Investigate urologyUROLOGICAL SURVEY
Maia RS, Babinski MA, Figueiredo MA, Chagas MA, Costa WS, Sampaio FJ
Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
Int J Impot Res. 2006; 18: 121-5
The corpus cavernosum (CC) extracellular matrix is essential for normal penile erection and is implicated in erectile dysfunction. Although investigations of these issues have used the rabbit CC, organization of its components is not well known to date. We characterized and quantified the volumetric density (Vv) of the elastic system fibers in the corpus spongiosum (CS), CC and tunica albuginea (TA) of the rabbit penis. Adult New Zealand rabbits (n = 10) were used. The penile mid-shaft fragments were fixed with 4% phosphate-buffered formalin solution and/or Bouin's liquid for 24-48 h, and processed using standard histological techniques. The sections were stained with Weigert's Fucsin-Resorcin with previous oxidation. The elastic system fibers Vv (%) was determined in 25 random fields of each fragment, using the M-42 test grid. The histochemical methods detected elastic system fibers in CS, CC and TA of all animals. The Vv of elastic fibers average was 25.03+/-2.0% for CC, 32.23+/-1.41% for CS and 22.38+/-3.61% for TA. Results for CC and CS were not significantly different. The great amount of elastic fibers distribution beneath the endothelium suggests that these fibers may have an important role in the erection process in rabbits. The present data should therefore provide important information for devising experiments and interpreting results when using the rabbit penis as a model for penile dysfunctions, especially when making comparisons with humans.
Editorial Comment
The general understanding of the morphological changes and physiology of penile erection has been obtained considering different animal models such as rats, domestic animals, primates and rabbits. Therefore, normative data on the erectile tissue of these animals are important when studying diverse physiological situations and experimental pathological conditions, and comparing the findings obtained with findings in humans.
The purpose of this study was to better understanding the rabbit penis using morphometrical analysis of the elastic fibers in the corpus spongiosum (CS), corpus cavernosum (CC) and tunica albuginea (TA).
A previous study demonstrated that the volumetric density (Vv) of elastic system fibers in the rat CC was 9%, and therefore, it was concluded that the cellular and matricial components of the rat CC differ markedly from those of humans in content and organization (1). Consequently, inferences and correlations based on physiological and pathological findings derived from experiments that use the rat as an erection model may be misleading if these differences are not considered.
In mammals, the classification of different penis types is based on erectile or connective tissue. In animals with vascular penis (rabbit or man), erection is a consequence of increase in size and hardening of the organ. In animals with a fibroelastic penis, the erection is essentially a result of length increasing, with the penis emerging from the prepuce due to sigmoid flexure straightening (2).
Interesting, the present study showed that the elastic system fibers were abundant in the CS of the rabbit, demonstrating a greater Vv in contrast to the CC and TA. It was demonstrated that the New Zealand rabbit penis is a vascular organ with prominent elastic fibers in the CS (Vv = 32.3%) and CC (Vv = 25.1%), as well as in the TA (Vv = 22.4%). It was observed a larger amount of elastic fibers in the rabbit penis than in human penis components. As the rabbit has been used as the better animal model for studying erectile function, this information is of utmost importance and should be taken into account when comparing the experimental findings with those of humans.
References
1. Pinheiro AC, Costa WS, Cardoso LE, Sampaio FJ: Organization and relative content of smooth muscle cells, collagen and elastic fibers in the corpus cavernosum of rat penis. J Urol. 2000; 164: 1802-6.
2. Babinski MA, deBrito-Gitirana L, Chagas MA, Abidu-Figueiredo M, Costa WS, Sampaio FJ: Immunohistochemical analysis of smooth muscle cells and volumetric density of the elastic system fibers of wild boar (Sus scrofa) penis. Anim Reprod Sci. 2005; 86: 317-28.
Dr. Francisco Sampaio
Full-Professor and Chair, Urogenital Research Unit
State University of Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Expression of COX-2 in normal and pyelonephritic kidney, renal intraepithelial neoplasia, and renal cell carcinoma
Mungan MU, Gurel D, Canda AE, Tuna B, Yorukoglu K, Kirkali Z
Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Izmir, Turkey
Eur Urol. 2006; 50: 92-7; discussion 97
OBJECTIVES: The role of inflammation in carcinogenesis is unknown. To determine the relationship between cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression, inflammation, and carcinogenesis in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC), we looked for COX-2 expression in normal and pyelonephritic kidney, renal intratubular neoplasia (RIN), and RCC tissues.
METHODS: COX-2 expression was assessed immunohistochemically in tissues obtained from 20 pyelonephritic kidneys, 16 normal kidneys, 19 RIN, and 75 RCC cases.
RESULTS: COX-2 expression was found to be positive in 64% of RCCs. It was positive in 13 chronic pyelonephritic (65%), 9 normal (56%), and 15 RIN (79%) cases. COX-2 expression was significantly higher in RCC and RIN than the normal and pyelonephritic cases (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). No statistically significant difference was noted between RCC and RIN cases.
CONCLUSIONS: Although the function of COX-2 in tumor development has not been exactly elucidated, the increased expression of COX-2 in RIN and RCC might be a factor that may play a role in the development of RIN or progression to RCC, which warrants further research.
Editorial Comment
Results of previous studies support the importance of neovascularity in tumor growth and that cyclooxygenase 2 expression may be an important regulator of neovascularity in renal cell carcinoma. The authors of this study found that there is no significant difference between cyclooxygenase 2 expression in normal and pyelonephritic kidney tissues. It is indicative of differences in the mechanism of inflammation in pyelonephritis (infectious agents) and peritumoral inflammation occurring around the tumor due to anti-tumor immune response, which could induce cyclooxygenase 2 expression. The authors pointed out that the peritumoral kidney tissue inflammation seems to have different molecular characteristics than inflammated kidney tissue in pyelonephritis, such as increased cyclooxygenase 2 expression. Although preclinical and in the experimental setting, this paper opens new avenue in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma, that is the use of cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors.
Dr. Francisco Sampaio
Full-Professor and Chair, Urogenital Research Unit
State University of Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
13 Dec 2006 -
Date of issue
Oct 2006
