Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the intra and inter-rater reliability of pelvic floor muscle (PFM) dynamometric measurements for maximum and average strengths, as well as endurance.
METHOD:
A convenience sample of 18 nulliparous women, without any urogynecological complaints, aged between 19 and 31 (mean age of 25.4±3.9) participated in this study. They were evaluated using a pelvic floor dynamometer based on load cell technology. The dynamometric evaluations were repeated in three successive sessions: two on the same day with a rest period of 30 minutes between them, and the third on the following day. All participants were evaluated twice in each session; first by examiner 1 followed by examiner 2. The vaginal dynamometry data were analyzed using three parameters: maximum strength, average strength, and endurance. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was applied to estimate the PFM dynamometric measurement reliability, considering a good level as being above 0.75.
RESULTS:
The intra and inter-raters' analyses showed good reliability for maximum strength (ICCintra-rater1=0.96, ICCintra-rater2=0.95, and ICCinter-rater=0.96), average strength (ICCintra-rater1=0.96, ICCintra-rater2=0.94, and ICCinter-rater=0.97), and endurance (ICCintra-rater1=0.88, ICCintra-rater2=0.86, and ICCinter-rater=0.92) dynamometric measurements.
CONCLUSIONS:
The PFM dynamometric measurements showed good intra- and inter-rater reliability for maximum strength, average strength and endurance, which demonstrates that this is a reliable device that can be used in clinical practice.
muscle strength dynamometer; pelvic floor; physical therapy; reproducibility of results
Introduction
Pelvic floor muscle (PFM) evaluation is recommended by the International Continence
Society (ICS) and considered essential to evaluate a post-therapeutic intervention
effect11. Abrams P, Andersson KE, Birder L, Brubaker L, Cardozo L, Chapple C,
et al, Fourth International Consultation on Incontinence Recommendations of the
International Scientific Committee: Evaluation and treatment of urinary incontinence,
pelvic organ prolapse, and fecal incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 2010;29(1):213-40.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20870. PMid:20025020
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20870...
. Several methods are used by different
researchers, among them vaginal dynamometry has been particularly investigated
throughout scientific fields22. Dumoulin C, Gravel D, Bourbonnais D, Lemieux MC, Morin M. Reliability
of dynamometric measurements of the pelvic floor musculature. Neurourol Urodyn.
2004;23(2):134-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10175.
PMid:14983425
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10175...
3. Morin M, Dumoulin C, Bourbonnais D, Gravel D, Lemieux MC. Pelvic
floor maximal strength using vaginal digital assessment compared to dynamometric
measurements. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(4):336-41.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20021. PMid:15227651
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20021...
4. Morin M, Bourbonnais D, Gravel D, Dumoulin C, Lemieux MC. Pelvic
floor muscle function in continent and stress urinary incontinent women using
dynamometric measurements. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(7):668-74.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20069. PMid:15382183
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20069...
5. Morin M, Dumoulin C, Gravel D, Bourbonnais D, Lemieux MC. Reliability
of speed of contraction and endurance dynamometric measurements of the pelvic floor
musculature in stress incontinent parous women. Neurourol Urodyn. 2007;26(3):397-403,
discussion 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20334. PMid:17262833
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20334...
6. Morin M, Gravel D, Bourbonnais D, Dumoulin C, Ouellet S. Reliability
of dynamometric passive properties of the pelvic floor muscles in postmenopausal
women with stress urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 2008;27(8):819-25.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20603. PMid:18551559
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20603...
7. Saleme CS, Rocha DN, Del Vecchio S, Silva Filho AL, Pinotti M.
Multidirectional pelvic floor muscle strength measurement. Ann Biomed Eng.
2009;37(8):1594-600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-009-9728-8.
PMid:19495980
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-009-972...
8. Morin M, Gravel D, Bourbonnais D, Dumoulin C, Ouellet S, Pilon J-F.
Application of a new method in the study of pelvic floor muscle passive properties in
continent women. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2010;20(5):795-803.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2009.10.004. PMid:19900822
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2009...
9. Nunes FR, Martins CC, Guirro EC, Guirro RR. Reliability of
bidirectional and variable-opening equipment for the measurement of pelvic floor
muscle strength. PM R. 2011;3(1):21-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.10.017.
PMid:21257129
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.10...
10. Chamochumbi CCM, Nunes FR, Guirro RRJ, Guirro ECO. Comparison of
active and passive forces of the pelvic floor muscles in women with and without
stress urinary incontinence. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2012;16(4):314-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552012005000020. PMid:22499402
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552012...
-
1111. Madill SJ, Pontbriand-Drolet S, Tang A, Dumoulin C. Effects of PFM
rehabilitation on PFM function and morphology in older women. Neurourol Urodyn.
2013;32(8):1086-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.22370.
PMid:23359286
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.22370...
. According to Dumoulin et al.1212. Dumoulin C, Bourbonnais D, Lemieux MC. Development of a dynamometer
for measuring the isometric force of the pelvic floor musculature. Neurourol Urodyn.
2003;22(7):648-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10156.
PMid:14595608
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10156...
, vaginal dynamometry can be an efficient tool for
the direct investigation of female PFM strength.
Following the earlier models of vaginal dynamometers1212. Dumoulin C, Bourbonnais D, Lemieux MC. Development of a dynamometer
for measuring the isometric force of the pelvic floor musculature. Neurourol Urodyn.
2003;22(7):648-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10156.
PMid:14595608
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13. Rowe P. A new system for the measurement of pelvic floor muscle
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Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of the World Confederation for
Physical Therapy; 1995 June 25-30; Washington. Alexandria: American Physical Therapy
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1414. Ashton-Miller JA, DeLancey JOL, Warwick DN. Method and apparatus for
measuring properties of the pelvic floor muscles. US patent 6, 232 B1,
2002., other devices have been developed. Dumoulin
et al.1212. Dumoulin C, Bourbonnais D, Lemieux MC. Development of a dynamometer
for measuring the isometric force of the pelvic floor musculature. Neurourol Urodyn.
2003;22(7):648-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10156.
PMid:14595608
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10156...
developed the Montreal dynamometer,
capable of measuring PFM strength in Newtons (N), and used it in several studies22. Dumoulin C, Gravel D, Bourbonnais D, Lemieux MC, Morin M. Reliability
of dynamometric measurements of the pelvic floor musculature. Neurourol Urodyn.
2004;23(2):134-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10175.
PMid:14983425
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10175...
3. Morin M, Dumoulin C, Bourbonnais D, Gravel D, Lemieux MC. Pelvic
floor maximal strength using vaginal digital assessment compared to dynamometric
measurements. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(4):336-41.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20021. PMid:15227651
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20021...
4. Morin M, Bourbonnais D, Gravel D, Dumoulin C, Lemieux MC. Pelvic
floor muscle function in continent and stress urinary incontinent women using
dynamometric measurements. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(7):668-74.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20069. PMid:15382183
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20069...
-
55. Morin M, Dumoulin C, Gravel D, Bourbonnais D, Lemieux MC. Reliability
of speed of contraction and endurance dynamometric measurements of the pelvic floor
musculature in stress incontinent parous women. Neurourol Urodyn. 2007;26(3):397-403,
discussion 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20334. PMid:17262833
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20334...
,
1111. Madill SJ, Pontbriand-Drolet S, Tang A, Dumoulin C. Effects of PFM
rehabilitation on PFM function and morphology in older women. Neurourol Urodyn.
2013;32(8):1086-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.22370.
PMid:23359286
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.22370...
. This instrument has been improved over the
years, allowing it to assess dynamometric measurements of the PFM's passive
properties66. Morin M, Gravel D, Bourbonnais D, Dumoulin C, Ouellet S. Reliability
of dynamometric passive properties of the pelvic floor muscles in postmenopausal
women with stress urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 2008;27(8):819-25.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20603. PMid:18551559
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20603...
,
88. Morin M, Gravel D, Bourbonnais D, Dumoulin C, Ouellet S, Pilon J-F.
Application of a new method in the study of pelvic floor muscle passive properties in
continent women. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2010;20(5):795-803.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2009.10.004. PMid:19900822
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2009...
, speed of contraction, and endurance55. Morin M, Dumoulin C, Gravel D, Bourbonnais D, Lemieux MC. Reliability
of speed of contraction and endurance dynamometric measurements of the pelvic floor
musculature in stress incontinent parous women. Neurourol Urodyn. 2007;26(3):397-403,
discussion 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20334. PMid:17262833
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20334...
. Saleme et al.77. Saleme CS, Rocha DN, Del Vecchio S, Silva Filho AL, Pinotti M.
Multidirectional pelvic floor muscle strength measurement. Ann Biomed Eng.
2009;37(8):1594-600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-009-9728-8.
PMid:19495980
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-009-972...
developed a dynamometric speculum which can measure PFM strength
multidirectionally, according to vaginal canal morphology. These intravaginal devices,
however, vary as to size, shape, force vector (anteroposterior, lateral or multilateral
force), and other technical characteristics77. Saleme CS, Rocha DN, Del Vecchio S, Silva Filho AL, Pinotti M.
Multidirectional pelvic floor muscle strength measurement. Ann Biomed Eng.
2009;37(8):1594-600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-009-9728-8.
PMid:19495980
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-009-972...
,
99. Nunes FR, Martins CC, Guirro EC, Guirro RR. Reliability of
bidirectional and variable-opening equipment for the measurement of pelvic floor
muscle strength. PM R. 2011;3(1):21-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.10.017.
PMid:21257129
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.10...
,
1212. Dumoulin C, Bourbonnais D, Lemieux MC. Development of a dynamometer
for measuring the isometric force of the pelvic floor musculature. Neurourol Urodyn.
2003;22(7):648-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10156.
PMid:14595608
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10156...
,
1515. Verelst M, Leivseth G. Force-length relationship in the pelvic floor
muscles under transverse vaginal distension: a method study in healthy women.
Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(7):662-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20070.
PMid:15382182
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20070...
16. Constantinou CE, Omata S. Direction sensitive sensor probe for the
evaluation of voluntary and reflex pelvic floor contractions. Neurourol Urodyn.
2007;26(3):386-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20263.
PMid:17301962
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20263...
17. Miller JM, Ashton-Miller JA, Perruchini D, DeLancey JO. Test-retest
reliability of an instrumented speculum for measuring vaginal closure force.
Neurourol Urodyn. 2007;26(6):858-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20407.
PMid:17357114
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20407...
-
1818. Kruger JP, Nielsen PMF, Dietz HP, Taberner AJ. Test-retest
reliability of an instrumented elastometer for measuring passive stiffness of levator
ani muscle. Neurourol Urodyn. 2011;30(6):865-7..
Studies using vaginal dynamometers showed a good ability and repeatability of measuring
PFM strength22. Dumoulin C, Gravel D, Bourbonnais D, Lemieux MC, Morin M. Reliability
of dynamometric measurements of the pelvic floor musculature. Neurourol Urodyn.
2004;23(2):134-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10175.
PMid:14983425
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10175...
3. Morin M, Dumoulin C, Bourbonnais D, Gravel D, Lemieux MC. Pelvic
floor maximal strength using vaginal digital assessment compared to dynamometric
measurements. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(4):336-41.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20021. PMid:15227651
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20021...
-
44. Morin M, Bourbonnais D, Gravel D, Dumoulin C, Lemieux MC. Pelvic
floor muscle function in continent and stress urinary incontinent women using
dynamometric measurements. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(7):668-74.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20069. PMid:15382183
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20069...
,
1515. Verelst M, Leivseth G. Force-length relationship in the pelvic floor
muscles under transverse vaginal distension: a method study in healthy women.
Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(7):662-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20070.
PMid:15382182
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20070...
, with test-retest reliability22. Dumoulin C, Gravel D, Bourbonnais D, Lemieux MC, Morin M. Reliability
of dynamometric measurements of the pelvic floor musculature. Neurourol Urodyn.
2004;23(2):134-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10175.
PMid:14983425
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10175...
,
66. Morin M, Gravel D, Bourbonnais D, Dumoulin C, Ouellet S. Reliability
of dynamometric passive properties of the pelvic floor muscles in postmenopausal
women with stress urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 2008;27(8):819-25.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20603. PMid:18551559
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20603...
,
99. Nunes FR, Martins CC, Guirro EC, Guirro RR. Reliability of
bidirectional and variable-opening equipment for the measurement of pelvic floor
muscle strength. PM R. 2011;3(1):21-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.10.017.
PMid:21257129
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.10...
,
1717. Miller JM, Ashton-Miller JA, Perruchini D, DeLancey JO. Test-retest
reliability of an instrumented speculum for measuring vaginal closure force.
Neurourol Urodyn. 2007;26(6):858-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20407.
PMid:17357114
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20407...
,
1818. Kruger JP, Nielsen PMF, Dietz HP, Taberner AJ. Test-retest
reliability of an instrumented elastometer for measuring passive stiffness of levator
ani muscle. Neurourol Urodyn. 2011;30(6):865-7. as well as ability to investigate other
pathophysiological parameters such as endurance, speed of contraction, and muscle
tone55. Morin M, Dumoulin C, Gravel D, Bourbonnais D, Lemieux MC. Reliability
of speed of contraction and endurance dynamometric measurements of the pelvic floor
musculature in stress incontinent parous women. Neurourol Urodyn. 2007;26(3):397-403,
discussion 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20334. PMid:17262833
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20334...
,
88. Morin M, Gravel D, Bourbonnais D, Dumoulin C, Ouellet S, Pilon J-F.
Application of a new method in the study of pelvic floor muscle passive properties in
continent women. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2010;20(5):795-803.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2009.10.004. PMid:19900822
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2009...
,
1010. Chamochumbi CCM, Nunes FR, Guirro RRJ, Guirro ECO. Comparison of
active and passive forces of the pelvic floor muscles in women with and without
stress urinary incontinence. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2012;16(4):314-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552012005000020. PMid:22499402
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552012...
,
1818. Kruger JP, Nielsen PMF, Dietz HP, Taberner AJ. Test-retest
reliability of an instrumented elastometer for measuring passive stiffness of levator
ani muscle. Neurourol Urodyn. 2011;30(6):865-7..
However, the main limitation associated with PFM dynamometers is their lack of accessibility because these devices are mostly used by their designers and are not commercially available, a fact which excludes measurement reproducibility. Thus, this study proposed to investigate the intra and inter-rater reliability of PFM dynamometric measurements for maximum and average strengths, as well as endurance, using an equipment locally available.
Method
Study design
This was a test-retest study, assessing intra- and inter-rater reliability of PFM dynamometric measurements.
Participants
A convenience sample of 18 nulliparous women, without any urogynecological
complaints, aged between 19 and 31 (mean age of 25.4±3.9) participated in this study.
All participants signed an informed consent form, and the study was approved by the
research ethics committee of Universidade Federal de Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas,
MG, Brazil (CAAE: 06620512.4.0000.5142). The inclusion criteria were: nulliparous
women, between 18 and 35 years old, normal body mass index (<25 kg/m22. Dumoulin C, Gravel D, Bourbonnais D, Lemieux MC, Morin M. Reliability
of dynamometric measurements of the pelvic floor musculature. Neurourol Urodyn.
2004;23(2):134-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10175.
PMid:14983425
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10175...
), without any urogynecological complaints and
presenting PFM strength equal to or greater than grade 1, according to the
Modified Oxford Grading Scale
1919. Laycock J, Jerwood D. Pelvic floor muscle assessment: The perfect
scheme. Physiotherapy. 2001;87(12):631-42.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9406(05)61108-X.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9406(05)...
. The exclusion criteria were: pregnant
women, pelvic organ prolapse or reconstructive pelvic surgery, symptoms of vaginal
infection, intolerance to condoms, allergy to the gel used in the procedure,
degenerative neurological disorder or any other disease that may interfere with PFM
strength measurements, being in either a pre-menstrual or current menstrual
period22. Dumoulin C, Gravel D, Bourbonnais D, Lemieux MC, Morin M. Reliability
of dynamometric measurements of the pelvic floor musculature. Neurourol Urodyn.
2004;23(2):134-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10175.
PMid:14983425
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10175...
,
55. Morin M, Dumoulin C, Gravel D, Bourbonnais D, Lemieux MC. Reliability
of speed of contraction and endurance dynamometric measurements of the pelvic floor
musculature in stress incontinent parous women. Neurourol Urodyn. 2007;26(3):397-403,
discussion 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20334. PMid:17262833
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20334...
,
2020. Ferreira CHJ, Barbosa PB, Oliveira Souza F, Antônio FI, Franco MM,
Bø K. Inter-rater reliability study of the modified Oxford Grading Scale and the
Peritron manometer. Physiotherapy. 2011;97(2):132-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2010.06.007. PMid:21497247
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2010....
.
Assessment tools
A dynamometer designed to measure PFM strength was used in the present study (EMG System do Brasil, model DFV 020101/10(r)). The vaginal dynamometer is cylindrical in shape (9.5cm in length and 3.3cm in diameter), made externally in plastic and internally in steel structures and equipped with a load cell 2cm from its base, which can measure anteroposterior unidirectional compressive strength in kilogram/force (Kgf) units. The vaginal dynamometer was connected to a computer and both remained unplugged from the mains during the collections to avoid any interference.
Interventions
PFM strength was evaluated for all women and repeated in three successive sessions: two on the same day with a rest period of 30 minutes between them, and the third on the following day. First, an interviewer asked the participants to provide their demographic and clinical data. Then, all participants were evaluated twice in each session, first by examiner 1 followed by examiner 2, in a randomly selected order, as presented in Figure 1. The interviewer remained in the assessment room to ensure that the same procedures were performed by both raters and the raters were blinded to each other's results.
Methodology chart used for PFM assessment. The above chart presents the methodology used for PFM assessment. In the first session, the order between raters was randomly selected and then maintained during the following sessions. PFM: Pelvic floor muscles; DP: digital palpation; VD: vaginal dynamometry.
As in Ferreira et al.2020. Ferreira CHJ, Barbosa PB, Oliveira Souza F, Antônio FI, Franco MM,
Bø K. Inter-rater reliability study of the modified Oxford Grading Scale and the
Peritron manometer. Physiotherapy. 2011;97(2):132-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2010.06.007. PMid:21497247
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2010....
, both examiners in
this study were previously trained to perform the PFM assessment protocol (digital
palpation and dynamometric assessment) by a well-experienced physical therapist with
16 years of clinical practice experience. They also had comprehensive knowledge and
experience in PFM assessment skills.
The ability to contract and relax the PFM was first evaluated by digital palpation,
in the lithotomy position. The participant was asked to perform a maximum contraction
of her PFM, lifting it inward and squeezing around the fingers then completely
relaxing it2020. Ferreira CHJ, Barbosa PB, Oliveira Souza F, Antônio FI, Franco MM,
Bø K. Inter-rater reliability study of the modified Oxford Grading Scale and the
Peritron manometer. Physiotherapy. 2011;97(2):132-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2010.06.007. PMid:21497247
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2010....
. When a correct contraction was
verified, the examiner scored it according to the Modified Oxford Grading
Scale (0-5 points)1919. Laycock J, Jerwood D. Pelvic floor muscle assessment: The perfect
scheme. Physiotherapy. 2001;87(12):631-42.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9406(05)61108-X.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9406(05)...
, which
determined the participant's eligibility.
Thus, PFM strength was assessed with the vaginal dynamometer, which was covered with
a condom (Elite(r)) and lubricated with hypo-allergenic gel
(Johnson & Johnson(r) KY gel), then inserted
into the vaginal cavity with the load cell positioned so that it could capture the
anteroposterior compression strength. Next, the participant was asked to perform
three maximal voluntary PFM contractions, recorded for 15 seconds with a rest period
of three minutes after each one of them2121. Botelho S, Pereira LC, Marques J, Lanza AH, Amorim CF, Palma P, et
al. Is there correlation between electromyography and digital palpation as means of
measuring pelvic floor muscle contractility in nulliparous, pregnant, and postpartum
women?. Neurourol Urodyn. 2013;32(5):420-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.22321.
PMid:23023961
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.22321...
directed by a verbal command as follows: "When I ask you, please, perform a
pelvic floor contraction as hard as possible, maintaining as long as you can and
then relax when you get tired".
Data analysis
The vaginal dynamometry data were analyzed by the main researcher, using three parameters (Figure 2):
Illustration of the parameters used to analyze vaginal dynamometry data. a: Maximum strength: calculating the difference between the highest and lowest strength values; b: Average strength: a mean value of the strength curve; c: Endurance: equal to the length of time during which the participant could maintain a contraction above 60% of her maximum strength. Kgf: Kilogram/force.
-
- Maximum strength: the researcher calculated the difference between the highest and lowest strength values, which were provided by the equipment software33. Morin M, Dumoulin C, Bourbonnais D, Gravel D, Lemieux MC. Pelvic floor maximal strength using vaginal digital assessment compared to dynamometric measurements. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(4):336-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20021. PMid:15227651
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20021... , in kgf. -
- Average strength: a mean value of the strength curve, provided by the equipment software, in kgf.
-
- Endurance: equal to the length of time, in seconds (s), during which the participant could maintain a contraction above 60% of her maximum strength2222. Quartly E, Hallam T, Kilbreath S, Refshauge K. Strength and endurance of the pelvic floor muscles in continent women: an observational study. Physiotherapy. 2010;96(4):311-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2010.02.008. PMid:21056166
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2010.... , 2323. Rahmani N, Mohseni-Bandpei MA. Application of perineometer in the assessment of pelvic floor muscle strength and endurance: a reliability study. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2011;15(2):209-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2009.07.007. PMid:21419362
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2009.07... .
An average value was calculated for each parameter, using the results of the three values.
Statistical analysis
Demographic and clinical data were presented as frequency and percentage variables. The intra-rater agreement was analyzed using a type 3,3 Intraclass Correlation Coefficient assessing the measure consistency by each rater in three evaluations. Inter-rater agreement was analyzed using a type 3,1 Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, considering the between-rater concordance during the three sessions using only an average value obtained from the three measures assessed in each session. The following values, suggested by Portney and Watkins2424. Portney LG, Watkins MP. Foundations of clinical research: applications to practice. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle Rive: Prentice-Hill; 2009. were considered: ˃0.75 = good; from 0.5 to 0.75 = moderate and ˂0.5 = poor.
Moreover, the Standard error of measurement (SEM) and Minimal detectable difference (MDD) were calculated for both intra- and inter-rater reliability analysis, and an inter-rater measurement dispersion study was performed using Bland-Altman plots with limits of agreement.
The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 17.0 was used.
Results
Most participants were single (94.4%), white (94.4%), with complete/incomplete tertiary
education (100%), and without any paid labor activity (61.1%). The participants reported
using oral contraceptives (77.8%), not having any physical activity (61.1%), and
maintaining regular sexual activity (72.2%). The participants' average age was 25.4
(±3.9) years and the average body mass index was 22.9 (±2.9) kg/m22. Dumoulin C, Gravel D, Bourbonnais D, Lemieux MC, Morin M. Reliability
of dynamometric measurements of the pelvic floor musculature. Neurourol Urodyn.
2004;23(2):134-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10175.
PMid:14983425
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10175...
.
The digital palpation evaluation showed that all participants presented effective and conscious PFM contractions, which were classified as strength grade 3 (n=9), strength grade 4 (n=8), and strength grade 5 (n=1), using the Modified Oxford Grading Scale.
Tables 1 and 2 show the intra- and inter-rater analyses for the dynamometric measurements, respectively.
Figure 3 shows the Bland-Altman plots for both raters.
Bland-Altman plots for both raters. The figure shows the dispersion graphs for the analyzed parameters - maximum strength (A), average strength (B), and endurance (C) - considering the inter-rater measures. The means of both raters (X+Y)/2 are presented on the X axis, while the difference between them (bias: X-Y) is presented on the Y axis. It can be noted that the limits of agreement are established (difference ±1.96 SD) and that the majority of the values found (95%) are distributed within this limit.
Discussion
According to the ICS2525. Staskin D, Kelleher C, Bosch R, Coyne K, Cotterill N, Emmanuel A, et
al. Initial assessment of urinary and faecal incontinence in adult male and female
patients. In: Abrams P, Cardozo L, Khoury S, Wein A, editors. Incontinence. 4th ed.
Paris: Editions 21; 2009. p. 331-362., PFM function can be
qualitatively defined by the tone at rest and the strength of a voluntary or reflex
contraction as strong, weak or absent or by a validated grading system. Digital
palpation has been used in clinical practice although many researchers do not consider
it reliable, objective or sensitive. Several authors who researched its correlation with
other methods considered it objective, nevertheless its reproducibility still remains
questionable2121. Botelho S, Pereira LC, Marques J, Lanza AH, Amorim CF, Palma P, et
al. Is there correlation between electromyography and digital palpation as means of
measuring pelvic floor muscle contractility in nulliparous, pregnant, and postpartum
women?. Neurourol Urodyn. 2013;32(5):420-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.22321.
PMid:23023961
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.22321...
.
Other methods have been used during clinical trials in order to quantify the subjective findings of digital palpation assessment. Among them are: electromyography, perineometry, dynamometry, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging. However, due to the lack of a gold standard for the assessment of women's PFM function, any comparison among the results becomes more difficult and even inaccurate.
Thus, the use of PFM functional assessment is necessary not only to investigate the
muscular response, but also to quantify muscle strength22. Dumoulin C, Gravel D, Bourbonnais D, Lemieux MC, Morin M. Reliability
of dynamometric measurements of the pelvic floor musculature. Neurourol Urodyn.
2004;23(2):134-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10175.
PMid:14983425
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10175...
, endurance22. Dumoulin C, Gravel D, Bourbonnais D, Lemieux MC, Morin M. Reliability
of dynamometric measurements of the pelvic floor musculature. Neurourol Urodyn.
2004;23(2):134-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10175.
PMid:14983425
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10175...
,
55. Morin M, Dumoulin C, Gravel D, Bourbonnais D, Lemieux MC. Reliability
of speed of contraction and endurance dynamometric measurements of the pelvic floor
musculature in stress incontinent parous women. Neurourol Urodyn. 2007;26(3):397-403,
discussion 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20334. PMid:17262833
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20334...
,
2222. Quartly E, Hallam T, Kilbreath S, Refshauge K. Strength and
endurance of the pelvic floor muscles in continent women: an observational study.
Physiotherapy. 2010;96(4):311-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2010.02.008.
PMid:21056166
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2010....
,
2323. Rahmani N, Mohseni-Bandpei MA. Application of perineometer in the
assessment of pelvic floor muscle strength and endurance: a reliability study. J
Bodyw Mov Ther. 2011;15(2):209-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2009.07.007.
PMid:21419362
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2009.07...
, speed of contraction55. Morin M, Dumoulin C, Gravel D, Bourbonnais D, Lemieux MC. Reliability
of speed of contraction and endurance dynamometric measurements of the pelvic floor
musculature in stress incontinent parous women. Neurourol Urodyn. 2007;26(3):397-403,
discussion 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20334. PMid:17262833
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20334...
, as well as the ability to perform, then repeat, fast and slow
contractions44. Morin M, Bourbonnais D, Gravel D, Dumoulin C, Lemieux MC. Pelvic
floor muscle function in continent and stress urinary incontinent women using
dynamometric measurements. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(7):668-74.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20069. PMid:15382183
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20069...
.
The protocol used for data analysis in this study was based on previous studies which
used different PFM evaluation methods33. Morin M, Dumoulin C, Bourbonnais D, Gravel D, Lemieux MC. Pelvic
floor maximal strength using vaginal digital assessment compared to dynamometric
measurements. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(4):336-41.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20021. PMid:15227651
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20021...
,
2222. Quartly E, Hallam T, Kilbreath S, Refshauge K. Strength and
endurance of the pelvic floor muscles in continent women: an observational study.
Physiotherapy. 2010;96(4):311-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2010.02.008.
PMid:21056166
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2010....
,
2323. Rahmani N, Mohseni-Bandpei MA. Application of perineometer in the
assessment of pelvic floor muscle strength and endurance: a reliability study. J
Bodyw Mov Ther. 2011;15(2):209-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2009.07.007.
PMid:21419362
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2009.07...
due to the fact that no other study using
vaginal dynamometer equipped with a load cell was found in the literature. Thus, three
different parameters were analyzed: maximum strength (kgf), average strength (kgf), and
endurance (s).
Considering the histological composition of the PFM, composed of approximately 70% type
I fibers (slow fibers - responsible for pelvic organ support) and 30% type II fibers
(fast fibers - responsible for urethral closure during activities which trigger an
increase in intra-abdominal pressure)2626. Bourcier AP, Bonde B, Haab F. Functional assessment of pelvic floor
muscles. In: Appell RA, Bourcier AP, La Torre F. Pelvic floor dysfunction -
Investigations & Conservative Treatment. Rome: Casa Editrice Scientifica
Internazionale;1991. p. 97-106., both
equally important for the maintenance of continence mechanisms2727. Marques A, Stothers L, Macnab A. The status of pelvic floor muscle
training for women. Can Urol Assoc J. 2010;4(6):419-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.10026. PMid:21191506
http://dx.doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.10026...
, it is believed that the proposed parameters in this study allow
a better understanding of muscle function in its totality. So, while clinically
evaluating a patient, it is important not only to assess a maximal voluntary contraction
but also the ability to maintain a sustained one. Of course, in order to use any device
in clinical research, it is essential to verify and analyze its reliability, without
which, it would be impossible to rely on the collected data22. Dumoulin C, Gravel D, Bourbonnais D, Lemieux MC, Morin M. Reliability
of dynamometric measurements of the pelvic floor musculature. Neurourol Urodyn.
2004;23(2):134-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10175.
PMid:14983425
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10175...
,
2828. Kottner J, Audigé L, Brorson S, Donner A, Gajewski BJ, Hróbjartsson
A, et al. Guidelines for reporting reliability and agreement studies (GRRAS) were
proposed. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(1):96-106.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.03.002. PMid:21130355
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.201...
.
The reliability of any PFM evaluation provides basic information about the degree of
error within its measurements. The test-retest reliability verifies the stability of
repeated measurements performed along different and separate periods of time. Repeated
applications may be obtained by multiple evaluations within the same session
(intra-session reliability), measurements taken over longer periods of time (test-retest
reliability) or comparing the results of different raters (inter-rater reliability)2828. Kottner J, Audigé L, Brorson S, Donner A, Gajewski BJ, Hróbjartsson
A, et al. Guidelines for reporting reliability and agreement studies (GRRAS) were
proposed. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(1):96-106.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.03.002. PMid:21130355
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.201...
,
2929. Weir JP. Quantifying test-retest reliability using the intraclass
correlation coefficient and the SEM. J Strength Cond Res. 2005;19(1):231-40.
PMid:15705040..
There is also a diversity of protocols used among researchers22. Dumoulin C, Gravel D, Bourbonnais D, Lemieux MC, Morin M. Reliability
of dynamometric measurements of the pelvic floor musculature. Neurourol Urodyn.
2004;23(2):134-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10175.
PMid:14983425
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10175...
,
55. Morin M, Dumoulin C, Gravel D, Bourbonnais D, Lemieux MC. Reliability
of speed of contraction and endurance dynamometric measurements of the pelvic floor
musculature in stress incontinent parous women. Neurourol Urodyn. 2007;26(3):397-403,
discussion 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20334. PMid:17262833
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20334...
,
2020. Ferreira CHJ, Barbosa PB, Oliveira Souza F, Antônio FI, Franco MM,
Bø K. Inter-rater reliability study of the modified Oxford Grading Scale and the
Peritron manometer. Physiotherapy. 2011;97(2):132-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2010.06.007. PMid:21497247
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2010....
while testing the reliability of PFM
measurements. Morin et al.55. Morin M, Dumoulin C, Gravel D, Bourbonnais D, Lemieux MC. Reliability
of speed of contraction and endurance dynamometric measurements of the pelvic floor
musculature in stress incontinent parous women. Neurourol Urodyn. 2007;26(3):397-403,
discussion 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20334. PMid:17262833
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20334...
tested the
test-retest reliability of PFM dynamometric measurements using the Montreal
dynamometer1212. Dumoulin C, Bourbonnais D, Lemieux MC. Development of a dynamometer
for measuring the isometric force of the pelvic floor musculature. Neurourol Urodyn.
2003;22(7):648-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10156.
PMid:14595608
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10156...
, by means of two parameters:
speed of contraction and endurance. To calculate the speed of contraction, the authors
quantified the force rate in the first contraction and the number of fast contractions
performed. To analyze the endurance parameter, the authors calculated the area between
10 and 60 seconds under the force curve of a maximal voluntary contraction.
In the present study, as well as in Quartly et al.2222. Quartly E, Hallam T, Kilbreath S, Refshauge K. Strength and
endurance of the pelvic floor muscles in continent women: an observational study.
Physiotherapy. 2010;96(4):311-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2010.02.008.
PMid:21056166
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2010....
, the endurance parameter was analyzed considering the time factor (in
seconds), measuring the time during which the participant could maintain a contraction
above 60% of her maximum strength.
It is common as well as important to verify the time of a sustained contraction in
clinical practice. While Quartly et al.2222. Quartly E, Hallam T, Kilbreath S, Refshauge K. Strength and
endurance of the pelvic floor muscles in continent women: an observational study.
Physiotherapy. 2010;96(4):311-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2010.02.008.
PMid:21056166
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2010....
found
an average of 5.5 (range 4 to 12) seconds for women under 40 years using a perineometer,
the present study found an average of 4.08 (range 1.5 to 9.67) seconds using a vaginal
dynamometer.
Two other parameters were also used to quantify PFM strength: maximum strength, also
used by Morin et al.33. Morin M, Dumoulin C, Bourbonnais D, Gravel D, Lemieux MC. Pelvic
floor maximal strength using vaginal digital assessment compared to dynamometric
measurements. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(4):336-41.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20021. PMid:15227651
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20021...
in their study, and average
strength, which was proposed as an additional parameter to equalize the findings of fast
and sustained PFM contractions.
Another methodological feature to be considered refers to the time interval which comes
between an assessment and another one due to the influence of the patient's menstrual
cycle, as well as the ability to learn and train performing PFM contractions from one
evaluation to the next, which could compromise the comparison2020. Ferreira CHJ, Barbosa PB, Oliveira Souza F, Antônio FI, Franco MM,
Bø K. Inter-rater reliability study of the modified Oxford Grading Scale and the
Peritron manometer. Physiotherapy. 2011;97(2):132-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2010.06.007. PMid:21497247
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2010....
. Sigurdardottir et al.3030. Sigurdardottir T, Steingrimsdottir T, Arnason A, Bø K. Test-retest
intra-rater reliability of vaginal measurement of pelvic floor muscle strength using
Myomed 932. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2009;88(8):939-43.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00016340903093567. PMid:19579139
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00016340903093...
reported that the time range of test-retest reliability performance should be, at most,
up to seven days. Thus, in this study, an interval of one day between assessments was
determined.
A limitation of the study was that the equipment used in this study has a cylindrical
shape 3.3cm wide that can cause some vaginal discomfort and thus interfere with the
performance measures, a fact that was also reported by other authors22. Dumoulin C, Gravel D, Bourbonnais D, Lemieux MC, Morin M. Reliability
of dynamometric measurements of the pelvic floor musculature. Neurourol Urodyn.
2004;23(2):134-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10175.
PMid:14983425
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.10175...
,
77. Saleme CS, Rocha DN, Del Vecchio S, Silva Filho AL, Pinotti M.
Multidirectional pelvic floor muscle strength measurement. Ann Biomed Eng.
2009;37(8):1594-600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-009-9728-8.
PMid:19495980
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-009-972...
. Another limitation of this equipment would be
the difficulty to use it in different positions, as well as with women who suffer from
vaginal stiffness.
The use of the vaginal dynamometer has the advantage of quantifying clinical data observed during PFM contraction evaluation and can be used in scientific research, despite its high cost which can be another limiting factor, and in clinical practice. In addition, this model can be protected with a condom followed by disinfection, which facilitates the clinical routine, since it does not need to be privately used or go through a sterilization process, like endovaginal probes which are used in electromyography.
It is known that the larger the sample size is, the greater its consistency and the
greater the agreement among the findings will be, ensuring the study's reliability2828. Kottner J, Audigé L, Brorson S, Donner A, Gajewski BJ, Hróbjartsson
A, et al. Guidelines for reporting reliability and agreement studies (GRRAS) were
proposed. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(1):96-106.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.03.002. PMid:21130355
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.201...
. Accordingly, a higher number of participants
would have enforced the present study's findings. Therefore, the PFM dynamometric
measurements showed good intra- and inter-rater reliability for maximum strength,
average strength, and endurance, demonstrating this to be a reliable device, which can
be used in clinical practice.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by Universidade Federal de Alfenas, MG, Brazil (PIB Pós).
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» http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.22321 -
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Publication Dates
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Publication in this collection
27 Apr 2015 -
Date of issue
Mar-Apr 2015
History
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Received
29 Apr 2014 -
Reviewed
05 Sept 2014 -
Accepted
27 Oct 2014