).

The median (IQR) score on the Gallup questionnaire was 41 (34 - 48), with no difference regarding setting (p = 0.239) or professional group (p = 0.403) (Table 2 and Table 1S - Supplementary material).

Factors associated with severe burnout syndrome

The characteristics of critical care providers with and without severe burnout syndrome are shown in table 2S (Supplementary material). There was a difference in marital status (p = 0.036), a higher frequency of pain (p = 0.047) and a higher number of days working in another hospital (p = 0.020) in critical care providers with severe burnout syndrome (Table 2S - Supplementary material). In addition, providers with severe burnout syndrome had higher scores on all subcomponents of the DASS-21 (p = 0.001 for depression and anxiety and p < 0.001 for stress) and lower work engagement according to the Gallup questionnaire (p = 0.014) (Table 2S - Supplementary material).

In the multivariable analysis, moderate-to-severe levels of stress (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 5.54 [95%CI, 1.78 - 18.63]; p = 0.004 for moderate levels, and OR 11.47 [1.68 - 109.34]; p = 0.017 for severe levels) and working between 3 and 5 days in another hospital (OR 3.61 [1.53 - 8.75]; p = 0.003) were independently associated with a higher risk of severe burnout syndrome (Table 3).

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Table 3
Factors associated with severe burnout syndrome in the multivariable analysis

Correlation between Maslach Burnout Inventory, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale and work engagement

There was a positive correlation between the DASS-21 score and the MBI score (r = 0.445; p < 0.001) and a negative correlation between work engagement and the DASS-21 score (r = -0.375; p < 0.001) and between work engagement and the MBI score (r = -0.148; p = 0.035) (Figure 2).

Figure 2
Correlation between (A) Depression Anxiety Stress Scale score and Maslach Burnout Inventory; (B) Gallup and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale; and (C) Gallup and Maslach Burnout Inventory.

MBI - Maslach Burnout Inventory; DASS - Depression Anxiety Stress Scale.

Additional analyses

After the Bonferroni correction, there was no difference in the frequency of severe burnout syndrome in participants with or without a positive screening for depression (43.4% [32.3% - 55.2%] versus 28.8% [21.2% - 37.7%]; p = 0.046) (Table 3S - Supplementary material). Additionally, there was no difference in the frequency of severe burnout syndrome according to the presence or absence of positive screening for depression, setting or professional group (Table 3S - Supplementary materia). Finally, there was no difference in the frequency of severe burnout syndrome between participants working exclusively in the hospital and those who were not (29.7% [21.8% - 38.9%] versus 41.0% [30.5% - 52.3%], p = 0.100) (Table 3S - Supplementary material).

DISCUSSION

In the present study, we showed that there is a high frequency of severe burnout syndrome among critical care providers; there is no difference in this frequency according to setting or professional group; there is an association between both stress and the number of days working in another hospital and risk of severe burnout syndrome; there is a positive correlation between depression, anxiety, stress and burnout; and there is a negative correlation between burnout and work engagement.

The frequency of severe burnout syndrome found in the present study (considering high levels in the three domains that make up the syndrome) was higher than that reported by some previous studies.⁽⁸8 Fumis RR, Junqueira Amarante GA, de Fatima Nascimento A, Vieira Junior JM. Moral distress and its contribution to the development of burnout syndrome among critical care providers. Ann Intensive Care. 2017;7(1):71.^,¹⁷17 Embriaco N, Azoulay E, Barrau K, Kentish N, Pochard F, Loundou A, et al. High level of burnout in intensivists: prevalence and associated factors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175(7):686-92.^,¹⁸18 Barros DS, Tironi MO, Nascimento Sobrinho CL, Neves FS, Bitencourt AG, Almeida AM, et al. Intensive care unit physicians: socio-demographic profile, working conditions and factors associated with burnout syndrome. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2008;20(3):235-40.⁾ The higher frequency of burnout, especially when related to emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, could suggest a high workload and an imbalance between technical skills and interpersonal relationships.⁽¹⁰10 Moss M, Good VS, Gozal D, Kleinpell R, Sessler CN. An Official Critical Care Societies Collaborative Statement: Burnout Syndrome in Critical Care Health Care Professionals: A Call for Action. Am J Crit Care. 2016;25(4):368-76.^,¹⁹19 Poncet MC, Toullic P, Papazian L, Kentish-Barnes N, Timsit JF, Pochard F, et al. Burnout syndrome in critical care nursing staff. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175(7):698-704.^,²⁰20 Merlani P, Verdon M, Businger A, Domenighetti G, Pargger H, Ricou B; STRESI+ Group. Burnout in ICU caregivers: a multicenter study of factors associated to centers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(10):1140-6.⁾ Some studies have shown that individual factors as well as factors related to the organization of the work process increase the predisposition to burnout.⁽²¹21 Trigo TR, Teng CT, Hallak JE. Síndrome de burnout ou estafa profissional e os transtornos psiquiátricos. Rev Psiq Clin. 2007;34(5):223-33.⁾ Factors associated with an increased burnout risk include high workload, low control over work, low support among coworkers, low recognition and lack of congruence between the ethical and moral values of the worker and those of the institution.⁽²²22 Maslach C. Burnout: A multidimensional perspective. In: Schaufeli WB, Maslach C, Marek T, editors. Professional burnout: recent developments in theory and research. (Series in applied psychology). Philadelphia, PA, US: Taylor & Francis; 1993. p. 19-32.⁾ Workers with a high level of perfectionism who are very concerned with the outcome of their work are the ones most at risk of burnout.⁽²³23 Hill AP, Curran T. Multidimensional Perfectionism and burnout: a meta-analysis. Pers Soc Psychol Rev. 2016;20(3):269-88.⁾

In contrast with other studies, no difference in the frequency of severe burnout syndrome was found according to setting or professional group.⁽⁸8 Fumis RR, Junqueira Amarante GA, de Fatima Nascimento A, Vieira Junior JM. Moral distress and its contribution to the development of burnout syndrome among critical care providers. Ann Intensive Care. 2017;7(1):71.^,¹⁰10 Moss M, Good VS, Gozal D, Kleinpell R, Sessler CN. An Official Critical Care Societies Collaborative Statement: Burnout Syndrome in Critical Care Health Care Professionals: A Call for Action. Am J Crit Care. 2016;25(4):368-76.^,²⁰20 Merlani P, Verdon M, Businger A, Domenighetti G, Pargger H, Ricou B; STRESI+ Group. Burnout in ICU caregivers: a multicenter study of factors associated to centers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(10):1140-6.⁾ It has been postulated that ICU physicians and nurses have as high a risk of developing severe burnout as other healthcare professionals. Nevertheless, there are limited data available on the frequency of severe burnout in other healthcare providers, such as physiotherapists and respiratory or speech therapists.⁽⁸8 Fumis RR, Junqueira Amarante GA, de Fatima Nascimento A, Vieira Junior JM. Moral distress and its contribution to the development of burnout syndrome among critical care providers. Ann Intensive Care. 2017;7(1):71.^,¹⁰10 Moss M, Good VS, Gozal D, Kleinpell R, Sessler CN. An Official Critical Care Societies Collaborative Statement: Burnout Syndrome in Critical Care Health Care Professionals: A Call for Action. Am J Crit Care. 2016;25(4):368-76.^,²⁰20 Merlani P, Verdon M, Businger A, Domenighetti G, Pargger H, Ricou B; STRESI+ Group. Burnout in ICU caregivers: a multicenter study of factors associated to centers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(10):1140-6.⁾ One possible explanation for our findings is the daily ICU and SDU clinical rounds involving all critical care providers, allowing them to share decisions and responsibility among all professionals involved in patient care.

Several studies have already reported some risk factors associated with burnout syndrome, such as age, sex, time dedicated to work, professional experience, interpersonal relationships, personality and beliefs, marital status and educational level.⁽⁶6 Chuang CH, Tseng PC, Lin CY, Lin KH, Chen YY. Burnout in the intensive care unit professionals: a systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(50):e5629.^,¹⁰10 Moss M, Good VS, Gozal D, Kleinpell R, Sessler CN. An Official Critical Care Societies Collaborative Statement: Burnout Syndrome in Critical Care Health Care Professionals: A Call for Action. Am J Crit Care. 2016;25(4):368-76.^,²⁴24 Salvagioni DA, Melanda FN, Mesas AE, González AD, Gabani FL, Andrade SM. Physical, psychological and occupational consequences of job burnout: A systematic review of prospective studies. PloS One. 2017;12(10):e0185781.⁾ Factors related to work organization have been minimally studied, especially concerning conflicts.⁽²⁵25 Azoulay E, Timsit JF, Sprung CL, Soares M, Rusinová K, Lafabrie A, Abizanda R, Svantesson M, Rubulotta F, Ricou B, Benoit D, Heyland D, Joynt G, Français A, Azeivedo-Maia P, Owczuk R, Benbenishty J, de Vita M, Valentin A, Ksomos A, Cohen S, Kompan L, Ho K, Abroug F, Kaarlola A, Gerlach H, Kyprianou T, Michalsen A, Chevret S, Schlemmer B; Conflicus Study Investigators and for the Ethics Section of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Prevalence and factors of intensive care unit conflicts: the conflicus study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;180(9):853-60.⁾ Azoulay et al. reported a prevalence of perceived conflicts in up to 70% of ICU staff, and when present, these conflicts were perceived as severe in more than half of the cases and were associated with increased job strain.⁽²⁵25 Azoulay E, Timsit JF, Sprung CL, Soares M, Rusinová K, Lafabrie A, Abizanda R, Svantesson M, Rubulotta F, Ricou B, Benoit D, Heyland D, Joynt G, Français A, Azeivedo-Maia P, Owczuk R, Benbenishty J, de Vita M, Valentin A, Ksomos A, Cohen S, Kompan L, Ho K, Abroug F, Kaarlola A, Gerlach H, Kyprianou T, Michalsen A, Chevret S, Schlemmer B; Conflicus Study Investigators and for the Ethics Section of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Prevalence and factors of intensive care unit conflicts: the conflicus study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;180(9):853-60.⁾ Moral distress is another important factor, defined as the inability of a moral agent to act according to his or her core values and perceived obligations due to internal and external constraints, which is also considered a conflict. Moral distress is independently associated with the development of burnout syndrome.⁽⁸8 Fumis RR, Junqueira Amarante GA, de Fatima Nascimento A, Vieira Junior JM. Moral distress and its contribution to the development of burnout syndrome among critical care providers. Ann Intensive Care. 2017;7(1):71.⁾

In the present study, we found a positive association between the period of time spent working in another hospital and a higher risk of burnout. Some studies have shown an association between workload and a higher risk of burnout.⁽¹⁷17 Embriaco N, Azoulay E, Barrau K, Kentish N, Pochard F, Loundou A, et al. High level of burnout in intensivists: prevalence and associated factors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175(7):686-92.^,²⁶26 Barbosa FT, Eloi RJ, Santos LM, Leão BA, Lima FJ, Sousa-Rodrigues CF. Correlation between weekly working time and burnout syndrome among anesthesiologists of Maceio-AL. Braz J Anesthesiol. 2017;67(2):115-21.⁾ Health care providers who often work in another hospital during the week (3 to 5 days a week) must deal with different demands of work in each hospital. This may influence the psychological stress suffered as a result of these different job demands. However, those working more than 5 days in another hospital end up having fewer weekdays to deal with different job demands, which probably causes lower psychological stress. Indeed, a higher workload is common in healthcare providers, contributing to burnout and stress. It is important to mention that workload does not depend solely on the number of hours worked but rather on the psychological stress suffered by the demands of work.⁽²⁷27 Tironi MO, Nascimento Sobrinho CL, Barros DS, Reis EJ, Marques Filho ES, Almeida A, et al. [Professional Burnout Syndrome of intensive care physicians from Salvador, Bahia, Brazil]. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2009;55(6):656-62.⁾

A higher frequency of musculoskeletal pain among critical care providers was observed in the present study. It has been suggested that despite the psychological stress associated with burnout, the syndrome could also lead to physical problems.⁽²⁴24 Salvagioni DA, Melanda FN, Mesas AE, González AD, Gabani FL, Andrade SM. Physical, psychological and occupational consequences of job burnout: A systematic review of prospective studies. PloS One. 2017;12(10):e0185781.⁾ Indeed, musculoskeletal disorders appear to be directly associated with burnout syndrome since workers experiencing burnout have a higher risk of short-term and long-term pain compared to professionals not suffering from burnout.⁽²⁸28 Yassi A, Hancock T. Patient safety--worker safety: building a culture of safety to improve healthcare worker and patient well-being. Healthc Q. 2005;8 Spec No:32-8.^,²⁹29 Armon G, Melamed S, Shirom A, Shapira I. Elevated burnout predicts the onset of musculoskeletal pain among apparently healthy employees. J Occup Health Psychol. 2010;15(4):399-408.⁾

There was a weak positive correlation between the DASS-21 score and the MBI score. In line with this, some authors suggest a burnout-depression overlap, especially because the instruments used to assess both of them are mainly composed of components related to fatigue.⁽²2 Bianchi R, Schonfeld IS, Laurent E. Burnout-depression overlap: a review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2015;36:28-41.^,³⁰30 Ahola K, Honkonen T, Isometsä E, Kalimo R, Nykyri E, Aromaa A, et al. The relationship between job-related burnout and depressive disorders--results from the Finnish Health 2000 Study. J Affect Disord. 2005;88(1):55-62.

31 Bianchi R, Schonfeld IS, Laurent E. Is burnout a depressive disorder? A reexamination with special focus on atypical depression. Int J Stress Manag. 2014;21(4):307-24.^-³²32 Maslach C, Leiter MP. Understanding the burnout experience: recent research and its implications for psychiatry. World Psychiatry. 2016;15(2):103-11.⁾ However, some researchers argue that burnout syndrome and depression are different conditions.⁽³³33 Leiter MP, Durup J. The discriminant validity of burnout and depression: A confirmatory factor analytic study. Anxiety Stress Coping. 1994;7(4):357-73.^,³⁴34 Cresswell SL, Eklund RC. The convergent and discriminant validity of burnout measures in sport: a multi-trait/multi-method analysis. J Sports Sci. 2006;24(2):209-20.⁾

There is clear evidence that burnout syndrome could also affect the institution the provider works at, since it could lead to a decline in the performance of the professional, causing a direct impact on patient care.⁽¹⁰10 Moss M, Good VS, Gozal D, Kleinpell R, Sessler CN. An Official Critical Care Societies Collaborative Statement: Burnout Syndrome in Critical Care Health Care Professionals: A Call for Action. Am J Crit Care. 2016;25(4):368-76.⁾ For instance, the presence of burnout in nurses has been associated with reduced quality of care, lower patient satisfaction, a higher number of adverse events, higher rates of healthcare-associated infections, and higher 30-day mortality.⁽³⁵35 Cimiotti JP, Aiken LH, Sloane DM, Wu ES. Nurse staffing, burnout, and health care-associated infection. Am J Infect Control. 2012;40(6):486-90.^,³⁶36 Poghosyan L, Clarke SP, Finlayson M, Aiken LH. Nurse burnout and quality of care: cross-national investigation in six countries. Res Nurs Health. 2010;33(4):288-98.⁾

This is the first study assessing the association between burnout syndrome and work engagement among critical care providers. The study was not powered to establish a causal relationship, and there is an ongoing debate about the relationship between engagement and burnout, with discussions over whether they are distinct constructs or whether engagement is just the opposite of burnout.⁽³⁷37 Goering DD, Shimazu A, Zhou F, Wada T, Sakai R. Not if, but how they differ: A meta-analytic test of the nomological networks of burnout and engagement. Burn Res. 2017;5:21-34.⁾ The relationship between burnout and engagement may be due to the worker’s inability to adequately deal with the demands imposed by the work, either for individual reasons or due to the organization of the work process.

The present study presents some limitations. First, it was a single center study, and this should be taken into account when interpreting our results. Second, due to the anonymous and voluntary nature of the interviews, more than 30% of the team and approximately 60% of the nurses did not answer the survey. Three, a small number of questions were not answered, creating some missing data in the analyses. Fourth, individual personalities and conflicts were not assessed. Fifth, there was a risk of selection bias since participation was voluntary, and providers with some degree of burnout could have felt more prone to answer than those without it. Sixth, critical care provider workload was not assessed, which precludes us from determining what its contribution was to the development of severe burnout. Finally, it is important to emphasize that the instruments used in the study are just for screening. For a more detailed diagnosis, a careful evaluation by a psychiatrist is necessary.

CONCLUSION

In the present study, a high frequency of severe burnout syndrome among critical care providers was found, without differences according to setting or professional group. Additionally, a negative correlation was found between burnout and work engagement.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Helena Spalic for proofreading this manuscript.

REFERÊNCIAS

¹
Embriaco N, Papazian L, Kentish-Barnes N, Pochard F, Azoulay E. Burnout syndrome among critical care healthcare workers. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2007;13(5):482-8.
²
Bianchi R, Schonfeld IS, Laurent E. Burnout-depression overlap: a review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2015;36:28-41.
³
Bridgeman PJ, Bridgeman MB, Barone J. Burnout syndrome among healthcare professionals. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2018;75(3):147-52.
⁴
Rotenstein LS, Torre M, Ramos MA, Rosales RC, Guille C, Sen S, et al. Prevalence of Burnout among physicians: a systematic review. JAMA. 2018;320(11):1131-50.
⁵
Le Gall JR, Azoulay E, Embriaco N, Poncet MC, Pochard F. [Burn out syndrome among critical care workers]. Bull Acad Natl Med. 2011;195(2):389-97; discussion 397-8. French.
⁶
Chuang CH, Tseng PC, Lin CY, Lin KH, Chen YY. Burnout in the intensive care unit professionals: a systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(50):e5629.
⁷
Tironi MO, Teles JM, Barros DS, Vieira DF, Silva Filho CM, Martins Junior DF, et al. Prevalence of burnout syndrome in intensivist doctors in five Brazilian capitals. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2016;28(3):270-7.
⁸
Fumis RR, Junqueira Amarante GA, de Fatima Nascimento A, Vieira Junior JM. Moral distress and its contribution to the development of burnout syndrome among critical care providers. Ann Intensive Care. 2017;7(1):71.
⁹
Malaquin S, Mahjoub Y, Musi A, Zogheib E, Salomon A, Guilbart M, et al. Burnout syndrome in critical care team members: A monocentric cross sectional survey. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2017;36(4):223-8.
¹⁰
Moss M, Good VS, Gozal D, Kleinpell R, Sessler CN. An Official Critical Care Societies Collaborative Statement: Burnout Syndrome in Critical Care Health Care Professionals: A Call for Action. Am J Crit Care. 2016;25(4):368-76.
¹¹
Maslach C, Jackson SE, Leiter MP. Maslach burnout inventory manual. 3rd ed. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1996.
¹²
Maslach C, Jackson SE. The measurement of experienced burnout. J Organ Behav. 1981;2(2):99-113.
¹³
Lovibond SH, Lovibond PF. Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales. 2nd ed. Sydney: Psychology Foundation of Australia; 1995.
¹⁴
Vignola RC, Tucci AM. Adaptation and validation of the depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS) to Brazilian Portuguese. J Affect Disord. 2014;155:104-9.
¹⁵
Apostolo JL, Mendes AC, Azeredo ZA. Adaptation to Portuguese of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS). Revista Lat Am Enfermagem. 2006;14(6):863-71.
¹⁶
The Gallup Organization. Q12®. Meta-Analysis. Omaha, Nebraska; 2006.
¹⁷
Embriaco N, Azoulay E, Barrau K, Kentish N, Pochard F, Loundou A, et al. High level of burnout in intensivists: prevalence and associated factors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175(7):686-92.
¹⁸
Barros DS, Tironi MO, Nascimento Sobrinho CL, Neves FS, Bitencourt AG, Almeida AM, et al. Intensive care unit physicians: socio-demographic profile, working conditions and factors associated with burnout syndrome. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2008;20(3):235-40.
¹⁹
Poncet MC, Toullic P, Papazian L, Kentish-Barnes N, Timsit JF, Pochard F, et al. Burnout syndrome in critical care nursing staff. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175(7):698-704.
²⁰
Merlani P, Verdon M, Businger A, Domenighetti G, Pargger H, Ricou B; STRESI+ Group. Burnout in ICU caregivers: a multicenter study of factors associated to centers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(10):1140-6.
²¹
Trigo TR, Teng CT, Hallak JE. Síndrome de burnout ou estafa profissional e os transtornos psiquiátricos. Rev Psiq Clin. 2007;34(5):223-33.
²²
Maslach C. Burnout: A multidimensional perspective. In: Schaufeli WB, Maslach C, Marek T, editors. Professional burnout: recent developments in theory and research. (Series in applied psychology). Philadelphia, PA, US: Taylor & Francis; 1993. p. 19-32.
²³
Hill AP, Curran T. Multidimensional Perfectionism and burnout: a meta-analysis. Pers Soc Psychol Rev. 2016;20(3):269-88.
²⁴
Salvagioni DA, Melanda FN, Mesas AE, González AD, Gabani FL, Andrade SM. Physical, psychological and occupational consequences of job burnout: A systematic review of prospective studies. PloS One. 2017;12(10):e0185781.
²⁵
Azoulay E, Timsit JF, Sprung CL, Soares M, Rusinová K, Lafabrie A, Abizanda R, Svantesson M, Rubulotta F, Ricou B, Benoit D, Heyland D, Joynt G, Français A, Azeivedo-Maia P, Owczuk R, Benbenishty J, de Vita M, Valentin A, Ksomos A, Cohen S, Kompan L, Ho K, Abroug F, Kaarlola A, Gerlach H, Kyprianou T, Michalsen A, Chevret S, Schlemmer B; Conflicus Study Investigators and for the Ethics Section of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Prevalence and factors of intensive care unit conflicts: the conflicus study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;180(9):853-60.
²⁶
Barbosa FT, Eloi RJ, Santos LM, Leão BA, Lima FJ, Sousa-Rodrigues CF. Correlation between weekly working time and burnout syndrome among anesthesiologists of Maceio-AL. Braz J Anesthesiol. 2017;67(2):115-21.
²⁷
Tironi MO, Nascimento Sobrinho CL, Barros DS, Reis EJ, Marques Filho ES, Almeida A, et al. [Professional Burnout Syndrome of intensive care physicians from Salvador, Bahia, Brazil]. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2009;55(6):656-62.
²⁸
Yassi A, Hancock T. Patient safety--worker safety: building a culture of safety to improve healthcare worker and patient well-being. Healthc Q. 2005;8 Spec No:32-8.
²⁹
Armon G, Melamed S, Shirom A, Shapira I. Elevated burnout predicts the onset of musculoskeletal pain among apparently healthy employees. J Occup Health Psychol. 2010;15(4):399-408.
³⁰
Ahola K, Honkonen T, Isometsä E, Kalimo R, Nykyri E, Aromaa A, et al. The relationship between job-related burnout and depressive disorders--results from the Finnish Health 2000 Study. J Affect Disord. 2005;88(1):55-62.
³¹
Bianchi R, Schonfeld IS, Laurent E. Is burnout a depressive disorder? A reexamination with special focus on atypical depression. Int J Stress Manag. 2014;21(4):307-24.
³²
Maslach C, Leiter MP. Understanding the burnout experience: recent research and its implications for psychiatry. World Psychiatry. 2016;15(2):103-11.
³³
Leiter MP, Durup J. The discriminant validity of burnout and depression: A confirmatory factor analytic study. Anxiety Stress Coping. 1994;7(4):357-73.
³⁴
Cresswell SL, Eklund RC. The convergent and discriminant validity of burnout measures in sport: a multi-trait/multi-method analysis. J Sports Sci. 2006;24(2):209-20.
³⁵
Cimiotti JP, Aiken LH, Sloane DM, Wu ES. Nurse staffing, burnout, and health care-associated infection. Am J Infect Control. 2012;40(6):486-90.
³⁶
Poghosyan L, Clarke SP, Finlayson M, Aiken LH. Nurse burnout and quality of care: cross-national investigation in six countries. Res Nurs Health. 2010;33(4):288-98.
³⁷
Goering DD, Shimazu A, Zhou F, Wada T, Sakai R. Not if, but how they differ: A meta-analytic test of the nomological networks of burnout and engagement. Burn Res. 2017;5:21-34.

Edited by

Responsible editor: Márcio Soares

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
12 Oct 2020
Date of issue
Jul-Sep 2020

History

Received
14 Oct 2019
Accepted
04 Feb 2020

Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto (Open Access) sob a licença Creative Commons Attribution, que permite uso, distribuição e reprodução em qualquer meio, sem restrições desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado.

[1] ¹
Embriaco N, Papazian L, Kentish-Barnes N, Pochard F, Azoulay E. Burnout syndrome among critical care healthcare workers. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2007;13(5):482-8.

[2] ²
Bianchi R, Schonfeld IS, Laurent E. Burnout-depression overlap: a review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2015;36:28-41.

[3] ³
Bridgeman PJ, Bridgeman MB, Barone J. Burnout syndrome among healthcare professionals. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2018;75(3):147-52.

[4] ⁴
Rotenstein LS, Torre M, Ramos MA, Rosales RC, Guille C, Sen S, et al. Prevalence of Burnout among physicians: a systematic review. JAMA. 2018;320(11):1131-50.

[5] ⁵
Le Gall JR, Azoulay E, Embriaco N, Poncet MC, Pochard F. [Burn out syndrome among critical care workers]. Bull Acad Natl Med. 2011;195(2):389-97; discussion 397-8. French.

[6] ⁶
Chuang CH, Tseng PC, Lin CY, Lin KH, Chen YY. Burnout in the intensive care unit professionals: a systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(50):e5629.

[7] ⁷
Tironi MO, Teles JM, Barros DS, Vieira DF, Silva Filho CM, Martins Junior DF, et al. Prevalence of burnout syndrome in intensivist doctors in five Brazilian capitals. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2016;28(3):270-7.

[8] ⁸
Fumis RR, Junqueira Amarante GA, de Fatima Nascimento A, Vieira Junior JM. Moral distress and its contribution to the development of burnout syndrome among critical care providers. Ann Intensive Care. 2017;7(1):71.

[9] ⁹
Malaquin S, Mahjoub Y, Musi A, Zogheib E, Salomon A, Guilbart M, et al. Burnout syndrome in critical care team members: A monocentric cross sectional survey. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2017;36(4):223-8.

[10] ¹⁰
Moss M, Good VS, Gozal D, Kleinpell R, Sessler CN. An Official Critical Care Societies Collaborative Statement: Burnout Syndrome in Critical Care Health Care Professionals: A Call for Action. Am J Crit Care. 2016;25(4):368-76.

[11] ¹¹
Maslach C, Jackson SE, Leiter MP. Maslach burnout inventory manual. 3rd ed. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1996.

[12] ¹²
Maslach C, Jackson SE. The measurement of experienced burnout. J Organ Behav. 1981;2(2):99-113.

[13] ¹³
Lovibond SH, Lovibond PF. Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales. 2nd ed. Sydney: Psychology Foundation of Australia; 1995.

[14] ¹⁴
Vignola RC, Tucci AM. Adaptation and validation of the depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS) to Brazilian Portuguese. J Affect Disord. 2014;155:104-9.

[15] ¹⁵
Apostolo JL, Mendes AC, Azeredo ZA. Adaptation to Portuguese of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS). Revista Lat Am Enfermagem. 2006;14(6):863-71.

[16] ¹⁶
The Gallup Organization. Q12®. Meta-Analysis. Omaha, Nebraska; 2006.

[17] ¹⁷
Embriaco N, Azoulay E, Barrau K, Kentish N, Pochard F, Loundou A, et al. High level of burnout in intensivists: prevalence and associated factors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175(7):686-92.

[18] ¹⁸
Barros DS, Tironi MO, Nascimento Sobrinho CL, Neves FS, Bitencourt AG, Almeida AM, et al. Intensive care unit physicians: socio-demographic profile, working conditions and factors associated with burnout syndrome. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2008;20(3):235-40.

[19] ¹⁹
Poncet MC, Toullic P, Papazian L, Kentish-Barnes N, Timsit JF, Pochard F, et al. Burnout syndrome in critical care nursing staff. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175(7):698-704.

[20] ²⁰
Merlani P, Verdon M, Businger A, Domenighetti G, Pargger H, Ricou B; STRESI+ Group. Burnout in ICU caregivers: a multicenter study of factors associated to centers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(10):1140-6.

[21] ²¹
Trigo TR, Teng CT, Hallak JE. Síndrome de burnout ou estafa profissional e os transtornos psiquiátricos. Rev Psiq Clin. 2007;34(5):223-33.

[22] ²²
Maslach C. Burnout: A multidimensional perspective. In: Schaufeli WB, Maslach C, Marek T, editors. Professional burnout: recent developments in theory and research. (Series in applied psychology). Philadelphia, PA, US: Taylor & Francis; 1993. p. 19-32.

[23] ²³
Hill AP, Curran T. Multidimensional Perfectionism and burnout: a meta-analysis. Pers Soc Psychol Rev. 2016;20(3):269-88.

[24] ²⁴
Salvagioni DA, Melanda FN, Mesas AE, González AD, Gabani FL, Andrade SM. Physical, psychological and occupational consequences of job burnout: A systematic review of prospective studies. PloS One. 2017;12(10):e0185781.

[25] ²⁵
Azoulay E, Timsit JF, Sprung CL, Soares M, Rusinová K, Lafabrie A, Abizanda R, Svantesson M, Rubulotta F, Ricou B, Benoit D, Heyland D, Joynt G, Français A, Azeivedo-Maia P, Owczuk R, Benbenishty J, de Vita M, Valentin A, Ksomos A, Cohen S, Kompan L, Ho K, Abroug F, Kaarlola A, Gerlach H, Kyprianou T, Michalsen A, Chevret S, Schlemmer B; Conflicus Study Investigators and for the Ethics Section of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Prevalence and factors of intensive care unit conflicts: the conflicus study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;180(9):853-60.

[26] ²⁶
Barbosa FT, Eloi RJ, Santos LM, Leão BA, Lima FJ, Sousa-Rodrigues CF. Correlation between weekly working time and burnout syndrome among anesthesiologists of Maceio-AL. Braz J Anesthesiol. 2017;67(2):115-21.

[27] ²⁷
Tironi MO, Nascimento Sobrinho CL, Barros DS, Reis EJ, Marques Filho ES, Almeida A, et al. [Professional Burnout Syndrome of intensive care physicians from Salvador, Bahia, Brazil]. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2009;55(6):656-62.

[28] ²⁸
Yassi A, Hancock T. Patient safety--worker safety: building a culture of safety to improve healthcare worker and patient well-being. Healthc Q. 2005;8 Spec No:32-8.

[29] ²⁹
Armon G, Melamed S, Shirom A, Shapira I. Elevated burnout predicts the onset of musculoskeletal pain among apparently healthy employees. J Occup Health Psychol. 2010;15(4):399-408.

[30] ³⁰
Ahola K, Honkonen T, Isometsä E, Kalimo R, Nykyri E, Aromaa A, et al. The relationship between job-related burnout and depressive disorders--results from the Finnish Health 2000 Study. J Affect Disord. 2005;88(1):55-62.

[31] ³¹
Bianchi R, Schonfeld IS, Laurent E. Is burnout a depressive disorder? A reexamination with special focus on atypical depression. Int J Stress Manag. 2014;21(4):307-24.

[32] ³²
Maslach C, Leiter MP. Understanding the burnout experience: recent research and its implications for psychiatry. World Psychiatry. 2016;15(2):103-11.

[33] ³³
Leiter MP, Durup J. The discriminant validity of burnout and depression: A confirmatory factor analytic study. Anxiety Stress Coping. 1994;7(4):357-73.

[34] ³⁴
Cresswell SL, Eklund RC. The convergent and discriminant validity of burnout measures in sport: a multi-trait/multi-method analysis. J Sports Sci. 2006;24(2):209-20.

[35] ³⁵
Cimiotti JP, Aiken LH, Sloane DM, Wu ES. Nurse staffing, burnout, and health care-associated infection. Am J Infect Control. 2012;40(6):486-90.

[36] ³⁶
Poghosyan L, Clarke SP, Finlayson M, Aiken LH. Nurse burnout and quality of care: cross-national investigation in six countries. Res Nurs Health. 2010;33(4):288-98.

[37] ³⁷
Goering DD, Shimazu A, Zhou F, Wada T, Sakai R. Not if, but how they differ: A meta-analytic test of the nomological networks of burnout and engagement. Burn Res. 2017;5:21-34.

Demographic characteristics	Overall (n = 206)	ICU (n = 119)	SDU (n = 87)	p value
Age (years)	35 (31 - 39)	36 (31 - 4)	34 (30 - 38)	0.053
Male sex	56/206 (27.2)	34/119 (28.6)	23/87 (26.2)	0.708
Marital status
Single	69/206 (33.5)	44/119 (37.0)	26/87 (29.8)
Married	108/206 (52.4)	60/119 (50.4)	48/87 (54.8)	0.579
Divorced	10/206 (4.8)	5/119 (4.2)	3/87 (3.6)
STable union	19/206 (9.3)	9/119 (7.6)	10/87 (11.9)
Degree
Graduate	17/206 (8.2)	12/119 (10.1)	2/87 (2.4)
Specialization	142/206 (68.9)	75/119 (63.0)	69/87 (79.8)	0.038
Masters	23/206 (11.2)	15/119 (12.6)	8/87 (9.5)
Doctorate	15/206 (7.3)	9/119 (7.6)	6/87 (7.1)
Postdoctorate	9/206 (4.4)	8/119 (6.7)	1/87 (1.2)
Religion
Atheism	9/206 (4.4)	5/119 (4.2)	4/87 (4.8)
Agnosticism	10/206 (4.9)	6/119 (5.0)	4/87 (4.8)
Spiritism	42/206 (20.4)	24/119 (20.2)	19/87 (21.4)	0.975
Judaism	3/206 (1.5)	1/119 (0.8)	2/87 (2.4)
Buddhism	3/206 (1.5)	2/119 (1.7)	1/87 (1.2)
Christianity	134/206 (65.0)	77/119 (64.7)	56/87 (64.3)
Other	4/206 (1.9)	2/119 (1.7)	2/87 (6.0)
Comorbidities
Hypertension	13/206 (6.3)	11/119 (9.2)	2/87 (2.4)	0.077
Diabetes mellitus	2/206 (1.0)	2/119 (1.7)	0/87 (0.0)	0.512
Heart failure	0/206 (0.0)	0/119 (0.0)	0/87 (0.0)	---
Coronary artery disease	0/206 (0.0)	0/119 (0.0)	0/87 (0.0)	---
Rheumatologic disease	2/206 (1.0)	1/119 (0.8)	1/87 (1.2)	0.999
Insomnia	14/206 (6.8)	10/119 (8.4)	4/87 (4.8)	0.404
COPD	0/206 (0.0)	0/119 (0.0)	0/87 (0.0)	---
Cancer	0/206 (0.0)	0/119 (0.0)	0/87 (0.0)	---
Asthma	4/206 (2.0)	0/119 (0.0)	4/87 (4.8)	0.055
Depression	5/206 (2.4)	3/119 (2.5)	2/87 (2.4)	0.682
Hypothyroidism	7/206 (3.4)	3/119 (2.5)	4/87 (4.8)	0.613
Other	37/206 (18.0)	25/119 (21.0)	12/87 (13.8)	0.221
Pain	106/206 (51.5)	62/119 (52.1)	44/87 (50.5)	0.981
Daily	31/106 (29.1)	23/62 (37.1)	8/44 (18.2)
3 times a week	37/106 (34.9)	22/62 (35.5)	15/44 (34.1)	0.072
Once a week	27/106 (25.5)	14/62 (22.6)	13/44 (29.5)
Rarely	10/106 (9.4)	3/62 (4.8)	7/44 (15.9)
Daily tasks
Take care of home	149/206 (72.3)	82/119 (68.9)	67/87 (77.0)	0.084
Take care of relatives	52/206 (25.2)	33/119 (27.7)	19/87 (21.8)	0.411
Knowledge about burnout syndrome				0.141
None	4/206 (1.9)	1/119 (0.8)	3/87 (3.4)
Some	119/206 (57.8)	66/119 (55.5)	53/87 (60.9)
A lot	80/206 (38.8)	52/119 (43.7)	28/87 (32.2)
Professional characteristics
Professional group				< 0.001
Physiotherapy	88/206 (42.7)	38/119 (31.9)	50/87 (57.4)
Nurse	63/206 (30.6)	41/119 (34.5)	22/87 (25.3)
Physician	55/206 (26.7)	40/119 (33.6)	15/87 (17.2)
Period of time working in the profession (years)	11 (7 - 15)	12 (8 - 16)	10 (7 - 15)	0.165
Period of time working in the hospital (years)	7 (4 - 11)	6 (4 - 10)	7 (3 - 12)	0.761
Days per week working in the hospital				0.646
≤ 2 days	14/206 (6.8)	10/119 (8.4)	4/87 (4.8)
3 - 5 days	124/206 (60.2)	71/119 (59.7)	53/87 (60.9)
> 5 days	65/206 (31.6)	38/119 (31.9)	27/87 (31.0)
Days per week working in another hospital
None	119/206 (57.8)	69/119 (58.0)	50/87 (57.4)	0.020
≤ 2 days	34/206 (16.5)	27/119 (22.7)	7/87 (8.0)
3 - 5 days	40/206 (19.4)	18/119 (15.1)	22/87 (25.3)
> 5 days	10/206 (4.9)	5/119 (4.2)	5/87 (5.7)

	Setting				Professional group
	Overall (n = 206)	ICU (n = 119)	SDU (n = 87)	p value	Physiotherapists (n = 88)	Nurses (n = 63)	Physicians (n = 52)	p value
MBI
Total	55 (46 - 68)	55 (48 - 70)	53 (44 - 66)	0.150	54 (43 - 67)	57 (46 - 69)	55 (50 - 70)	0.553
Emotional exhaustion
Low	21/203 (10.3)	9/119 (7.6)	12/84 (14.3)		13/88 (14.8)	5/63 (7.9)	3/52 (5.8)
Moderate	102/203 (50.2)	60/119 (50.4)	42/84 (50.0)	0.155	44/88 (50.0)	30/63 (47.6)	28/52 (53.8)	0.245
High	80/203 (39.4)	50/119 (42.0)	30/84 (35.7)		31/88 (35.2)	28/63 (44.4)	21/52 (40.4)
Depersonalization
Low	8/202 (4.0)	3/118 (2.5)	5/84 (6.0)		5/88 (5.7)	2/63 (3.2)	1/52 (2.0)
Moderate	58/202 (28.7)	34/118 (28.8)	24/84 (28.6)	0.408	23/88 (26.1)	18/63 (28.6)	17/52 (33.3)	0.957
High	136/202 (67.3)	81/118 (68.6)	55/84 (65.5)		60/88 (68.2)	43/63 (68.3)	33/52 (64.7)
Professional accomplishment
Low	190/201 (94.5)	108/117 (92.3)	82/84 (97.6)		85/87 (97.7)	56/62 (90.3)	49/52 (94.2)
Moderate	8/201 (4.0)	6/117 (5.1)	2/84 (2.4)	0.073	1/87 (1.1)	4/62 (6.5)	3/52 (5.8)	0.171
High	3/201 (1.5)	3/117 (2.6)	0/84 (0.0)		1/87 (1.1)	2/62 (3.2)	0/52 (0.0)
Severe burnout	69/201 (34.3)	40/117 (34.2)	29/84 (34.5)	0.960	30/88 (34.1)	21/62 (33.9)	18/51 (35.3)	0.986
DASS-21
Total	11 (6 - 19)	12 (6 - 23)	10 (6 -16)	0.091	10 (6 - 18)	13 (6 - 23)	12 (5 - 17)	0.484
Depression
Normal	125/202 (61.9)	64/118 (54.2)	61/84 (72.6)		59/88 (67.0)	39/62 (62.9)	27/52 (51.9)
Mild	32/202 (15.8)	18/118 (15.3)	14/84 (16.7)	0.001	11/88 (12.5)	9/62 (14.5)	12/52 (23.1)	0.533
Moderate	19/202 (9.4)	16/118 (13.6)	3/84 (3.6)		8/88 (9.1)	5/62 (8.1)	6/52 (11.5)
Severe	18/202 (8.9)	13/118 (11.0)	5/84 (6.0)		8/88 (9.1)	4/62 (6.5)	6/52 (11.5)
Very severe	8/202 (4.0)	7/118 (5.9)	1/84 (1.2)		2/88 (2.3)	5/62 (8.1)	1/52 (1.9)
Anxiety
Normal	152/202 (75.2)	87/119 (73.1)	65/83 (78.3)		69/88 (78.4)	37/62 (59.7)	46/52 (88.5)
Mild	9/202 (4.5)	4/119 (3.4)	5/83 (6.0)	0.317	3/88 (3.4)	5/62 (8.1)	1/52 (1.9)	0.002
Moderate	18/202 (8.9)	13/119 (10.9)	5/83 (6.0)		4/88 (4.5)	10/62 (16.1)	4/52 (7.7)
Severe	9/202 (4.5)	6/119 (5.0)	3/83 (3.6)		8/88 (9.1)	1/62 (1.6)	0/52 (0.0)
Very severe	14/202 (6.9)	9/119 (7.6)	5/83 (6.0)		4/88 (4.5)	9/62 (14.5)	1/52 (1.9)
Stress
Normal	124/201 (61.7)	68/117 (58.1)	56/84 (66.7)		54/87 (62.1)	36/62 (58.1)	34/52 (65.4)
Mild	26/201 (12.9)	13/117 (11.1)	13/84 (15.5)	0.046	12/87 (13.8)	8/62 (12.9)	6/52 (11.5)	0.679
Moderate	30/201 (14.9)	20/117 (17.1)	10/84 (11.9)		12/87 (13.8)	11/62 (7.7)	7/52 (13.5)
Severe	15/201 (7.5)	11/117 (9.4)	4/84 (4.8)		7/87 (8.0)	4/62 (6.5)	4/52 (7.7)
Very severe	6/201 (3.0)	5/117 (4.3)	1/84 (1.2)		2/87 (2.3)	3/62 (4.8)	1/52 (1.9)
Gallup^* * Gallup is a 12-question questionnaire used to assess work engagement using a Likert scale from 1 (“strongly disagree”) to 5 (“totally agree”).
Total	41 (34 - 48)	40 (33 - 47)	43 (34 - 49)	0.239	43 (36 - 49)	40 (31 - 49)	41 (31 - 48)	0.403

	Odds ratio (95%CI)	p value
DASS-21 anxiety
Normal	1 (Reference)
Mild	1.56 (0.24 - 7.91)	0.658
Moderate	1.02 (0.28 - 3.50)	0.985
Severe	1.14 (0.16 - 10.64)	0.931
Very severe	0.63 (0.09 - 4.06)	0.696
DASS-21 depression
Normal	1 (Reference)
Mild	0.52 (0.17 - 1.49)	0.175
Moderate	0.62 (0.15 - 2.39)	0.516
Severe	0.94 (0.18 - 4.95)	0.989
Very severe	0.18 (0.01 - 3.36)	0.211
DASS-21 stress
Normal	1 (Reference)
Mild	2.25 (0.77 - 6.57)	0.144
Moderate	5.54 (1.78 - 18.63)	0.004
Severe	11.47 (1.68 - 109.34)	0.017
Very severe	25.03 (0.72 - 124.40)	0.070
Pain	1.74 (0.83 - 2.87)	0.117
Marital status
Single	1 (Reference)
Married	1.86 (0.85 - 4.21)	0.112
Divorced	0.00 (0.00 - 3.12)	0.987
STable union	2.21 (0.60 - 8.15)	0.157
Gallup total	0.97 (0.93 - 1.01)	0.166
Days per week working in another hospital
None	1 (Reference)
≤ 2 days	0.87 (0.27 - 2.60)	0.727
3 - 5 days	3.61 (1.53 - 8.75)	0.003
> 5 days	0.59 (0.07 - 2.94)	0.531

Brasil

Brasil

Burnout syndrome and engagement among critical care providers: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT

Objective:

Methods:

Results:

Conclusion:

RESUMO

Objetivo:

Métodos:

Resultados:

Conclusão:

INTRODUCTION

METHODS

Statistical analysis

RESULTS

Frequency of severe burnout syndrome

Assessment of depression, anxiety, stress, and work engagement

Factors associated with severe burnout syndrome

Correlation between Maslach Burnout Inventory, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale and work engagement

Additional analyses

DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERÊNCIAS

Edited by

Publication Dates

History