Study of Expression of Indigenous Bt cry2AX1 Gene in T₃ Progeny of Cotton and its Efficacy Against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)

Abstract

Development of transgenic Bt crops with stable and high level of Bt protein expression over generations under different environmental conditions is critical for successful deployment at field level. In the present study, progenies of transgenic cotton Coker310 event, CH12 expressing novel cry2AX1 gene were evaluated in T₃ generation for stable integration, expression and resistance against cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. The cry2AX1 gene showed stable inheritance and integration in the T₃ progeny plants as revealed by PCR and Southern blot hybridization. The expression of Cry2AX1 protein on 90 days after sowing (DAS) was in the range of 1.055 to 1.5 µg/g of fresh leaf tissue except one plant which showed 0.806 µg/g of fresh leaf tissue and after 30 days (i.e., on 120 DAS) three plants recorded in between 0.69 to 0.82 µg/g and other plants are in range of 0.918 to 1.058 µg/g of fresh leaf tissue. Detached leaf bit bioassay in T₃ progeny on 110 DAS recorded mortality of 73.33 to 93.33 per cent against H. armigera and severe growth retardation in surviving larvae. These results indicate that the expression of chimeric cry2AX1 is stable and exhibits insecticidal activity against H. armigera in T₃ progeny of CH12 event of transgenic cotton.

Keywords: cry2AX1; Helicoverpa armigera; Bacillus thuringiensis; Insect bioassay

INTRODUCTION

Cotton is the leading crop among fibre crops produced in the world and the most important cash crop in India. India is the largest producer of cotton in the world, the second largest exporter of raw cotton (www.cottoninc.com). Various biotic as well as abiotic stress factors affect the growth and productivity of cotton crop which results in significant reduction in quantity and quality of fibre yield. Among the biotic stresses, insect pests, particularly cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) causes severe yield loss ranging from 30-80% [¹].

Genetic engineering offers successful production of plants with novel traits which are unavailable through conventional plant breeding. The use of insecticidal proteins encoded by cry genes of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) (Bt) for insect pest management has emerged as a potent tool, being highly specific against target insects and it doesn’t have harmful effects on environment [²,³]. Development of Bt transgenic plants resistant against insects through plant genetic engineering technology was successful in agriculture and has revolutionized global cotton and corn cultivation. Besides increased yield and profit, the benefits of growing Bt crops include reduction in usage of chemical pesticides by effective control of target pests. Socio-economic benefits of such crops have been well proven through meta-analysis studies on impact of genetically modified (GM) crops. The adoption of GM technology has reduced chemical pesticide use by 37%, increased crop yields by 22%, and increased farmers profits by 68% [⁴]. However, the effectiveness of transgenic crops was reduced by evolution of resistance against Cry protein in insects and reduced efficacy of transgenic plants caused by field-evolved insect resistance has been reported [⁵].

Evolution of insect resistance against Cry1A protein is not cross-resistant to another Cry protein (Cry2A) protein [⁶]. Hence, expression of Bt genes with different modes of action in a single plant is an effective alternative strategy to improve the protective efficacy and durability of resistance against target pest(s). Owing to the difference in structure and insecticidal mechanism, cry2A genes are the most promising candidates for the management of pests in crop plants [⁷]. The first-generation insect resistant transgenic plants possess single Bt toxin whereas second-generation transgenic crops produces more than one Bt toxins with an objective to delay the development of insect resistance and to improve protective efficacy against additional insect pests [⁸]. The evolution of insect resistance can be delayed by pyramiding one or more Bt gene producing distinct toxins which binds to different receptor in insect gut or the same pest can be controlled using other traits [⁸,⁹]. Based on experimental evidence, resistance development in insects are delayed using Bt gene pyramids rather temporal alternations/spatial mosaics of transgenic crop with different Bt toxin [¹⁰]. Several new Bt genes and various versions of cry2A gene were developed and the toxicity analysis was carried out at laboratory and field level [¹¹-¹⁵]. Pyramiding of Bt genes is an effective strategy to combat evolving insect resistance.

A chimeric cry2AX1 gene was derived from cry2Aa and cry2Ac genes, using 585 N-terminal and 48 C-terminal amino acids of these two genes, respectively and the Cry2AX1 protein was found to be more toxic than its parental proteins [¹⁶]. A synthetic cry2AX1 gene (NCBI accession number GQ332539.1) was codon optimized to express in plants and it was used to generate insect resistant transgenic cotton plants. Expression of Cry2AX1 protein in rice and tomato showed significant mortality of target insect species [¹⁷-¹⁹]. In T₀ generation, the cry2AX1 transgenic cotton event, CH12 (one of the best performing event) showed 88 % mortality in H. armigera with the Cry2AX1 concentration of 1.0 µg/g of fresh leaf tissue [²⁰].

Before commercialization of transgenic plants, it is very important to study the inheritance, segregation, stability of transgene expression over the generation of a transgenic event. Loss of gene expression would inevitably reduce the value of the variety to the end user [²¹]. Early generation transformants are less suitable for studying the transgene behaviour since in these populations, the inheritance of transgenes is likely to be affected by factors like tissue culture induced variations, multicopy insertions of the transgenes, hemizygosity [²²], transgene rearrangements, transformation methods, and selection strategy [²³, ²⁴]. Therefore, it is necessary to characterize transgenic plants of advanced generation for gene expression, trait evaluation and inheritance pattern. In general, the concentration of protein decreases gradually throughout the growing season among all the genotypes i.e., with the age of the plant and also with active plant growth. In the present study, T₃ progenies derived from the transgenic cotton event, CH12 were analysed for the stable expression of Cry2AX1 protein and the bioefficacy was studied at flowering stage.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Plant Material

Seeds of two T₂ Progenies (CH12-27-13 and CH12-27-25) derived from an event, CH12, which was generated by transforming Coker310 with cry2AX1, using Agrobacterium tumefaciens [²⁰] were used to raise the T₃ progeny along with control (non-transgenic plants) in greenhouse conditions.

Molecular Analysis of Transgene

Polymerase chain reaction using gene specific primers and Southern blot hybridisation analysis were performed to confirm stable inheritance of insecticidal protein gene, cry2AX1 in the progeny of event CH12.

PCR Analysis

Young leaves of greenhouse grown T₃ progeny and control cotton plants were used for the isolation of total genomic DNA using CTAB method [²⁵]. PCR amplification of genomic DNA from cotton plants using cry2AX1 gene specific primers were carried out in thermal cycler (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany) to confirm the presence of cry2AX1 gene in T₃ progeny. The plasmid DNA and DNA isolated from untransformed plant were used as positive and negative control, respectively. The cry2AX1 primers used were as follows: cry2AX1 FP 5’-AACGTTCTTAACTCTGGAAGGA-3’; RP 5’-GCAGAAATTCCCCACTCATCAG-3’. The gene specific primer amplifies 800 bp of internal sequence of cry2AX1 gene. The PCR reaction was set up in 25 µl volume containing, 2.5 µl of 10X Taq buffer, 75 µM each of dNTPs, 50 ng each of forward and reverse primers and 1.5 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Bangalore Genei, India) and incubated in a thermal cycler which was programmed for 5 min preheat at 94°C and then 30 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 1 min, annealing at 58°C for 45 s and extension time of 45 s at 72°C, with a final extension at 72°C for 7 min. The amplified PCR products were run on 1.0 % agarose gel and analyzed on G: BOX F3 (Syngene, USA) gel documentation system.

Southern Blot Analysis

Ten micrograms of genomic DNA samples from four selected T₃ progenies (27-13-10, 27-13-16, 27-25-13 and 27-25-24) were digested with EcoRI or NcoI enzymes, which have single recognition site within the T-DNA and fractionated in 0.8 % agarose gel. Gel was denatured, neutralised and the digested genomic DNA was transferred onto Hybond-N+ nylon membrane (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA). The transferred DNA was cross-linked at 1200 µJ min-1 for 1 min by using UV crosslinker. Amplicons of internal region of cry2AX1 fragment (800 bp) were generated by PCR and used as probe. The probe DNA was labelled with radioactive α32P dCTP by random priming using Decalabel DNA labelling kit (Thermo scientific Inc. Waltham). Hybridization was carried out for 16 hr at 60° C. After hybridization, the blot was washed for 15 min with 3X SSC + 0.1 % SDS and 2X SSC + 0.1 % SDS. Another washing with 0.5X SSC + 0.1% SDS was given for 10 min. All washings were carried out at 60° C. The blot was washed after hybridization to remove excess radioactive material and the membrane was exposed to X-ray film.

Temporal Expression Profiling of Cry2AX1 Protein

Qualitative Assay

For qualitative detection of Cry2AX1 protein in the T₃ progeny, DesiGen Cry2Ab qualitative kit (DesiGen Diagnostics, Jalna, India) based on alkaline phosphatase was used according to manufactures instruction.

Quantification of Cry2AX1 Endotoxin in The T ₃ Progeny

The PCR positive progenies showing expression of Cry2AX1 protein in qualitative assay were used for quantification at two different growth stages for determining temporal variation. Expression of Cry2AX1 protein in the progeny was quantified by ELISA using a Cry2A Kit (Envirologix inc, Portland, USA). Thirty mg of leaf sample was collected from T₃ progenies and homogenised with extraction buffer using tissue lyser. One hundred microlitre of supernatant from homogenised sample was loaded into the wells in ELISA plate. The Cry2A protein standards were added to the wells of ELISA plate along with test samples and the ELISA assay was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Quantification of Cry2AX1 endotoxin was done by plotting the absorbance values of Cry2AX1 test samples on the standard curve generated with positive standards and expressed as microgram of Cry2AX1 protein per gram of fresh leaf tissue. Each experiment included three replicates. The variation in expression of Cry2AX1 protein from leaf tissue was analysed at two stages viz., 90 and 120 days after sowing.

Bioefficacy Analysis of Cry2AX1 Protein

The efficacy of Cry2AX1 protein expressed in transgenic progeny against H. armigera was evaluated at 110 days after sowing. Fresh leaf bits (1.5 cm² size) from transgenic and control plants were placed on a Petri plate lined with moist filter paper. One neonate larva of H. armigera was released on each leaf bit overlaid on filter paper using a fine hair brush. Each treatment was replicated thrice and for each replication ten larvae were used. The experiment was carried out at a temperature of 25 ºC ±1, 60 % relative humidity. Larval growth and mortality of neonate larvae were recorded after 48 hr at 24 hr interval for five days.

Statistical Analysis

The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD). The mortality percentage data were converted to arcsine values and concentration of protein data were converted to square root values prior to analysis. Data were analyzed using the AGRES statistical package (Version 7.01, Pascal International Software Solutions).

RESULTS

Molecular Analysis

The present study was undertaken to determine the expression pattern of cry2AX1 gene in progeny of CH12 event in the advanced T₃ generation at two different growth stages and to evaluate the insecticidal activity of Cry2AX1 protein against neonates of H. armigera. The stable inheritance of transgene in T₃ progeny was analysed by using PCR with gene specific primer, amplifying internal sequence of cry2AX1 gene. Among sixty two plants tested in T₃ generation, all the 26 progenies of T2-13 and 36 progenies of T2-25 were found positive for the presence of transgene cry2AX1, confirming the homozygosity of T₃ plants studied in this investigation. There was no amplification in control plant (Figure 1).

Figure 1
PCR analysis for cry2AX1 gene in T₃ progeny plants.

A 800 bp internal sequence of cry2AX1 gene amplified by PCR from the DNA isolated from T₃ progeny. Lane M:100 bp ladder, Lane 1 - 13: T₃ progeny, Lane 14: Water blank, Lane 15: Non-transformed plant, Lane 16:Positive control (pC1300-En35S-2AX1 plasmid)

To assess the integration pattern of transgene, the genomic DNA of four selected T₃ progenies (27-13-10, 27-13-16, 27-25-13 and 27-25-24) was digested by EcoRI and NcoI enzymes separately, where recognition sites are present on either side of gene of interest (Figure 2a). All the four T₃ progenies showed single hybridization signal of ~6.0 kbp size when digested with EcoRI (Figure 2b) and of ~5.0 kbp size when digested with NcoI (Figure 2c), demonstrating inheritance of single integration of cry2AX1 gene in the cotton genome and it is similar to the integration pattern of T₀ event CH12. The DNA from control plant did not show any signal.

Figure 2
Southern hybridization analysis of T₃ cotton progeny

Total genomic DNA from selected T₃ progeny were digested with EcoRI or NcoI enzyme. DNA isolated from wild type plant used as control; pC1300-En35S-2AX1 plasmid digested with respective enzymes used as positive control. Southern blot was probed with α32P dCTP labelled 800 bp internal fragment of cry2AX1 gene

1. T-DNA region of plant transformation construct

2. Plant genomic DNA restricted with EcoRI enzyme

3. Plant genomic DNA restricted with NcoI enzyme

Expression of Cry2AX1 Protein In The T₃ Progeny

All the 26 T₃ progenies derived from CH12-27-13 and 36 T₃ progenies derived from CH12-27-25 were analysed by qualitative ELISA for gene expression. All the T₃ progenies tested were found positive for expression of Cry2AX1 protein, whereas control plant was found negative.

Temporal Expression of Cry2AX1 Protein

Five plants from CH12-27-13 and four plants from CH12-27-25 lines, respectively, were used for quantitative estimation of Cry2AX1 protein. Expression analyses of Cry2AX1 protein in fresh leaf tissue were carried out at two different growth periods 90 and 120 days after sowing. Among nine plants tested for expression of Cry2AX1 protein, only one plant showed Cry2AX1 protein concentration 0.806 µg/g of fresh leaf tissue whereas other plants expressed in range between 1.055 to 1.5 µg/g of fresh leaf tissue at 90 days after sowing. After 30 days (i.e., 120 DAS), in three plants the concentration of Cry2AX1 protein ranged from 0.69 to 0.82 µg/g and the remaining six plants recorded 0.918 to 1.058 µg/g of fresh leaf tissue (Table 1). This reveals that the expression level of Cry2AX1 protein in leaf tissue declines on 120 DAS compared to 90 DAS.

Table 1
Temporal expression of Cry2AX1 protein and leaf bit bioassay for H. armigera on transgenic T₃ cotton progeny

S. No	T3 Progeny	Cry2AX1 concentration in fresh leaf tissue (µg/g)* Mean± SD		Mortality of H. armigera (%) **Mean ± SD
		90 DAS	120 DAS	110 DAS
1.	27-13-10	1.026 ±0.034	0.929 ±0.005	83.33± 4.71
		(1.235)	(1.195)	(66.15)
2.	27-13-16	1.565 ±0.001	1.014 ±0.024	86.67± 4.71
		(1.437)	(1.230 )	(68.86 )
3.	27-13-18	1.219±0.009	0.966 ±0.000	86.67±4.71
		(1.311 )	(1.211)	(68.86)
4.	27-13-19	1.238 ±0.021	1.058 ±0.045	93.33±4.71
		(1.318 )	(1.248 )	(77.41)
5.	27-13-24	1.055 ±0.008	0.918 ±0.027	83.33±4.71
		(1.247)	(1.191)	(66.15 )
6.	27-25-5	1.066 ±0.027	0.933 ±0.027	90.00± 0.00
		(1.251)	(1.197 )	(71.57)
7.	27-25-13	0.806 ±0.007	0.692 ±0.004	73.33±4.71
		(1.143 )	(1.092 )	(59.01 )
8.	27-25-24	1.334 ±0.026	0.826 ±0.004	76.67± 4.71
		(1.354)	(1.151)	(61.22)
9.	27-25-27	1.245 ±0.046	0.725 ±0.007	73.33± 4.71
		(1.328)	(1.107 )	(59.01 )
10.	Control	0.0±0.00	0.0±0.00	0.00±0.00
		(0.707)	(0.707)	(0.91 )
11.	BGII (Positive	23.507±0.285	21.347±0.116	100.00±0.00
	control)	(4.900)	(4.674 )	(89.10)
		LSD = 0.0253	LSD = 0.0182	LSD = 7.822
		SEd = 0.0122	SEd = 0.0088	SEd = 3.771
		CV = 0.95%	CV = 0.74%	CV = 7.38%

• Table¹ The statistical significant difference among the mean values at p ≤ 0.05 was determined by least significant difference test. The values expressed are Mean ± SD based on three replications.
• ^*
  Values given in bracket, in this column, are square root of x+0.5 transformed
• ^**
  Values given in bracket, in this column, are arcsine transformed

Insect Bioassay Of T₃ Progenies

All the nine T₃ plants analyzed for temporal gene expression (at 90 and 120 DAS) were subjected to bioassay against the neonate larvae of H. armigera on 110 DAS. Insect bioassay carried out under laboratory conditions in T₃ progenies expressing the cry2AX1 gene showed larval mortality of 73.33 to 93.33 per cent (Table 1). The growth of surviving larvae was severely inhibited and leaf area damage was also significantly less in insect resistant transgenic cotton progeny in comparison to the non-transformed control plant (Figure 3).

The transgenic plants expressing Cry2AX1 protein concentration ranging from 0.918 to 1.058 µg/g of fresh leaf tissue (on 120 DAS) recorded insect mortality above 80 per cent (on 110 DAS) whereas the plants expressing 0.692 to 0.826 µg of Cry2AX1 protein per g of fresh leaf tissue showed insect mortality of 73 to 76 per cent. Surviving larvae fed on any of the tested transgenic plant exhibited severe growth inhibition (Figure 3)

Figure 3
Detached leaf bit bioassay against H. armigera in T₃ cotton progeny expressing Cry2AX1 protein

DISCUSSION

After introduction of GM crops in 1996, the global hectarage of those crops has increased 100-fold and has been the fastest adopted crop technology in recent times. The introduction and commercial planting of Bt cotton has made India the number one producer of cotton globally which is attributed to the adoption of Bt cotton by Indian farmers. The area under Bt cotton increased from 10.8 mha in 2016 to 11.4 ha in 2017 which is equivalent to 93% of the total cotton area of 12.24 million hectares grown in the country [²⁶]. The discovery of new Bt genes is very important for Bt crop development, since new Bt genes with different insecticidal mechanisms can be used to target resistant pests and also to control other important hemipteran pests such as mirids, plant hopper, aphids rather than lepidopteran and coleopteran insects. Stable inheritance and expression of transgenes in transgenic plants is of paramount importance in the successful application of genetic engineering in crop improvement.

The present study was undertaken to demonstrate stable integration of transgene and evaluate temporal expression of cry2AX1 gene and its toxicity against H. armigera in T₃ progeny plants derived from the event CH12. Earlier studies on CH12 event of cry2AX1 transgenic cotton in T₁ and T₂ generation showed Cry2AX1 expression of about ~1.0 to 1.2 μg/g of fresh leaf tissue and mortality of H. armigera from 86 to 90 per cent [²⁷,²⁰] and found to be promising candidate for insect resistance. Molecular analysis of T₃ progeny showed that gene integration remained stable in subsequent generations as revealed by PCR and Southern blot analyses of the transgenic plants. In PCR analysis and qualitative ELISA, all the sixty-two progeny (26 plants from CH12-27-13 and 36 plants from CH12-27-25) tested were found positive for the presence of cry2AX1 gene and expression of protein, indicating homozygosity of the transgene in progeny plants. Southern hybridization analysis with EcoRI revealed single locus integration as it was found in T₀ and T₁ progeny. The result of another experiment of Southern hybridization analysis with NcoI enzyme also provided additional support for single locus integration (Figure 2c).

Temporal expression analysis by ELISA revealed that there is a reduction in the amount of Cry2AX1 protein in leaves. An explanation for these results would be the total protein production goes down towards the latter part of plant growth. These results are in concurrence with the earlier studies in Bt cotton [²⁸-³⁹] which reported a decline in expression of other Bt protein(s) during the crop growth period. Besides, decrease in expression of Bt protein gene at later developmental stages was also correlated with changes in the methylation state of CaMV35S promoter region [²⁸, ⁴⁰]. The temporal variation in Bt gene expression may also be due to developmental regulation of CaMV35S promoter [³⁴, ⁴¹]. The spatio temporal variation was observed in expression of cry1Ac gene in different Bt cotton genotypes [⁴²]. Most of the genotypes lost their expression after 90 DAS and their expression was reduced to critical level (1.9 μg/g). In contrary to this trend, the level of Bt (Cry1Ac/Cry1Ab fusion) protein expression in case of GK 19 cotton cultivar was high in early season (529.45 ng/g), declined in mid-season to 65.42 ng/g and again increased in late season to 509.37 ng/g [⁴³]. Reason for slight variation in the level of Cry2AX1 protein among the sibling progeny of both CH12-27-13 and CH12-27-25 derived from single event under the homozygous condition is not known. It might be due to the greenhouse environmental condition [⁴⁴] or otherwise the expression of transgene may be affected by epistatic gene interaction which might have occurred among the integrated transgenic locus and endogenous genes.

Early generation transgenic plants such as T₂ or T₃ are undergoing conversion to homozygosity and are more prone to silencing [⁴⁵]. These variations between clonal replicates or sibling plant carrying identical transgene may be a consequence of the variations in the methylation state, which is known to increase as the plant age [⁴⁶,⁴⁷]. A reduction or loss of marker gene in 50% of the clonal cell line showed that the variability in marker gene expression occurred due to a reduction in the nptII transcript level and was associated with hypermethylation of the integrated DNA [⁴⁸]. The variable transgene expression among the advanced generation transgenic lines derived from single event may be due to the complicated locus structure which appears to be located at single locus [⁴⁹, ⁵⁰].

The increased level of Cry2AX1 expression shows higher level of insect mortality and reduction in feeding against H. armigera larvae. Similarly, correlation between expression level of Cry protein and insect mortality have been reported in earlier studies [¹⁷,⁵¹,⁵²,⁵³]. Expression level of Cry2AX1 in the leaves could kill majority of the H. armigera larvae which feeds on leaves. Further studies on insect bioassay using different plant parts fed by H. armigera are needed to be carried out.

CONCLUSION

Screening of T₃ progenies of the cry2AX1 transgenic Bt cotton event, CH12 using PCR and Southern blotting reveals presence of cry2AX1 gene in all the plants and inheritance of intact gene cassette to T₃ generation indicating homozygous nature of transgene. The transgenic plants expressing 0.9 to 1.0 (µg/g of fresh leaf tissue) Cry2AX1 protein showed mortality of more than 80 per cent of H. armigera larvae. Significant difference was observed between surviving larvae from control and transgenic plants. Surviving larvae fed on any of the tested transgenic plant exhibited severe growth inhibition. This study has proved the potential of indigenous cry2AX1 gene and success in developing bollworm-resistant transgenic cotton plants. Further this gene can be effectively deployed in developing pyramids of insect-resistant transgenic crop plants.

Acknowledgments:

Jadhav M. S. is grateful to Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, Government of India, for Senior Research Fellowship (ICAR-PGS). The authors express their gratitude to the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India, New Delhi, for financial assistance in the form of a network project.

REFERENCES

• ¹ Kranthi KR, Naidu S, Dhawad CS, Tatwawadi A, Mate K, Patil E, Bharose AA, Behere GT, Wadaskar RM, Kranthi S. Temporal and intra-plant variability of Cry1Ac expression in Bt-cotton and its influence on the survival of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)(Noctuidae: Lepidoptera). Curr. Sci. 2005 Jul 25;89(2):291.
• ² Bravo A, Likitvivatanavong S, Gill SS, Soberón M. Bacillus thuringiensis: a story of a successful bioinsecticide. Insect biochemistry and molecular biology. 2011 Jul 1;41(7):423-31.
• ³ Pigott CR, Ellar DJ. Role of receptors in Bacillus thuringiensis crystal toxin activity. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.. 2007 Jun 1;71(2):255-81.
• ⁴ Klümper W, Qaim M. A meta-analysis of the impacts of genetically modified crops. PloS one. 2014 Nov 3;9(11):e111629.
• ⁵ Tabashnik BE, Brévault T, Carrière Y. Insect resistance to Bt crops: lessons from the first billion acres. Nature biotechnology. 2013 Jun;31(6):510.
• ⁶ Tabashnik BE, Liu YB, de Maagd RA, Dennehy TJ. Cross-resistance of pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.. 2000 Oct 1;66(10):4582-4.
• ⁷ Jain D, Udayasuriyan V, Arulselvi PI, Dev SS, Sangeetha P. Cloning, characterization, and expression of a new cry2Ab gene from Bacillus thuringiensis strain 14-1. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology. 2006 Mar 1;128(3):185.
• ⁸ Carrière Y, Fabrick JA, Tabashnik BE. Can pyramids and seed mixtures delay resistance to Bt crops?. Trends in biotechnology. 2016 Apr 1;34(4):291-302.
• ⁹ Carrière Y, Crickmore N, Tabashnik BE. Optimizing pyramided transgenic Bt crops for sustainable pest management. Nature biotechnology. 2015 Feb;33(2):161.
• ¹⁰ Tabashnik BE, Carrière Y. Surge in insect resistance to transgenic crops and prospects for sustainability. Nature Biotechnology. 2017 Oct;35(10):926.
• ¹¹ Kumar M, Shukla AK, Singh H, Tuli R. Development of insect resistant transgenic cotton lines expressing cry1EC gene from an insect bite and wound inducible promoter. Journal of biotechnology. 2009 Mar 25;140(3-4):143-8.
• ¹² Li FF, Wu SJ, Chen TZ, Zhang J, Wang HH, Guo WZ, Zhang TZ. Bacillus thuringiensis-mediated co-transformation of multiple genes in upland cotton. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC). 2009 Jun 1;97(3):225-35.
• ¹³ Guo JY, Zhu XF, Guo WZ, Zhang TZ. Inheritance analysis and resistance of the transgenic cotton harboring Bt+sck double genes to Helicoverpa armigera. Mian hua Xue bao (Cotton Science). 2007;19(2):88-92.
• ¹⁴ Li S, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Li C, Wang G, Wang H, Zhang J, Liang G, Lang Z. Expression of cry2Ah1 and two domain II mutants in transgenic tobacco confers high resistance to susceptible and Cry1Ac-resistant cotton bollworm. Scientific reports. 2018 Jan 11;8(1):508.
• ¹⁵ Naqvi RZ, Asif M, Saeed M, Asad S, Khatoon A, Amin I, Mukhtar Z, Bashir A, Mansoor S. Development of a triple gene Cry1Ac-Cry2Ab-EPSPS construct and its expression in Nicotiana benthamiana for insect resistance and herbicide tolerance in plants. Frontiers in plant science. 2017 Jan 24;8:55.
• ¹⁶ Udayasuriyan V, Indra Arulselvi P, Balasubramani V, Sudha DR, Balasubramanian P, Sangeetha P. Construction of new chimeric cry2AX1 gene of Bacillus thuringiensis encoding protein with enhanced insecticidal activity. Indian patent. 2010(244427).
• ¹⁷ Manikandan R, Sathish S, Balakrishnan N, Balasubramani V, Sudhakar D, Udayasuriyan V. Bacillus thuringiensis mediated transformation of indica rice with synthetic cry2AX1 gene for resistance against rice leaf folder. J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2014 Aug;8(4):3135-42.
• ¹⁸ Chakraborty M, Reddy PS, Mustafa G, Rajesh G, Narasu VL, Udayasuriyan V, Rana D. Transgenic rice expressing the cry2AX1 gene confers resistance to multiple lepidopteran pests. Transgenic research. 2016 Oct 1;25(5):665-78.
• ¹⁹ Bamishaiye EI, Varanavasiappan S, Balakrishnan N, Udayasuriyan V, Sudhakar D. Genetic Manipulation of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cv. PKM-1 using cry2AX1 gene for insect resistance. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 2017;6(12):4309-19.
• ²⁰ Sakthi AR, Naveenkumar A, Deepikha PS, Balakrishnan N, Kumar KK, Devi EK, Balasubramani V, Arul L, Singh PK, Sudhakar D, Udayasuriyan V. Expression and inheritance of chimeric cry2AX1 gene in transgenic cotton plants generated through somatic embryogenesis. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Plant. 2015 Aug 1;51(4):379-89.
• ²¹ Webb KJ, Humphreys MO, Skøt L, Gibbs M, Gatehouse J. Inheritance and expression of transgenes in T2 and T3 generations of Lotus corniculatus transformed using Bacillus thuringiensis tumefaciens. Euphytica. 1999 Aug 1;108(3):169-79.
• ²² Bhat SR, Srinivasan S. Molecular and genetic analyses of transgenic plants:: Considerations and approaches. Plant Science. 2002 Oct 1;163(4):673-81.
• ²³ Birch RG. Plant transformation: problems and strategies for practical application. Annual review of plant biology. 1997 Jun;48(1):297-326.
• ²⁴ Walden R, Wingender R. Gene-transfer and plant-regeneration (techniques). Trends in biotechnology. 1995 Sep 1;13(9):324-31.
• ²⁵ Murray MG, Thompson WF. Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA. Nucleic acids research. 1980 Oct 10;8(19):4321-6.
• ²⁶ Briefs ISAAA. Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops in 2017: Biotech crop adoption surges as economic benefits accumulate in 22 years.
• ²⁷ Dhivya K, Balakrishnan N, Udayasuriyan V, Sudhakar D. Analysis of stable expression of chimeric cry2AX1 gene in insect resistant cotton progeny over successive generations. Journal of Pure Appliled Microbiology. 2015; 9: 1047-1053.
• ²⁸ Kranthi KR, Kranthi S, Rameash K, Nagrare VS, Barik A. Advances in Cotton IPM. Technical Bulletin.
• ²⁹ Xia L, Xu Q, Guo S. Bt insecticidal gene and its temporal expression in transgenic cotton plants. Zuo wu xue bao. 2005;31(2):197-202.
• ³⁰ Olsen KM. Season-long variation in expression of the Cry1Ac gene and efficacy of Bt toxin in transgenic cotton against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Econ Entomol. 2005;98:1007-17.
• ³¹ Bakhsh A, Rao AQ, Shahid AA, Husnain T, Riazuddin S. Insect resistance and risk assessment studies in advance lines of Bt cotton harboring cry1Ac and cry2A genes. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. 2009;6(1):1-1.
• ³² Manjunatha R, Pradeep S, Sridhara S, Manjunatha M, Naik MI, Shivanna BK, Venkatesh H. Quantification of Cry1Ac protein over time in different tissues of Bt cotton hybrids. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2009;22(3):609-10.
• ³³ Adamczyk JJ, Perera O, Meredith WR. Production of mRNA from the cry1Ac transgene differs among Bollgard(r) lines which correlates to the level of subsequent protein. Transgenic research. 2009 Feb 1;18(1):143-9.
• ³⁴ Lu B, Downes S, Wilson L, Gregg P, Knight K, Kauter G, McCorkell B. Preferences of field bollworm larvae for cotton plant structures: impact of Bt and history of survival on Bt crops. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 2011 Jul;140(1):17-27.
• ³⁵ Bakhsh A, Rao AQ, Shahid AA, Husnain T, Riazuddin S. CaMV35S is a developmental promoter being temporal and spatial in expression pattern of insecticidal genes (cry1Ac & cry2A) in cotton. Aust J Basic Appl Sci. 2010;4(1):37-44.
• ³⁶ Brévault T, Heuberger S, Zhang M, Ellers-Kirk C, Ni X, Masson L, Li X, Tabashnik BE, Carrière Y. Potential shortfall of pyramided transgenic cotton for insect resistance management. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2013 Apr 9;110(15):5806-11.
• ³⁷ Hussain T, Bakhsh A, Munir B, Hassan S, Rao AQ, Shahid AA, Rashid B, Husnain T. Mendelian segregation pattern and expression studies of insecticidal gene (cry1Ac) in insect resistant cotton progeny. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture. 2014 Jun 15:706-15.
• ³⁸ Zaman M, Mirza MS, Irem S, Zafar Y. A temporal expression of Cry1Ac protein in cotton plant and its impact on soil health. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 2015 Apr 1;17(2).
• ³⁹ Ullah I, Asif M, Arslan M, Ashfaq M. Temporal expression of Cry1Ab/c protein in Bt-Cotton varieties their efficacy against Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and population dynamics of sucking arthropods on them. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 2014 Oct 1;16(5).
• ⁴⁰ Dong HZ, Li WJ. Variability of endotoxin expression in Bt transgenic cotton. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 2007 Feb;193(1):21-9.
• ⁴¹ Amarasinghe BR, Faivre-Nitschke E, Wu Y, Udall JA, Dennis ES, Constable G, Llewellyn DJ. Genomic approaches to the discovery of promoters for sustained expression in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under field conditions: expression analysis in transgenic cotton and Arabidopsis of a Rubisco small subunit promoter identified using EST sequence analysis and cDNA microarrays. Plant biotechnology. 2006;23(5):437-50.
• ⁴² Khan MI, Khan AA, Cheema HM, Khan RS. Spatio-temporal and intra-plant expression variability of insecticidal gene (cry1Ac) in upland cotton. Int J Agric Biol. 2018;20:715-22.
• ⁴³ Wan P, Zhang Y, Wu K, Huang M. Seasonal expression profiles of insecticidal protein and control efficacy against Helicoverpa armigera for Bt cotton in the Yangtze River valley of China. Journal of economic entomology. 2005 Feb 1;98(1):195-201.
• ⁴⁴ Benfey PN, Ren L, Chua NH. Tissue specific expression from CaMV35S enhancer subdomains in early stages of plant development. The EMBO journal. 1990 Jun 1;9(6):1677-84.
• ⁴⁵ James VA, Avart C, Worland B, Snape JW, Vain P. The relationship between homozygous and hemizygous transgene expression levels over generations in populations of transgenic rice plants. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2002 Mar 1;104(4):553-61.
• ⁴⁶ Cocciolone SM, Sidorenko LV, Chopra S, Dixon PM, Peterson T. Hierarchical patterns of transgene expression indicate involvement of developmental mechanisms in the regulation of the maize P1-rr promoter. Genetics. 2000 Oct 1;156(2):839-46.
• ⁴⁷ Meyer P. DNA methylation and transgene silencing in Petunia hybrida. In gene silencing in higher plants and related phenomena in other eukaryotes 1995 (pp. 15-28). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
• ⁴⁸ Müller E, Lörz H, Lütticke S. Variability of transgene expression in clonal cell lines of wheat. Plant Science. 1996 Feb 9;114(1):71-82.
• ⁴⁹ Bregitzer P, Tonks D. Inheritance and expression of transgenes in barley. Crop science. 2003 Jan 1;43(1):4-12.
• ⁵⁰ Meng L, Bregitzer P, Zhang S, Lemaux PG. Methylation of the exon/intron region in the Ubi1 promoter complex correlates with transgene silencing in barley. Plant molecular biology. 2003 Oct 1;53(3):327-40.
• ⁵¹ Bhattacharya RC, Viswakarma N, Bhat SR, Kirti PB, Chopra VL. Development of insect-resistant transgenic cabbage plants expressing a synthetic cryIA(b) gene from Bacillus thuringiensis. Current Science. 2002 Jul 25;83(2):146-50.
• ⁵² Estrada MA, Zarka K, Cooper S, Coombs J, Douches DS, Grafius EJ. Potato tuberworm (Lepidoptera: Gelichiidae) resistance in potato lines with the Bacillus thuringiensis cry1Ac gene and natural resistance. HortScience. 2007 Aug 1;42(5):1306-11.
• ⁵³ Ramu SV, Rohini S, Keshavareddy G, Gowri Neelima M, Shanmugam NB, Kumar AR, Sarangi SK, Ananda Kumar P, Udayakumar M. Expression of a synthetic cry1AcF gene in transgenic Pigeon pea confers resistance to Helicoverpa armigera. Journal of applied entomology. 2012 Nov;136(9):675-87.

HIGHLIGHTS

• 1
  Bt cotton event ‘CH12’ T₃ progeny showed stable inheritance and expression of transgene.
• 2
  Single locus integration of cry2AX1 gene in T₃ progeny reveals stable inheritance of transgene.
• 3
  Insect bioassay using Helicoverpa armigera larvae showed more than 90 per cent mortality in T₃ plants.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  08 May 2020
• Date of issue
  2020

History

• Received
  26 Sept 2018
• Accepted
  07 Feb 2020