Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil)

Galhas de insetos da Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brasil)

Insect galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brazil)

Galhas de insetos da Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brasil)

Maia, V. C.^I; Fernandes, G. W.^II

^IDepartamento de Entomologia, Museu Nacional, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, CEP 209940-040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

^IIEcologia Evolutiva de Herbívoros Tropicais, DBG, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, C.P. 486, CEP 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

^{Correspondence}

ABSTRACT

One hundred thirty-seven morphotypes of insect galls were found on 73 plant species (47 genera and 30 families) in Serra de São José, in Tiradentes, MG, Brazil. Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Asteraceae, and Melastomataceae were the plant families that supported most of the galls (49.6% of the total). Galls were mostly found on leaves and stems (66.4% and 25.5%, respectively). Galls were induced by Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera (Sternorrhyncha), Hymenoptera, and Thysanoptera. The majority of them (73.7%) were induced by gall midges (Cecidomyiidae: Diptera). Besides the gall inducers, other insects found associated with the galls were parasitoids (Hymenoptera), inquilines (Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Hemiptera), and predators (Diptera).

Key words: galls, insects, rupestrian fields, cerrado, Minas Gerais.

RESUMO

Foram encontrados 137 tipos de galhas de insetos em 73 espécies de plantas (47 gêneros e 30 famílias) na Serra de São José (Tiradentes, MG, Brasil). Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Asteraceae e Melastomataceae foram as famílias de plantas com maior diversidade de galhas (49,6% do total). As galhas predominaram nas folhas e caules (66,4% e 25,5%, respectivamente). Como galhadores, encontramos espécies de Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera (Sternorrhyncha), Hymenoptera e Thysanoptera. A maioria das galhas (73,7%) foi induzida por Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Além dos galhadores, outros insetos foram encontrados associados às galhas, como parasitóides (micro-Hymenoptera), inquilinos (Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera e Hemiptera) e predadores (Diptera).

Palavras-chave: galhas, insetos, campos rupestres, cerrado, Minas Gerais.

INTRODUCTION

Galls are abnormal plant growths that occur in response to feeding or other stimuli by foreign organisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi, mites, insects, and others). Insects are the most frequent gall-inducers, especially gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Some Hemiptera (Psyllidae, Agaontidae, Aphidae, Adelgidae, Pemphigidae), Hymenoptera (Tenthredinidea, Cynipidae, Eurytomidae), Coleoptera (Curculionidae, Cerambycidae), Lepidoptera (Momphidae, Heliozelidae, Tortricidae), Thysanoptera, and other Diptera (Tephritidae, Agromyzidae, Chloropidae, Fergusoninidae) are also known to induce galls on a vast number of host plants.

Galling insects are most species-rich in the rupestrian fields and in the cerrado (savanna) vegetation of neotropical southeastern Brazil (Fernandes & Price, 1988; Lara & Fernandes, 1996). Despite their richness, little is known about the taxonomy of these galling species.

We surveyed the Serra de São José, an area of rupestrian fields and cerrado in the State of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil (21º03-07'S and 44º06-13'W) in an attempt to broaden our knowledge of galling species diversity in the Brazilian cerrado. The serra is a 15 km long mountain range, 900 to 1,430 m above sea level, running from WSW to ENE at the contact zone of two main mountain chains: the Espinhaço Range which extends northward and the Serra da Mantiqueira running from south and west (Alves, 1992). The local climate is classified as Cwa (continental with dry winter). Absolute temperatures oscillate greatly, thus constituting a stress factor for plant species (Alves, op. cit.).

Serra flora comprises about 800 species, and the best represented vascular plant families are the Orchidaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, and Melastomataceae. Some species, namely Sarcoglottis caudata, Liparis beckeri, Palexia phallocallosa, Eugenia langsdorfii, and Croton gnidiaceus are presently considered narrow endemics of the São José Range (Alves, 1992).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The Serra of São José was investigated for galls over a period of 12 months from August 2001 to July 2002. Collections were made monthly along three pathways: the access roads to "Cachoeira do Mangue" (hereafter CM), "Calçada da Serra" (hereafter CS), and "Cachoeira do Bom Despacho" (hereafter BD) (Fig. 1). The vegetation was examined along each pathway for ca. 8 hours per visit. All plant organs were investigated, except for the roots. Samples of host plants, preferably in the fertile state, were pressed in the field. The Asteraceae species were identified by Roberto L. Steves (Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) and all other plant species by Ruy J. Válka Alves (Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, hereafter MNRJ, Brazil). Voucher specimens were included in the Herbarium (R) whenever fertile plant material was collected. Authors and scientific plant names were checked on "mobot.mobot.org".

The galls were photographed and the negatives organized into an archive. Samples of dried galls were incorporated in the Diptera collection of MNRJ.

Immature insects were obtained by from the dissection of each kind of gall under a stereoscopic microscope. This procedure also enabled insect habit determination (whether of inquilines, predators, parasitoids, or galling species).

Pupal exuviae and adults were obtained by keeping samples of each gall individually in plastic pots layered at the bottom with damp cotton and covered by fine screening. Galls of the species whose larvae pupate in the soil were kept in pots with a layer of soil on the botton. All pots were checked daily.

Larvae, pupae, pupal exuviae, and adults of Cecidomyiidae were preserved in 70% alcohol and later mounted on slides, following the methodology of Gagné (1994). The gall midge genera were identified based mainly on the keys of Gagné (1989, 1994). The other insects (Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera: Chloropidae) were identified by Maria Antonieta Pereira de Azevedo (MNRJ), Sérgio Vanin (Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil), Victor Becker (Brazil), and Luc De Bruyn (Institute of Nature Conservation, Belgium), respectively.

All material is deposited in the collections of MNRJ, except part of the Coleoptera, Chloropidae (Diptera), and Lepidoptera samples which were donated to S. Vanin, L. De Bruyn, and V. Becker, respectively.

RESULTS

One hundred thirty-seven (137) morphotypes of insect galls were found in the Serra de São José. They were induced by species of Diptera (Cecidomyiidae, Tephritidae, and Muscomorpha), Hemiptera (Sternorrhyncha), Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Thysanoptera, and Hymenoptera (Table 1). The Cecidomyiidae were the most common gall inducers, being responsible for 73.7% of the recorded galls. The Lepidoptera was second, with only 7.3%.

The galling species were associated with 73 species of plants belonging to 47 genera and 30 families. Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Asteraceae, and Melastomataceae were the plant families with the greatest gall richness of galls, with 20, 18, 16, and 14 kinds of gall, respectively. These four families comprised about 49.6% (N = 68) of all galls (Table 2). Galls induced by Cecidomyiidae were frequent on almost all plant families. Only in the Melastomataceae the trend was toward the induction by lepidopterans (50%).

The plant species which supported the higher number of galls were Protium heptaphyllum (Burseraceae, N = 7), Copaifera langsdorffii (Fabaceae, N = 6), Myrcia sp. (Myrtaceae, N = 6), Croton floribundus (Euphorbiaceae, N = 5), and Miconia theaezans (Melastomataceae, N = 5). Although Asteraceae was one of the plant families with the greatest richness of galls, each species supported only 1 or 2 gall morphotypes. Contrasting with the Asteraceae, the species belonging to Fabaceae and Myrtaceae species showed a range of from 1 to 6 galls. Melastomataceae presented a similar pattern: from 1 to 5 gall morphotypes.

Some host plants are considered rare in the State of Minas Gerais, probably due to indiscriminate human exploitation of their fruits, seed, or wood (e.g., Anona crassiflora (Annonaceae, "araticum"), Astronium fraxinifolium (Anacardiaceae, "gonçaleira"), Byrsonima verbascifolia (Malpighiaceae, "murici-de-flor-amarela"), Campomanesia pubescens (Myrtaceae, "gabiroba"), and Stryphnodendron adstringens (Fabaceae, "barbatimão") (Brandão et al., 1992).

Most galls were induced on leaves (66.4%). The stem was the second most attacked plant organ (25.5%), followed by buds (13.1%), petiole (2.2%), and flower bud or inflorescence (1.4%). None of the studied galls occurred on fruits; roots were not investigated. The majority of the gall inducers attacked a specific plant part, but some of them (N = 9) attacked simultaneously two or three plant parts (Table 3).

In addition to the gall formers, other insects were also found in the galls. These were classified as parasitoids, inquilines, or predators.

Friebrigella sp. (Chloropidae: Diptera), the only species of Chloropidae in our study, was found every month in galls of Lepidoptera on Leandra aurea, a genus including only predator species. In the same gall, gall midge larvae were found as inquilines between gall hairs. Muscomorpha larvae (2 spp.), Coleoptera (4 spp.), and Lepidoptera (13 spp.) were found in 18 gall morphotypes, as galling species (1, 2, and 10 spp., respectively) or as inquilines (1, 2, and 3 spp., respectively). Sciaridae (2 spp.), Psyllidae (1 sp.), and Heteroptera (1 sp.) were found in four different galls only as inquilines. Hymenoptera species were found in about 35% of the gall morphotypes; none of them presented inquilinous habits. Almost all were parasitoids, except two species which were considered gall inducers (Table 4). Among the Hymenoptera, we found species belonging to the Eurytomidae, Braconidae, Platygastridae, Eulophidae, Pteromalidae, Ichneumonidae, and Encyrtidae. The two hymenopteran galling species belong to the Eulophidae (Table 5).

One hundred four (104) species of Cecidomyiidae were obtained, most of them as galling species (N = 101, 97.1%), but also as inquilinous (N = 2, 1.94%) and as predators (N = 1, 0.96%) (Tab. 4).

The majority of the gall midges (Cecidomyiidae) from Serra de São José showed only one generation per year and almost all of the galls were rare. Hence, few samples were obtained and many gall midges were, thus, not determined.

Nevertheless, 10 genera of Cecidomyiidae are recorded, namely: Asphondylia Loew, 1850; Clinodiplosis Kieffer, 1895; Contarinia Rondani, 1860; Dactylodiplosis Rübsaamen, 1916; Dasineura Rondani, 1840; Lopesia Rübsaamen, 1908; Myrciariamyia Maia, 1994; Neolasioptera Felt, 1908; Stephomyia Tavares, 1916; and Zalepidota Rübsaamen, 1907. Among them, the most common genus was Neolasioptera with 6 species (galling species). Asphondylia, Contarinia, Dasineura, Neolasioptera, and Stephomyia species had already been recorded for the State of Minas Gerais (Fernandes et al., 1988; Maia et al., 2002), but these are the first records of Clinodiplosis, Dactylodiplosis, Lopesia, and Myrciariamyia species for this state. As no previous gall survey was done in Serra de São José, all records are new for this locality.

This is also the first record of insect galls on the following 22 plant species: Anona crassiflora Mart, Aspilia duarteana Santos, Baccharis microcephala (Less.) DC., Baccharis reticularia DC., Mikania lindbergii Baker, Mikania micrantha Kunth., Mikania sessilifolia DC., Vannilosmopsis erythropapa Schult, Vernonia crotonoides Schult. Bip., Vernonia obscura Less., Davilla braziliana DC., Croton gnidiaceus Baill., Croton timandroides (Didr.) Müll. Arg., Stryphnodendrum adstringes (Aubl.) Benth, Byrsonima variabilis A. Juss., Leandra aurea (Cham.) Cogn., Miconia theaezans (Bonpl.) Cogn., Tibouchina candolleana (DC.) Cogn., Rapanea andina Mez., Myrciaria tenella (DC.) O. Berg., Palicourea rigida Kunth, and Buchnera rosea Kunth.

Data on insect galls are presented here under host plant species in alphabetical order and include their description, galling species identification, other associated insects, period of gall occurrence, site of collection (CS, CM, and BD), and deposited material (galls).

Anacardiaceae

Astronium fraxinifolium Schott ex Spreng: Opened leaf gall. Galling species: Hemiptera (Sternorrhyncha). Period: August (CS). Comments: gall recorded on Astronium sp. for the restinga of Barra de Maricá (Maricá, RJ) by Maia (2001, p. 593, Fig. 2).

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi: Opened leaf gall. Galling species: Coccidea (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha). Period: March (CM). Deposited material: 22 galls. Comments: similar to gall described by Houard, 1933 (p. 204-211; Fig. Q).

Annonaceae

Anona crassiflora Mart.: Spheroid leaf gall (Fig. 2). Galling species: Hemiptera (Sternorrhyncha). Other associated insects: parasitoids – Eurytomidae (1 female), Braconidae (1 female). Period: May (CM), September (CM). Deposited material: 13 galls (03.V.2001). Comments: Houard (1933) listed 4 kinds of galls on Anona sp. (3 induced by Cecidomyiidae, Diptera and one induced by Psyllidae (Hemiptera); none of them similar in shape. This is the first record of gall on Anona crassiflora.

Asteraceae

Aspilia duarteana Santos: Globoid stem swelling (Fig. 3). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: March (CS). Deposited material: 5 galls (03.V.2001). Comments: first record of gall on Aspilia duarteana.

Baccharis microcephala (Less.) DC: Ovoid bud gall (Fig. 4). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Other associated insects: parasitoids – Eulophidae sp. (2 females); Galeopsomyia sp. (Eulophidae, 2 males, 1 female); Eurytoma (Eurytomidae, 1 male). Period: April (CM); May (CS and CM). Deposited material: 4 galls, 25.IV.2002.

Midvein swelling (Fig. 5). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Other associated insects: Eulophidae sp. 1 (1 male and 1 female), Eulophidae sp. 2 (2 females). Period: September-October, (CS and CM); January (CS); April (CM); May (CS and CM). Deposited material: 4 galls, 24.X.2001.

Comments: first records of gall on Baccharis microcephala.

Baccharis reticularia DC: Swelling of petiole, veins or stem, greenish or reddish (Fig. 6). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Other associated insects: parasitoids – Platygastridae (3 females and 1 male). Period: March (BD); October (CM); November (CM and CS); December (CS and CM); April (CM); May (CM). Deposited material: 6 galls on stem (2 galls, 28.IX.2001; 2 galls, 25.X.2001; 1 gall, 20.XI.2001; 1 gall, 28.V.2002); 2 galls on petiole (25.X.2001), 3 on midvein (25.X.2001).

Marginal leaf roll, reddish (Fig. 7). Galling species: Lasiopteridi (Cecidomyiidae). Other associated insects: Heteroptera (3 nimphs). Period: October (CM); May (CM). Deposited material: 11 galls (6 galls, 25.X.2001; 5 galls, 20.XI.2001).

Cylindrical outgrowths of the leaves (Fig. 8). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: May (CM).

Comments: first records of gall on Baccharis reticularia.

Baccharis serrulata (Lam.): Pres. Spherical red leaf or stem gall (Fig. 9). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Other associated insects: parasitoids – Hymenoptera. Period: November (CS). Deposited material: 1 gall, 21.XI.2001. Comments: Fernandes et al. (1996) listed 121 kinds of insect galls on Baccharis spp., including B. serrulata.

Mikania lindbergii Baker: Suculent stem gall (Fig. 10). Galling species: Neolasioptera sp. (Cecidomyiidae). Other associated insects: parasitoids – Hymenoptera. Period: September-November (CM); December (CM and CS); January (CM); April-May (CS and CM). Deposited material: 6 galls (1 gall, 21-23.III.2001; 2 galls, 20.X.2001; 3 galls, 01.IX.2001). Comments: first record of gall on Mikania lindbergii.

Mikania micrantha Kunth: Globoid leaf gall (Fig. 11). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: May (CM); April (CM). Deposited material: 5 galls on 03.V.2001. Comments: first record of gall on Mikania micrantha.

Mikania sessilifolia DC.: Reddish circular leaf gall. Galling species: Neolasioptera sp. (Cecidomyiidae). Period: April-May (CM).

Tapered swelling of petiole and midvein, hairy (Fig. 12). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: April (CM). Comments: Gagné (1994) listed many Cecidomyiidae galls on different species of Mikania and Gagné et al. (2001) described 8 Cecidomyiidae galls on Mikania glomerata in Brazil. These are the first records of gall on Mikania sessilifolia.

Vannilosmopsis erythropapa Schult: Spheroid leaf gall, yellowish or whitish, glabrous (Fig. 13). Galling species: Asphondylia sp. n. (Cecidomyiidae). Other associated insects: Hymenoptera and Tephritidae (4 adults). Period: March (CM); May (CM); August (BD); September (BD); October (BD, CS, and CM); November (CM and CS); December-January (CM); May (CM). Deposited material: 8 galls, 21-23.III.2001. Comments: Eriophyidae gall listed in Houard (1933, p. 394) and Rübsaamen (1908). First record of insect galls on Vannilosmopsis erythropapa.

Vernonia crotonoides Schult. Bip.: Leaf gall, hairy (Fig. 14). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: May (CM). Deposited material: 2 galls, 03.V.2001. Comments: first record of insect galls on Vernonia crotonoides.

Vernonia polyanthes Less: Stem gall, ovoid, brown, glabrous. Galling species: Tomoplagia rudolphi (Diptera, Tephritidae). Other associated insects: Hymenoptera and Tephritidae (1 larva, 30.I.2002). Period: March (CM); January (CM). Deposited material: 3 galls, 03.V.2001. Comments: This gall has already been recorded on the same plant species by Fernandes et al. (1988) for Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais). Other records of insect galls on Vernonia spp. were made by Gagné, 1994 (gall suculent, thick-walled, monothalamous on stem or petiole on V. polyanthes; galling species: Asphondylia sp.; distr.: MG); Möhn, 1964 (tapered stem swelling on Vernonia sp.; galling species: Neolasioptera vernoniensis; distr.: MG); Möhn, 1959 (swollen achene on V. canescens; galling species: Asphondylia herculesi; distr.: El Salvador); Möhn, 1959 and 1960 (swollen bud on V. canescens and V. patans; galling species: Asphondylia ajallai; distr.: El Salvador).

Vernonia obscura Less: Bud or leaf gall, hairy (Fig. 15). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: April (CM). Deposited material: 2 galls, 27.V.2002. Comments: first record of gall on this plant.

Vernonia sp.: Stem swelling (Fig. 16). Galling species: Muscomorpha. Period: April (CM). Deposited material: 3 galls, 24.IV.2002. Comments: Houard (1933) listed Lepidoptera and Eriophyidae galls on Vernonia spp. (p. 394).

Boraginaceae

Cordia cf.: Globoid hairy gall on inflorescence (Fig. 17). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: September (CS); November-January (CS). Deposited material: 22 galls, 28.IX.2001.

Burseraceae

Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand: Pouch gall on leaf margin (Fig. 18). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: September (CM). Deposited material: 2 galls, 01.IX.2001.

Marginal leaf roll (Fig. 19). Galling species: Lopesia sp. (Cecidomyiidae). Period: September-January (CS and CM); April (CS and CM). Deposited material: 4 galls, 28.IX.2001. Comments: Maia (2001) recorded this gall for the restinga of Barra de Maricá (p. 593, Fig. 17).

Opened leaf gall (Fig. 20). Galling species: Hemiptera (Sternorhyncha). Period: October (CM); January (CM).

Midvein swelling. Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: October (CM). Deposited material: 12 galls, 28.IX.2001.

Conical leaf gall parallel to the leaf surface. Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: January (CM).

Conical leaf gall perpendicular to the leaf surface (Fig. 21). Galling species: Dactylodiplosis sp. (Cecidomyiidae). Period: May (CM). Deposited material: 19 galls (15 galls, 27.V.2002; 4 galls, 28.V.2002).

Spherical leaf gall, orangish green, hairy. Galling species: Cecidomyiidae (3 larvae, 28.V.2002). Period: April-May (CM). Deposited material: 27 galls (25.IV.2002).

Comments: Maia (2001) recorded a marginal leaf roll and a conical leaf gall perpendicular to the leaf surface on the same plant species for restinga of Barra de Maricá (Maricá, RJ).

Clusiaceae

Calophyllum sp.: Elliptical leaf gall, yellow (Fig. 22). Galling species: Lopesia sp. (Cecidomyiidae). Other associated insects: parasitoids – Galeopsomyia sp. (Eulophidae, 5 females, 1 male); Eulophidae sp. (new genus, 1 male); Eurytoma sp. (Eurytomidae, 2 females, 1 male); Pteromalidae sp. (1 female) and inquilinous – Sciaridae (2 adults). Period: September-January (CM); April-May (CM). Deposited material: 19 galls, 01.IX.2001.

Stem swelling gall (Fig. 23). Galling species: Lopesia sp. (Cecidomyiidae). Other associated insects: parasitoids – Hymenoptera. Period: September-January (CM); May (CM). Deposited material: 9 galls (6 galls, 01.IX.2001; 1 gall, 20.XI.2001; 2 galls, 28.V.2002).

Marginal leaf roll (Fig. 24). Galling species: probably Thysanoptera. Other associated insects: Hymenoptera and Sciaridae (1 adult). Period: September-December (CM); April (CM).

Linear outgrowth of the leaves (Fig. 25). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: September-January (CM); April-May (CM). Deposited material: 13 galls (8 galls, 25.X.2001; 5 galls, 25.IV.2002).

Comments: Houard (1933) listed an Eriophyidae gall on Calophyllum calaba Jac.

Chrysobalanaceae

Licania sp.: Stem swelling. Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: March (CM). Deposited material: 1 gall on 21-23.III.2001. Comments: first record of gall on this plant genus.

Dilleniaceae

Davilla braziliana DC.: Pine-like bud gall (Fig. 26). Galling species: Asphondylia sp. (Cecidomyiidae). Other associated insects: inquilinous: Clinodiplosis sp. (Cecidomyiidae); Lepidoptera (1 immature specimen). Period: March (CM); August-September (CM); October-November (CM); May (CM). Deposited material: 4 galls (2 galls, 21-23.III.2001 collected by V. C. Maia and 2 galls, 12.X.1999 collected by R. J. V. Alves).

Circular leaf gall (Fig. 27). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Other associated insects: parasitoids – Hymenoptera. Period: May (CM). Deposited material: 5 galls on 28.V.2002.

Comments: two kinds of Eriophyidae galls on D. lucida and D. flexuosa (Ref.: Tavares, 1922 and Houard, 1933, p. 241-242); swollen aborted flower on D. rugosa induced by Cecidomyiid (Ref.: Gagné, 1994); leaf blister on D. rugosa induced by Cecidomyiid. Distr. RJ (Ref.: Tavares, 1922). These are the first records of gall on Davilla braziliana.

Erythroxylaceae

Erythroxylum suberosum St. Hil.: Reddish and hairy leaf gall (Fig. 28). Galling species: Dasineura sp. (Cecidomyiidae). Other associated insects: parasitoids – Hymenoptera. Period: March (CM and BD); September (CM and BD); October (CM); November (BD). Deposited material: 2 galls, 08.IX.1997 collected by R. J. V. Alves. Comments: This gall has already been recorded on the same plant species by Fernandes & Martins (1985, p. 63, fig. 13). Gagné (1994) listed a spheroid, fuzzy gall induced by Cecidomyiidae on E. coelophlebium. Ref.: Fernandes et al. (1988, p. 20, Fig. 7). Distr. MG.

Circular leaf gall (Fig. 29). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: September-November (BD). Deposited material: 7 galls, 21.XI.2001.

Erythroxylum frangulifolium St. Hilaire: Apical bud gall (Fig. 30). Galling species: Eulophidae (Hymenoptera). Period: May (CM); September (CM); November (BD and CM); December (CM); January (CM); April-May (CM). Deposited material: 1 gall, 03.V.2001. Comments: Fernandes et al. (1988, p. 21, Fig. 22) described the same gall for Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais).

Marginal leaf roll (Fig. 31). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: October (CM). Deposited material: 2 galls, 24.X.2001.

Erythroxylum sp.: Blister leaf gall (Fig. 32). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae (mature larvae pupate into soil). Other associated insects: parasitoids – Hymenoptera. Period: September (CM); November-December (CM); April-May (CM). Deposited material: 17 galls, 01.IX.2001.

Euphorbiaceae

Croton antisyphiliticus Mart.: Circular leaf gall, yellowish (Fig. 33). Galling species: Contarinia sp. (Cecidomyiidae). Period: September (BD); October (BD and CM); November (CM). Deposited material: 3 galls, 29.IX.2001.

Midvein swelling. Galling species: Cecidomyiidae (3 larvae, 25.X.2001). Period: October (BD). Deposited material: 3 galls, 25.X.2001.

Comments: Gonçalves-Alvim & Fernandes (2001) recorded a stem gall induced by Cecidomyiidae on the same plant species.

Croton floribundus Spreng.: Spheroid hairy gall on leaves or stem (Fig. 34). Galling species: Clinodiplosis sp. (Cecidomyiidae). Other associated insects: parasitoids – Hymenoptera; inquilinous – Lepidoptera (2 immature specimens, 30.I.2002; 25.IV.2002). Period: March (CM); August-September (CS); October (CM); December (CS); January (CS); April-May, 2002 (CS). Deposited material: 10 galls (4 galls, 21-23.III.2001; 6 galls, 30.I.2002).

Ovoid leaf gall, slightly hairy (Fig. 35). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Other associated insects: parasitoids – Hymenoptera. Period: March (CS); August (CS); November-December (CS); April (CS). Deposited material: 3 galls, 21-23.III.2001.

Discoidal leaf gall (Fig. 36). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: August-September (CS); April-May (CS). Deposited material: 4 galls, 28.IX.2001.

Midvein swelling (Fig. 37). Galling species: Lasiopteridi, gen. n. (Cecidomyiidae). Other associated insects: parasitoids – Hymenoptera. Period: August (CS); October (CM); November-January (CS). Deposited material: 10 galls, 28.IX.2001.

Marginal leaf roll (Fig. 38). Galling species: undetermined insect. Period: March (CS). Deposited material: 4 galls, 21-23.III.2001. Obtained insects: Hymenoptera.

Croton gnidiaceus Baill.: Globoid stem swelling (Fig. 39). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: November (CS). Deposited material: 1 gall, 21.XI.2001. Comments: first record of gall on this plant species.

Croton timandroides (Didr.) Müll. Arg.: Globoid stem swelling (Fig. 40). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: March (CM); May (CM). Deposited material: 3 galls (2 galls, 21-23.III.2001; 1 gall, 03.V.2002).

First record of gall on this plant species. Comments: Gagné (1994) related fusiform stem swellings caused by cecidomyiids on Croton buxifolius and C. migrans. Distr.: RJ and MG, Brazil. Ref. Rübsaamen (1905), Tavares (1922), and Houard (1933). Tavares (1925) and Houard (1933; Fig. B, p. 188) described spheroid leaf galls with stellate hairs induced by Styracodiplosis cearensis on C. hemiargyneus. Distr.: Ceará, Brazil. Rübsaamen (1905) recorded galls on lower and upper leaf surface caused by cecidomyiid on Croton sp. Distr.: RJ, Brazil. Rübsaamen (1905) and Houard (1933) listed marginal leaf rolls induced by cecidomyiid on Croton sp. Distr.: RJ, Brazil. Tavares (1915) and Houard (1933, Fig. 441, p. 188) related blister galls caused by cecidomyiid on C. argentinus. Distr.: Argentina. Houard (1933) listed a Eriophyidae gall on C. floribundus. Distr.: Brazil. Ref.: Rübsaamen (1905).

Fabaceae

Andira sp.: Globoid stem swelling (Fig. 41). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Other associated insects: parasitoids – Eulophidae (2 females from diferent species). Period: August-September (CM). Deposited material: 4 galls, 31.VIII.2001. Comments: Houard (1933, Figs. 249-250a-b) related a similar gall on Andira sp.

Globoid leaf gall, yellowish, glabrous (Fig. 42). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Other associated insects: parasitoids – Hymenoptera. Period: September (CM). Deposited material: 24 galls, 28.IX.2001.

Sinuous leaf gall. Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: January (CM). Deposited material: 4 galls, 30.I.2002. Comments: Tavares (1920) described this gall and the galling species – Andirodiplosis bahiensis. Houard (1933) illustrated the gall (Fig. 258-260, l-m).

Tapered stem swelling (Fig. 43). Galling species: Curculionidae (Coleoptera). Period: August (CM). Deposited material: 3 galls (2 galls, 31.VIII.2001; 1 gall, 28.IX.2002).

Copaifera langsdorffii Desf.: Horn-shaped outgrowths of leaves (Fig. 44). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: May (CM); August (CM); October (CM); January (CM), April-May (CM). Deposited material: 50 galls (1 gall, 03.V.2001; 47 galls, 25.V.2002; 2 galls, 28.V.2002). Comments. Fernandes & Martins (1985) illustrated this gall (p. 62, Fig. 10); Fernandes et al. (1988) recorded it for Belo Horizonte (MG).

Globose leaf gall, brown and hairy. Galling species: undetermined insect. Period: May (CM). Deposited material: 18 galls, 03.V.2001.

Stem swelling. Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: May (CM), January (CM). Deposited material: 1 gall, 03.V.2001.

Globoid leaf gall, green and glabrous (Fig. 45). Galling species: undetermined insect. Period: May (CM). Deposited material: 2 galls, 03.V.2001.

Discoid leaf gall, yellow (Fig. 46). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Other associated insects: parasitoids – Hymenoptera; inquilinous – Coleoptera (1 adult, 28.V.2002). Period: April-May (CM). Deposited material: 28 galls (03 galls, 03.V.2001; 25 galls, 25.IV.2002).

Bud gall, spheroid, green, with rough surface (Fig. 47). Galling species: Lepidoptera. Period: May (CM), December (CM). Deposited material: 13 galls (6 galls, 03.V.2001; 3 galls, 04.V.2001; 1 gall, 24.X.2001; 2 galls, 27.XII. 2001; 1 gall, 28.V.2002).

Inga sp.: Midvein swelling (Fig. 48). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Other associated insects: parasitoids – Hymenoptera. Period: October (CM); January (CM). Deposited material: 4 galls (1 gall, 25.X.2001; 3 galls, 30.I.2002). Comments: Houard (1933) listed and illustrated a similar gall (Fig. 129b). Maia (2001) described a similar gall on Inga maritima induced by Neolasioptera sp. (Cecidomyiiidae).

Globose, hairy, yellow leaf gall (Fig. 49). Galling species: undetermined insect. Period: April (CM). Deposited material: 3 galls, 25.IV.2002.

Comments: Gagné (1994) listed several galls on Inga spp. caused by Neolasioptera spp.

Stryphnodendron adstringes (Aubl.) Benth: Globoid stem swelling (Fig. 50). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: March (CM); May (CM); September (BD). Deposited material: 7 galls, 21-23.III.2002. Comments: first record of gall on this plant species.

Undetermined Fabaceae (sp. 1)

Pouch gall on leaves. Galling species: undetermined insect. Period: November (CM). Deposited material: 1 gall, 20.XI.2001.

Swelling of midvein basis. Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: April (CM)

Undetermined Fabaceae (sp. 2): Globose, hairy, green leaf gall (Fig. 51). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: May (CM).

Undetermined Fabaceae (sp. 3): Spherical bud gall, green (Fig. 52). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Mature larvae pupate into soil. Period: September (CM).

Undetermined Fabaceae (sp. 4)

Horn-shaped bud gall, yellowish (Fig. 53). Galling species: Curculionidae (Coleoptera, 1 adult, 27.XII.2001). Other associated insects: inquilinous – Contarinia sp. (Cecidomyiidae); parasitoids – Hymenoptera. Period: August (CM); November-December (CM and CS); January (CM); April-May (CM). Deposited material: 6 galls (2 galls, 31.VIII.2001; 3 galls, 20.XI.2001; 1 gall, 27.XII.2002).

Tapered stem swelling (Fig. 54). Galling species: Neolasioptera sp. (Cecidomyiidae). Other associated insects: parasitoids – Hymenoptera. Period: November (CM); December (CM and CS); January (CM); April-May (CM). Deposited material: 5 galls (2 galls, 21.XI.2001; 3 galls, 27.XII.2001).

Globoid leaf gall. Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: November (CM).

Lamiaceae

Hyptis sp.: Stem swelling, hairy (Fig. 55). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: September-October (CM); April (CM). Comments: Möhn (1964) described a similar gall on Hyptis suaveolens and its galling species – Neolasioptera hyptis. Distr. El Salvador.

Globose hairy leaf gall. Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: October (CM).

Lauraceae

Ocotea sp.: Opened leaf gall. Galling species: Coccoidea (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha). Period: April, 2002. Comments. Houard (1933) listed galls on Ocotea spp. and Monteiro et al. (1993) listed a similar gall induced by Sternorrhyncha on Ocotea notata.

Lythraceae

Diplusodon virgatus Pohl.: Apical stem swelling covered by leaves (Fig. 56). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: May (CM). Comments: first record of gall on this plant species.

Malpighiaceae

Byrsonima variabilis A. Juss.: Stem swelling, glabrous (Fig. 57). Galling species: undetermined insect. Period: September (BD); October-November (CM); January (CS and CM); April-May (CM). Deposited material: 20 gall, 29.IX.2001. Obtained insects: Sycophila sp.1 (Eurytomidae, 13 females, 1 male); Sycophila sp.2 (Eurytomidae, 5 females, 9 males); Eurytoma sp. (Eurytomidae, 2 females, 1 male); Eupelmidae sp. (1 male); Eulophidae sp. (2 females); Platygastridae sp. (1 male); Ichneumonidae sp. (1 female).

Conical leaf gall (Fig. 58). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: April (CM).

Comments: these are the first records of gall on Byrsonima variabilis.

Byrsonima verbascifolia A. Juss.: Conical leaf gall (Fig. 59). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Other associated insects: Eurytoma sp. (Eurytomidae, 1 female, 7 males); Eulophidae sp. (6 females, 5 males); Eupelmidae sp. (5 males); Dimeromicrus cecidomyiae (Torymidae, 1 male); Signiphoridae sp. (1 female); Psyllidae (1 adult). Period: March (BD); September (BD); October (CM); December (CM). Deposited material: 20 galls, 01.IX.2001. Comments: gall described by Tavares (1921), listed and illustrated by Houard (1933, Fig. G, p. 157-158), and related by Gonçalves-Alvim & Fernandes (2001).

Byrsonima sp.: Stem swelling, hairy (Fig. 60). Galling species: undetermined insect. Period: November (BD). Deposited material: 1 gall, 21.XI.2001.

Melastomataceae

Leandra aurea (Cham.) Cogn.: Spherical bud gall, reddish, hairy (Fig. 61). Galling species: Lepidoptera (adults and immature specimens). Other associated insects: inquilinous – Anthonomus sp.n. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae; 9 adults, XI.2001); predators – Friebrigella sp. (Diptera, Chloropidae; 2 adults, 24.X.2001) and Lestodiplosis sp. (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae); parasitoids – Hymenoptera. Period: March (CM and BD); May, (CM); August (CM); September (BD); October (BD, CM and CS); November (CM); December-January (CM); April-May (CM). Deposited material: 4 galls, 21-23.III.2001.

Spherical reddish leaf gall, hairy (Fig. 62). Galling species: Lepidoptera (4 adults, 27.XII.2001). Other associated insects: parasitoids – Hymenoptera. Period: May (CM); October (CM); December (CM); January (CM); May (CM). Deposited material: 6 galls, 21-23.III.2001.

Comments: Houard (1933) described and illustrated Eriophyidae galls on Leandra sp. (p. 291). These are the first records of gall on Leandra aurea.

Miconia sp.1: Tubular hairy leaf gall, green. Galling species: undetermined insect. Period: December (CM); May (CM). Deposited material: 5 galls, 28.XII.2001.

Vein swelling (Fig. 63). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: December (CM); May (CM).

Miconia sp.2: Globose, reddish and hairy gall on leaves and stem (Fig. 64). Galling species: Lepidoptera. Period: April. Deposited material: 2 leaf galls (24.IV.2002), 8 stem galls (24.IV.2002).

Miconia sp.3: Spheroid, hairy, reddish gall on leaves and stem (Fig. 65). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Other associated insects: parasitoids – Hymenoptera. Period: November (CM); January (CM); May (CM). Deposited material: 8 galls, 24.IV.2002.

Miconia theaezans (Bonpl.) Cogn.: Rosette bud gall (Fig. 66). Galling species: Lepidoptera. Period: October (CM); January (CS and CM); April (CM); May (CS and CM). Deposited material: 10 galls (8 galls, 22.III.2001; 2 galls, 29.IX.2001).

Tubular bud gall. Galling species: Lepidoptera. Period: April-May (CM). Deposited material: 6 galls, 28.V.2002.

Spheroid bud gall (Fig. 67). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Other associated insects: parasitoids – Hymenoptera. Period: April-May (CM). Deposited material: 6 galls, 25.IV.2002.

Blister leaf gall (Fig. 68). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: October (CM). Deposited material: 17 galls, 25.X.2001.

Circular leaf gall (Fig. 69). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: March (CM). Deposited material: 15 galls, 22.III.2001.

Comments: Houard (1933, p. 293-302) described several galls on Miconia spp. Gagné (1994) listed a tapered stem swelling caused by Cecidomyiidae. Rübsaamen (1907), Tavares (1925), Houard (1933) described complex leaf galls induced by cecidomyiids. This is the first record of gall on this plant species.

Tibouchina candolleana (DC.) Cogn.: Vein swelling. Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Other associated insects: parasitoids – Hymenoptera. Period: September-November (CM); December (CM and CS); January (CM); April, (CS and CM); May (CM). Deposited material: 12 galls (10 galls, 31.VIII.2001; 1 gall, 25.X.2001; 1 gall, 29.I.2002).

Stem swelling (Fig. 70). Galling species: Lepidoptera. Period: August (CM), October (CM). Deposited material: 6 galls (2 galls, 31.VIII.2001; 4 galls, 24.X.2001).

Elliptical gall on leaves or stem, hairy (Fig. 71). Galling species: Lepidoptera. Period: May, August, October (CM).

Comments: Rübsaamen (1908) described a vein gall on T. granulosa (Distr. RJ, Brazil); Tavares (1917) described two different leaf galls on Tibouchina sp., one spherical, hairy, and induced by Rochadiplosis tibouchinae, and the other a blister gall caused by an undetermined Cecidomyiidae. Houard (1933) listed both galls. This is the first record of gall on Tibouchina candolleana.

Myrsinaceae

Rapanea andina Mez.: Circular leaf gall (Fig. 72). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Other associated insects: parasitoids – Hymenoptera. Period: March (CS); May (CM); October (CM); December (CM). Deposited material: 10 galls (3 galls, 21-23.III.2001; 7 galls, 01.IX.2001). Comments: Maia (2001) recorded a similar gall induced by Cecidomyiidae on Rapanea parvifolia for the restinga of Barra de Maricá (Maricá, RJ, Brazil).

Stem swelling. Galling species: Lepidoptera. Period: October (CM). Deposited material: 1 gall, 24.X.2001.

Comments: first records of gall on Rapanea andina.

Myrtaceae

Campomanesia pubescens (DC.) O. Berg.: Circular leaf gall, yellowish (Fig. 73). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: May (CM); October (CM). Deposited material: 16 galls, 03.V.2001. Comments: first record on this plant species.

Eugenia sp.1: Stem swelling (Fig. 74). Gall maker: Cecidomyiidae. Period: May (CM); September (CM).

Eugenia sp.2: Globoid leaf gall, brown, hairy (Fig. 75). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: May (CM). Deposited material: 35 galls, 03.V.2001.

Eugenia cfr. ovalifolia Camb.: Cylindrical outgrowths of leaves (Figs. 76-77). Galling species: Stephomyia sp. (Cecidomyiidae). Other associated insects: parasitoids – Hymenoptera. Period: September (CM). Deposited material: 65 galls, 01.IX.2001. Comments: Tavares (1921) described a similar gall and its galling species – Stephomyia clavata (as Oxasphondylia) on an undetermined species of Myrtaceae. Houard (1993) illustrated this gall (p. 276, Fig. e); Fernandes & Martins (1985) recorded the occurrence of this gall on Eugenia ovalifolia in Belo Horizonte (MG, Brazil).

Myrcia sp.: Bud gall (Fig. 78). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae (probably Myrciamyia sp.). Other associated insects: Hymenoptera – inquilinous, modifies the appearance of the gall. Period: August, (CM); September (BD, CS and CM); October (CM); November (CM and CS); April, 2002 (CM). Deposited material: 7 modified galls, 31.VIII.2001. Comments: Maia (2001) described a similar gall induced by Myrciamyia maricensis on Myrcia ovata and also modified by an inquilinous Hymenoptera in the restinga of Barra de Maricá (Maricá, RJ, Brazil).

Midvein swelling (Fig. 79). Galling species: Neolasioptera sp. (Cecidomyiidae). Period: August (CM) Deposited material: 1 gall, 31.VIII.2001. Comments: Maia (2001) described a similar gall also induced by Neolasioptera on Myrcia ovata in the restinga of Barra de Maricá (Maricá, RJ, Brazil).

Leaf roll (Fig. 80). Galling species: Thrips (Thysanoptera, adults and nymphs). Other associated insects: Hymenoptera. Period: November (CM and CS); December-January (CM). Deposited material: 1 gall, 30.I.2002.

Marginal leaf roll (Fig. 81). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Other associated insects: parasitoids – Hymenoptera. Period: September (BD and CM); October (CM); December (CM and CS); January (CM); April-May (CM). Deposited material: 10 galls, 01.IX.2001.

Apical bud gall, green with a terminal pointed projection (Fig. 82). Galling species: undetermined insect. Period: September (CM). Deposited material: 1 gall, 28.IX.2001.

Leaf fold along midvein (Fig. 83). Galling species: Hemiptera (Sternorrhyncha). Period: September (BD and CM); November-December(CM); April-May (CM). Deposited material: 4 galls, 31.VIII.2001.

Comments: Fernandes et al. (1988) recorded several galls on Myrcia itambensis in Belo Horizonte (MG, Brazil), none of them similar in shape.

Myrciaria tenella (DC.) O. Berg.: Bivalve bud gall. Galling species: Myrciariamyia sp.n. (Cecidomyiidae). Other associated insects: parasitoids – Hymenoptera. Period: October-December (CM). Deposited material: 4 galls, 21.XI.2001. Comments: Maia (2001) described a similar gall on Myrciaria floribunda induced by Myrciariamyia bivalva in the restinga of Barra de Maricá (Maricá, RJ, Brazil).

Leaf fold along midvein. Galling species: Hemiptera (Sternorrhyncha). Other associated insects: Muscomorpha (2 larvae, 30.I.2002) and Hymenoptera. Period: October (CM); December (CM). Deposited material: 13 galls (11 galls, 21.XI.2001; 2 galls, 30.I.2002).

Comments: first records of gall on Myrciaria tenella.

Psidium sp.: Globoid suculent bud gall (Fig. 84). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: August (CS); September (CS); November (CS).

Comments: Houard (1933) listed several galls on Psidium sp., none of them similar in shape.

Undetermined Myrtaceae (sp.1): Cylindrical leaf gall. Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: August (CM). Deposited material: 1 gall on 31.VIII.2001.

Leaf fold along midvein (Fig. 85). Galling species: Hemiptera (Sternorrhyncha). Period: August (CM). Deposited material: 1 gall, 31.VIII.2001.

Undetermined Myrtaceae (sp.2): Tubular leaf gall, green, with small apical projections (Fig. 86). Galling species: undetermined insect. Period: August (CS); September (CM); April (CS). Deposited material: 21 galls (16 galls, 31.VIII.2001; 5 galls, 24.IV.2002). Obtained insects: Hymenoptera.

Globose leaf gall, hairy (Fig. 87). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: August (CS). Deposited material: 3 galls, 31.VIII.2001.

Midvein basis swelling. Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: August (CS). Deposited material: 1 gall, 31.VIII.2001.

Nyctaginaceae

Guapira sp.: Spot leaf gall (Fig. 88). Galling species: Lopesiini (Cecidomyiidae). Other associated insects: parasitoids – Hymenoptera. Period: September (CS); November (CM); December (CM and CS); January (CS and CM); April-May (CM). Deposited material: 10 galls (5 galls, 28.IX.2001; 5 galls, 20.XI.2001).

Stem swelling (Fig. 89). Galling species: Asphondyliini (Cecidomyiidae). Other associated insects: parasitoids – Hymenoptera. Period: September (CS); October (CM); November-January (CS and CM); May (CM). Deposited material: 3 galls, 28.IX.2001.

Midvein or petiole swelling (Fig. 90). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: December (CM); April (CM).

Comments: Maia (2001) recorded five kinds of Cecidomyiidae galls on Guapira opposita for the restinga of Barra de Maricá (Maricá, RJ), all induced by species of Asphondyliini. This is the first record of a non-Asphondyliini galling species on Guapira spp.

Piperaceae

Piper sp.1: Conical outgrowths of leaves and stem (Fig. 91). Galling species: Asphondyliini (probably a new genus and species). Other associated insects: parasitoids – Hymenoptera; inquilinous – Lepidoptera (immature specimen, 21.XI.2001). Period: August-January (CS). Deposited material: 3 galls (2 galls, 31.VIII.2001; 1 gall, 21.IX.2001). Comments: Rübsaamen (1908) described a similar gall for Rio de Janeiro (Brazil).

Piper sp.2: Globoid stem swelling (Fig. 92). Galling species: Zalepidota sp. (Cecidomyiidae). Period: August-September (CS); October (CM); April-May (CM). Deposited material: 6 galls (4 galls, 31.VIII.2001; 2 gals, 25.X.2001). Comments: Tavares (1909, 1925) described similar galls induced by Zalepidota piperis and Z. tavaresi on Piper sp.

Piper sp.3: Tapered stem swelling (Fig. 93). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: January (CS); May (CS). Deposited material: 2 galls, 27.V.2002.

Globoid vein swelling (Fig. 94). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Other associated insects: parasitoids – Hymenoptera. Period: April (CS); May (CM).

Globoid bud gall. Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: April (CS).

Comments: Rübsaamen (1908) and Möhn (1960) recorded stem swellings on undetermined Piper for Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) and El Salvador, respectively.

Rubiaceae

Borreria cfr. brachystemonoides Cham. & Schltdl.: Stem swelling, hairy (Fig. 95). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Other associated insects: parasitoids – Encyrtidae sp. (2 adults). Period: May (CS). Deposited material: 01 gall, 27.V.2002. Comments: Houard (1933) described a similar gall of Cecidomyiidae on Borreria sp. (p. 388).

Palicourea rigida Kunth: Triangular vein swelling (Fig. 96). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: November (CM). Deposited material: 6 galls, 21.IX.2001. Comments: Gagné (1994) listed two Cecidomyiidae gall on Palicourea sp. for Costa Rica (none of them similar in shape). This is the first record of gall on Palicourea rigida.

Sapicia brasiliensis Wernhm: Bud gall, glabrous (Fig. 97). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: May (CM). Comments: Gonçalves-Alvim & Fernandes (2001) reported the same gall on the same host plant species for Três Marias (MG, Brazil).

Sapindaceae

Paullinia sp.: Vein swelling (Fig. 98). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Other associated insects: parasitoids – Hymenoptera. Period: January (CS and CM); April (CS and CM); May (CM). Deposited material: 8 galls (1 gall, 30.I.2002; 7 galls, 25.IV.2002).

Stem swelling. Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Other associated insects: parasitoids - Hymenoptera. Period: January (CM); April (CS). Deposited material: 3 galls, 25.IV.2002.

Spot leaf gall (Fig. 98). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: April, May (CM).

Comments: Rübsaamen (1908) described a spheroid gall on Paullinia sp. in Brazil (Amazonas). Maia (2001) related a stem swelling on P. weinmanniaefolia for Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Gagné (1994) recorded a rolled young leaf on P. weinmanniaefolia in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil).

Scrophulariaceae

Buchnera rosea Kunth.: Stem swelling. Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: November (CS). Comments: first record of gall on this plant species.

Smilacaceae

Smilax elastica Griseb: Spot leaf gall (Fig. 99). Galling species: probably Smilasioptera candelariae (Cecidomyiidae). Period: August (CS); September (BD and CM); December (CM); January (CM); April (CS and CM). Deposited material: 28 galls (16 galls, 31.VIII.2001; 12 galls, 01.X.2001). Comments: Maia (2001) recorded a similar gall on Smilax rufescens for the restinga of Barra de Maricá, Maricá, RJ, Brazil).

Tiliaceae

Luehea cf. divaricata Mart.: Globoid, hairy, yellowish leaf gall (Fig. 100). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: October (CM); December (CS); April (CS). Deposited material: 7 galls, 24.X.2001.

Comments: Gagné (1994) listed this gall for Minas Gerais (Brazil) and presented an illustration (Fig. 339, p. 304).

Midvein swelling (Fig. 101). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: August (CS); October (CM); December (CS). Deposited material: 6 galls, 30.I.2002.

Comments: Gagné (1994) listed this gall for Minas Gerais (Brazil) and presented an illustration (Fig. 339, p. 304).

Circular leaf gall. Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: November-January (CS). Deposited material: 20 galls, 24.X.2001.

Ulmaceae

Celtis glycycarpa Mart. ex Miq.: Circular leaf gall, yellow (Fig. 102). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: May (CS).

Tapered stem swelling (Fig. 103). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: May (CS). Deposited material: 2 galls, 25.IV.2002.

Mamiliform outgrowths of leaves and stem (Fig. 104). Galling species: Neolasioptera sp. (Cecidomyiidae). Other associated insects: parasitoids – Hymenoptera. Period: August (CS); October (CM); December-January (CS); April-May (CS). Deposited material: 5 galls (1 gall, 31.VIII.2001; 4 galls, 27.XII.2001). Comments: Fernandes & Martins (1985) illustrated a similar gall on an undetermined Ulmaceae (p. 63, Fig. 12).

Umbelliferae

Eryngium sp.: Flower bud gall. Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: April (CS). Deposited material: 14 galls, 29.I.2002. Comments: first record of gall on Eryngium spp.

Verbenaceae

Lantana lilacina Desf.: Tapered stem gall, hairy (Fig. 105). Galling species: Neolasioptera sp. (Cecidomyiidae). Other associated insects: parasitoids – Hymenoptera. Period: September (CM and CS); November-December (CM). Deposited material: 9 galls (4 galls, 01.IX.2001; 5 galls, 28.IX.2001). Comments: Houard (1933) listed a similar gall induced by an undetermined Cecidomyiidae (p. 347, Fig. 803-804d-e).

Tubular outgrowths of the leaves (Fig. 106). Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Period: May (CS). Deposited material: 8 galls, 27.V.2002. Obtained insects: Hymenoptera. Comments: Houard (1933) reported and illustrated the same gall (p. 347, Fig. 808-810k-m).

Vochysiaceae

Qualea parvifolia Mart.: Circular leaf gall. Galling species: Cecidomyiidae. Other associated insects: parasitoids – Hymenoptera. Period: May (CM). Deposited material: 14 galls, 03.V.2001. Comments: Gonçalves-Alvim & Fernandes (2001) described and illustrated this gall (p. 92, Fig. 299).

Winteraceae

Drimys brasiliensis Miers.: Globoid bud gall, brown (Fig. 107). Galling species: Eulophidae (Hymenoptera). Period: March, (CS). Deposited material: 1 gall, 21-23.III.2001. Comments: Houard (1933) listed an insect gall on this plant genus.

DISCUSSION

The majority of the galls from Serra de São José were induced by Cecidomyiidae (76,5%). As the Cecidomyiidae cause about 70% of all described galls in the world, these results were expected. Gonçalves-Alvim & Fernandes (2001) surveyed the cerrado vegetation of Três Marias (Minas Gerais) and showed similar results.

There was a predominance of galls on Fabaceae (=Leguminosae), Myrtaceae, and Asteraceae. Houard (1933) has already designated the Fabaceae as the family with the greatest richness of insect galls in Central and South America. Further, Gonçalves-Alvim & Fernandes (op. cit.) indicated the predominance of galls on Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, and Asteraceae for cerrado vegetation.

Most galls were observed on leaves (65%), a world pattern noted by Mani (1964), and corroborated by Maia (2001) for restinga areas and Gonçalves-Alvim & Fernandes (2001) for cerrado vegetation. The second most attacked plant organ was the stem. Similar results were presented by Gonçalves-Alvim & Fernandes (op. cit.).

According to Fernandes & Price (1988) and Lara & Fernandes (1996), rupestrian fields and the cerrado vegetation of southeastern Brazil comprise the hottest spot for richness of galling insect species. Gonçalves-Alvim & Fernandes (2001) recorded 92 spp of galling insects in Três Marias; 136 are recorded herein. These results corroborate the trend.

In comparing the host plant species and the insect galls from Serra de São José and Três Marias, we noted that these areas show a weak similarity. Only three kinds of galls occurred in both areas: spherical leaf gall, orangish green, hairy on Protium heptaphyllum; conical leaf gall on Byrsonima verbascifolia; and spheroid leaf gall, brown, glabrous on Sapicia brasiliensis.

For associated fauna, there was a predominance of parasitoid species of Hymenoptera, specially of the families Eulophidae and Eurytomidae families. This corroborates the trend found by Maia (2001) and Fernandes et al. (1988), in which these two families are identified as the most important natural enemies of gall midges in the Neotropical region.

Acknowledgements — We are grateful to R. J. V. Alves (MNRJ) for identifying the host plants (except for Asteraceae species) and for reviewing the manuscript; J. N. de M. Machado (IBAMA, Tiradentes) for logistic support; R. L. Steves (UERJ) for Asteraceae identification; D. Medeiros (MNRJ) for field assistance; L. de Bruyn (Institute of Nature Conservation) for Chloropidae identification; M. Couri (MNRJ) for manuscript review; and to CNPq for financial support to VCM (150061/01-3) and GWF (52.17722/95-8).

Received February 21, 2003 – Accepted July 30, 2003 – Distributed August 31, 2004

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  02 Mar 2005
• Date of issue
  Aug 2004

History

• Accepted
  30 July 2003
• Received
  21 Feb 2003