Distribution patterns of chaetognata, polychaeta, pteropoda and salpidae off south georgia and south orkney islands

Crelier, Alina María; Dadon, José Roberto; Isbert-Perlender, Hernán G.; Nahabedian, Daniel Eduardo; Daponte, María Cristina

Abstracts

The distribution pattern, frequency and density (ind./1000 m) of different mesozooplankton species from the South Georgia Islands, South Orkney Islands and the Weddell-Scotia Confluence were analyzed using data obtained in 1994. The maximum densities of the species found were: Eukrohnia hamata (5330), Sagitta gazellae (1052), Clione limacina antarctica (450), Spongiobranchaea australis (375), Clio sulcata (100), Limacina helicina (4076 x 10³), Limacina retroversa (71 x 10(4)), Pelagobia longicirrata (29170), Rhynchonereella bongraini (117), Tomopteris carpenterii (26), Tomopteris planktonis (498), Tomopteris septentrionales (498) and Salpa thompsoni (189). Species density and frequency decreased from South Georgia to the South Orkney Islands, recording intermediate values at the Weddell-Scotia Confluence. Species density in the South Orkney area seemed to be limited by variations in temperature and salinity. The southern area around South Georgia showed the highest density of species, probably due to the influence of the Southern Front of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The presence of species characteristic of sub-Antarctic waters such as L. retroversa in the Confluence area could be related to the southward movements of eddies that originate in the Polar Front.

Mesozooplankton distribution; Chaetognaths; Polychaetes; Pteropods; Salps; Southern Ocean; Weddell-Scotia Confluence

Foram analisados os padrões de distribuição, freqüência e densidade (ind. 1000 m) de diferentes espécies de mesozooplâncton encontradas em torno das ilhas Georgias e Orcadas del Sur no verão de 1994. As densidades máximas apresentadas pelas espécies principais foram: Eukrohnia hamata (5330), Sagitta gazellae (1052), Clione limacina antarctica (450), Spongiobranchaea australis (375), Clio sulcata (100), Limacina helicina (4076 x 10³), Limacina retroversa (71 x 10(4)); Pelagobia longicirrata (29170), Rhynchonereella bongraini (117), Tomopteris carpenterii (26), Tomopteris planktonis (498), Tomopteris septentrionales (498) y Salpa thompsoni (189). A densidade e freqüência das espécies diminuíram das ilhas Georgias em direção às Orcadas, registrando-se valores médios na confluência Weddell-Scotia. A densidade de espécies nas Orcadas parece estar limitada pelas variações na temperatura e salinidade. Nas Georgias, a área sul mostrou a maior densidade de espécies, e isto poderia ser devido a influência da Frente sul da Corrente Circumpolar Antártica. A presença de espécies características de águas sub-antárticas (Ex. L. helicina) na confluência Weddel-Scotia poderia estar relacionada com o movimento dos vórtices da Frente Polar em direção Sul.

Distribuição do mesozooplâncton; Chaetognatas; Poliquetas; Pterópodes; Salpas; Oceano Antártico; Confluência Weddell-Scotia

ATKINSON, A. Life cycle strategies of epipelagic copepods in the Southern Ocean. J. mar. Syst, v. 15, p. 289-311, 1998.
ATKINSON, A.; PECK, J.M. A Summer-Winter comparison of zooplancton in the Oceanic Area around South Georgia. Polar Biol, v. 8, p. 463-473, 1988.
ATKINSON, A.; WHITEHOUSE, M. J.; PRIDDLE. South Georgia, Antarctica: a productive, cold water, pelagic ecosystem. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., v. 216, p. 279-308, 2001.
CASARETO, B. E.; NEMOTO, T. Salps of the southern ocean (Australian sector) during the 1983-84 summer, with special reference to the species Salpa thompsoni, Foxton 1961. Mem.Natl Inst.Polar Res, v. 40, p. 221-239, 1986
CHIBA, S.; ISHIMARU,T.; HOSIE,G. W.; WRIGHT,S.W. Population structure change of Salpa thompsoni from austral mid-summer to autumn. Polar Biol, v. 22, p.341349, 1999.
DADON, J. R.; ESNAL, G. B. Abundance and assemblages of planktonic Tunicata (Chordata) and Thecosomata (Mollusca) off south Brazil, Physis, (B. Aires) A, v. 50, p. 25-30, 1995.
DADON, J. R.; MASELLO, S. F. Mechanisms generating and maintaining the admixture of zooplanktonic molluscs (Euthecosomata, Opistobranchiata: Gastropoda) in the Subtropical Front of the south Atlantic. Mar. Biol., v. 135, p. 171-179, 1999.
DAY, J. A monograph on the Polychaeta of southern Africa. Part. 1: Errantia London: British Museum, Natural History, 1967. p. 1-458. . (Publ., v. 656). p.
DEACON, G. E. R. Physical and biological zonation of the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Res, v. 29, p. 1-15, 1982.
DEIBEL, D. Clearance rates of the salp Thalia democratica fed naturally occurring particles. Mar. Biol., Berlin, v. 1, p.47-54, 1985.
DURÓ, A.; SABATÉS A.; GILI, J. M. Mesoscale spatial distribution of chaetognath along hydrographic gradients in the South Scotia Sea (Antarctica). Polar Biol, v. 22, p. 195-206, 1999.
DURÓ, A.; GILI, J. M. Vertical distribution and abundance of juvenile chaetognaths in the Weddell Sea (Antarctica). Polar Biol, v. 24, p. 66-69, 2000.
FORTIER, L.; LE FÈVRE, J.; LEGENDRE, L. Export of biogenic carbon to fish and to the deep ocean: the role of large plankton microphages. J. Plankt. Res, v. 16, p. 809839, 1994.
FRANSZ, H. G.; GONZALEZ, S. R. Latitudinal metazoan plankton zones in the Antarctic Circumpolar current along 6°W during austral spring 1992. Deep-Sea Res. II, v. 44, p. 395-414, 1997.
GALLOTTI, D. S.; MARSCHOFF, E. R. Distribución de larvas de eufausiáceos en las islas Georgias y Mar de Scotia 2004. 47 p. Tesis (Licenciatura). Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 2004.
GILPIN, L. C.; PRIDDLE, J.; WHITEHOUSE, M. J.; SAVIDGE, G.; ATKINSON, A. Primary production and carbon uptake dynamics in the vicinity of South Georgia - balancing carbon fixation and removal. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., v. 242, p. 51-62, 2002.
GORDON, A. L. Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone. In: REIDEL, J. L. (Ed.). Antarctic Oceanology I. Antarctic Research Series 15. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, 1971. p. 205-221.
HAGEN, W. On the distribution and population structure of Antarctic Chaetognatha. Meeresforschung ( Repts Mar. Res.), v. 30, p. 280-291, 1985.
HARBISON, G. R; MCALISTER, V. L. The filter-feeding rates and particle retention efficiencies of three species of Cyclosalpa (Tunicata, Thaliacea). Limnol Oceanogr, v. 24, p. 875-892,1979.
HUNT, B.P.V.; PAKHOMOV, E. A.; HOSIE, G.W.; SIEGEL, V.; WARD, P.; BERNARD, K. Pteropods in Southern Ocean ecosystems. Prog Ocenogr, v. 78, p.193-221, 2008.
KOBAYASHI, K. Growth cycle and related vertical distribution of the thecosomatous pteropod Spiratella ("Limacina") helicina in the central Arctic Ocean. Mar. Biol., v. 26, p. 295-302, 1974.
KORB, R. E.; WHITEHOUSE, M. J.; WARD, P. SeaWiFS in the southern ocean: spatial and temporal variability in phytoplankton biomass around South Georgia. Deep-Sea Res II, v. 51, p. 99-116, 2004.
LALLI, C. M.; GILMER, R. W. Pelagic snails: The Biology of holoplanktonic gastropod Mollusks. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1989. 259 p.
MADIN, L. P.; CETTA, C. M. The use of gut fluorescence to estimate grazing by oceanic salps. J. Plankt. Res, v. 6, p. 475-492, 1984.
ORENSANZ, J.; F. RAMÍREZ. Taxonomía y distribución de los poliquetos pelágicos del Atlántico Sudoccidental. Bol. Inst. Biol., v. 21, p. 1-86, 1973
ORSI, A.H.; WHITWORTH, T. III.; NOWLIN, W. D. J. On the meridional extent and fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Deep-Sea Res, v. 42, p. 641-673, 1995.
PATTERSON, S. L.; SIEVERS, H. A. The Weddell-Scotia Confluence. J. Phys. Oceanogr, v. 10, p. 1584-1610, 1980.
PAKHOMOV, E. A.; PERISSINOTTO, R. Mesozooplankton community structure and grazing impact in the region of the Subtropical Convergence south of Africa. J. Plankt. Res, v. 19, p. 675-691, 1997.
PERISSINOTTO, R.; PAKHOMOV, E. A. Contribution of salps to carbon flux of marginal ice zone of the Lazarev Sea, Southern Ocean. Mar. Biol, v. 131, p. 2532, 1998.
PETTIBONE, M. H. Marine Polychaete worms of the New England region. 1. Families Aphroditidae through Trochochaetidae. Bull. U. S. natn. Mus, v. 227, p. 1- 356, 1963.
SIGLEO, A. C.; NEALE, P. J.; SPECTOR, A. M. Phytoplankton pigments at the Weddell Scotia confluence during the 1993 austral spring. J. Plankt. Res, v. 22, p. 1989-2006, 2000.
SOKAL, R. R.; ROHLF, F. J. Biometry: The principles and practice of Statistics in biological research. New York: Freeman, 1997. 859 p.
STØP-BOWITZ, C. Polychaeta. In: BOLTOVSKOY, D. (Ed.) Atlas del zooplancton del Atlántico sudoccidental y métodos de trabajo con el zooplancton marino. Publ. Especial Inst. Inv. Des. Pesq. Argentina, 1981. p 471-492.
TEBBLE, N. Distribution of pelagic polychaetes in the South Atlantic Ocean. Discovery Rep, v. 30, p. 161-300, 1960.
TERAZAKI, M. Life history, distribution, seasonal variability and feeding of the pelagic chaetognath Sagitta elegans in the Subarctic Pacific: a review. Plankton Biol Ecol, v. 45, p. 1-17. 1998.
TER BRAAK, C. J. F. CANOCO A FORTRAN program for canonical community ordination by [partial] [detrended] [canonical] correspondence analysis, principal components analysis and redundancy analysis (version 2.1). Wageningen, The Netherlands: TNO Institute of Applied Computer Science, Statistics Department, 1987.
TER BRAAK, C. J. F. Updates notes: CANOCO version 3.10. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Agricultural Mathematics Group, 1990.
THORPE, S. E.; HEYWOOD, K. J.; BRANDON, M. A.; STEVENS, D. P. Variability of the southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current front north of South Georgia. J. mar. Syst., v. 37, p. 87-105. 2002.
TOSONOTTO, G. V. Datos de CTD correspondientes a la Campaña a bordo del BIP "Dr. Holmberg", 1995 Instituto Antártico Argentino, 2000. Contribución no. 490.
VAN DER SPOEL, S. Euthecosomata, a group with remarkable developmental stages (Gastropoda, Pteropoda). J. Nooduijn en Zoom N V Gorinchem, 1967. 386 p.
VAN DER SPOEL, S.; BOLTOVSKOY, D. Pteropoda. In: BOLTOVSKOY, D. (Ed.). Atlas del zooplancton del Atlántico sudoccidental y métodos de trabajo con el zooplancton marino. Publ Especial Inst. Inv. Des. Pesq. Argentina. 1981. p. 493-531.
VAN DER SPOEL, S.; DADÓN, J. R. Pteropoda. In: BOLTOVSKOY, D. (Ed.) . South Atlantic Zooplankton Leiden: Backhuys Pub., 1999. p. 649-706.
VORONINA, N. M. Comparative abundance and distribution of major filter-feeders in the Antarctic Pelagic zone. J. mar. Sys, v. 17, p. 375-390, 1998.
WARD, P.; WHITEHOUSE, M.; MEREDITH, M.; MURPHY, E.; SHREEVE, R.; KORB, R.; WATKINS, J.; THORPE, S.; WOODD-WALKER, R.; BRIERLEY, A.; CUNNINGHAM, N.; GRANT, S.; BONE, D. The Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front: physical and biological coupling at South Georgia. Deep-Sea ResI, v. 49, p. 2183-2202. 2002.
WARD, P.; WHITEHOUSE, M.; BRANDON, M.; SHREEVE, R.; WOODD-WALKER, R. Mesozooplankton community structure across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to the north of South Georgia: Southern Ocean. Mar. Biol, v. 143, p. 121-130. 2003.
WHITEHOUSE, M. J.; PRIDDLE, J.; TRATHAN, P. N.; BRANDON, M. A. Substantial open-ocean phytoplankton blooms to the north of South Georgia, South Atlantic, during summer 1994. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, v. 140, p. 187-197. 1996.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
31 Jan 2011
Date of issue
Dec 2010

History

Accepted
22 June 2010
Reviewed
24 Mar 2010
Received
04 Sept 2009

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] ATKINSON, A. Life cycle strategies of epipelagic copepods in the Southern Ocean. J. mar. Syst, v. 15, p. 289-311, 1998.

[2] ATKINSON, A.; PECK, J.M. A Summer-Winter comparison of zooplancton in the Oceanic Area around South Georgia. Polar Biol, v. 8, p. 463-473, 1988.

[3] ATKINSON, A.; WHITEHOUSE, M. J.; PRIDDLE. South Georgia, Antarctica: a productive, cold water, pelagic ecosystem. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., v. 216, p. 279-308, 2001.

[4] CASARETO, B. E.; NEMOTO, T. Salps of the southern ocean (Australian sector) during the 1983-84 summer, with special reference to the species Salpa thompsoni, Foxton 1961. Mem.Natl Inst.Polar Res, v. 40, p. 221-239, 1986

[5] CHIBA, S.; ISHIMARU,T.; HOSIE,G. W.; WRIGHT,S.W. Population structure change of Salpa thompsoni from austral mid-summer to autumn. Polar Biol, v. 22, p.341349, 1999.

[6] DADON, J. R.; ESNAL, G. B. Abundance and assemblages of planktonic Tunicata (Chordata) and Thecosomata (Mollusca) off south Brazil, Physis, (B. Aires) A, v. 50, p. 25-30, 1995.

[7] DADON, J. R.; MASELLO, S. F. Mechanisms generating and maintaining the admixture of zooplanktonic molluscs (Euthecosomata, Opistobranchiata: Gastropoda) in the Subtropical Front of the south Atlantic. Mar. Biol., v. 135, p. 171-179, 1999.

[8] DAY, J. A monograph on the Polychaeta of southern Africa. Part. 1: Errantia London: British Museum, Natural History, 1967. p. 1-458. . (Publ., v. 656). p.

[9] DEACON, G. E. R. Physical and biological zonation of the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Res, v. 29, p. 1-15, 1982.

[10] DEIBEL, D. Clearance rates of the salp Thalia democratica fed naturally occurring particles. Mar. Biol., Berlin, v. 1, p.47-54, 1985.

[11] DURÓ, A.; SABATÉS A.; GILI, J. M. Mesoscale spatial distribution of chaetognath along hydrographic gradients in the South Scotia Sea (Antarctica). Polar Biol, v. 22, p. 195-206, 1999.

[12] DURÓ, A.; GILI, J. M. Vertical distribution and abundance of juvenile chaetognaths in the Weddell Sea (Antarctica). Polar Biol, v. 24, p. 66-69, 2000.

[13] FORTIER, L.; LE FÈVRE, J.; LEGENDRE, L. Export of biogenic carbon to fish and to the deep ocean: the role of large plankton microphages. J. Plankt. Res, v. 16, p. 809839, 1994.

[14] FRANSZ, H. G.; GONZALEZ, S. R. Latitudinal metazoan plankton zones in the Antarctic Circumpolar current along 6°W during austral spring 1992. Deep-Sea Res. II, v. 44, p. 395-414, 1997.

[15] GALLOTTI, D. S.; MARSCHOFF, E. R. Distribución de larvas de eufausiáceos en las islas Georgias y Mar de Scotia 2004. 47 p. Tesis (Licenciatura). Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 2004.

[16] GILPIN, L. C.; PRIDDLE, J.; WHITEHOUSE, M. J.; SAVIDGE, G.; ATKINSON, A. Primary production and carbon uptake dynamics in the vicinity of South Georgia - balancing carbon fixation and removal. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., v. 242, p. 51-62, 2002.

[17] GORDON, A. L. Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone. In: REIDEL, J. L. (Ed.). Antarctic Oceanology I. Antarctic Research Series 15. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, 1971. p. 205-221.

[18] HAGEN, W. On the distribution and population structure of Antarctic Chaetognatha. Meeresforschung ( Repts Mar. Res.), v. 30, p. 280-291, 1985.

[19] HARBISON, G. R; MCALISTER, V. L. The filter-feeding rates and particle retention efficiencies of three species of Cyclosalpa (Tunicata, Thaliacea). Limnol Oceanogr, v. 24, p. 875-892,1979.

[20] HUNT, B.P.V.; PAKHOMOV, E. A.; HOSIE, G.W.; SIEGEL, V.; WARD, P.; BERNARD, K. Pteropods in Southern Ocean ecosystems. Prog Ocenogr, v. 78, p.193-221, 2008.

[21] KOBAYASHI, K. Growth cycle and related vertical distribution of the thecosomatous pteropod Spiratella ("Limacina") helicina in the central Arctic Ocean. Mar. Biol., v. 26, p. 295-302, 1974.

[22] KORB, R. E.; WHITEHOUSE, M. J.; WARD, P. SeaWiFS in the southern ocean: spatial and temporal variability in phytoplankton biomass around South Georgia. Deep-Sea Res II, v. 51, p. 99-116, 2004.

[23] LALLI, C. M.; GILMER, R. W. Pelagic snails: The Biology of holoplanktonic gastropod Mollusks. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1989. 259 p.

[24] MADIN, L. P.; CETTA, C. M. The use of gut fluorescence to estimate grazing by oceanic salps. J. Plankt. Res, v. 6, p. 475-492, 1984.

[25] ORENSANZ, J.; F. RAMÍREZ. Taxonomía y distribución de los poliquetos pelágicos del Atlántico Sudoccidental. Bol. Inst. Biol., v. 21, p. 1-86, 1973

[26] ORSI, A.H.; WHITWORTH, T. III.; NOWLIN, W. D. J. On the meridional extent and fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Deep-Sea Res, v. 42, p. 641-673, 1995.

[27] PATTERSON, S. L.; SIEVERS, H. A. The Weddell-Scotia Confluence. J. Phys. Oceanogr, v. 10, p. 1584-1610, 1980.

[28] PAKHOMOV, E. A.; PERISSINOTTO, R. Mesozooplankton community structure and grazing impact in the region of the Subtropical Convergence south of Africa. J. Plankt. Res, v. 19, p. 675-691, 1997.

[29] PERISSINOTTO, R.; PAKHOMOV, E. A. Contribution of salps to carbon flux of marginal ice zone of the Lazarev Sea, Southern Ocean. Mar. Biol, v. 131, p. 2532, 1998.

[30] PETTIBONE, M. H. Marine Polychaete worms of the New England region. 1. Families Aphroditidae through Trochochaetidae. Bull. U. S. natn. Mus, v. 227, p. 1- 356, 1963.

[31] SIGLEO, A. C.; NEALE, P. J.; SPECTOR, A. M. Phytoplankton pigments at the Weddell Scotia confluence during the 1993 austral spring. J. Plankt. Res, v. 22, p. 1989-2006, 2000.

[32] SOKAL, R. R.; ROHLF, F. J. Biometry: The principles and practice of Statistics in biological research. New York: Freeman, 1997. 859 p.

[33] STØP-BOWITZ, C. Polychaeta. In: BOLTOVSKOY, D. (Ed.) Atlas del zooplancton del Atlántico sudoccidental y métodos de trabajo con el zooplancton marino. Publ. Especial Inst. Inv. Des. Pesq. Argentina, 1981. p 471-492.

[34] TEBBLE, N. Distribution of pelagic polychaetes in the South Atlantic Ocean. Discovery Rep, v. 30, p. 161-300, 1960.

[35] TERAZAKI, M. Life history, distribution, seasonal variability and feeding of the pelagic chaetognath Sagitta elegans in the Subarctic Pacific: a review. Plankton Biol Ecol, v. 45, p. 1-17. 1998.

[36] TER BRAAK, C. J. F. CANOCO A FORTRAN program for canonical community ordination by [partial] [detrended] [canonical] correspondence analysis, principal components analysis and redundancy analysis (version 2.1). Wageningen, The Netherlands: TNO Institute of Applied Computer Science, Statistics Department, 1987.

[37] TER BRAAK, C. J. F. Updates notes: CANOCO version 3.10. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Agricultural Mathematics Group, 1990.

[38] THORPE, S. E.; HEYWOOD, K. J.; BRANDON, M. A.; STEVENS, D. P. Variability of the southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current front north of South Georgia. J. mar. Syst., v. 37, p. 87-105. 2002.

[39] TOSONOTTO, G. V. Datos de CTD correspondientes a la Campaña a bordo del BIP "Dr. Holmberg", 1995 Instituto Antártico Argentino, 2000. Contribución no. 490.

[40] VAN DER SPOEL, S. Euthecosomata, a group with remarkable developmental stages (Gastropoda, Pteropoda). J. Nooduijn en Zoom N V Gorinchem, 1967. 386 p.

[41] VAN DER SPOEL, S.; BOLTOVSKOY, D. Pteropoda. In: BOLTOVSKOY, D. (Ed.). Atlas del zooplancton del Atlántico sudoccidental y métodos de trabajo con el zooplancton marino. Publ Especial Inst. Inv. Des. Pesq. Argentina. 1981. p. 493-531.

[42] VAN DER SPOEL, S.; DADÓN, J. R. Pteropoda. In: BOLTOVSKOY, D. (Ed.) . South Atlantic Zooplankton Leiden: Backhuys Pub., 1999. p. 649-706.

[43] VORONINA, N. M. Comparative abundance and distribution of major filter-feeders in the Antarctic Pelagic zone. J. mar. Sys, v. 17, p. 375-390, 1998.

[44] WARD, P.; WHITEHOUSE, M.; MEREDITH, M.; MURPHY, E.; SHREEVE, R.; KORB, R.; WATKINS, J.; THORPE, S.; WOODD-WALKER, R.; BRIERLEY, A.; CUNNINGHAM, N.; GRANT, S.; BONE, D. The Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front: physical and biological coupling at South Georgia. Deep-Sea ResI, v. 49, p. 2183-2202. 2002.

[45] WARD, P.; WHITEHOUSE, M.; BRANDON, M.; SHREEVE, R.; WOODD-WALKER, R. Mesozooplankton community structure across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to the north of South Georgia: Southern Ocean. Mar. Biol, v. 143, p. 121-130. 2003.

[46] WHITEHOUSE, M. J.; PRIDDLE, J.; TRATHAN, P. N.; BRANDON, M. A. Substantial open-ocean phytoplankton blooms to the north of South Georgia, South Atlantic, during summer 1994. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, v. 140, p. 187-197. 1996.

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Distribution patterns of chaetognata, polychaeta, pteropoda and salpidae off south georgia and south orkney islands

Abstracts

Publication Dates

History