Mineral and organomineral fertirrigation in relation to quality of greenhouse cultivated melon

Fertirrigação mineral e organomineral na qualidade do melão cultivado em estufa

Abstracts

Fertirrigation of melon still presents problems in relation to the type of the fertilizer used, mainly the biofertilizers. This experiment, installed in Uberaba, MG, Brazil, in a plastic module greenhouse of 768 m², tested treatments consisting of the conventional mineral fertirrigation and the organic fertirrigation, using two frequencies: daily and weekly. The best yields were obtained with daily fertilizer application, with superiority in relation to biofertilizers, with yield of 45.5 t ha-1 of fruit. This value was higher as compared to chemical products, that lead to a yield of 42.4 t ha-1. The weekly fertigation had lower productivities, and in this case, the biofertilizers also overcame the mineral, on the average 2.0 t ha-1. The best melon soluble solids values were obtained for the daily application of fertilizers, and the best treatment (P < 0.05) was the organic daily fertigation, with values of soluble solids content of 13.60° brix, followed by the daily chemical fertigation, with values of 12.52°. On the average, the amounts of soluble solids in melon were superior to the average found for Brazilian melons. Differences were not verified among the treatments for the variables pulp thickness and fruits pH. Regarding the peel thickness, the application of organic fertilizer sources presented a slight superiority in relation to chemical fertilizer treatments. No differences were verified among treatments in relation to the amount of fruits protein.

Cucumis melo; biofertilizers; fruit quality

A fertilização do melão ainda apresenta incertezas em relação ao tipo de fertilizante utilizado, principalmente quando se utilizam os biofertilizantes. Com o objetivo de monitorar a fertirrigação com fertilizante organomineral comparando-a com a fertirrigação convencional, este experimento avaliou a qualidade final do melão variedade "Orange Flesh", cultivado em estufa plástica. O experimento foi instalado em Uberaba, MG, em condições de ambiente protegido, num módulo de 768 m², onde foram aplicados os seguintes tratamentos: fertirrigação convencional mineral e fertirrigação com biofertilizante, em duas freqüências: semanal e diária. As melhores produtividades foram obtidas com a aplicação diária de fertilizantes, com superioridade para os produtos organominerais, com produção total de 45,5 t ha-1 de frutos, superior às 42,4 t ha-1 obtidas com os produtos químicos. A fertirrigação semanal resultou em produtividades inferiores às decorrentes das aplicações diárias, sendo que os produtos organominerais superaram os químicos nesse tipo de aplicação em 2 t ha-1, em média. Os maiores valores de sólidos solúveis totais foram obtidos com a aplicação diária de fertilizantes, em que o melhor tratamento (P < 0,05) foi o relativo à fertirrigação orgânica diária, com valores médios de teor de sólidos solúveis de 13,6° Brix, seguido pelo fertirrigação química diária, com valores médios de teores de sólidos solúveis de 12,52° Brix. Não foram verificadas diferenças entre os tratamentos para as variáveis espessura de polpa e pH dos frutos. Com relação à espessura de casca, constatou-se ligeira superioridade dos tratamentos organominerais, quando comparados aos químicos, característica marcante da aplicação de fontes orgânicas na nutrição das culturas. Em termos de teor de proteína dos frutos, não foram verificadas diferenças entre os tratamentos.

Cucumis melo; biofertilizante; aspectos qualitativos

Mineral and organomineral fertirrigation in relation to quality of greenhouse cultivated melon

Fertirrigação mineral e organomineral na qualidade do melão cultivado em estufa

André Luís Teixeira Fernandes^I; Guilherme Pádua Rodrigues^I;II; Roberto Testezlaf^III

^IUNIUBE, Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia do Ambiente, Av. Nenê Sabino, 1801, CEP: 38055-500, Uberaba, MG

^IIFAZU, Faculdade de Agronomia e Zootecnia de Uberaba

^IIIUNICAMP, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", s/n, Barão Geraldo, CEP: 13083-970, Campinas, SP

^{Address to correspondence}

ABSTRACT

Fertirrigation of melon still presents problems in relation to the type of the fertilizer used, mainly the biofertilizers. This experiment, installed in Uberaba, MG, Brazil, in a plastic module greenhouse of 768 m², tested treatments consisting of the conventional mineral fertirrigation and the organic fertirrigation, using two frequencies: daily and weekly. The best yields were obtained with daily fertilizer application, with superiority in relation to biofertilizers, with yield of 45.5 t ha^-1 of fruit. This value was higher as compared to chemical products, that lead to a yield of 42.4 t ha^-1. The weekly fertigation had lower productivities, and in this case, the biofertilizers also overcame the mineral, on the average 2.0 t ha^-1. The best melon soluble solids values were obtained for the daily application of fertilizers, and the best treatment (P < 0.05) was the organic daily fertigation, with values of soluble solids content of 13.60° brix, followed by the daily chemical fertigation, with values of 12.52°. On the average, the amounts of soluble solids in melon were superior to the average found for Brazilian melons. Differences were not verified among the treatments for the variables pulp thickness and fruits pH. Regarding the peel thickness, the application of organic fertilizer sources presented a slight superiority in relation to chemical fertilizer treatments. No differences were verified among treatments in relation to the amount of fruits protein.

Key words:Cucumis melo, biofertilizers, fruit quality

RESUMO

A fertilização do melão ainda apresenta incertezas em relação ao tipo de fertilizante utilizado, principalmente quando se utilizam os biofertilizantes. Com o objetivo de monitorar a fertirrigação com fertilizante organomineral comparando-a com a fertirrigação convencional, este experimento avaliou a qualidade final do melão variedade "Orange Flesh", cultivado em estufa plástica. O experimento foi instalado em Uberaba, MG, em condições de ambiente protegido, num módulo de 768 m

², onde foram aplicados os seguintes tratamentos: fertirrigação convencional mineral e fertirrigação com biofertilizante, em duas freqüências: semanal e diária. As melhores produtividades foram obtidas com a aplicação diária de fertilizantes, com superioridade para os produtos organominerais, com produção total de 45,5 t ha

^-1 de frutos, superior às 42,4 t ha

^-1 obtidas com os produtos químicos. A fertirrigação semanal resultou em produtividades inferiores às decorrentes das aplicações diárias, sendo que os produtos organominerais superaram os químicos nesse tipo de aplicação em 2 t ha

^-1, em média. Os maiores valores de sólidos solúveis totais foram obtidos com a aplicação diária de fertilizantes, em que o melhor tratamento (

P < 0,05) foi o relativo à fertirrigação orgânica diária, com valores médios de teor de sólidos solúveis de 13,6° Brix, seguido pelo fertirrigação química diária, com valores médios de teores de sólidos solúveis de 12,52° Brix. Não foram verificadas diferenças entre os tratamentos para as variáveis espessura de polpa e pH dos frutos. Com relação à espessura de casca, constatou-se ligeira superioridade dos tratamentos organominerais, quando comparados aos químicos, característica marcante da aplicação de fontes orgânicas na nutrição das culturas. Em termos de teor de proteína dos frutos, não foram verificadas diferenças entre os tratamentos.

Palavras-chave:Cucumis melo, biofertilizante, aspectos qualitativos

INTRODUCTION

In the current context of irrigated agriculture, emphasis has been placed on the called biofertilizers or organomineral fertilizers, produced by inoculating microorganisms into residues of the most diverse categories. The recycling of organic residues, in order to reutilize them as an alternative source for the production of fertilizers is a strategic measure from an environmental standpoint, and is convenient as long as it is economically feasible.

Decree number 86.955, dated 02/18/1982, contains, for the first time in a law, the term organomineral fertilizer, defined in chapter I of the preliminary dispositions as a "fertilizer resulting from a mixture or combination of mineral and organic fertilizers" (Brazil, 1983). With this law, a mixture of fertilizers that agronomists and technicians elsewhere in the world recognize as an excellent agricultural input has been made official (Kiehl, 1999).

The literature offers a scarce supply of references relating to qualitative alterations in products harvested after organomineral fertilizers have been used. One of the crops that responds favorably to fertilization with organic fertilizers is melon.

The main attribute of a melon is to be sweet (sugar content) and juicy (juice content), and these characteristics should prevail over visual traits (Gorgatti Netto, 1994). In an experiment conducted in Botucatu, SP, Brazil, Sousa et al. (1998) evaluated the effect of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) application frequencies via irrigation water on the productivity and quality of melon fruits grown on a sandy-textured soil. The highest commercial and the lowest non-commercial productivities were obtained with more frequent N and K applications. In terms of sugars, the values found agree with the ideal range considered by Gorgatti Netto (1994) which classify as marketable melons with soluble solids content mean values above 9° Brix. The mean soluble solids content of melons in Brazil is 10° Brix (Pinto et al., 1993), which are values similar to those obtained by Prabhakar et al. (1985) and Srinivas & Prabhakar (1984) in Indian experiments.

Brito et al. (2000), in an experiment carried out in Petrolina, PE, Brazil, with the melon hybrid AF 682, evaluated the effect of phosphorus sources on yield and quality of melon fruits, and verified that the sources of this nutrient and the application form did not exert influence on fruit mean weight, but phosphoric acid was verified to be superior with regard to total soluble solids content (12.53° Brix).

In view of the growing environmental awareness in recent years and the shortage of raw materials for chemical fertilizer production, there is an increasing tendency to recycle urban, industrial and agricultural residues, with the objective of controlling environmental pollution and creating new alternative products for agricultural uses, such as organomineral fertilizers. Within this context, we tried to evaluate the application of an organomineral fertilizer (biofertilizer) via irrigation water on greenhouse-grown melons, by comparing it to the conventional fertirrigation with mineral fertilizers, through analysis of qualitative aspects of the product. The effect of dividing the sidedress fertirrigation into installments (both for the biofertilizer and the chemical fertilizers) was also evaluated.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The experiment was installed, in Uberaba, MG, Brazil (latitude 19° 44' 13" S, longitude 47° 57' 27" W and altitude 850 m), using a Typic Haplustox, with textural contents of: 727 g kg^-1 sand, 220 g kg^-1 clay and 53 g kg^-1 silt. The climate in Uberaba is classified as Aw, tropical hot and humid, by the Köppen method, with a winter cold and dry season. The annual precipitation is 1474 mm and the annual mean temperature is 22.6°C.

The experiment was carried out under protected environmental conditions, in an experimental module of 12.8 ´ 60.0 m, with wooden pillars (pinus) covered by a metallic framework, having a east-west orientation. The module has the following characteristics: internal height: 3.0 m; total height: 4.2 m; side panels: 30% shade protection; cover: 150 m plastic, treated against ultra-violet radiation.

The irrigation system consisted of a pump/motor assembly with sand and screen filtering. Self-compensating drippers were utilized, with a nominal flow rate of 2.3 L h^-1, inserted into polyethylene tubing (PT) with wall thickness 0.62 mm, internal diameter 15.5 mm, spaced 0.3 m apart. Spacing was 1.0 m between rows and 0.3 m between plants in a row, and each plant was irrigated by one dripper, with experimental plots individualized by valves. A venturi-type injector was utilized to inject both organic and mineral fertilizer solutions, and was calibrated to operate at an injection flow rate of 150 L h^-1.

The experimental design consisted of a 2 ´ 2 factorial, where factor 1 referred to fertilizer type (two sources A1 and A2, organomineral and mineral, respectively) and factor 2 was the frequency (F1 - daily and F2 - weekly) with four replicates, resulting in four treatments: FOD – fertirrigation with organomineral product (A1) performed daily (F1); FOS – fertirrigation with organomineral product (A1) performed weekly (F2); FQD – fertirrigation with mineral product (A2) on a daily basis (F1); FQS – fertirrigation with mineral product (A2) weekly (F2). Each experimental plot consisted of three planted rows, 45 plants each, plants in the central row being regarded for evaluations (Figure 1).

The biofertilizer, both in solid and liquid forms, was produced at the pilot plant located in Uberaba, MG. The raw materials utilized to produce the organomineral fertilizer were pine wood shavings, urban waste compost and chicken bedding generated in the farm, which were submitted to deodorization, disinfecting and biological transformation processes to produce the solid and the liquid organomineral fertilizers. The production of organomineral fertilizers was carried out in two steps. The first utilized, 700 kg Mg^-1 organic matter (home waste compost, pine wood shavings and avian bedding), 300 kg Mg^-1 phospho-gypsum and a specific biocatalyst, resulting in a product containing 1.5; 3.5 and 1.0% N, P₂O₅ and K₂O, with 40% organic matter. In a second step, 20 urea, 25 triple superphosphate, 50 single superphosphate, 30 kg Mg^-1 potassium chloride and a solubilizing catalyst were added to this product which, after material stabilization, gave origin to the organomineral fertilizer.

Fertilization in the organomineral treatments was performed taking into account soil analysis, resulting 2 kg m^-2 of simple solid organomineral fertilizer, which corresponds to a 02-07-04 NPK rate. For treatments involving mineral sources, in addition to the 04-14-08 NPK rate, an application of 300 g m^-2, organic matter from a conventional source was also utilized, by applying 2 kg m^-2 of rotted barnyard manure enriched with rock phosphate. (1.5; 5.0 and 2.5% N, P₂O₅ and K₂O, respectively), thus equalizing the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium with those of the biofertilizer. The solid organomineral fertilizer utilized for fertilization at planting had the following composition: 2.0 % nitrogen; 7.0% P₂O₅ total; 4.0% K₂O; 2.91% calcium; 6.20% sulfur; 41.51% organic matter, pH = 6.6 and CEC = 5.5 mmol_c dm^-3.

The recommendation of CATI (1999) was followed for the sidedressing, in accordance to the chemical analysis that was made, corresponding to the following nutrient rates, both for chemical and organomineral treatments: a) 30, 120 and 60 kg ha^-1 of N, P₂O₅ and K₂O, applied as fertirrigation; b) 1 and 3 kg ha^-1 of B and Zn, respectively, applied as sprays; c) Molybdenum: 20 g (100 L)^-l of ammonium molybdate water, in 3 sprays: at the 2 true-leaf stage; at formation of the first branch, and immediately after the 1^st flower. The liquid organomineral fertilizer applied as fertirrigation had the following composition: 2.0% organic N; 7.0% P₂O₅ (phosphorus soluble in NAC – water); 4.0% K₂O (water-soluble potassium); 38.6% organic matter, pH = 3.2 and 0.001% humic acid. The applied chemical fertilizers were of high-solubility, ready-for-use formulated products.

Leaves of thirty plants per plot were removed, before fruiting, and soil samples were collected, one per plot, at three depths (0 to 0.20; 0.20 to 0.40 and 0.40 to 0.60 m), in order to assess soil fertility at the beginning of the fruiting stage.

The melon hybrid "Orange Flesh – Honey dew" was grown, with a germination rate of 85% and 99% purity. Seeding was made directly in the soil, on October 3, 2000. The crop was conducted with plants as single vines, tutored by nylon threads installed on a wire mesh attached to wooden poles, 1.20 m above soil surface. All shoot and fruit were removed up to the 8^th internode, and a single lateral shoot was maintained at every 2 internodes. Only two fruits were maintained per plant to ensure good productivity and a greater number of fruits with a marketable size. The leaves up to the 8^th internode were removed 10 days before harvesting in order to improve insolation, increase soil temperature and decrease the evapotranspiration rate.

To provide meteorological monitoring inside the greenhouse, a mini automatic meteorological station, with reduced dimensions (27.0 cm in length ´ 11.5 cm in diameter) was set up in the center of the structure. The station consisted of a data logger with 512 Kb of non-volatile memory (PCB), a liquid crystal display (LCD) to show recorded values, an infrared port for communication with a personal computer, a protector against direct solar radiation to prevent the temperature and relative humidity sensors from becoming superheated, and an input connection to the following sensors: air temperature and relative humidity; insolation, precipitation, wind speed and global solar radiation. The evapotranspiration of the crop was estimated by the Penman Monteith method, recommended by FAO, according to Smith (1991).

Soil water content was monitored by means of tensiometer readings installed in all treatments, at depths of 0.20, 0.40 and 0.60 m, in order to ensure that the plots would receive the same water depth of irrigation.

To determine the time necessary for irrigation, calculations were based on the flow rates of the emitter, spacing between emitters, spacing between side rows and an adjustment factor related to the wet irrigation area, since irrigation was localized. The evapotranspiration in the crop (ETc) was estimated by equation 1:

where: ET_o - reference evapotranspiration, mm d^-1; K_c - crop coefficient; K_m - evapotranspiration adjustment factor for microirrigation, calculated by equation 2.

where: A_s – is the shaded area fraction by the crop at noon.

At the first harvest, 80 days after the emergence of the seeds, three fruits were removed per experimental plot, two hours after taken to the laboratory for analysis. For each fruit, the following parameters were analyzed: a) Soluble solids content (°Brix): Readings were made with a Brix refractometer, resolution from 0 to 32° Brix, with measurements made at a 20°C, a fact that made measurements somewhat difficult, since the temperature of the samples had to reach room temperature controlled at 20°C. Readings were taken from a flesh sample of the equatorial region of the fruit, 5 mm below the central cavity; b) pH: the measurements were performed with a pH meter having an operation range from 0 to 14 pH, resolution of 0.01 pH, precision of @ 0.2 pH, and operation temperature range of 0 to 50°C; c) Rind thickness: measurements were taken with a digital caliper rule, with precision 0.01 mm; d) Flesh thickness: also taken with the same digital caliper rule; e) Protein content: made according to the following procedure: A sample of approximately 2 g taken at the Brix sample extraction point was weighed, recording (P1); 10 mL of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) were added to 10 mL of a catalytic mixture of sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) + metallic selenium (Se) + copper sulfate (CuSO₄) + potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄) in a graduated cylinder; The cylinder was placed in a digestor with four temperature ramps (0-180°C; 180-250°C; 250-420°C and 420-450°C), and exposed for 30 minutes per ramp. The cylinder with the totally digested material, was then placed in a distiller for subsequent distillation, and the solution consumed in the distillation of the nitrogen fraction was collected by an Erlenmeyer flask; Titulation was made with hydrochloric acid 0.2 mol L^-1; Calculations were performed, assuming that 1 mg nitrogen in the ammoniacal (NH₃) form neutralizes 2.803 mL of hydrochloric acid (0.2 mol L^-1) and using a correction factor of 5.95 for the protein/nitrogen ratio.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Plants of all treatments presented adequate nutrition, with N, K and S values above the values for healthy leaves, and with nutritional rates of P, Ca, Mg and B within the range considered as ideal (Table 1). The nutrient contents in healthy leaves are within ranges varying from 23 to 33 g kg^-1 of N; 2.8 to 6.2 g kg^-1 of P; 25.3 to 28.7 g kg^-1 of K; 25.9 to 51.4 g kg^-1 of Ca; 7.9 to 9.9 g kg^-1 of Mg; 2.2 to 2.4 g kg^-1 of S and 65 to 111 mg kg^-1 of B (Katayama, 1993).

Nutritional deficiency symptoms were not verified in plants of any treatments, according to values obtained by Belfort et al. (1986), which verified, in leaves showing deficiency symptoms, values of 11.1 to 22.1 g Kg^-1 of N; 1.2 to 2.3 g kg^-1 of P; 8.6 to 17.2 g kg^-1 of K; 8.5 to 22.2 g kg^-1 of Ca; 6.0 to 7.1 g kg^-1 of Mg; 7.1 to 1.9 g kg^-1 of S and 55 to 101 mg kg^-1 of B. The higher values of N observed in the leaves could be credited to the lower leaching rate of this element, due to its application via localized irrigation water. Tyler & Lorenz (1964) obtained greater values for the concentration of N at the beginning of fruiting, decreasing toward harvest.

Rates of K and S higher than those established for healthy leaves were also observed, which could also be attributed to a lower leaching of these elements. Tyler & Lorenz (1964) verified that the concentration of K in leaves increased until day 51, reaching 30.9 g kg^-1, and then decreased toward the end of the melon cycle. Values found for magnesium are similar, while values for calcium were twice as high as those obtained by Souza (1999). Boron values found by Belfort (1985) were in the order of 55 mg kg^-1 during blooming, reaching an acme of 77 mg kg^-1, which are values inferior to those found in this experiment, where boron contents ranged between 62 and 120.2 mg kg^-1.

The best yields were obtained with daily applications of fertilizers (Table 2), higher than the 42.4 t ha^-1 obtained with chemical products. Weekly fertirrigation resulted in productivities inferior to those resulting from daily applications, and the organomineral products surpassed the chemical products in this type of application by 2 t ha^-1, on the average.

For both the mineral and the organomineral fertilizers, the daily fertirrigation treatments were statistically superior to the weekly fertirrigation treatments (an 8 to 9.2 t ha^-1 increase) (Table 2).

No treatment effect was verified for flesh thickness, pH and % of proteins, but there were effects for soluble solids content and rind thickness (Table 3).

In relation to pH, no differences were found between the adopted treatments (Table 3). Pinto et al. (1994) found higher pH values (between 6.28 and 6.53), for cultivar Eldorado 300, when irrigation frequencies varied.

For soluble solids content (°Brix), however, which classifies melons as marketable or not, the best treatment (P < 0.05) was that associated to daily organic fertirrigation, with a mean value of soluble solids content of 13.60° Brix, followed by the daily mineral fertirrigation, with mean values of 12.52° Brix. The superiority of the sources, both organomineral and mineral, was due to the daily application of nutrients, with an effect of frequencies at 5%.

No differences were verified between treatments with the application of organomineral or mineral sources, and there was also no interaction effect of sources ´ fertirrigation frequencies in soluble solids content of melon fruits.

Faria et al. (1994) also obtained high soluble solid content values with the application of natural organic matter, attaining mean values from 12.60 to 13.52° Brix. By using exclusively mineral sources of nutrients, Buzetti et al. (1993) obtained lower soluble solid content values, in the order of 8.6 to 9.9° Brix. The poorest treatment, in terms of soluble solids content, was that associated to the weekly application of chemical products (FQS), with mean values around 10° Brix. The mean soluble solid content in the fruits was around 12.04, well above the mean value for melons produced in Brazil (10.2%) and the soluble solid contents found by Prabhakar et al. (1985).

In a similar work, Pinto et al. (1994) concluded, from an experiment conducted in Petrolina, PE, Brazil, that varying the fertirrigation frequency did not change the soluble solids content in melon plant fruits.

Srinivas & Prabhakar (1994) verified that applying nitrogen and phosphorus provided significant increments in soluble solids content in melon plant fruits, a fact that explains the superiority, in the present experiment, of treatments with daily fertirrigation frequencies which, according to Table 1, presented smaller N and P contents in the leaves, these being elements that were probably destined to take part in the fruiting process.

Treatments consisting of organomineral products developed fruits with greater rind thickness, with an average of 7.78 mm, higher than the thickness in fruits from mineral treatments, which averaged 5.12 mm. Fruits with thinner rinds were obtained with the application of mineral fertilizer sources, as compared to fruits fertilized with organomineral sources, and this superiority was caused specifically by the source of the utilized nutrient (Table 3).

The production of fruits with thicker rinds is a remarkable characteristic associated with the use of organic sources as nutrients, an interesting fact pertaining to the melon plant fruit in that it increases its useful life in the post-harvest period; however, with regard to flesh thickness, which is the most interesting trait for both the domestic and foreign markets, no differences were verified between treatments.

Also no differences among treatments were detected with respect to protein content in the fruits. Bibliographic references that include protein content determination for melon fruit quality evaluation are scarce.

The equality between treatments can be explained by the nitrogen percentage measured in the leaves, in the beginning of the fruiting stage, similar between treatments (Table 1). Nitrogen constitutes one of the main protein components in fruits.

The organomineral treatments extended the cycle by eight days, totaling 108 days, as compared to a total cycle of 100 days for melon fertirrigated with chemical sources of fertilizers. Faria et al. (1994) attributed this cycle lengthening to the short time available to promote the complete decomposition of the organic matter, thus providing a slower nutrient release in treatments based on fertirrigations with organomineral products.

Most reports dealing with melon production focus on Northeast Brazil, which offers more favorable climatic characteristics for the production of this crop, both quantitatively and qualitatively. However, in the Uberaba, MG region, with the crop grown in a protected environment, it is possible to achieve high productivities of excellent fruit quality.

CONCLUSION

The utilization of organomineral fertilizers for fertirrigation of melon plants is feasible, since it leads to high productivity with an excellent final quality of fruits, as compared to the utilization of exclusively mineral sources in fertirrigation.

Received February 26, 2002

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  20 Mar 2003
• Date of issue
  Feb 2003

History

• Received
  26 Feb 2002