Temporal variability of chlorophyll-a in the São Vicente estuary

Bucci, André Francisco; Ciotti, Áurea Maria; Pollery, Ricardo Cesar Gonçalves; Carvalho, Renan de; Albuquerque, Heitor Cavalcanti de; Simões, Leonardo Tomida Spalletti

Abstracts

Estuaries are extremely dynamic environments that are vulnerable to anthropogenic alterations. Thus, monitoring phytoplankton abundances and composition is an essential tool for the prediction of eutrophication and its effects on coastal ecosystems. Phytoplankton biomass, as chlorophyll-a, in the São Vicente estuary (Brazil) varies in response to tidal cycles and seasonal rainfall. Objectives. To present two datasets designed to assess the relationship between chlorophyll-a and changes in water turbidity driven by tide and rain. Methods. Weekly observations were made in the shallow embayment (February to September 2008; site 1) and observations recorded on alternate days (summer 2010, site 2). Results. At site 1, turbidity differed between high and low tides, but on most days was over 3000 RU, maintaining moderate chlorophyll-a levels (4 mg.m-3) and only two blooms developed during low turbidity. Site 2 mean turbidity was 1500 RU, nutrient level was higher during neap tides and phytoplankton blooms were mainly observed at the end of neap tides at 15-day intervals, dominated by chain-forming diatoms and occasionally flagellates and pennate diatoms. Conclusions. Taxonomic composition of the blooms was different and their frequency altered by events characterized by intense freshwater discharges from the Henry Borden Hydroelectric Dam (> 9*106.m³), inhibiting phytoplankton accumulation during neap tide periods.

Temporal pattern; Freshwater runoff; Phytoplankton biomass; Tide regulated estuaries

Estuários são ambientes dinâmicos e susceptíveis a alterações antropogênicas. Nesses ambientes, torna-se imprescindível monitoramento do fitoplâncton na previsão da eutrofização e de seus efeitos para o ecossistema. No estuário de São Vicente (Brasil) a biomassa fitoplanctônica, como clorofila-a, varia sazonalmente em resposta às chuvas e marés. O presente estudo visa apresentar dois programas de monitoramento para detectar florações fitoplanctônicas em relação a turbidez da água guiada pelas marés e chuvas. Métodos. As observações foram semanais na porção rasa (Fevereiro a Setembro de 2008; área 1) e observações em dias alternados no canal (verão de 2010; área 2). Os resultados mostram que a área 1, turbidez acima de 3000 RU manteve níveis de clorofila-a médios (4 mg.m-3) e duas florações ocorreram apenas em baixa turbidez, sendo esta diferente entre marés alta e baixa. Na área 2, a turbidez manteve-se entre 1500 RU, os nutrientes foram maiores durante as marés de quadratura, e as florações tiveram frequência de aproximadamente 15 dias, no final da quadratura, predominando diatomáceas em cadeia e eventualmente flagelados e diatomáceas penadas. A composição taxonômica variou entre florações e o padrão quinzenal foi significativamente alterado durante eventos com alta descarga de água doce oriundos da usina hidroelétrica Henry Borden (> 9*106.m³) o que impediu o acúmulo de fitoplâncton no período das quadraturas.

Padrões temporais; Descarga de água doce; Biomassa fitoplanctônica; Estuários controlados por maré

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BABIN, M.; STRAMSKI, D.; FERRARI, G. M.; CLAUSTRE, H.; BRICAUD, A.; OBOLENSKY, G.; HOEPFFNER, N. Variations in the light absorption coefficients of phytoplankton, non-algal particles, and dissolved organic matter in coastal waters around Europe. J. Geophys. Res., v.108, n.C7, p. 4.1-4.20, 2003. 10.1029/2001JC000882
BRANDT, A.; SARABUN, C. C.; SELIGER, H. H.; TYLER, M. A. The effects of a broad spectrum of physical activity on the biological processes in the Chesapeake Bay. In: NIHOUL, J. C. J. Marine interfaces ecohydrodynamics. Amsterdan: Elsevier, 1986, p.361-384.
BRICAUD, A.; MOREL, A.; PRIEUR, L. Absorption by dissolved organic matter of the sea (yellow substance) in the UV and visible domains. Limnol. Oceanogr., v.26, p.43-53, 1981.
CARDER, K. L.; STEWARD, R. G.; HARVEY; G. R.; ORTNER, P. B. Marine humic and fulvic acids: their effects on remote sensing of ocean chlorophyll. Limnol. Oceanogr., v.34, p.68-81, 1989.
CARPENTER, S. R.; CARACO, N. F.; CORRELL, D. L.; HOWARTH, R. W.; SHARPLEY, A. N.; SMITH, V. H. Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecol. Appl.., v.8, p.559-568, 1998.
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DYNESIUS, M.; C. NILSSON. Fragmentation and flow regulation of river systems in the northern third of the world. Science, v. 266, p.753-762, 1994.
EWA-OBOHO, I; OLADIMEJI, O.; ASUQUO, F. E. Effect of dredging on benthic-pelagic production in the mouth of Cross River Estuary (off the Gulf of Guinea), S. E. Nigeria. Indian J. Mar. Sci., v.37, n.3, p.291-297, 2008.
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GRASSHOFF, K.; EHRHARDT, M.; KREMLING K. Methods of seawater analysis. Revised and extended 2.ed. Wienhien: Verlag Chemie, 1983. 419 p.
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Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
18 Feb 2013
Date of issue
Dec 2012

History

Received
09 May 2012
Accepted
21 Nov 2012
Reviewed
20 Nov 2012

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] ALPINE, A. E.; CLOERN, J. E. Trophic interactions and direct physical effects control phytoplankton biomass and production in an estuary. Limnol. Oceanogr., v.37, n.5, p.946-955, 1992.

[2] ANDERSON, D. M.; CHISHOLM, S.W.; WATRAS, C. J. Importance of life cycle events in the population dynamics of Gonyaulax tamarensis. Mar. Biol., v.76, p.179-189, 1983.

[3] BABIN, M.; STRAMSKI, D.; FERRARI, G. M.; CLAUSTRE, H.; BRICAUD, A.; OBOLENSKY, G.; HOEPFFNER, N. Variations in the light absorption coefficients of phytoplankton, non-algal particles, and dissolved organic matter in coastal waters around Europe. J. Geophys. Res., v.108, n.C7, p. 4.1-4.20, 2003. 10.1029/2001JC000882

[4] BRANDT, A.; SARABUN, C. C.; SELIGER, H. H.; TYLER, M. A. The effects of a broad spectrum of physical activity on the biological processes in the Chesapeake Bay. In: NIHOUL, J. C. J. Marine interfaces ecohydrodynamics. Amsterdan: Elsevier, 1986, p.361-384.

[5] BRICAUD, A.; MOREL, A.; PRIEUR, L. Absorption by dissolved organic matter of the sea (yellow substance) in the UV and visible domains. Limnol. Oceanogr., v.26, p.43-53, 1981.

[6] CARDER, K. L.; STEWARD, R. G.; HARVEY; G. R.; ORTNER, P. B. Marine humic and fulvic acids: their effects on remote sensing of ocean chlorophyll. Limnol. Oceanogr., v.34, p.68-81, 1989.

[7] CARPENTER, S. R.; CARACO, N. F.; CORRELL, D. L.; HOWARTH, R. W.; SHARPLEY, A. N.; SMITH, V. H. Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecol. Appl.., v.8, p.559-568, 1998.

[8] CARVALHO, M.; CIOTTI, A. M.; GIANESELLA, S. M. F.; SALDANHA-CORRÊA, F. M. P.; PERINOTTO, R. R. C. Bio-optical properties of the inner continental shelf off Santos estuarine system, Southeast of Brazil, and implications for ocean color algorithms performance. Braz. J. Oceanogr., submitted.

[9] CBH-BS (COMITÊ DE BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DA BAIXADA SANTISTA DEPARTAMENTO DE ÁGUAS E ENERGIA ELÉTRICA). Relatório de Situação dos Recursos Hídricos da Bacia Hidrográfica da Baixada Santista, 2007. ( Relatório I. v.2).

[10] CHEN, M. S.; WARTEL, S.; VAN ECK, B.; VAN MALDEGEM, D. Suspended matter in the Scheldt estuary. Hydrobiologia, v.540, p.79-104, 2005.

[11] CLOERN, J. E. Turbidity as a control on phytoplankton biomass and productivity in estuaries. Cont. Shelf. Res., v.7, p.14, 1987.

[12] CLOERN, J. E. Tidal stirring and phytoplankton bloom dynamics in an estuary. J. Mar. Res., v.49, p.203-221, 1991.

[13] CLOERN, J. E.; JASSBY, A. D. Patterns and scales of phytoplankton variability in estuarine-coastal ecosystems. Estuaries Coasts, v.33, p.230-241. 2010. DOI 10.1007/s12237-009-9195-3

[14] CLOERN, J. E.; SCHRAGA, T. S.; LOPEZ, C. B.; KNOWLES, N.; LABIOSA, R. G.; DUGDALE, R. Climate anomalies generated an exceptional dinoflagellate bloom in San Francisco Bay. Geophys. Res. Lett.,v.23: LI4608, 2005.

[15] CONLEY, D. J. Biogeochemical nutrient cycles and nutrient management strategies. Hydrobiologia, v.410, p.87-96, 2000.

[16] DE JONGE, V. N.; BOYNTON, W.; D'ELIA, C. F.; ELMGREN, R.; WELSH,B. L. Responses to developments in eutrophication in four different North Atlantic estuarine systems. In: DYER, K. R.; ORTH, R. J. Changes in fluxes in estuaries. Fredensborg, Denmark: Olsen & Olsen, 1994. p.179-196.

[17] DE JONGE, V. N.; ELLIOTT, M.; ORIVE, E. Causes, historical developments, effects and future challenges of a common environmental problem: Eutrophication. Hydrobiologia, v.475/476, p.1-19, 2002

[18] DE MADARIAGA, I.; GONZALEZ-AZPIRI, L.; VILLATE, F.; ORIVE, E. Plankton responses to hydrological changes induced by freshets in a shallow mesotidal estuary. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., v.35, p.425-434, 1992.

[19] DEMERS, S.; LEGENDRE, L.; THERRIAULT, J. C. Phytoplankton responses to vertical tidal mixing. Lect. Notes Coast. Estuar. Stud., v.17, p.1-39, 1986.

[20] DYNESIUS, M.; C. NILSSON. Fragmentation and flow regulation of river systems in the northern third of the world. Science, v. 266, p.753-762, 1994.

[21] EWA-OBOHO, I; OLADIMEJI, O.; ASUQUO, F. E. Effect of dredging on benthic-pelagic production in the mouth of Cross River Estuary (off the Gulf of Guinea), S. E. Nigeria. Indian J. Mar. Sci., v.37, n.3, p.291-297, 2008.

[22] FOSTER, P.; MORRIS, A. W. Seasonal distribution of ultraviolet absorption in the surface waters of Liverpool Bay. Estuar. Coast. Mar. Sci., v.2, n.3, p.283-290, 1974.

[23] GRASSHOFF, K.; EHRHARDT, M.; KREMLING K. Methods of seawater analysis. Revised and extended 2.ed. Wienhien: Verlag Chemie, 1983. 419 p.

[24] HAAS, L. W.; HASTINGS, S. J.; WEBB, K. L. Phytoplankton response to a stratification-mixing cycle in the York River estuary during late summer. In: NEILSON, B. J.; CRONIN, L. E. Estuaries and nutrients. Clifton: Humana Press, 1981. p.619-636.

[25] HARARI, J.; CAMARGO, R. Modelagem numérica da região costeira de Santos (SP): circulação de maré. Rev. Bras. Oceanogr., v. 46, n.2, p.135-156, 1998.

[26] HARARI, J.; GORDON, M. Simulações numéricas da dispersão de substâncias no Porto e Baía de Santos, sob a ação de marés e ventos. Rev. Bras. Recurs. Hídr., v.6, n.2, p.115-131, 2001.

[27] HARARI, J.; CAMARGO, R. and CACCIARI, P. L. eResultados da modelagem numérica hidrodinâmica em simulações tridimensionais das correntes de maré da Baixada Santista. Rev. Bras .Recurs. Hídr., v.5, n.2, p.71-87, 2000.

[28] HUMBORG, C.; CONLEY, D.J.; RAHM, L.; WULFF, F.; COCIASU, A.; ITTEKKOT, V. Silicon retention in river basins: far reaching effects on biogeochemistry and aquatic food webs in coastal marine environments. Ambio, v.29, p.45-50, 2000.

[29] JONES, K. J.; GOWEN, R. J. Influence of stratification and irradiance regime on summer phytoplankton composition in coastal and shelf seas of British Isles. Estuar.Coast. Shelf Sci., v.30, p.557-567, 1990. ine

[30] JONES, K. J.; GOWEN, R. J; TETT, P. Water column structure and summer phytoplankton distribution in the sound of Jura, Scotland. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, v.78, p.269-289, 1984.

[31] KOROLEFF, F. Direct determination of ammonia in natural waters as indophenol blue. ICES, CM 1969/C: 9. Hydr. Comm., 1969.

[32] LAURIA, M. L.; PURDIE, D. A.; SHARPLES, J. Contrasting phytoplankton distributions controlled by tidal turbulence in an estuary. J. Mar. Syst., v.21, p.189- 197, 1999.

[33] LEPAGE, S.; INGRAM, R. G. Salinity intrusion in the Eastmain River estuary following a major reduction in freshwater input. J. Geophys. Res., v.91, n.C1, p.909915, 1986.

[34] MARTINEZ, R. Transient nitrate uptake and assimilation in Skeletonema costatum cultures subject to nitrate starvation under low irradiance. J. Plankton Res., v.13, n.3, p.499-512, 1991.

[35] MOSER, G. A. O.; GIANESELLA, S. M. F.; ALBA, J. J. B.; BERGAMO, A. L.; SALDANHA-CORREA, F. M. P.; MIRANDA, L. B.; HARARI, J. Instantaneous transport of salt, nutrients, suspended matter and chlorophyll-a in the tropical estuarine system of Santos. Braz. J. Oceanogr., v.53, n.3/4, p.115-127, 2005.

[36] MOSER, G. A. O.; CIOTTI, A. M.; GIANNINI, M. F. C.; TONINI, R. T.; HARARI, J. Changes in phytoplankton composition in response to tides, wind-induced mixing conditions, and freshwater outflows in an urbanized estuarine complex. Braz. J. Biol., v.72, p.97-111, 2012.

[37] NICHOLS, F. H.; CLOERN, J. E.; LUOMA, S. N.; PETERSON, D. H. The modification of an estuary. Science, v.231, p.567-573, 1986.

[38] NIXON, S. W. Coastal marine eutrophication: a definition. Social causes, and future concerns. Ophelia, v.41, p.199-219, 1995.

[39] NIXON,S. W. Replacing the Nile: are anthropogenic nutrients providing the fertility once brought to the Mediterranean by a great river? Ambio, v.32, p.30-39, 2003.

[40] PAERL, H. W.; ROSSIGNOL, K. L.; HALL, N. S.; PEIERLS, B. L.; WETZ,M. S. Phytoplankton community indicators of short and long-term ecological change in the anthropogenically and climatically impacted Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, USA. Estuaries Coasts, 2009. DOI:10.1007/s12237-0099137-0.

[41] PETERSEN, J. K.; HANSEN, J. W.; LAURSEN, M. B.; CLAUSEN, P.; CARSTENSEN, J.; CONLEY, D. J. Regime shift in a coastal marine ecosystem. Ecological Appl., v.18, p.497-510, 2008.

[42] R DEVELOPMENT CORE TEAM. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2011. -90005107-0, URL http://www.R-project.org/

[43] RENDELL, A. R.; HORROBIN, T. M.; JICKELLS, T. D.; EDMUNDS, H. M.; BROWN, J.; MALCOLM, S. J. Nutrient cycling in the Great Ouse Estuary and its impact on nutrient fluxes to the Wash, England. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., v.45, p.653-668, 1997.

[44] SCHMIEGELOW, J. M. M.; GIANESELLA, S. M. F.; SIMONETTI, C.; SALDANHA-CORREA, F. M. P.; FEOLI, E., SANTOS, J. A. P.; SANTOS, M. P.; RIBEIRO, R. B.; SAMPAIO, A. F. P. Primary producers in Santos estuarine system. In: NEVES, R.; BARETTA, J.; MATEUS, M. Perspectives on integrated coastal zone management in South America. Lisboa: IST Press, 2008. p.161-174.

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