Assessment of the potential of using sludge compost to fertilize urban lawns

Avaliação do potencial de uso de composto de lodo para fertilizar gramados urbanos

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of using composted sludge as a fertilizer for lawns in urban conditions. An experiment to study the effect of different doses of sludge compost on the productivity of lawn grass mixture biomass (Rheigras lolilum perenne, Festuca rubra, Festuca arunnacea) and soil properties was conducted at the experimental site of S. Seifullin Kazakh State Agrotechnical University, Astana, Kazakhstan. Three doses of sludge were selected: 5, 10, and 15 t/ha. As a result of the experiment, it was found that the greatest biomass of the lawn was obtained when a compost dose of 15 t/ha was applied. In that case, an increase in the activity of soil enzymes and the phosphorus and nitrates content in the soil was observed. The authors formulated a recommendation to use a dose of 10 t/ha of sediment for fertilizer, as this helps to improve soil quality and increase yields. Compost made of sludge increased the content of available phosphorus in the surface layer of the soil (0-20 cm) by 200-300%, and the nitrate content increased by 180-300% compared to the control variant. However, the content of exchangeable potassium changed slightly (5-19%).

Keywords:
sludge; lawn grass; heavy metals; waste management; enzymatic activity of the soil

Resumo

O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a eficácia do uso de lodo compostado como fertilizante para gramados em condições urbanas. Foi realizado um experimento para estudar o efeito de diferentes doses de composto de lodo sobre a produtividade da biomassa da mistura de grama de gramado (Rheigras Lolilum perenne, Festuca rubra, Festuca arunnacea) e as propriedades do solo no local experimental da S. Seifullin Kazakh State Agrotechnical University, Astana, Cazaquistão. Foram selecionadas três doses de lodo: 5, 10 e 15 t/ha. Como resultado do experimento, verificou-se que a maior biomassa do gramado foi obtida quando foi aplicada uma dose de composto de 15 t/ha. Neste caso, foi observado um aumento na atividade das enzimas do solo e no teor de fósforo e nitratos no solo. Os autores formularam uma recomendação para o uso de uma dose de 10 t/ha de sedimento como fertilizante, pois isso ajuda a melhorar a qualidade do solo e a aumentar a produtividade. O composto feito de lodo aumentou o teor de fósforo disponível na camada superficial do solo (0-20 cm) em 200-300%, e o teor de nitrato aumentou em 180-300%, em comparação com a variante de controle. No entanto, o teor de potássio trocável mudou ligeiramente (5-19%).

Palavras-chave:
lodo; grama de gramado; metais pesados; gerenciamento de resíduos; atividade enzimática do solo

1. Introduction

Sludge is a complex product of the wastewater treatment process containing organic substances, inorganic components, plant nutrients, and potentially toxic substances (Bilgili and Yonter, 2016; Kozhanov et al., 2023; Nasiyev et al., 2021; Walkiewicz and Brzezińska, 2019). Large volumes of sludge are constantly produced in large cities and their disposal is a serious and urgent problem in the modern world.

The use of sludge sediments as an organic fertilizer (Nokusheva et al., 2023) is acceptable for fertilizing plants in landscape agriculture and on agricultural land (Nasiyev, 2013) due to its nutrient-rich composition, and composting is cheaper and more environmentally friendly compared to other alternatives to its processing (Kuderina et al., 2021).

The introduction of sludge can significantly improve the physicochemical properties of the soil, including reducing bulk density and increasing water retention capacity and hydraulic conductivity (Aksakal and Cambaztepe, 2022; Khanmohammadi et al., 2015; Ma et al., 2022). However, this can also lead to an increase in the heavy metal content in the soil, although in many studies it is within the recommended maximum limit (Yakamercan et al., 2021). The use of sludge can also increase the microbial biomass of the soil and the potential for nutrient mineralization (Nasiyev et al., 2022) while reducing the functional diversity of the soil community (Dhanker et al., 2022).

An obstacle to the use of sludge other than heavy metals may be the presence of pathogenic organisms in them (Rakhimova et al., 2023; Zhyrgalova et al., 2024). Therefore, the preferred method of processing sludge is composting, which allows for the inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms (Baidalina et al., 2023; El Hayany et al., 2021). The use of fertilizer from sludge increases the humus content in the soil and the yield of various crops in agriculture and accelerates the growth of trees and shrubs during landscaping (Bugubaeva et al., 2024; Shayakhmetova et al., 2023; Urbaniak et al., 2017).

Green urban areas, including lawns, perform various functions (Nasiyev et al., 2023). Well-tended lawns, on the one hand, increase the aesthetic value of the city, and on the other, play a phyto-remedial role for both air and soil (Gawronski et al., 2017).

Studies on the use of organic fertilizers for lawn cultivation have shown mixed results (Bryukhovetsky et al., 2023). Wydro et al. (2015) found that sewage sludge had a significant effect on the growth of lawn grasses, with the best results obtained with spring application. Similarly, Wołejko et al. (2015) reported that both stabilized and granular sludge significantly increased the biomass of the lawn, and the addition of effective microorganisms reduced the content of heavy metals in the soil. There are also positive data showing that the use of sludge for lawn fertilization and irrigation can have a positive effect on reducing the growing season and increasing dry matter (Almanova et al., 2023; Balidakis et al., 2023; Neverov et al., 2023). However, Ongun et al. (2023) observed a decrease in the biomass of fescue in the lawn when high doses of sludge were applied, which was associated with a decrease in phosphorus available to plants. Kothari et al. (2024) warned that the use of sludge compost should be limited due to the deterioration of moisture retention and the presence of high levels of soluble ammonium, sodium, and potassium when the dose was increased.

Taken together, these results suggest that sludge compost may be a profitable and cost-effective option for fertilizing urban lawns, but its composition and application dose should be carefully monitored.

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of using composted sludge as fertilizer for urban lawns.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Characteristics of sludge compost

The compost used in this study was obtained as a result of aerobic composting of a mixture of 80% sludge and 20% wheat straw. Sludge from the Astana Su Arnasy Municipal Utility Service (GKP) was used for composting. Table 1 shows the chemical composition of the compost.

Table 1
Characteristics of sludge compost.

N,%	P, %	K, %	Organic matter,%	Pb, mg/kg	Cd, mg/kg	Zn, mg/kg	Cu, mg/kg
1.2	0.82	0.29	36.6	10.3	0.8	575.6	82.9

2.2. Preparation of soil samples

Soil samples from the rhizosphere of a lawn grass mixture were taken from five randomized points from each plot at a depth of 0 to 20 cm, using a sterile metal tube (Serekpayev et al., 2023). Then, the collected soil samples were mixed after removing roots, weeds, and other impurities (Kussainova et al., 2023). The soil samples were placed in a sterile bag and delivered to the laboratory. After that, the samples were dried at room temperature and passed through a sieve with a hole diameter of 2 mm.

2.3. Determination of the enzymatic activity of the soil

Basal respiration of the soil was measured using the Isermeyer method, used among others by Bakhshandeh et al. (2019). The production of CO₂ excluding glucose was calculated in 24 hours at 22 °C. After incubation of the soil solution in the thermostat, three drops of phenolphthalein were added as an indicator and titrated with standardized hydrochloric acid.

Dehydrogenase activity was determined by the Telman method employed by Hosseinniaee et al. (2023). Moist soil (10 g) was incubated in 10 mL of 0.8% TTC (2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride) in a Tris buffer (pH 7.6) for 24 hours at 30 °C in the dark. The resulting mixture was extracted in 50 mL of an extraction solution of triphenylformazane (TPF), and 10% acetone. After intensive shaking for 1 min, the solution was filtered through Whatman 42 filter paper and spectrophotometry was performed at 485 nm.

Catalase activity was measured by Beck’s method (Beck, 1971). 10 mL of phosphate buffer (pH 7) and 5 mL of a 3% H₂O₂ substrate solution were added to 5 g of soil. The volume (ml) of O₂ released in 3 minutes at 20 °C was measured.

2.4. Chemical analysis of the soil

The analysis of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium was carried out using a method improved by Sohail and Adeloju (2016). To determine the total amount of heavy metals, the soil was extracted for 2 hours in Aqua regia (10:1) heated to 120 °C. Next, measurements were carried out on an atomic absorption spectrophotometer with a graphite furnace.

2.5. Description of the experiment

Field tests were conducted in 2023 at the experimental site of the S. Seifullin Kazakh State Agrotechnical University (KATIU) (51°11 N, 71°24 E, 352 m above sea level). The composition of the lawn grass mixture was as follows: Rheigras lolilum perenne 30%, Festuca rubra 10%, Festuca arunnacea 60%. The seeds were sown on May 30, the plot size was 1 m², the experiment was carried out in seven repetitions, the sowing depth was 0.5 cm, and the seeding rate was 30 g/m². Plant care consisted of weeding and loosening, watering was performed once every two days. The soil of the studied lawn is dark chestnut, automorphic, and humus content is 1.7%, with a pH level of 7.5. It is characterized by a low amount of mobile phosphorus (6.0 mg/kg), a high potassium content (650 mg/kg), and a high degree of saturation with bases (60%). Sludge compost was used as an organic fertilizer. The control variant was not treated with fertilizers. Sludge deposits were introduced into the soil 30 days before sowing lawn seeds.

The studies were carried out according to the following variants indicated in Table 2.

Table 2
Variants of the study.

Variant	Description
1	Control without fertilizers
2	Organic fertilizer sediment 100 g/m2 (5 t/ha)
3	Organic fertilizer sediment 200 g/m2 (10 t/ha)
4	Organic fertilizer sediment 300 g/m2 (15 t/ha)

2.6. Statistical analysis

The analysis of variance (ANOVA) (P<0.05) was performed using the SPSS 16.0 software for Windows. The presented data represented the average value of three repetitions ± standard deviation.

3. Results

3.1. The effect of sludge on the microbial and enzymatic activity of the soil

Figure 1 shows the effect of different doses of sludge compost on the activity of soil enzymes and the number of cultivated microorganisms. When sludge was introduced into the soil at a dose of 5-10 t/ha, the microbial properties of the soil as a whole were better than in the control variants and during treatments with a dose of 15 t/ha. In experimental variants with treatment in the dose of 5-10 t/ha, the number of cultivated soil bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi was higher than when treated with a dose of 15 t/ha. In addition, the species diversity was also the smallest in the experimental variant with 15 t/ha.

Figure 1
Enzymatic activity of soils with different doses of organic fertilizers. The effect of various doses of sludge on the microbial properties of the soil, including microbial carbon biomass (mg/g of soil/24 h) (a), catalase (mL O₂/g of soil/3 min) (b), dehydrogenase, (µg TPF/g of soil/24 h) (c), bacteria (d) (million/g), actinomycetes (e) (thousand/g), fungi (f) (thousand/g). The columns represented the average values ± standard error.

According to the results of the analysis of microbial biomass, it was found that the values of microbial biomass increased in the experimental variants. When using sludge at a dose of 10-15 t/ha, the microbial carbon biomass was 14-20% higher than in the control variant. According to the results of the analysis, the introduction of sludge to fertilize the lawn increased its catalase activity. Catalase activity increased by 5-14% in variants with a dosage of 5 t/ha and 10 t/ha, while catalase activity at a dosage of 15 t/ha, on the contrary, decreased by 8%. According to the results of the analysis of the activity of the dehydrogenase enzyme in the soil, a dose of sludge in the amount of 5 t/ha caused an increase in the activity of the dehydrogenase enzyme in the soil under the lawn. Among all the application doses, 5 t/ha was recognized as the most effective variant. It was also found that the use of sludge at a dose of 10 t/ha led to a decrease in the activity of the dehydrogenase enzyme in the soil by up to 23%, and at a dose of 15 t/ha, to an increase in the activity of the soil dehydrogenase enzyme by up to 54%.

3.2. The effect of organic fertilizer obtained from sludge, heavy metals in the soil

The soils of the experimental variants after each lawn mowing were analyzed for the content of nitrate nitrogen, mobile phosphorus, and exchangeable potassium. The results of this study showed that the available nutrient content in the soil was significantly affected by different doses of fertilizers compared to the control variant (Figure 2). The average content of nitrate nitrogen in the soil was the highest at a dose of 15 t/ha. The content of mobile phosphorus in the soil increased in all experimental variants. The variant with the addition of 15 t/ha showed the highest value. Furthermore, all treatment methods increased the content of exchangeable potassium in soils compared to the control variant. The highest potassium content was noted in the 15 t/ha variant, which was significantly higher than in all other variants. The 15 t/ha variant showed the best positive effect on available soil nutrients (N, K, and P), presumably due to higher mineralization. Thus, it is likely that the residual effect of organic fertilizers will have a positive contribution next year.

Figure 2
Enzymatic activity of soils with different doses of organic fertilizers. The effect of different doses of sludge on the chemical composition of the soil, mobile phosphorus, mg/kg (a), nitrate nitrogen, mg/kg (b), exchangeable potassium, mg/kg (c). The columns represented the average values ± standard error.

3.2.1. Heavy metals

Heavy metals and their compounds are widespread highly toxic pollutants. Due to the risk of heavy metal contamination when sludge is introduced into the soil, the level of the total amount of main heavy metals in the soil is estimated. From the data presented in Table 3, it can be seen that when applying organic fertilizers to the soil, the amount of heavy metals did not exceed the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) values.

Table 3
Indicators of the total amount of heavy metals in the soil (mg/kg).

Variant	Zn	Cd	Cu	Pb
MPCs	100.0	3.0	55.0	30.0
Control	29	0	16.4	9.2
Organic fertilizer 5 t/ha	28.2	0	17	9.5
Organic fertilizer 10 t/ha	30.4	0	17	9.8
Organic fertilizer 15 t/ha	35.3	0	18.2	10.4

With the addition of increasing amounts of sludge compost, the content of copper, zinc, and lead in the soil increases slightly. Besides, the addition of sludge compost did not lead to an increase in Cd concentration, which may be due to the relatively low concentration of Cd in sludge. Due to the relatively high Zn content in sludge, the zinc concentration at various doses of sludge application in the upper soil layer was the highest among the analyzed heavy metals.

3.3. Effect on the green mass of plants

The positive effect of organic fertilizers on the aboveground mass of plants was observed after the first mowing. The greatest effect was achieved by applying fertilizer at a dose of 15 t/ha. In this variant, the total biomass averaged 530 g for all replications, and in the variant with 10 t/ha, the average biomass was 393 g. The minimum dose of sludge of 5 t/ha also had a positive effect on the biomass of the lawn compared to the control variant without fertilizers (Table 4).

Table 4
The green mass of the mowed lawn (g/m³).

Variant	Cutting 1	Cutting 2	Cutting 3	Cutting 4	Cutting 5	Cutting 6	Average value for the entire period
Control	309 ± 18	146 ± 5	166 ± 9	142 ± 4	153 ± 2	314 ± 8	205
Sludge 5 t/ha	324 ± 11	207 ± 3	186 ± 3	170 ± 8	176 ± 4	242 ± 7	215
Sludge 10 t/ha	559 ± 39	217 ± 11	196 ± 4	188 ± 4	185 ± 6	309 ± 4	274
Sludge 15 t/ha	458 ± 56	223 ± 17	241 ± 14	236 ± 3	224 ± 7	425 ± 10	301
Least Significant Difference (LSD)05	151	31	33	20	17	26
Correlation (R2)	0.55	0.77	0.91	0.96	0.93	0.46

The experiment showed that the above-ground mass of the lawn was mainly statistically significant and depended on the dose of fertilizers. The smallest amount of aboveground biomass was observed in the control variant, and the largest aboveground mass of plants was obtained on a variant fertilized with a mixture of wastewater sludge at a dose of 15 t/ha. According to this variant, the average weight of aboveground biomass, calculated after 6 cuttings per 1 m³, was about 2.6 times higher than in the control variant. The maximum biomass was recorded after the first cutting for all variants, the average mass of cutting in all experimental variants treated with fertilizers was higher than in the control variant.

4. Discussion

The biological parameters of the soil are a sensitive indicator that allows us to assess the effectiveness of soil management methods and its ecological condition. Studies of enzyme activity provide information about the biochemical processes occurring in the soil. The activity of enzymes is very sensitive to natural and anthropogenic influences. Soil microorganisms react quickly to induced changes in soil ecosystems (Bhanbhane et al., 2024). Organic substances introduced into the soil stimulate reproduction, directly affecting the population of heterotrophic microorganisms in the soil. Since all soil fungi and some bacteria are heterotrophic, the introduction of sludge into the soil directly increases the number of these microorganisms. Sludge can affect autotrophic microorganisms by improving the air/water balance of the soil and cellular metabolites of heterotrophic microorganisms.

Zhen et al. (2012) reported that organic compost introduced into the soil significantly increased the carbon content of the microbial biomass of the soil compared to chemical fertilizers. Pascual et al. (2020) proved that the biological characteristics of the soil, such as microbial activity, microbial diversity, and microbial population, increased significantly after the addition of organic materials. The addition of organic material to the soil increases the activity of the catalase enzyme since it acts as an additional nutrient for microorganisms and activates aeration (Wang et al., 2023). An increase in the amount of organic matter in the soil increases the activity of the dehydrogenase enzyme in the soil. Brzezińska et al. (1998) reported that dehydrogenase activity was accompanied by an increase in the number of microbial groups and an improvement in other living conditions, such as aeration and humidity.

In this study, the microbial properties of the soil treated with sludge in the dose of 5-15 t/ha were higher than in the control variant. These results prove that organic fertilizer from sludge improves the structure of the soil microbial community with the help of additional intake of organic matter, humic acid, and amino acids. These results are similar to the results of previous studies.

The physicochemical properties of the soil when applying sludge at a dose of 15 t/ha were better than when using a dose of 5-10 t/ha. These results show that increasing the sludge doses has a positive effect on soil fertility and improves physicochemical properties. Organic fertilizers may contain active substances that can contribute to the formation of soil aggregates, making the soil more friable and breathable, as well as to a certain extent enhancing the ability to retain moisture. These results are similar to the results of previous studies.

Thomas et al. (2019) reported that the use of anaerobic digestates, compost, manure, and plant residues can increase the available sodium, phosphorus, and potassium content in the soil. Previous studies (Diacono and Montemurro, 2010; Gülser et al., 2015; Sürücü et al., 2014; Whalen and Chang, 2002) reported that organic fertilizers could effectively improve the content of these nutrients in newly reclaimed lands.

In terms of heavy metal content, zinc is found in the largest quantities out of all heavy metals, and by its content, it is possible to determine the safety of the sludge application rate for secondary pollution control. Similar ranges of heavy metal concentrations have been reported in previous studies. The content of all heavy metals in the soil was lower than the MPC. According to preliminary calculations, with sludge application at a dose of 15 t/ha, the zinc content in the upper soil layer with a thickness of 0-20 cm would exceed the MPC after 18 years of continuous use. If the application of this type of compost to lawns needs to be maintained for more than 100 years, the annual application rate should be below 3.2 t/ha.

5. Conclusions

As a result of the work, the chemical composition of the soil was studied before and after the introduction of sludge. It was shown that the use of organic fertilizers does not lead to an excess of MPC values in terms of the amount of heavy metals in the soil. The aboveground mass of plants was statistically significantly dependent on the dose of fertilizers. The results of the experiment showed the smallest amount of biomass in the control variant, and the largest mass of plants was obtained in the variants fertilized with sludge at a dose of 15 t/ha. The turgor, thickness, stem, and leaves of plants differed in the variants with 10-15 t/ha of sludge, and their color was darker green compared to other variants. A dose of 10 t/ha was recommended as the optimal amount for applying sludge as fertilizer, while the average amount of nitrates and mobile phosphorus in the soil was higher than the control variant during all phases of the growing season. The use of sludge as an organic fertilizer in the cultivation of decorative crops makes it possible to solve several environmental and agrochemical problems at once.

Acknowledgements

This study was funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant AP14871144).

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  15 Nov 2024
• Date of issue
  2024

History

• Received
  02 May 2024
• Accepted
  27 June 2024