Bullous pemphigoid and comorbidities: a case-control study in Portuguese patients^*

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

aAlthough rare, bullous pemphigoid (BP) is the most common autoimmune blistering disease. Recent studies have shown that patients with bullous pemphigoid are more likely to have neurological and psychiatric diseases, particularly prior to the diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid.

OBJECTIVE:

The aims were: (i) to evaluate the demographic and clinical features of bullous pemphigoid from a database of patients at a Portuguese university hospital and (ii) to compare the prevalence of comorbid conditions before the diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid with a control group.

METHODS:

Seventy-seven patients with bullous pemphigoid were enrolled in the study. They were compared with 176 age- and gender-matched controls, which also had the same inpatient to outpatient ratio, but no history of bullous or cutaneous malignant disease. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to calculate odds ratios for specific comorbid diseases.

RESULTS:

At least one neurologic diagnosis was present in 55.8% of BP patients compared with 20.5% controls (p<0.001). Comparing cases to controls, stroke was seen in 35.1 vs. 6.8%, OR 8.10 (3.80-17.25); dementia in 37.7 vs. 11.9%, OR 5.25 (2.71-10.16); and Parkinson's disease in 5.2 vs. 1.1%, OR 4.91 (0.88-27.44). Using multivariate analysis, all diseases except Parkinson's retained their association with BP. Patients under systemic treatment were eight times more likely to have complications than those treated with topical steroids (p< 0.017).

CONCLUSIONS:

The results of this study substantiate the association between BP and neurological diseases. In addition, they highlight the potential complications associated with the treatment of BP.

Comorbidity; Nervous system diseases; Neurologic manifestations; Pemphigoid, bullous; Portugal

INTRODUCTION

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is the most common autoimmune blistering disease and predominantly affects the elderly.^1-3 However, on rare occasions, it can be present in young adults and children.⁴ Both genders are equally affected. The annual incidence of BP has been estimated to range from 2 to 14 new cases per million people.^1,3,5-6 Its incidence is expected to rise as a consequence of population ageing. A recent study in France found a 3-fold increase in the annual incidence of BP over the last 15 years, with 21.7 new cases per million inhabitants.⁷

BP is characterized by the presence of circulating IgG autoantibodies directed against two proteins of the basement membrane zone, bullous pemphigoid antigens 1 and 2 (BPAG1 and BPAG2), which are detectable by both direct and indirect immunofluorescence. However, pathogenesis is still not completely understood. Previous studies have suggested a relationship between BP and comorbid conditions like neurological and psychiatric diseases, diabetes mellitus, and malignancy.^8-12 Recently, a prospective casecontrol study, which evaluates risk factors for BP, identified neurological disorders, namely dementia and Parkinson's disease, psychiatric disorders (unipolar and bipolar disorders), bedridden condition, and chronic use of several drugs, as risk factors for BP.¹³

Systemic corticotherapy (prednisone 0.5-1 mg per kilogram of body weight per day) is considered the standard treatment, but serious adverse effects can occur, including death, particularly in elderly patients.^14-18 In spite of the progress in BP treatment, the mortality rate of these patients can be up to sixfold higher than in the general population.⁷

In 2002, Joly et al conducted a large controlled clinical trial, which demonstrated that high potency topical steroids improve survival in patients with extensive BP, as compared with oral corticosteroid therapy.¹⁹

Objective

The primary endpoint of the present study was to determine the prevalence and association of comorbid conditions with BP in patients who had medical attendance at our hospital.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This case-control study was approved by the research ethics board of Coimbra University Hospital. Between January 1998 and December 2010, we identified, in our department, all individuals who had undergone a histological procedure (n=97) on the basis of clinical suspicion of BP. From this initial cohort, we performed a manual chart review, abstracting medical records individually to ensure that these patients fulfilled the following three criteria: (1) typical clinical features, such as tense blisters on both the normal and erythematous bases, (2) characteristic histopathologic findings, such as subepidermal blisters and (3) immunological findings of positive direct immunofluorescence (DIF) tests (linear IgG and/or C3 deposits along the epidermal basement-membrane zone). Of the ninety-seven patients identified as potentially eligible cases, we excluded 20 patients who did not meet these inclusion criteria, thus the sample for this study comprised 77 patients. The following data were recorded: age at diagnosis, gender, degree of autonomy, clinical features, laboratorial parameters, therapy adopted, concomitant medications and comorbidities (neurological and psychiatric disorders, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, thyroid dysfunction, psoriasis, leg ulcers or other chronic wounds, history of fracture or joint-replacement surgery). One hundred and seventysix controls (~2 for each BP patient) were randomly selected from the list of our clinical folders, excluding patients with a diagnosis of bullous or cutaneous malignant disease, and matched according to age, sex and inpatient to outpatient ratio.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using the Software Package for Statistical Science (SPSS for Windows, version 18.0, Chicago, IL). Continuous data are presented as the mean value and standard deviation (SD), and categorical variables are presented as percentages. Patients and control subjects were compared using the Student's t-test for continuous variables, while the Pearson Chi-square test was applied for categorical variables. Univariate logistic regression was used to calculate the crude odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for comorbid conditions in relation to BP. A logistic regression model was used to measure the association between BP and neurological disorders in a multivariate analysis.

RESULTS

The median (range) age at presentation for BP was 79.6 (SD 8.3) years. The age distribution ranged from 49 to 96 years. Thirty nine (50.6%) of the patients were female and 38 (49.4%) were male. The age, age group and gender distributions of the cohort are presented in Table 1. Control patients were well matched in terms of age (p=0.64), gender (p=0.51), and had the same inpatient to outpatient ratio (p=0.19). Controls had various cutaneous diseases (erysipela/cellulitis, leg ulcer, drug eruption, eczema, psoriasis and vasculitis), as illustrated in ^{Graph 1}.

TABLE 1:
Demographic features of cases and controls

Characteristic		Cases	Controls	P-value*
		n = 77	n = 176
Age (mean), years		79.6	79.1	0.64 †
Age group, n (%)				0.22 ‡
	<60	1 (1.3)	2 (1.1)
	60-69	8 (10.4)	9 (5.1)
	70-79	32 (41.6)	92 (52.3)
	≥ 80	36 (46.7)	73 (41.5)
Gender, n (%)				0.51¥
	♂♂	38 (49.4)	79 (44.9)
	♀	39 (50.6)	97 (55.1)
Input patients, n (%)		62 (80.5)	128 (72.7)	0.19 ¥

• *P- value of the T student test (†), Fisher’s exact test (‡) or Chi-Square test (¥), as appropriate.

GRAPH 1:
Diseases of the controls

Chronic treatment with at least one drug before onset of BP was observed in 87% of cases, namely diuretics (48.1% of BP patients), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptors antagonists (40.3%) and benzodiazepines (35.1%) (Table 2).

TABLE 2:
Chronic medication (at least one drug in the last three months) in BP patients

Chronic medication		BP patients (n = 77)
		number (%)
Chronic medication		67 (87)
Diuretics		37 (48.1)
	Furosemide	21 (27.3)
	Thiazides	17 (22)
	Spirolactone	2 (2.6)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II
receptor antagonists		31 (40.3)
Benzodiazepines		27 (35.1)
Neuroleptics		24 (31.2)
Antiarrhytmics		14 (18.2)
NSAIDs		5 (6.5)
Calcium channel blockers		4 (5.2)
Statins		4 (5.2)
Fenofibrates		1 (1.3)

• Abbreviations: NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Upon diagnosis, all patients had cutaneous blisters and 34 patients (44.2%) also had urticarial plaques. In addition, the oral mucosa of 11 patients (14.3%) were affected, while 92.2% complained of pruritus. About half of the cases involved peripheral blood eosinophilia (50.6%) (Table 3).

TABLE 3:
Clinical characteristic of BP patients

Characteristic	Number (%)
	n=77
Pruritus	71	(92.2)
Type of lesions
tense blisters	47	(61)
urticarial plaque	34	(44.2)
eczematous lesions	8	(1)
Mucosal lesions	11	(14.3)
Eosinophilia (eosinophil>600 cell/uL)	39	(50.6)

About one fifth of patients (20.8%) was successfully treated with high-potency topical steroids in monotherapy. The rest also received systemic treatment, mainly oral corticosteroids (57.1%). Dapsone was the second most prescribed systemic drug, alone or concurrently with oral corticosteroids (Table 4). Some patients treated with dapsone (11.4%) experienced side effects: hemolysis and anemia (data not shown).

TABLE 4:
Treatment modalities

Treatment modalities		n, (%)
Topical corticosteroids		77 (100)
Oral corticosteroids		44 (57.1)
Dapsone		35 (45.5)
Azathioprine		6 (7.7)
Methotrexate		3 (3.9)

Complications occurred in 25 patients (32.5 %), mainly infections (urinary tract infection, respiratory infection and erysipela/cellulitis) and decompensation of diabetes, which affected 20.8 and 14.3% of BP patients, respectively. In 3 patients, the infection progressed to sepsis, with fatal outcomes for 2 of them. BP patients who underwent systemic treatment were eight times more likely to have complications than patients who only received topical corticosteroids (p< 0.017).

Clinical remission was achieved in a mean of 42.7 days (SD 29). Twenty-two patients were lost to follow-up. Of the 55 BP patients who were still in follow-up, 27 (49.1%) experienced at least one relapse. The mean interval until relapse was 4.4 months. BP patients were kept in follow-up for a mean of 8.5 months (SD 11).

Table 5 shows the univariate comparison of cases and controls. 44.2% of patients (34 BP) were in a bedridden condition, compared with 13.6% (24) of the controls (OR 5.2, 95% CI 2.8-9.8). Also, BP patients had been hospitalized for a longer period of time compared to controls (mean 20.5 vs 13.2 days, p<0.001).

TABLE 5:
Univariate comparison of cases and controls

	Cases (n=77)	Controls (n=176)	OR (95% CI)1	P-value2
Neurological disease	43 (55.8)	36 (20.5)	5.36 (2.97-9.66)	<0.001
Dementia	19 (37.7)	21 (11.9)	5.25 (2.71-10.16)	<0.001
Cerebral stroke	27 (35.1)	12 (6.8)	8.10 (3.80-17.25)	<0.001
Parkinson's disease	2 (1.1)	4 (5.2)	4.91 (0.88-27.44)	0.046
Alzheimer's disease	2 (2.6)	2 (1.1)	-	-
Depression	8 (10.4)	10 (5.7)	-	-
Hypertension	45 (58.4)	135 (76.7)	0.46 (0.26-0.83)	0.008
Diabetes mellitus	20 (26.0)	46 (26.1)	-	-
Ulcers	6 (7.8)	38 (21.6)	0.31 (0.13-0.77))	0.009
Past fracture or joint-replacement surgery	12 (15.6)	27 (15.3)	-	-
Malignancy	8 (10.4)	31 (17.6)	-	-
Chronic medication	67 (87.0)	165 (93.2)	-	-
Bedridden condition	34 (44.2)	24 (13.6)	5.22 (2.79-9.76)	< 0.001
Length of hospitalization (in days, range)	20.5	13.3	-	< 0.001
Complications	25 (32.2)	22 (12.5)	2.46 (1.26-4.80)	0.007

• ¹
  Odds ratios with 95% CI.
• ²
  P-value of the Pearson Chi-square test.

Eight (11%) BP patients had a prior diagnosis of malignancy, namely prostate cancer (2 patients) and lymphoproliferative disorders (2 patients) (data not shown). No statistical difference was found between cases and controls.

At least one neurological disease was present in 55.8% (43) of BP cases before the diagnosis of BP compared with 20.5% (36) of controls (OR 5.36, 95% CI 2.97-9.66). BP patients had significantly increased odds for cerebral stroke (OR 8.10, 95% CI 3.80-17.25), dementia (OR 5.25, 95% CI 2.71-10.16) and Parkinson's disease (OR 4.91, 95% CI 0.88-27.44). However, the association with Parkinson's disease became non-statistically significant after correction for multiple testing (Table 6).

TABLE 6:
Multivariate logistic regression for the association between neurological disorders and BP patients

		OR (95% CI)	P-value
Dementia		4.13 (1.42-14.56)	<0.001
Cerebral stroke		5.22 (1.65-15.51)	<0.001
Parkinson's Disease		-	0.148
Age			0.651
Gender			0.619

• Odds ratios were adjusted for matching variables (age, gender) and neurological disorders

No association was found between BP and Alzheimer's disease, depression and diabetes mellitus. Controls were more likely than BP patients to have hypertension (2.17 odds).

DISCUSSION

We found an association between BP and neurological disorders (dementia and cerebral stroke), which remained to be independently associated with BP by multivariate analysis. Parkinson's disease missed its association, probably due to the small number of patients in our cohort. Our results confirmed earlier findings of a higher prevalence of neurological diseases among BP patients when compared with the general population. In France, 36% of BP patients were diagnosed with at least one neurological disorder, namely dementia, in 20% of BP patients.^8,13

These associations have been widely investigated in recent years. The hypothesis of immunological cross-reactivity between the neuronal isoform of BPAG1 and its epithelial isoform, seems to explain those associations. Neurological diseases could expose the neuronal isoform and trigger a subsequent immunological reaction that causes the cutaneous lesions. Further studies are needed to better understand the underlying molecular pathways.²⁰

The relationship between BP and malignancy has been under debate for many years and is still controversial. Some reports have suggested an increased frequency of certain carcinomas (e.g. stomach, colon, prostate, breast and lung) as well as lymphoproliferative disorders.^{12,21 23} As BP affects predominantly the elderly, it was expected that there would be a higher frequency of malignancies than in the general population. In 1990, Venning et al reported that the rate of malignant disease was higher in BP patients (17.9%) compared with matched controls (5.3%).²¹ Ogawa et al studied a large Japanese population of BP patients (1113 patients) and found malignant disease in 5.8% of patients compared with 0.61% among controls.¹² However no statistical analysis was conducted to clarify these findings. In addition, other authors found no link between BP and malignancy.^24,25 In our control group, all patients whose reason for consultation or hospital admission was cutaneous malignancy, were excluded., Even removing this bias, we did not find any association between malignancy and BP. We agree with some authors who recommend cancer screening when there are systemic manifestations and atypical presentations, such as onset in a middle-aged person.Also, BP patients should have regular cancer screening tests as recommended for the general population.

Chuang et al reported an association between BP and diabetes, showing 20% diabetic BP patients versus 2.5% diabetic controls (p=0.004).¹¹ This was supported by other studies.^26-27 It has been proposed that an autoimmune response occurs after exposure of the BP antigens, by glycation of proteins of the dermoepidermal junction. Like other authors, we did not find an association between BP and diabetes.²⁴ Further studies are needed to clarify this issue.

Systemic corticosteroid treatment is the most common treatment for BP patients.¹⁴ However, BP treatment is not devoid of side effects and is often responsible for the exacerbation of associated diseases in the elderly population. Thus, a careful judgment should be made before starting any treatment. In our study, BP patients under systemic treatment experienced more complications compared with those treated using topical corticosteroids. In this context, two fatal outcomes occurred. In a previous study, sepsis represented the main cause of death in BP patients.¹⁶ It is interesting to note that all patients treated with topical corticosteroids, in addition to clinical remission, experienced no major complications.

Our study has some limitations, such as the retrospective chart analysis and the relatively small number of patients. Further, we could not conclude anything about BP incidence because a considerable number of BP patients were not submitted to histological and immunofluorescence studies, and therefore were not included in this study.

CONCLUSIONS

We identified an association between neurological diseases and BP in Portuguese patients, supporting associations found in previous studies. This association is of interest due to the possible role in BP etiology. Further research is required to elucidate these findings.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank Dr. Margarida Marques for the statistical analysis.

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• Financial Support: None
• How to cite this article: Teixeira VB, Cabral R, Brites MM, Vieira R, Figueiredo A. Bullous pemphigoid and comorbidities: a case-control study in portuguese patients. An Bras Dermatol. 2014;89(2):274-8.
• *
  Work performed at the Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra (HUC) - Coimbra, Portugal.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Mar-Apr 2014

History

• Received
  05 Feb 2013
• Accepted
  06 Apr 2013