Diallel crossing among maize populations for resistance to fall armyworm

Cruzamento dialélico entre populações de milho para resistência à lagarta do cartucho

DIALLEL CROSSING AMONG MAIZE POPULATIONS FOR RESISTANCE TO FALL ARMYWORM

María del Pilar Alvarez¹; José Branco de Miranda Filho²*

1INTA (Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria) Ruta 178, km 4,5. CC 31 (2700) Pergamino, BA. Argentina.

2Depto. de Genética - USP/ESALQ, C.P. 83 - CEP: 13400-970 - Piracicaba, SP.

*Corresponding author <[e-mail]>

ABSTRACT: Among the insects infecting the maize (Zea mays L.) crop in Brazil, the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith, 1797, Lepdoptera: Noctuidae) is considered one of the most important because it causes the highest damage to yield. Genetic resistance to the fall armyworm has be an effective control strategy. The main objective of this work was to evaluate new germplasm sources for resistance to the fall armyworm, the key pest for the maize crop in Brazil. A partial diallel design between 20 varieties of Brazilian germplasm and nine exotic and semi-exotic varieties of different origin was used. The 180 crosses and 29 parental varieties along with two commercial checks were evaluated in three locations in the State of São Paulo State (Brasil). Fall armyworm resistance (FAWR) under artificial and natural infestations, grain yield (GY), and plant height (PH) were analyzed. The populations CMS14C and MIRT, and hybrid São José x MIRT showed the highest resistance, with values of 1.8, 1.7 and 1.4, respectively. Populations PMI9401 and PR91B, and the hybrid CMS14C x (B97xITU) had best yields, with 4893, 3858 and 5677 kg ha^-1, respectively. Heterosis ranged from –28% to 47% for FAWR and from –21% to 125% for GY, with mean values of –0,43% and 31%, respectively. Genotype by environment interaction was not significant for FAWR. The effects of varieties and heterosis were significant for all traits, showing that both additive and dominance effects may be important as sources of variation. For FAWR, only specific heterosis presented significance, suggesting strong genetic divergence between specific pairs of parental populations. Brasilian populations PMI9302 and São José, and the exotic population PR91B presented high performance per se, and also in croses for FAWR and GY. Crosses PMI9401 x (Cuba110 x EsalqPB1) and São José x MIRT presented high specific heterosis effects for both characters. These populations can be useful to be introgressed in maize breeding programs.

Key words: genetic resistance, partial diallel, germplasm

CRUZAMENTO DIALÉLICO ENTRE POPULAÇÕES DE MILHO PARA RESISTÊNCIA À LAGARTA DO CARTUCHO

RESUMO: Dentre as pragas que infestam a cultura de milho (Zea mays L.) no Brasil, destaca-se a lagarta do cartucho (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith, 1797, Lepdoptera: Noctuidae), considerada como a praga chave por ser a que produz o maior dano. A utilização de cultivares resistentes constitui um método de controle eficiente. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi a avaliação de novas fontes de germoplasma para resistência à lagarta do cartucho, praga chave da cultura de milho no Brasil. Foi utilizado um esquema dialélico parcial entre 20 populações representantes de germoplasma brasileiro e nove populações exóticas e semi-exóticas de diferentes origens. Os 180 híbridos e as 29 variedades genitoras, junto com duas testemunhas comerciais, foram avaliados em três locais no Estado de São Paulo (Brasil). Foram analizados os caracteres resistência à lagarta do cartucho (RLC), sob infestação artificial e natural, produtividade de grãos (PG) e altura de planta (AP). As populações CMS14C e MIRT, e o híbrido São José x MIRT apresentaram a maior resistência, com valores de 1,8 , 1,7 e 1,4, respectivamente. As populações PMI9401 e PR91B, e o híbrido CMS14C x (B97 x ITU) tiveram a maior produtividade, com 4893, 3858 e 5677 kg ha^-1, respectivamente. Os valores de heterose foram de –28% a 47% para RLC e de –21% a 125% para PG, com valores médios de –0,43% e 31%, respectivamente. O caráter RLC não apresentou interação genótipo x ambiente significativa. Os efeitos de variedades e de heterose foram significativos para os três caracteres, indicando que tanto os efeitos aditivos quanto os de dominância podem ser importantes como fontes de variação. Para FAWR, somente a heterose específica foi significativa, sugerindo uma forte divergência genética entre pares específicos de populações parentais. As populações brasileiras PMI9302 e São José, e a população exótica PR91B apresentaram boa performance per se e em cruzamentos para resistência e produtividade. Os híbridos PMI9401 x (Cuba110 x ESALQ-PB1) e (São José x MIRT) apresentaram altos efeitos de heterose específica para ambos caracteres. Estes materiais podem ser promissores para sua incorporação em programas de melhoramento.

Palavras-chave: resistência genética, dialelo parcial, germoplasma

INTRODUCTION

Among the insects infecting the maize crop in Brazil, the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith, 1797) is considered one of the most important because it causes the highest economic damage. Larvae feed mainly on leaves, reducing the photosynthetic area of the plant and affecting indirectly the grain production. Losses of the order of 15% to 34% have been reported, depending on the phase of the plant development (Cruz, 1995).

The use of resistant cultivars has been suggested by several authors (Sprague & Dahms, 1972; Wiseman & Widstrom, 1992) as an efficient and feasible method to control armyworm infestation, either by decreasing the population of insects or by increasing the efficiency of insecticide application, thus reducing the amount of chemical products and also reducing the negative impact on environment.

In spite of the great genetic variability of the maize germplasm in Brazil, little is known in relation to the genetic potential of different materials as sources of resistance to insect infestations. The characterization of germplasm and the identification of new sources of resistance to be used in the development of new commercial varieties become more important when faced to the presence or the increase of insects attacks.

Breeding for resistance to fall armyworm has had a slow development until the advent of techniques for artificial infestation that allowed uniform evaluations of large number of plants in the field. Such techniques were developed by Ortega et al. (1980) and modified by Wiseman & Widstrom (1980). Artificial infestation has the advantage to provide more uniform levels of attack, with approximately the same number of larvae per plant. The evaluation under such conditions are really necessary when the high natural infestation does not occur in the experiment. On the other hand, there are environments where the population of insects remain at a high level every year, so that natural infestation is sufficient to assure evaluation with the desired precision. In the evaluation under field conditions, visual scales are used, which take into account the type of damage (size and number of lesions) and the damaged tissues (leaves and/or whorl) (Carvalho, 1970; Davis et al., 1992).

The genetic base of the resistance to fall armyworm has been demonstrated to be of quantitative nature and the variation is due mainly to additive genetic effects although the presence of dominant gene action cannot be ruled out (Williams et al., 1989; Widstrom et al., 1992; Widstrom et al., 1993; Guimarães e Viana, 1994 e Williams et al., 1995). The identification of new sources of resistance must be a continuous process in any breeding program for resistance to insects aiming the introgression of new genes into the genetic base of the commercial cultivars. The incorporation of new genotypes, either local or exotic, in the evaluations increase the chances for identification of mechanisms and/or genes for resistance that were not previously available. In Brazil, several studies have been conducted for the evaluation of resistance to fall armyworm, either under natural infestation (Fornasieri Filho et al., 1980; Lara et al., 1984; Marques et al., 1988) or under artificial infestation (Viana & Potenza, 1991; Viana & Guimarães, 1994; Nishikawa, 1999).

The genetic potential of different materials are usually studied in controlled crosses; in this sense, the diallel mating scheme has been useful and largely used to estimate the potential value of genotypes per se, their combining ability and heterosis effects (Hallauer & Miranda Filho, 1995). Miranda Filho & Geraldi (1984) suggested the partial diallel cross between two fixed sets of varieties or lines, as an adaptation of the complete diallel model of Gardner & Eberhart (1966). Geraldi & Miranda Filho (1988) concluded that the adapted model of Gardner & Eberhart (1966) is more informative than the partial diallel adapted from Griffing's (1956) model. The objectives of the present work were to evaluate maize germplasm from Brazil and exotic or semi-exotic germplasm for their agronomic traits and resistance to fall armyworm; to estimate genetic parameters for agronomic traits and resistance to fall armyworm using the partial diallel scheme (Miranda Filho & Geraldi, 1984); and to select populations with high level of resistance and desirable agronomic traits to be indicated for their use in breeding programs.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Germplasm

The identification of populations used in this work is shown in Table 1, divided in two groups: Group I, comprising 20 Brazilian populations previously introduced in the NAP (Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa) Project; and Group II, represented by nine exotic and semi-exotic populations of diverse origins. The 20 populations of Group I were selected for fall armyworm resistance, from 113 populations of the NAP Project, under artificial infestation (data not shown).

Exotic populations were introduced on the basis of their pattern of resistance to S. frugiperda or other corn borer species in their sites of origin. Some of the exotics (MIRT and PR91B) were used directly and others were previously crossed with local populations to develop semi-exotics better adapted to local conditions. Two commercial hybrids (MASTER: resistant; and P3041: susceptible) were used as checks, which were chosen as the extremes for resistant pattern from a set of 12 cultivars previously evaluated under artificial and natural infestation (data not shown).

Experiments

Populations of Group I were crossed with Group II, under partial diallel scheme suggested by Miranda Filho & Geraldi (1984). The 211 entries (29 parental populations, 180 crosses and 2 hybrid checks) were evaluated in two locations representing three environments: [1] Piracicaba (SP), under artificial infestation; [2] Anhembi (SP), under natural infestation; and [3] Piracicaba (SP), under no infestation. The geographical coordinates, represented by latitude, longitude and altitude of the two locations are: 22°42'South, 47°38' West and 546 m for Piracicaba; and 22°48'South, 48°07' West and 469 m for Anhembi, respectively. The three environments will be here designated as experiments, symbolized by EXP [1], EXP [2] and EXP [3], respectively. A completely randomized block design was used, with one-row plots, 5 m long with spaces of 0.9 m between rows and 0.2 m between plants within rows; with an expected stand of 25 plants per plot after thinning. Number of replications were three in EXP [1] and EXP [3] and four in EXP [2]. Planting dates were September 23, September 22 and November 20 for EXP [1], EXP [2] and EXP [3], respectively, in 1998. Plots of the susceptible check were intercalated each 15 rows in EXP [1] and EXP [2], for observation on the uniformity of infestations and for calculating the correlation between traits.

Evaluated traits

The resistance to the fall armyworm (RFA) was evaluated in EXP [1] under artificial infestation and in EXP [2] under natural infestation. Artificial infestation in the field was made by application of young larvae mixed with corn cob grits using a manual dispenser "bazooka" (Wiseman et al., 1980). Infestations were made in eight plants per plot in the stages V6 to V8, with approximately 15 larvae per plant. In EXP [1] visual evaluation of the damage was at 7 and 14 days after infestation. In EXP [2] the first evaluation was 7 days after the stages V6-V8, following another evaluation one week later. In both experiments a scale of notes (0: non-damaged plant to 5: plant whorl completely destroyed) was used (Carvalho, 1970). Data for statistical analysis was represented by the average of two measurements, as suggested by Davis et al. (1992). Grain yield (GY: total grain weight of the plot, in kg ha^-1) and plant height (PH: mean of ten plants per plot, in cm) were also included for analysis of EXP [2] and EXP [3].

Statistical analysis

Preliminary analysis of variance for each experiment and combined analysis over experiments were performed for all traits. The analysis of variance of the partial diallel tables combined over experiments followed the model (Miranda Filho & Geraldi, 1984; Belluci, 1994):

Y_ijk = m + a [d + (ld)_k] + ½ [v_i + v_j + (lv)_ik + (lv)_jk] + l_k

+ q [ + h_i + h_j + s_ij + (1)_k + (lh)_ik + (lh)_jk + (ls)_ijk + _ijk

where Y_ijk is the mean of the cross between i^th population (Group I) and j^th population (Group II) in the k^th experiment; m is the mean of the two groups; a= 1, a = -1 and a = 0 for parental varieties of groups I and II and crosses, respectively; d is a measure of the difference between group means; v_i and v_j are the effects of populations for Groups I and II, respectively; l_k is the fixed effect of experiments; q = 0 for parental populations (Y_ii and Y_jj) and q = 1 for crosses (Y_ij); is the average heterosis over experiments; h_i and h_j are the effects of heterosis of populations for Groups I and II, respectively; s_ij is the specific heterosis of the cross i x j; _ijk is the error term associated to the observed mean (Y_ii , Y_jj or Y_ij) in the k^th experiment; all other terms in the model refer to the interaction of the respective effects with experiments (environments).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Observed means are presented for three traits: RFA, combined for EXP. [1] and EXP. [2]; GY for EXP. [2] and EXP. [3] and PH combined for EXP. [2] and EXP. [3] (Table 2).

Preliminary analyses of variance

The preliminary analysis of variance, combined over experiments (data not shown), revealed differences between the hybrid checks for the variable RFA, indicating the effectiveness of the conditions of infestation for the discrimination between genotypes. Also, the non-significance of the interaction checks x experiments indicated that the reaction of the hybrid checks was relatively stable, even though the level of incidence of S. frugiperda was different between experiments. The non significance of the treatment x experiment interaction also reinforce the stable response of genotypes under the two different conditions of infestation.

For the variable GY significance was detected for both treatments and treatment x experiment interaction, indicating results should be interpreted for each experiment representing different environments. A similar pattern of significance was observed for the variable PH, but the mean square for treatments was 6.6 times greater than for the interaction treatment x experiment; although significant, the later showed a lower level of variation, as indicated by the F test (F = 1.4). For that reason, all parameters for PH were calculated with the mean over experiments.

Analysis of the diallel tables

Table 3 shows the analyses of variance for the three variables for the partial diallel table, represented by observed means of parental populations and their crosses. Differences were observed between groups for RFA (P < 0.01) and PH (P < 0.05). For RFA the difference was for advantage of Group II (lower mean) with an estimated parameter of d = 0.162. This result is explained by the fact that the NAP populations (Group I) were chosen for their pattern of resistance to S. frugiperda but, except for CMS14C, CMS23 and São José, all other were never submitted to selection for resistance. On the other hand, the exotic populations (Group II) were released for their high pattern of resistance to S. frugiperda and other Lepdoptera species.

Populations N3 (CMS14C) and E1 (MIRT), and the cross N18 (São José) x E1 (MIRT) presented highest resistance, with values of 1.8, 1.7 and 1.4, respectively. Populations PMI9401 and PR91B, and hybrid CMS14C x (B97xITU) had best yields, with 4893, 3858 and 5677 kg ha^-1, respectively (Table 2). Genotype by environment interaction was not significant for FAWR (Table 3).

Heterosis showed significance (P < 0.01) for all traits. For RFA the significant components of heterosis were population heterosis in Group I and specific heterosis; = - 1.04%) indicated non unidirectional dominance effects (Vencovsky & Barriga, 1992), which can be explained by the presence of different mechanisms of resistance, under the control of different genetic systems. In fact, the heterosis effects in crosses varied from negative (-28%) to positive (47%) in the crosses N14 x E3 and N3 x E3, respectively (Table 4). For GY and PH all the heterosis components showed significance.

The significance for GY heterosis variation is explained by the wide range of estimates, which varied from -20.0% (N12 x E6) to 138.3% (N14 x E5) and from –23.0% (N12 x E6) to 114.1% (N14 x E3) in EXP 2 and EXP 3, respectively (Table 5). Mid-parent heterosis higher than 20% was represented by 64% and 68% of the crosses in EXP 2 and EXP 3, respectively. Hallauer & Miranda Filho (1995) reported heterosis of 19.5% on the average of crosses involving 611 different parental varieties. High heterosis suggests a high concentration of homozygotes, as expected in races or populations continuously maintained through small population size (Miranda Filho, 1999). However, the lack of adaptation also may result in a low performance of the parental population and, if the other parent allows the recovery of an acceptable pattern of adaptation, the final result may be the expression of a high heterosis (Regitano Neto & Miranda Filho, 1999). Heterosis for PH is of lesser interest for a breeding programs and it has shown low expresion in population crosses (Hallauer & Miranda Filho, 1995). Observations (data not shown) indicated heterosis varying from –11.8% to 26.4% and only 16% of the crosses showed mid-parent heterosis higher than 10%.

Interactions of effects with experiments were non-significant for RFA and AP (except populations I x experiments); for GY all the effects presented interaction with experiments.

Dominance effects can be an important source of variation for all traits. The relative contribution of each source of variation to the total sum of squares shows that dominance effects are differentiated among the studied traits. For RFA 32% of the total sum of squares are due to the variation of populations while 68% are attributed to the total heterosis; specific heterosis is responsible for 84% of the total variation of heterosis. For similar situations, Miranda Filho & Vencovsky (1984) considered that even if the additive and dominance effects are confounded in the effects of populations (v_i and v_j), it is reasonable to suppose that the dominance effects are more expressive at the interpopulation (population cross) level. The detection of dominance effects in the control of the resistance to S. frugiperda was already reported by Williams et al. (1978), Widstrom et al. (1993), Guimarães & Viana (1994), and Williams et al. (1995). For GY and PH, the proportion of the variation due to populations and heterosis were 46.9 : 53.1 and 77.8 : 22.2, indicating that the dominance at the interpopulation level is more expressive for GY than for PH. Similar results were reported by Miranda Filho & Vencovsky (1984) and Santos et al. (1994). Low heterotic response for PH has also been reported by many authors (Castro et al. 1968; Barriga e Vencovsky, 1973; Souza, Jr., 1981; Miranda Filho & Vencovsky, 1984).

The estimates of the effects (m, d, v_i, v_j, , h_i, h_j; except s_ij) in the partial diallel model are presented in Table 6 for RFA and PH and in Table 7 for GY for both experiments. The effect of general combining ability (GCA) was estimated by g_i = v_i + h_i and g_j = v_j + h_j (Geraldi & Miranda Filho, 1988). Outstanding populations in Group I for GCA (negative g_i) of RFA were N4 (CMS23), N15 (PMI9302) and N18 (Tuxpeño Amarelo). CMS23 is a population that had undergone selection at EMBRAPA under artificial selection and was released for its good level of resistance to S. frugiperda. Results observed in the present work allowed the identification of populations, as mentioned above, to be used as source of resistance at levels similar to CMS23.

In Group II, two populations from CIMMYT (E1 – MIRT and E2- PR91B) exhibited the best values for resistance (negative v_j). The use of v_j instead of g_j (Table 4) for discriminating the best populations is explained by the non significance of population heterosis effects. MIRT (Multiple Insect Resistance for Tropical Regions) was selected at CIMMYT (Smith et al., 1989) and released for its high resistance to several species of the family Lepdoptera (Ostrinia nubilalis, Diatraea saccharalis, D. grandiosella, and S. frugiperda). PR91B is a population selected at CIMMYT (Colombia) for resistance to S. frugiperda.

For GY the highest GCA effects in EXP 2 were observed for N20 (WP12), N3 (CMS14C) and N17 (PMI9401) in Group I and for E4 (B97 x ITU), E8 (Cuba 110 x ESALQ PB1), E2 (PR91B) and E3 (B95 x ITU) in Group II. In EXP 3 the highest GCA effects were for N17 (PMI9401), N5 (CMS454), N18 (São José) and N20 (WP12) in Group I and E8 (Cuba110 x ESALQPB1), E4 (B97 x ITU), E2 (PR91B) and E7 (Cuba113 x ESALQPB1) in Group II.

Regarding PH, low estimates are desired if the objective is to identify populations with lower plant height and ear height, as generally occur with tropical germplasm. Lower estimates of GCA were obtained for N19 (Tuxpeño amarillo), N10 (Guatemala), N2 (Caribeño DMR), N5 (CMS454) and N16 (PMI9306) in Group I; and for populations E1 (MIRT), E5 (Pop. 58), E2(PR91B) and E9(Libertad179 x ESALQPB1) in Group II.

Selection of populations

Heterosis in variety crosses can be used directly in the first generation of the cross between two parental varieties. The parental populations of heterotic crosses also can be used for the development of inbred lines to be used in hybrid crosses. On the other hand, the synthesis of composites by intercrossing n parental varieties is a mean to retain heterosis in the population, because (n-1)/n of the heterosis component remain as part of the expected mean of the new population (Miranda Filho & Vencovsky, 1984).

In the present work, expressive heterosis effects were detected for both RFA and GY, which can be utilized by selecting the outstanding crosses. The effects of varieties or populations also were detected in both groups of populations and selection based on this parameter leads to the identification of the most appropriate populations for intrapopulation recurrent selection.

The correlation coefficients between RFA and GY, calculated from measurements of the hybrid check, planted every fifteen rows in the experiments, were non significant: r = -11%, P = 0.46 under artificial infestation; and r = -1,4%, P = 0.92 under natural infestation. For this reason, selection of populations based only on GY is not recommended and, both traits (RFA and GY) must be taken into account.

Populations N4 (CMS23), N15 (PMI9302) and N18 (São José) from Group I, and E1 (MIRT) and E2 (PR91B), from Group II, showed the best performance for RFA in crosses. The good resistance level of crosses between these two selected groups is explained by the fact that N4, N15 and N18 exhibited the best estimates of g_i in Group I and E1 and E2 showed the best level of resistance per se (v_j) in Group II.

For GY an analysis for each experiment (environment) was necessary because the existence of genotype x experiment interaction. In EXP 2, N4 did not presented a good performance in relation to GCA effect (g_i), while N15 and N18 showed good levels for GCA. In Group 2, E1 showed a low performance for GCA while E2 were among the best ones for this effect. In EXP 3, N18 and E2 were oustanding for GCA, while N4 and E1 were among the poorest ones.

Finally, when considering the general performance for GY in crosses, N4 and E1 should be discarded among the populations selected for RFA. Therefore, N15, N18 and E2 are recommended as the most promising for incorporation in breeding programs, as indicated by their good level of resistance to S. frugiperda and acceptable agronomic traits. For plant height, N15 and E2 showed negative values for GCA and should be indicated as source of genotypes to lower plant architecture.

Selection of specific crosses also can be done from the presented results. High specific heterosis for both RFA and GY were shown by crosses N17 (PMI9401) x E8 (Cuba 110 x ESALQ PB1) and N18 (São José) x E1 (MIRT). Total heterosis in percent of mid-parent in these crosses were 9% and 27% for RLC and 26% and 24% for GY, respectively, the indicated crosses for their properties can be used directly for the exploitation of heterosis in reciprocal recurrent selection programs, or as base for the development of inbred lines to be used in crosses.

ACKNOWLEDGES

To FAPESP for financial support.

Received September 19, 2001

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  16 Oct 2002
• Date of issue
  Dec 2002

History

• Received
  19 Sept 2001